Iùuhoçvqlqj 8

Nrqyhujhqv olnirupljw rfk l

phgho

Hqoljw Glulfkohwv vdwv 4: çu

"
[
x +w, @ e? h?l|
x
?'3"

iùu dood yçughq sè w gçu ixqnwlrqhq x 5 O2 +W , çu ghulyhuedu1 Phg prglh0

ulqjhq hqoljw irupho +715, kdu yl nrqyhujhqv çyhq l vsuèqjglvnrqwlqxlwhwhu/
iùuxwvdww dww kùjhu0 rfk yçqvwhuwdqjhqwhuqd lqwh çu yhuwlndod l glvnrqwlqxl0
whwhq1 Jleev ihqrphq ylvdu grfn dww dssur{lpdwlrqhq lqwh qùgyçqgljwylv çu
jrg ùyhu khod lqwhuydoo rdyvhww kxu vwrud yçughq sè Q yl kdu1

814 Olniruplj nrqyhujhqv

Rp/ iùuxwrp ghulyhuedukhw/ ghw rfnvè jçoohu dww x 5 O2 +W , ièu yl eçwwuh
nrqyhujhqv krv irxulhuvhulhq1

Vdwv 4; Rp x h{lvwhudu/ xwrp l çqgoljw pèqjd sxqnwhu l ehjuçqvdgh lqwhu0

ydoo/ rfk x> x 5 O2 +W , çu
u
nx n 5
vxs mx +w,  S x +w,m 
3" | n" Q

Ehylv1 Oèw y @ x  S x @ x  s  x1 Gè çu y 5 O2 +W , rfk hqoljw vdwv

47 çu y  @ x  s  x 5 O2 +W ,1 Ylgduh kdu yl hqoljw vdwv 5
 
3> mqm  Q 3> mqm  Q
ye? @ rfk ye ? @ lq ye? @
e? > mqm A Q
x e? > mqm A Q
lq x

5<
63 IÙUHOÇVQLQJ 81 NRQYHUJHQV OLNIRUPLJW RFK L PHGHO

Yl ièu phg kmços dy Fdxfk|v rolnkhw

 2  2
[  [ 
   4 
2 
my +w,m @  e? h
x ?l|   e? h?l| 
 @ lq x 
ƒ?ƒ:  ƒ?ƒ: lq 
3 42 3 42
[ 4 [ 4  
C mlq xe? mD @ C xe ? D
q q
ƒ?ƒ: ƒ?ƒ:
3 43 4
[ 4 [  2
C DC xe ?  D
q2 2
ƒ?ƒ: ƒ?ƒ:

Ehvvhov rolnkhw rfk lqwhjudoxssvndwwqlqj jhu voxwoljhq

]
  2 [ 5   2 " 5g{ 5 nx n2
2 
my +w,m  x   x  @
q2 2  {
2 2 2Q
?:

Yl ndq lqwh yçqwd rvv dww ihoxssvndwwqlqjhq l vdwv

 4; vndoo ydud rswlpdo
S  e 2
hiwhuvrp yl dogulj xwq|wwmdu dww çyhq ƒ?ƒ: x ?  jèu prw qroo gè Q $
.41

H{hpsho < Ixqnwlrqhq l h{hpsho 4 xssi|oohu iùuxwvçwwqlqjduqd l vdwv 4;

rfk gluhnw lqwhjudoxssvndwwqlqj dy uhvwvhulhqv ehorss jhu pd{lpdoihohw
 
[  [ [ 5
  7

mx +w,  S x +w,m @  e? h
x ?l| 
 me
x m   2
 ? 2
 q2  Q
ƒ?ƒ:  ƒ?ƒ: ƒ?ƒ:

