ROAD SAFETY AUDIT ON NATINAL HIGHWAY 139 FROM

MEHANDIYA TO DAUDNAGAR

AFAN SADI
RAJEEV KUMAR RANJAN
MAMTESH KUMAR
PRIYA KUMARI
RAHUL KUMAR

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE ARWAL - 804428

MAY 2025
 ROAD SAFETY AUDIT ON NATINAL HIGHWAY 139 FROM
MEHANDIYA TO DAUDNAGAR
A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

in

CIVIL ENGINEERING

Submitted by

AFAN SADI (21101153004)

RAJEEV KUMAR RANJAN (21101153044)

MAMTESH KUMAR (21101153018)

PRIYA KUMARI (21101153041)

RAHUL KUMAR (21101153024)

Under the Supervision of

PROF. KUMAR ABHINESH

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE ARWAL - 804428

MAY 2025
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the dissertation titled ―Road Safety Audit on National Highway

139 From MEHANDIYA to Daudnagar‖ which is being submitted by Afan Sadi

(21101153004),
Rajeev Kumar Ranjan (21101153044), Mamtesh Kumar (21101153018), Priya Kumari

(21101153041), Rahul Kumar (21101153024), for the partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the award of degree of Bachelor of

Technology (B. Tech.) in Civil Engineering Department is a record of the student’s own work

carried out at Department of Civil Engineering, Government Engineering College Arwal, Bihar,

under my supervision and guidance. The matter embodied in this thesis has not been submitted

elsewhere for the award of any other degree or diploma.

Prof. Kumar Abhinesh

(Assistant Professor)

Place: Arwal Department of civil Engineering,

MAY 2025 Government Engineering College, Arwal

External Examiner Prof. Mushtaque Ahmad

Department of civil Engineering

Government Engineering College, Arwal

II
 DECLARATION

I certify that

a. The work contained in this thesis is original and has been done by myself under the general

supervision of my supervisor.

b. The work has not been submitted to any other Institute for degree or diploma.

c. I have followed the Institute norms and guidelines and abide by the regulation as given in the

Ethical Code of Conduct of the Institute.

d. Whenever I have used materials (data, theory and text) from other sources, I have given due

credit to them by citing them in the text of the thesis and giving their details in the reference

section.

Signature of the Student

III
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I feel immense pleasure and privilege to express my deep sense of gratitude,
indebtedness and thankfulness towards my supervisor, Prof. Kumar Abhinesh, Assistant
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, for his invaluable guidance, constant supervision,
continuous encouragement and support throughout this work. His suggestions and critical views
have greatly helped me in successful completion of this work.

I express my deep sense of gratitude, indebtedness and thankfulness towards Prof.

Musthaque Ahmad, Assistant Professor and Head, Department of Civil Engineering.

I express my deep sense of gratitude, indebtedness and thankfulness towards Principal

of our college Prof. Pranav Kumar.

I feel most obliged to my parents and all my family members for their affection and

constant support for my education and overall well-being.

Lastly, I express thanks to the Almighty for his generous blessings and giving me

courage to complete the project with great satisfaction.

Arwal Name of Students

MAY 2025 Afan Sadi 21101153004

Rajeev Kumar Ranjan 21101153044

Mamtesh Kumar 21101153018

Priya Kumari 21101153041

Rahul Kumar 21101153024

IV
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter Title Page

I
Certificate

II
Declaration

Acknowledgements
III

Abstract
IV

Table of Content V

List of Figures VI

1 Introduction 1-4

1.1 General 1

1.2 Safety Problem in India 1

1.3 Accident Scenario in India 2

1.4 Road Condition and Traffic Safety 2

1.5 Need to study

3

1.6 Scope of study 3

5-10
2 Literature Review

2.1 General 5

5-9
2.2 Review of Literature

2.3 Conclusion of Literature Review 10

3 Methodology of Work 11-13

V
 11-13
3.1 Silent Features of study area
14-16
3.2 Accident Scenario in the study stretch

4 RESULTS

17-32
4.1 Results and Findings along the
stretch 33-35
4.2 Identification of Blackspots in Study
Stretch
36
5 Conclusion
37
6 References

VI
 INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER - 1

Road fatality rates in India are probably among the highest and out of 1.25 million deaths
worldwide every year, 8-10 per cent of all road deaths are in India. The road system and the
traffic operations in India are deficient in safety management. One of the reasons for this
situation is that there is very little opportunity to learn from the past mistakes. The accident
records are supposed to provide the clue about deficiency in the road, vehicle and user systems
to explain the causes of accidents and to develop remedial measures. This road safety
management system is poor in India, with untrained police officers collecting only incomplete
records of fatal accidents and always stating the road user’s fault as the cause of the accident. In
a road environment where the road designs, knowledge of traffic rules, traffic control and
policing (enforcement) are responsible for the accident. In a deficient road and traffic
environment, causes are related to poor road geometry and poor traffic control aggravated by
poor traffic sense.

A Road Safety Audit (RSA) qualitatively estimates and reports on potential road safety issues
and identifies opportunities for improvements in safety for all road users. The Road Safety Audit
consists of safety principles to the design of a new or a rehabilitated road section, to prevent
frequent occurrence of accidents or to reduce their severity.