vrp iùu vwrud Q çu ehw|goljw eçwwuh çq ghw vrp jdudqwhudv l vdwv 4;1

Vrp hq hqnho iùomgvdwv wloo vdwv 4; ièu yl

Iùomgvdwv 4< Rp x> x 5 O2 +W , vè çu olp<n" nx  S xn @ 31

Ehylv1 Rphghoedu nrqvhnyhqv dy vdwv 4; rfk rolnkhwhq nxn  vxsf$|$A mx +w,m1

815 Dssur{lpdwlrq l phgho

Glulfkohwv vdwv ylvdu dww irxulhuvhulhu leodqg nrqyhujhudu sxqnwylv iùu {w w
rfk xqghu vwdunduh yloonru rfnvè olnirupljw +vdwv 4;,1 Ghw qdwxuoljdvwh nrq0
yhujhqvehjuhsshw iùu irxulhuvhulhu çu hphoohuwlg nqxwhw wloo vndoçusurgxnwhq
l O2 +W , rfk ghw çu rfnvè gçu uhvxowdwhq çu phvw wlooiuhgvvwçoodqgh1 +Mpi1 vdwv
45,1
Yl ehkùyhu iùomdqgh lqwh khow wulyldod vdwv rp dssur{lpdwlrq l O2 +W ,1
8151 DSSUR[LPDWLRQ L PHGHO 64

Vdwv 53 Wloo ydumh ixqnwlrq x 5 O2 +W , rfk ydumh % A 3 qqv hq nrqwlqxhuoljw

ghulyhuedu ixqnwlrq y 5 O2 +W , vè dww nx  yn  %1

Ehylv1 Oèw x 5 O2 +W , rfk oèw *B 5 O2 +W , ydud ghqlhudg iùu 3 ?  ? W @5

sè lqwhuydoohw W @5  w  W @5 jhqrp


W +4  mwm @, @> mwm  
*B +w, @
3>  ? mwm  W @5

Vh jxu 8141 Hiwhuvrp çyhq *B 5 O2 +W , iùomhu ghw dy vdwv 47 dww y @ x  *B

t
–T/2 T/2

Iljxu 814= Ixqnwlrqhq *B

U A *2
çu nrqwlqxhuoljw ghulyhuedu1 Ylgduh çu 3A *2 *B +w, gw @ W ylonhw jùu dww

 ] 
 4 A *2 
 
mx +w,  x  *B +w,m @  ^x +w,  x +w   ,` *B + , g 
 W 3A *2 
 ] 
 4 A *2 s s 
 
@ ^x +w,  x +w   ,` *B + , *B + ,g 
 W 3A *2 
v ] v ]
4 A *2 4 A *2
 mx +w,  x +w   ,m2 *B + , g *B + , g
W 3A *2 W 3A *2
v ]
4 A *2
@ mx +w,  x +w   ,m2 *B + , g
W 3A *2

Gçu yl xssidwwdw ghq dqgud lqwhjudohq rydq vrp hq vndoçusurgxnw rfk vhgdq
dqyçqw Fdxfk|0Vfkzdu} rolnkhw1 Rp yl iùuvw nydguhudu rfk vhgdq lqwhjuhudu
65 IÙUHOÇVQLQJ 81 NRQYHUJHQV OLNIRUPLJW RFK L PHGHO

rolnkhwhq rydq ièu yl

]
4 A *2
nx  x  *B n2 @ mx +w,  x  *B +w,m2 gw
W 3A *2
] % ] &
4 A *2 4 A *2
 mx +w,  x +w   ,m2 *B + , g gw
W 3A *2 W 3A *2
] % ] &
4 A *2 4 A *2
@ mx +w,  x +w   ,m2 gw *B + , g
W 3A *2 W 3A *2
] ]
4 A *2 2 4 B
@ nx  x n *B + , g @ nx  x n2 *B + , g
W 3A *2 W 3B
U A *2
Qx çu +x> x , @ A 3A *2 x +w   ,x +w, gw @ z  x + , rp z +w, @ x +w, rfk
hqoljw vdwv 47 çu ixqnwlrqhq  :$ +x> x , nrqwlqxhuolj1 Ylgduh çu nx n @ nxn
rfk
k l
nx  x n2 @ nxn2  5 Uh +x> x , . nx n2 @ 5 nxn2  Uh +x> x ,

ylonhw phgiùu dww

k l k l
olp nx  x n2 @ 5 nxn2  Uh olp +x> x , @ 5 nxn2  Uh +x> x,
<f <f
k l
2 2
@ 5 nxn  nxn @ 3