Road safety audit is tool for the improvement of road safety and to recognize potentially
dangerous spots on the roads which includes highways, includes on highway, and propose
remedial measures. It is a systematic approach for evaluating of new and existing roads by an
independent team at different stages of planning, design, construction, operation, and
maintenance to achieve accident-free roads and to increase overall safety performance.
JSRPRCD [2012]: defined road safety audit as formal procedure for assessing accident potential
& safety performance in the provision of new road as well as maintenance, improvement,
rehabilitation of existing roads. AUSTROADS [2002]: describes it is a formal examination of a
future road or traffic project or an existing road, in which an independent, qualified team report
on the projects crash potential and safety performance. ADB [2003]: defined RSA as systematic
procedure for accessing the road safety of roads and road schemes.

1.1 Safety Problem in India

Growth in urbanization and in the number of vehicles in many developing countries has led to
increased traffic congestion in urban centres and increase in traffic accidents on road networks,
which were never designed for the volumes and types of traffic, which they are now required to
carry. In addition, unplanned urban growth has led to incompatible land uses, with high levels
of pedestrian-vehicle conflicts. The drift from rural areas to urban centres often results in large
number of new urban residents unused to such high traffic levels. As a result, there has often
been a severe deterioration in driving conditions and a significant increase in the hazards and
competition between different classes of road users. In addition, the inherent dangers have often
been made worse by poor road maintenance badly designed intersections and inadequate
provision for pedestrians. All of these have contributed to the serious road safety problems in
developing countries like India. It has been estimated that over 3 lakh persons die and 10 to 15

1
million persons are injured every single year in road accidents throughout the world. Road
accidents in developing countries are a cause for growing concern and road accidents cost
around one percent of Annual Gross National Product (GNP) resources of developing Countries,
which they can ill afford to lose.

1.2 Accident Scenario in India

Road accident Studies have indicated that accident rate in developing countries are high
compared with those in developed countries. The spectacular growth in the Road Transportation
Sector in India has been a key element in the economic development. In the country, more than
80-90thousand people die and nearly 4.5 lakhs persons are injured in road accidents every year.
India’s motor vehicle population is just 1.5% of the worlds, but her share of world road traffic
accidents is 6%. Even though it can be observed that the accident rate has been steadily
increasing over the past 25 years, the accident rate is still very high compared to the developed
nations. In India, according to UNESCO 1,37,423 accidents have been occurred where 16
children die on Indian roads daily and one death occurs every minute. Totally 1214 road crashes
occur every day in and two wheelers account for 25% of total road crash deaths.to be known
377 people die every day which is equivalent to a jumbo jet crashing every day. Two people die
every hour in road accidents.

1.3 Road Condition and Traffic Safety

The effect of road conditions in road safety to date is still underestimated. On the basis of
widespread scientific research involving analysis of road accidents and a study of how vehicles
are driven under different road conditions, it will be probable for the highway engineer to
establish the effect of road conditions on accidents. The main road conditions that contribute to
accidents are:

1. Road Width

2. Width and state of shoulders

3. Width of the median

4. Grades

5. Deficiency in sight distance.

2
1.4 Need of study
India has the second largest road network in the world with over 3 million km of roads in which
60% are paved. On the whole, the facilities for roads users are not up to the mark, leading to the
high toll of the death victims. Road safety is emerging as a major social concern in the country
in the country. The statistics are mind boggling with an average rate of 100,000 persons dying
in road accidents. According to the report, the number of road tra c deaths across the world was
unaccept ably high at 1.24 million per year and another 20 to 50 million sustain nonfatal injuries
as a result of road tra c crashes. The report says that only 28 countries, representing 449 million
people (7% of the worlds population), have adequate laws that address all ve risk factors speed,
driving under inuence, helmets, seat belts and child restraints, India has poor record on all the
above ve fronts. 2 Following are some of the facts related to India: 1. 85% of all road accident
deaths occur in developing countries and nearly half in the AsiaPaci c region. 2. India accounts
for about10 percent of road accident fatalities. 3. An estimated 1,275,000 persons are grievously
injured on the road every year. Social cost of annual accidents in India has been estimated at
Rs.660000. 4. Professionalism in driver training is absent, proportion of untrained drivers is
continually on the rise and a positive driving culture is lacking

1.5 Scope of study

This study includes identi cation of the de cit of tra c signs/markings, geometrical de cit and
other road accessories in the existing scenario of accident occurrence, and identify the need of
speed regulation / alternate measures of tra c management to access the existing section with
respect to the standard IRC/HCM. Identi cation of the Black spot by using an accident data and
prioritizing the hazardous zone for intervention

3
 OBJECTIVES

The Objectives of Study are:

• To study road safety characteristics of selected stretch from MEHANDIYA(0+000Km)
to Daudnagar(22.6+000Km) part of national highway 139

• To study about the impact of roadway geometrics and traffic conditions on the highway.

• Identify design imperfections and recommend improvements.

• Identification of accident-prone regions on the highway

Site Selection for Study Area:

• Portion of NH139- 0+000 TO 22.6+000 km from MEHANDIYA to Daudnagar.

• The current stretch has been selected since this stretch will be a part of Memorandum of
Understanding (MoU) between GEC Arwal and NHAI(National Highways Authority of
India).

Fig.1: Location Map of Study Area

4
 CHAPTER -2

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 General
A literature review is a type of review article. A literature review is a scholarly paper that
presents the current knowledge including substantive findings as well as theoretical and
methodological contributions to a particular topic. Literature reviews are a basis for research in
nearly every academic field.
The literature reviews of some journals regarding the present topic of road safety audit on a
selected stretch of highway are presented below.