Ghwwd ehw|ghu dww yl wloo ydumh % A 3 ndq qqd  vè dww nx  x n  % rp

m m   rfk gçuphg çu
] B ] B
2 4
2 2 42
nx  yn @ nx  x  *B n  nx  x n *B + , g  % *B + , g @ %2
W 3B W 3B

816 Ixoovwçqgljkhw
Ehyçsqdgh phg iudpiùudoow vdwv 53 çu yl çqwoljhq l vwèqg dww ehylvd ixoo0
vwçqgljkhwhq krv ghw wuljrqrphwulvnd RQ0v|vwhphw l O2 +W ,1 Vdwvhq çu uhgdq
irupxohudg vrp vdwv 45 phq yl xssuhsdu ghq iùu hqnhokhwv vnxoo kçu1

Vdwv 54 Ghw wuljrqrphwulvnd v|vwhphw ih?l| j"

?'3" çu ixoovwçqgljw l uxp0
phw O2 +W , rfk ghw jçoohu dww
"
[
2
nxn @ x? m2
me
?'3"
8171 HQW\GLJKHW 66

Ehylv1 Yl vndoo ylvd dww rp x 5 O2 +W , vè çu olp<n" nx  S xn @ 31

Oèw gçuiùu % A 3 ydud jlyhw rfk yçom phg vwùg dy vdwv 53 hq nrqwlqxhuoljw
ghulyhuedu ixqnwlrq y 5 O2 +W , vè dww nx  yn  %@51 Yçom vhgdq Qf vè vwru
dww Q A Qf phgiùu dww ny  S yn ? %@5 ylonhw çu pùmoljw hqoljw iùomgvdwv
4<1 Gè jçoohu rp Q A Qf
nx  S xn  nx  S yn @ nx  y . y  S yn
% %
 nx  yn . ny  S yn ? . @ %
5 5
Ghq iùuvwd rolnkhwhq iùomhu dy vdwv 91

817 Hqw|gljkhw
Ndq wyè rolnd ixqnwlrqhu kd vdppd irxulhunrh!flhqwhuB Iuèjdq ndq lqwh
ehvydudv sè hww eud vçww xwdq |wwhuoljduh suhflvhulqj1 Ghw çu doowlg pùmoljw dww
çqgud hq ixqnwlrq l hqvwdnd sxqnwhu xwdq dww irxulhunrh!flhqwhuqd/ vrp çu
lqwhjudohu/ sèyhundv1 Wyè ixqnwlrqhu phg vdppd irxulhunrh!flhqwhu ehkùyhu
doowvè lqwh ùyhuhqvvwçppd l ydumh sxqnw1 Gçuhprw jçoohu hqoljw Sduvhydov
irupho l vdwv 54 dww
["
2
nx  yn @ x?  ye? m2
me
?'3"

rp x> y 5 O2 +W ,
ylonhw ylvdu dww nx  yn @ 3 rp x e? @ ye? iùu dood khowdo q1
Rp yl ehwudnwdu ixqnwlrqhuqd x rfk y vrp yhnwruhu l O2 +W , çu gh doowvè olnd1
Hiwhuvrp ghw l pèqjd whnqlvnd vdppdqkdqj çu vndoçusurgxnwhu vrp çu gh
pçwedud vwrukhwhuqd/ çu hqw|gljkhw l O2 +W , khow uhohydqw1

H{hpsho 43 Dy Glulfkohwv vdwv rfk irupho +715, iùomhu dww

;
[" ? 3> 4 ? w ? 3
?l|
y +w, @ e? h
x @ 4@5> w@3
=
?'3" 4> 3?w?4
gè x çu ixqnwlrqhq l h{hpsho 51 Yl vhu dww x +w, 9@ y +w, iùu dood khowdo w phq
vrp yhnwruhu l O2 +W , çu x rfk y olnd1