2.2 Review of Literature

Road Safety Analysis : A case study of Patna city

Sanjay Kumar Singh, Ashish Misra had done a case study on Patna city by collecting data
regarding traffic data ,accident data ,black spots regions in the city and some conclusions have
drawn from the data .They are as one would expect ,Patna is suffering from deaths and injuries
on its roads. The total fatal accidents as well as related fatality in the city is increasing over the
years. Persons killed per 100 accidents are alarmingly high, as high as during the year 2000.
Although the fatality rate is very low in patna city, fatality risk is higher than Indian average.
Pedestrian deaths as a percentage of all road fatalities are extremely high in the city. During the
recent years, they constitute more than 90% of all road fatalities. Since both adult age working
group and pedestrian constitute a large portion of road accident fatalities, it is believed that the
vast pedestrian casualties occur to the economically active cohort (18 to 60 years).As far as
vehicle accident rates are concerned ,buses are most risky .On an Average, they are causing 16
accidents per thousand buses per annum. In general, trucks and three wheeler vehicles are the
second and third risky vehicles, respectively.

Road safety audit: a case study on NH-65

Tummala Bharat Kumar, Chukkapalli Jeswanth Chowdary had done a case study on the
four lane National Highway-65, and they have drawn some conclusions by analysing data. The
conclusions are road markings, condition of shoulder, condition of carriageway and median
opening are the factors for causing accidents on the NH-65.
It also observed that the moderately moving vehicular traffic is generating traffic problems for
the fast-moving vehicular traffic as it generally occupies innermost lane of national highway.

Along this four-lane national highway, service roads need to be provided to isolate slow moving
vehicular traffic from fast moving vehicular traffic. All the unauthorized gap-inmedian should
be closed and necessary provisions like foot-over bridges to be provided for the local
neighbourhood to cross the national highway on the priority basis. All undeveloped minor and
major crossings should be developed with necessary lighting provisions such that the accident
rate can be decreased along the surveyed areas. Footpath for the pedestrian need to be developed

5
near the habitant areas, industries, educational institutions and to be properly maintained
wherever it is there, and the guard rail need to be provided along the entire length of the footpath.
Facilities for the differently abled people at bus stops need to be developed on the NH-65.

Accident Analysis of Anandapuram to Anakapalli Stretch via SH-38

S. Naveen Kumar, CH. Deepika had done road safety audit on SH-38 from Anandapuram to
Anakapalli. From the Accident Analysis, they have concluded that the accidents are occurring
almost uniformly during day as well as night hours, but severity index is very high wheelers and
trucks in the night hours. This may also be attributed to poor illumination and absence of
warning measures such as delineation and retro-reflective material. From the analysis that two
contribute to majority of accidents. This is mainly because of the discontinuous service road
leading to wrong side movement of traffic in order to avoid long detours. Poorlydesigned access
roads from the adjacent areas of the highway are also leading to frequent conflicts between local
traffic (mostly two wheelers) and through traffic (goods vehicles).

Road Safety Audit & Remedial Measures-A Case Study of SH-55

Patel Savankumar, et al. had done a case study on SH-55. They collected traffic volume,
Accident data from various sources an drawn some conclusions from the data. Some of the
conclusions are, Delay is noted specially in congested areas while as in straight roads in rural
area the delay reduces and speed increases, which may pose a threat to life in mishaps. The
drivers are having the tendency to move closely to the front vehicle without realizing that to
avoid accidents minimum 3 seconds time for reaction is needed i.e., distance required depends
on speed if is 60 kmph then minimum distance required for safe stopping sight distance is 80 m
but the fact is that drivers are tailgating which even more contributes to honking horn too. Also,
the dire need of overtaking is also observed for which the drivers require minimum 300 metres
for safe overtaking but still the violations are noted. The local authority should lay police
enforcement at such places also no overtaking signs should be provided where risk factor is very
high.

Road Safety Audit for Four Lane National Highways

Dr. S. S. Jain, et al. developed a methodology for Road Safety Audit for four lane National
Highways. They had examined safety features adopted in the selected section of four lane
National Highway-58 and find out deficiencies in the road network which led to accident and
safety hazards to road users. Based on the study of road safety audit for 4 lane national highways
the following conclusions they had drawn are, due to newly upgraded four lane National
Highway-58 between Km 75.000 to Km 130.00, the road standards have been raised suddenly.
But other related factors are not brought to this level such as road user behaviour, surrounding
prevailing conditions etc. The road standards there are permitting high speeds, but prevailing
traffic conditions are not conducive to such speeds. Earlier the average speed of vehicles was
30-40 Kmph and now 60-70 Kmph whereas design speed is 100 Kmph which is very high.
From data simulation, they found that Road Markings, Condition of Shoulder, Traffic Volume,
Spot Speed, Median Opening and Carriageway condition were main parameters for causing
accidents. It was also seen that slow moving traffics were creating traffic hazards for fast moving
traffic as it always occupied the innermost lane of highway. Therefore, service roads should be

6
provided for the entire length of four lane roads to separate slow moving traffic from fast moving
traffic. All unauthorized median openings should close and adequate provisions for crossing
local people be made on priority. All undeveloped major and minor intersections must be
developed with adequate lighting provisions as quickly as possible since maximum accidents
were observed on these locations. Pedestrian guardrail should be provided all along the footpath
of service road and at bus stops.

Road Safety Performance Audit for National Highway-44

Preethi S, et al. studied about audit on National Highway-44. Based on road inventory survey
which is aggregation of data about the status and situation of the road system, they have made
conclusions which are as follows. From the classification of accidents according to fatal and
non-fatal, it is witnessed that a larger number of accidents have happened among male road
users. Streets lamps were provided along the whole stretch but most of them doesn’t work which
could be a cause of night accidents. Control devices such as traffic signs and road markings are
not maintained properly. Lighting at main junction along the stretch were not provided, resulting
in difficulty at night driving. Barricades were dismantled and destroyed and no repairing for the
roadside facilities were not seen. Along the stretch of road, even though pedestrian count was
more, no facilities for pedestrians to cross are provided except zebra crossings at few locations.
Traffic island at Rani Junction is a must to be provided as the junction connects to road on all four
directions. Lighting at Devanahalli Junction and Chikballapur Junction which is the main
junction along the stretch were not provided.

“Road Safety Audit”

Arun S Bagi, Dheeraj N kumar are the authors for the audit on Bannergatta road and collected
data for four years and by analysing the data, they have made some findings regarding accidents,
spot speed studies.
More number of accidents have occurred during 2011.No definite trend is observed with month
wise distribution, the accidents have occurred all through the year. Majority of accidents have
occurred during 8am to 12pm and 4pm to 6pm of the day and it is difficult to explain the
particular trend. Analysing kilo meter wise accident occurrence has shown that KMS 0 to 1 and
2 to 3have shown higher accidents.
The study stretch has very low pedestrian safety. The accident reasons for low pedestrian safety
are Sight distance problem, driving vehicles on footpath, People standing on the road near bus
stand. Improper footpaths, trees on the median.

Traffic Safety and City Public Transport System: Case Study of Bengaluru, India
P. S. Kharola, Geetam Tiwari, and Dinesh Mohan had done a case study of Bengaluru and collected data
and by analysing the data ,some findings have been drawn regarding road traffic crashes . The conclusions
are ,In this paper through a micro-analysis of fatal crashes, has attempted to find patterns in the crashes
involving public buses. While some of the findings fortify the existing understanding of the causes of
crashes, the study has, nonetheless, provided empirical evidence for it. The analysis has provided a very
useful input to policy makers who could take corrective steps and consequently reduce the number of such
fatal crashes. The paper establishes that change in bus design with low floors, automatically-closing doors,
safer bus fronts, and segregated infrastructure for bicycles and pedestrians would go a long way in reducing
the number of fatal crashes on city roads involving public buses.

7
“Road Safety Audit: A Case Study for Wardha Road in Nagpur City”
Manish. D. Katiyari, Prof. S. D. Ghodmare had done road safety audit on Wardha road to
ensure increased safety for the users. By performing various tasks like collecting traffic and
road inventory of Wardha Road and collecting Accident Data and performing accident data
analysis, they have made some conclusions by examining the data. They have aimed to
Minimise the risk of accidents occurring in the future because of planning decisions on new
transport infrastructure schemes, Reduce the risk of accidents occurring in the future because of
unintended effects of the design of road schemes. Reduce the long-term costs associated with a
planning decision or a road scheme.

ROAD SAFETY AND ROAD SAFETY AUDIT IN INDIA: A REVIEW

Abdul Rahoof, Bipin Kumar Singh had done an audit about road safety in India. Audit on based
on the existing roads in India in major cities. Security Audit can be connected to new roads,
Existing or built Roads. Road safety review is an essential means for giving careful consideration
to road safety amid the configuration of road plans. This unequivocal consideration ought to help
everybody required in settling on choices with respect to changes to road base to survey the safety
ramifications of the numerous decisions that emerge amid the outline procedure, and accordingly
build the road safety familiarity with base organizers, fashioners and powers.

Road Accident Analysis: A Case Study of Vidisha City

Chitra Yadav, Ankita Tiwari had done a case study of Vidisha city. Collection of data regarding
road accidents is taken and distribution of accident data in to accidental deaths, accident severity
index ,fatality distribution by age has made. The conclusion from this case study is the road
traffic accidents are a major but undervalued global problem. Transportation facilities in India
are incompetent and degrading year by year. Problem of providing medical aids instantly or
inadequacy of medical facilities increases the number of death rates in the country. It has been
observed that death rates per thousand vehicles have decreased slightly from 1.4 in 2009 to 0.9
in 2013, as the vehicles in India is increased by 78.0% and the amount of road accident has
increased by 51% during the same period. The existing transportation system of Vidisha is mixed
type system. Transportation system in Vidisha is majorly constituted by local minor streets and
roads heavily congested.

Accident Study to Analysis the Traffic Conflict Areas of Jaipur City.

Mr Teekam Singh, et al had done a case study on Jaipur city by collecting accident data
registered in police station. Based on the data collected some conclusions follows, the Problem
of deaths and injuries as a result of road accidents in Jaipur city is serious enough to demand
attention respective administrative authorities. Apart from the humanitarian aspects of reducing
road deaths and injuries, A strong case can be made of reducing road crash deaths or economic
arounds Alone. It is estimated 60% of all registered accidents occurred between 06:00 To 17:59
hrs (Daylight Hours) And 54% of all registered accidents involved minor injury accidents. The

most involved road users in an accident are M2Ws (34%) followed by Cars (33%). The most
affected road users in an accident are M2Ws(52%) followed by pedestrians (33%). From the
data of recent year, the rate of accident in Jaipur has been increased.

8
 Parikh V. and Dr. Jain A.M. (2014) has carried out a Road Safety Audit: Develop ment of an
accident model for Urban area on Narol-Naroda National Highway of Ahmedabad city and
developed an accident model for urban area. The paper is having a main two goals, rst is to carry
out a road safety audit on a selected corridor of urban area and second is to develop an accident
model taking time of accident as a main parameter. To achieve both of the goal Accident data,
Classi ed Volume count survey, spot speed survey, Road Inventory Survey has been carried out
and remedial measures are given for the corridor.