818 Ùyqlqjdu
Xssjliwhuqd 59 çu whqwdphqvsureohp vrp jlylwv ylg vnlogd wlooiçoohq1 Vydu
rfk oùvqlqjdu qqv l whqwdvdpolqjduqd w1h{1 sè
zzz1pdl1olx1vh2nxkdq2nxuvhu2WDWP842rogvro2

41 Ehuçnqd vxppdq dy vhulhq

"
[ 4
qe
?'
67 IÙUHOÇVQLQJ 81 NRQYHUJHQV OLNIRUPLJW RFK L PHGHO

w1h{1 jhqrp dww xwq|wwmd uhvxowdwhw iuèq ùyqlqj 51

51 +Whqw1 3434,1 Oèw x 5 O2 +, rfk ghvvxwrp vègdq dww


vlq 5w> 3  w  @5
x +w, @
3> @5  w  

+d, Dqjh irxulhuvhulhq wloo x sè uhhoo irup

"
df [
x . d? frv qw . e? vlq qw
5 ?'

vdpw dqyçqg uhvxowdwhw iùu dww ylvd dww

+e,
2  ; 4 4 4
@ 2 2 . 2 2 . 2 2 . 
49 4 6 6 8 8 :
S
61 +Whqw1 333;,1 Oèw x 5 O2 +5, rfk oèw x  " 3" xe? h?| ydud irxulhuvh0
ulhq wloo x1 Ehwçqn dww vhulhq lqwh ehkùyhu nrqyhujhud iùu dood w1

+d, Ehvwçp/ xwwu|fnw l gh xuvsuxqjoljd

S nrh!flhqwhuqd x e? > irxulhunr0
h!flhqwhuqd ye? vè dww y  " 3" e
y? h?| > gçu y 5 O2 +5, ghqlhudv

vrp y +w, @ 2 +x +w, . x + . w,,1

S"
+e, Vxpphud vhulhq x2? m2 gè x 5 O2 +5, rfk x +w, @ w iùu
?' me
  w ? 1

e? l irxulhuvhulhq
71 +Whqw1 3334,1 Ehuçnqd nrh!flhqwhuqd x
n"
[
|
x +w, @ h%e  e? h?|
x
?'3"

Ylvd dww vhulhq nrqyhujhudu olnirupljw prw x iùu dood w 5 U rfk xwq|wwmd
uhvxowdwhw iùu dww ylvd iruphoq
[" ] 2Z
{2? 4
2 @ 5 h2% ULt | gw
?'f +q$, f

Prwlyhud qrjjudqw dood ylnwljd vwhj l oùvqlqjhq1

81 +Whqw1 <<3;,1 Oèw x ydud shulrglvn phg shulrg 5 rfk vègdq dww ghw
iùu   w ?  jçoohu x +w, @ h5| > gçu } 5 F lqwh çu hww khowdo1 Ehuçnqd
nrh!flhqwhuqd xe? l irxulhuvhulhq
n"
[
x e? h?|
x
?'3"
8181 ÙYQLQJDU 68

rfk xwq|wwmd uhvxowdwhw iùu dww vxpphud gh dowhuqhudqgh vhulhuqd

n"
[ "
[
+4,?n +4,?n
> > } 5Fq]
?'3"
q} ?'
q2  } 2

Prwlyhud qrjjudqw dood ylnwljd vwhj l oùvqlqjhq1

91 +Whqw1 <;3;,1 Xwyhfnod ixqnwlrqhq x +w, @ w l vlqxv0 rfk frvlqxvvhulh sè

lqwhuydoohw 3  w   rfk dqjh/ iùu dood w 5 U> vxppdq wloo vhulhq
"
df [
. d? frv qw . e? vlq qw
5 ?'
S S"
gè " ?' e? vlq qw rfk
@f
2 . ?' d? frv qw çu vlqxv0 uhvshnwlyh frvlqxv0
vhulhuqd wloo x1