A. Shalon Hakkert and Victoria Gitelman (2014) has done survey on Thinking about the
history of road safety research: Past achievements and future challenges in this they have done
survey on the development in road safety thinking and road safety research over the last century.
This paper is giving the details about general evolution of safety thinking as it ap plied to road
user behaviour, vehicle and road design. From a historical consideration, a major change
observed more recently both in road safety research and in road safety activities con cerns the
emphasis shift from segmented research focused on single areas such as the driver, the vehicle
and the road, towards a systems view. Moreover examining various developments that have
occurred over years regarding road user behaviour, vehicle design and infrastructure, a clos
interrelation between road safety research abilities and road safety interventions applied can be
observed. In terms of future research, a shift in modality towards more vulnerable road users
and their needs, more attention to safety implications of denser cities, greater use of public
transport, inter-modality and coordination between the spatial development and the
transportation system, can be foreseen.
Joshua Reid Jones et. Al. (2013) presented the result of eld data collection con ducted by the
Utah Local Technical Assistance Program (Utah LTAP) in conjunction with the Utah
Department of Transportation. The first step of the research was data collection from 18 road
safety audits conducted throughout the state of Utah. The purpose of this research was to provide
quantify cation to the RSA process that would increase the benefits gained from implementing
the RSA recommendations. Benefits derived from the implementation of RSA recommendations
were found by assessing the change of risk from before and after safety The RSA quantify cation
tool was developed to analyse projects in both urban and rural settings. The tool showed the
different project alternatives. The quantify cation tool will be able to analyse the potential risk
during the eld observation and after the safety recommendations are made. This paper proposes
a seven category decision making tool that can help quantify the potential risk observed on the
roadway into a number that can be analysed. The result shows that all of the categories having
potential risk reductions after the safety recommendations were made. The categories with the
most reduction were centred on low cost safety improvements of maintenance and sign
improvements.
Mario De Luca et. Al. (2012) has proposed a procedure to identify these black spots. Four
different road sections were selected in Southern Italy for the study. For each road section the
accident data since 2004 to 2008 were collected. The good statistical tting between the estimated
parameters and those surveys con rms the validity of the models and, at the same time, their
reliability to de ne road safety improvements. The procedure described has pro vided important
clues to identify the Hazardous areas due to poor coordination of the track. The results have
shown that the procedure also works on segment other than those on which has been obtained
models (1) and (2). Developed model can be used to analyse more segments and to identify
priority area of intervention.

9
2.3 Conclusion of literature review:
From the above literature review it can be concluded that road safety audit is an important part of
pavement management and maintenance. In this regard this study has been taken in order to
fulfil the requirement of NH139 starting from MEHANDIYA to Daudnagar.

10
 CHAPTER -3

METHODOLOGY

In this project, A stretch of 22.6km of national highway139 has taken. The selected stretch is
from MEHANDIYA to Daudnagar having considerable amount of traffic. Initially accident data
was collected from various police stations along the study area stretch from MEHANDIYA CH
00.00 km (NH-139) to Daudnagar CH 22.6 km (NH-139. The data obtained for the stretch under
study is obtained from 3 different police stations falling in the jurisdiction of study stretch. The
road inventory survey data is carried out which gives the details of the exiting road facilities on
the selected stretch on NH-139. The NH-139 stretch from MEHANDIYA (CH: 00.00Km) to
Daudnagar (CH: 22.6Km) and is having residential and commercial land uses along the road
sides. In Road inventory survey was various parameter taken into consider of road geometry like
exiting roadway width, sign, signal, marking, and shoulders width, bridges, etc. Data has been
collected by visiting the stretch in four-wheeler vehicle during weekend day. Detailed analysis
for every 1 Km regarding geometric aspects has done and images indicating the deficiencies
along the stretch are collected.

5.1 Salient Features of the Study Segment

The width of main carriageway is of 7.00m with 1.50m earthen shoulder on both left and right
carriage way of the highway. The width median is 1.5m and raised type in general. Road
infrastructures details are as under:

11
Sr. No Salient Features In Total Number

1 Major Junctions 0

2 Signalized Junctions 0

3 Unsignalized Junctions 5

4 Major Bridges 1

Table 1. Salient Features of Study Area

12
 Road Accidents Data in Bihar

Growth Rate statitics

13

ACCIDENT SCENARIO IN THE STUDY STRECH

To assess the accident scenario, it is very much necessary to collect the accident data. In this
regard, accident data was collected for the year 2024-25 from the concerned police stations,
who are responsible for recording and maintaining of accident data.
The accidents distribution during different hours in a day evident that the number of accidents
are slightly more in the day because of heavy traffic conditions. The severity index (ratio of
number of people killed to the total number of accidents) is high in night hours when compared
to the day hours. From the accident analysis, it indicates that the accidents are occurring almost
uniformly during day as well as night hours but severity index is very high in the night hours.

Number of accidents registered on the NH-139 from Mehandiya to Daudnagar in the

year 2018 are 20.
8- accidents were caused by the heavy vehicle.
5-accidents were caused by the cars.
4-accidents were caused by the two-wheelers.
3-accidents were caused by the three-wheelers.

Number of accidents registered on the NH-139 from Mehandiya to Daudnagar in the

year 2019 are 23.
9- accidents were caused by the cars. In which

 3 cases of rash driving were registered in which one case is after they injured four
people
4- accidents caused by 2 wheelers.
 The accident occurred when a bike crossed through gap in median and hit the
pedestrian.
9- accidents caused by heavy vehicles.
1- accidents caused by Auto-rickshaw.

Number of accidents registered on the NH-139 from Mahendiya to Daudnagar in the

year 2020 are 17.
7- accidents were caused by the cars .In which
 1 was a hit and run case during the midnight because of poor lighting for pedestrains
and no sign board for the speed limit indication.
23
  2-accidents were reported at the sagar ringroad junction during the rush hours because
of the heavy traffic ocuured at that time .
 1-pedestrain got hit by a car at the Turkamjal junction while crossing the road .
 2-pedestrains were hit by the car at the temple on a Sunday at the Injapur lake.As the
temple was built beside the road ,lot of people gather there on Sunday as ritual .
 1-car was ran in to the divider of Gurramguda junction as the driver was drunk and
driving .

8-accidents were caused by the heavy vehicle.In which

 5- accidents were caused by college buses which were located on the SH-19 ,because
of the no-correct sign boards at some junctions and due to the over speeding and reckless
driving.
 3-RTC bus accidents have been registered because of the over crowded passengers in
which one RTC bus has hit an bike.

2 Auto-rickshaw accidents have been occurred due to recklessness and rash driving in which
public poverty has been destroyed.

Number of accidents registered on the NH-139 from Mahendiya to Daudnagar in the

year 2021 are 21 .

4-accidents caused by the heavy vehicles. In which

 2 were caused due to the overspeeding and they hit the divider.
 1 was because of the loss of control over the vehicle by the driver because there is no
fitness for vehicle .
 1 was caused by the driver who was drunk at time of driving.
10- accidents were caused by the 2-wheeler motor cycles .In which the accidents have been
occurred due to the rash driving ,over speeding at the sharp turnings ,minor’s driving the 2-
wheelers and because of drunk and drive also.
3-accidents were caused by 3-wheelers such as auto-rickshaws because of carrying too many
passengers and carrying too much of load.
2-accidents bus accidents were caused due to the recklessness of the driver and because of the
No-speed limit indicators.
2-car accidents happened due to the poor visibility of road during a rainy night and during the
night time at the sharp turnings .
Number of accidents registered on the NH-139 from Mahendiya to Daudnagar in the
year 2022 are .26

4-accidents caused by the heavy vehicles. In which

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  2 were caused due to the overspeeding and they hit the divider.
 1 was because of the loss of control over the vehicle by the driver because there is no
fitness for vehicle .
 1 was caused by the driver who was drunk at time of driving.
15-accidents were caused by the 2-wheeler motor cycles .In which the accidents have been
occurred due to the rash driving ,over speeding at the sharp turnings ,minor’s driving the
2- wheelers and because of drunk and drive also.
3-accidents were caused by 3-wheelers such as auto-rickshaws because of carrying too many
passengers and carrying too much of load.
2-accidents bus accidents were caused due to the recklessness of the driver and because of the
No-speed limit indicators.
2-car accidents happened due to the poor visibility of road during a rainy night and during the
night time at the sharp turnings .

Number of accidents registered on the NH-139 from Mehandiya to Daudnagar in the

year 2023 are 25.
8-accidents were caused by the heavy vehicle.
7-accidents were caused by the cars.
6-accidents were caused by the two-wheelers.
4-accidents were caused by the three-wheelers.

Number of accidents registered on the NH-139 from Mehandiya to Daudnagar in the

year 2024 are 18.
8-accidents were caused by the cars. In which
 3 cases of rash driving were registered in which one case is after they injured four
people who were crossing a road near.Daudnagar golamber 3- accidents caused by 2
wheelers.
 The accident occurred when a bike crossed through gap in median and hit the
pedestrian.
6- accidents caused by heavy vehicles.
1- accidents caused by Auto-rickshaw.

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 CHAPTER -4 4.1 RESULTS AND FINDINGS ALONG THE STRETCH
In this chapter, data was collected and by analysing the data some conclusions have drawn for
the factors causing the accidents and parameters for safety improvement of roads.

Selected stretch is lacking road markings completely. Various issues identified were as:

1. Markings in carriage way are not clearly visible.

2. Road information markings are completely absent at junctions

Recommendations:
1. Road marking shall be provided at roads according to rules of IRC: 35-1997;
2. Marking shows wear and tear at some sections so road markings shall be maintained in
well condition and time-to-time checking of visibility of the same at night shall be
checked; 3. Road information marking shall be provided at turning, bus stop.
4. Bus bay shall be marked with “BUS STOP”.

Issue- here isn’t any sign board indicating the area as accident spot and advising the vehicles to travel with
low speed on a specified road also road markings are not present .

Mitigation measure:

o Paint clear zebra crossings with pedestrian signals at regular intervals.

o Place speed breakers before each crossing to slow down vehicles

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 Issue - Autos are parked haphazardly on the roadside, reducing the effective width of the road and
obstructing traffic flow.
The road lacks proper lane markings, which can confuse drivers and cause accidents

Mitigation measure:
* Designated Auto Stand: Construct proper auto stands with marking and signage.

* Roadside Marking Enforcement: Use police or local authorities to enforce "No Parking" zones.

* Footpath Development: Create pedestrian walkways to separate vehicles and people.

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Issue-
Autos and a bus are parked haphazardly on the roadside .
There is no pedestrian walkway or footpath.
There are no visible traffic signs or signals to guide vehicles or pedestrians.
A man is seen crossing the road without a zebra crossing.
Shops and stalls are very close to the road, reducing space for movement.

Mitigation measure:
Mark zebra crossings and install speed breakers near market areas.
Build footpaths on both sides of the road.
Include signs for speed limits, pedestrian crossings, no parking zones, etc.
designated parking zones.
Fine or tow vehicles parked illegally.
Repaint road markings for better lane discipline.
Maintain pothole-free, smooth roads.

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Issue –damaged speed breaker:
The hump is broken and eroded at places.
It's not uniformly elevated, leading to uneven surface conditions
Although some yellow markings are visible, they're faded and may not be visible at night or
in rainy weather.
Motorcyclists and bicyclists can lose control while passing over this.
Cars might swerve or brake suddenly,
increasing the chance of rear-end collisions.

Mitigation measure:
Use proper bitumen/asphalt mix with adequate compaction.
Follow IRC (Indian Roads Congress) guidelines:
Height: 10-12 cm, Width: 3.7 meters (for full lane width), Shape: Parabolic or circular for smooth
transition
* Use reflective thermoplastic paint with glass beads for night visibility.
* Repaint zebra stripes in bright yellow or white.
Place signs 50-100 meters before the speed breaker on both sides.
* Include "Speed Breaker Ahead" boards and speed limit signs.

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Issue -
No footpaths or zebra crossings are visible.
People, including children, are walking or running on the road, risking accidents.
Vehicles are parked haphazardly on both sides, reducing road width.
Mix of heavy vehicles, autos, and pedestrians increases congestion
Electrical wires are loosely hanging, posing a safety risk.
The large dry tree is untrimmed and may fall during strong winds.
No signboards, traffic lights, or speed breakers are visible

Mitigation measure:
Construct proper footpaths on both sides.
Mark zebra crossings and add pedestrian signals where necessary.
Designate proper parking zones.
Restrict heavy vehicles during peak hours if possible.
Install public dustbins and increase garbage collection frequency.
Launch local awareness drives on cleanliness (Swachh Bharat-style).
Trim or remove dead trees to prevent accidents.
Ensure electrical wires are properly insulated and structured by linemen.
Add speed breakers near crossings and markets.
Install road signs, mirrors at corners, and possibly street lights.

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Issue –
There is no dedicated pedestrian pathway, forcing people to walk on the road.
The temple is very close to the road with minimal buffer space.
Vehicles may not anticipate sudden pedestrian movement near the temple, especially during
festivals.
The road shoulder is not well-defined, and there's a plastic box placed carelessly, which could
be a hazard.

Mitigation measure:
Construct sidewalks (footpaths), especially in front of houses and the temple.
Install warning signboards: "Temple Ahead - Drive Slow" at least 100m before.
Construct a pedestrian crossing with proper paint and signage.
Use rumble strips to slow down vehicles before the temple zone.
Level and pave the shoulder to prevent vehicles from skidding off.

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Issue-
Tree branches are extending over the road, which:

► Obstructs visibility for drivers.

► Can damage high vehicles.
► Poses a danger in storms or strong winds.
lines are not clearly visible, especially under tree shadows, which increases accident risk.
No visible signs indicating curves, narrow road, tree hazards Lane, or parking restrictions.

Mitigation measure:
Trim and prune overhanging branches regularly to prevent obstruction and maintain driver
visibility.
Remove weak or dangerous trees near the road that may fall during storms.
Maintain a safe clearance height of at least 5 meters above the road.
Erect cautionary signs about curves, trees, and truck activity.
Implement and display speed limits suited to the road condition.

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Issue –
The road appears crowded with vehicles including auto-rickshaws and buses.
There's limited space for smooth vehicle movement, especially on the right side.
The road surface is uneven and shows signs of wear and potholes.
Pedestrians are walking on the edge of the road, which is unsafe.
There's no clear or designated pedestrian pathway.

Mitigation measure:
Build safe and elevated pedestrian sidewalks.
Install railings where needed to separate pedestrians from traffic.
Designate parking zones for autos and private vehicles.
Penalize illegal or double parking.
Install clear signage and functioning traffic signals.

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Issue-
The left side of the road is covered with sand, which may cause reduced traction for
vehicles and inconvenience for pedestrians and cyclists.
Shops and structures are built very close to the road, leaving little room for pedestrian
paths or future road expansion.
There are no designated walking areas for pedestrians, increasing the risk of accidents.
The road lacks clear lane markings, which can cause confusion and erratic driving
behavior.

Mitigation measure:
Asphalt or concrete paving on both sides would improve safety and reduce dust.
Authorities should ensure proper setbacks for buildings and shops to prevent
encroachment.
Designate and construct footpaths on both sides of the road to protect pedestrians.
Implement routine cleaning and proper waste disposal to maintain cleanliness.
Add visible lane markings and pedestrian crossings for organized traffic flow.
Install proper signage, speed limits, and possibly traffic lights at busy junctions.
Build a proper drainage system alongside the road to handle rainwater effectively.

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Issue –
Surface Cracks: Multiple cracks are visible on the road, indicating aging or structural
stress.
Uneven Surface: Slight waviness on the road surface can cause discomfort to drivers and
reduce vehicle control.
Lack of Proper Road Markings: While lane markings are visible, they appear faded,
reducing visibility especially during low-light conditions.

Mitigation measure:
Use bituminous sealant to seal smaller cracks.
For larger cracks or potholes, patch with hot mix asphalt.
If the damage is extensive, milling the surface and applying a fresh asphalt overlay can
restore smoothness and extend road life.
Repaint lane dividers and edge lines with reflective paint for better night visibility and
improved lane discipline.
Add compacted gravel or asphalt shoulders to improve edge support and reduce erosion.
Implement a regular inspection and maintenance schedule to detect and fix early signs of
wear before they become major issues.

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 Issue –
Street vendors and pedestrians are occupying the side of the road, leaving less space for
vehicles and increasing the risk of accidents
The road has a mix of heavy vehicles (like trucks), auto-rickshaws, and pedestrians
without proper lanes or dividers, which can cause traffic congestion and collisions.
There are no visible sidewalks or pedestrian crossings, making it unsafe for people
walking along the road
The trees on the right side have dry branches which might fall and cause injuries or
damage during storms.

Mitigation measure:
Allocate designated vending zones away from the main road to reduce congestion and increase
safety.
Introduce proper lane markings and barriers to separate different types of vehicles. Enforce
traffic rules strictly with police or surveillance.
Construct proper sidewalks and install zebra crossings at regular intervals for pedestrian safety.
Regular trimming and maintenance of trees, especially removing dry or dead branches to
prevent accidents.
Fill potholes, clean oil spills, and maintain smooth road surfaces to ensure safe drivi
29
Issue –
Safety Hazard: Loose sand on the road shoulder can cause skidding or slipping, especially
for two-wheelers.
Reduced Usable Road Width: The sand reduces the effective width of the usable road,
forcing vehicles closer to the center or into opposing traffic.
Drainage Issues: Dust/sand
accumulation can clog side drains and cause waterlogging during rain.
Environmental Impact: Continuous deposition of dust affects nearby vegetation and air
quality.

Mitigation measure:
Regular Cleaning: Deploy road cleaning vehicles or manual sweeping to remove sand and
debris frequently.
Warning Signage: Install temporary caution signs to alert motorists of the loose surface.
Temporary Barriers: Use cones or reflective tape to guide traffic away from the affected
shoulder until cleaned

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Issue-
Traffic Congestion: Multiple large
vehicles (trucks and a car) are seen occupying the road, contributing to a bottleneck.
Improper Lane Discipline: The car is almost in the middle of two lanes, and there seems to
be no clear lane discipline being followed.
Encroachment by Non-Motorized
Vehicles: A bicycle is being ridden very close to motor vehicles, posing a safety risk.
Road Shoulder Misuse: The side of the road is being used for bicycling, potentially due to
lack of dedicated cycling infrastructure.

Mitigation measure:
Repaint lanes clearly and frequently to guide vehicle positioning.
Install appropriate road signs to guide and control traffic movement.
Create separate lanes for heavy vehicles, light vehicles, and non-motorized transport (like
bicycles and rickshaws).
Deploy traffic personnel or smart traffic systems to monitor and manage congestion.
Construct a service lane or a dedicated bicycle lane to improve safety for cyclists and
pedestrians.
Ensure proper road maintenance and cleanliness to enhance road safety and aesthetics.

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 Issue –
A large pile of construction gravel is dumped on the shoulder and partially on the carriageway.
This reduces the usable road width, especially dangerous near a curved road section, as shown.
The obstruction is located just before a curve, increasing the risk of collisions due to limited sight
distance.
Fast-moving vehicles or heavy trucks (as seen in the image) might swerve suddenly, risking
accidents
Construction material is not barricaded or marked with warning signs or reflective materials, making
it even more hazardous at night.

Mitigation measure:
Remove or shift the gravel to a safer location away from the main carriageway and shoulder.
Place warning signs or cones immediately around the pile to alert oncoming traffic.
Ensure that future construction materials are stored off the road, at a designated site, especially
away from curves or narrow roads.
Use reflective barricades or high-visibility markers during temporary storage.
Local traffic or municipal authorities should enforce penalties for dumping materials on
highways or public roads.

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4.2 IDENTIFICATION OF BLACKSPOTS IN STUDY STRETCH
The entire section of study between Mehandia to Daudnagar is unsafe from safety point of
view. The main reason is local traffic has direct access to the National Highway, which results
in congestion and accidents. Analysis of accident data within the study area showed that about
38 accidents occurred on the study stretch in the year 2024-25. Maximum accidents were
occurred at (Mehandia , Belsar, Kaler, Thakur Bigha , Agnur, Shamsher nagar, Daudnagar) .
The identified black spots were investigated in detail to assess the cause of accidents and
suggest the remedial measures to minimize the accidents.

Fig.24: NH 139 Mehandia to Daudnagar

Fig.25: Belsar

 3
1
 Fig.26: Kaler

Fig.27: Shamshernagar

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Fig.28: Bhakharua More Chowk, Daudnagar

35
CONCLUSIONS
Some major conclusions have drawn are:

1. By analysing the information it is found that road markings, condition of shoulder,

condition of carriageway and median opening are the factors for causing accidents on
the state highway.

2. It also observed that the moderately moving vehicular traffic is generating traffic
problems for the fastmoving vehicular traffic.

3. All the unauthorized gap-in-median should be closed.

4. Footpath for the pedestrian need to be developed near the habitant areas, industries,
educational institutions and to be properly maintained wherever it is there.

5. Traffic Signals need to be properly maintained at the major intersection.

6. Sign boards, road markings are not properly there at required spots.

7. Many restricted places on side of a road are being occupied for business works.

8. Sign boards for accident prone regions are properly maintained.

9. Speed limit indication boards need to be provided.

10. Barricades were dismantled and destroyed and no repairing for the roadside facilities
were not seen.

11. Most of the accidents are caused due to over speeding of vehicles and recklessness of
the driver.

12. 2-wheeler vehicles are more contributing to the accidents than the heavy vehicles.

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REFERENCES

1. “CODE OF PRACTICE FOR ROAD MARKINGS”, IRC-SP-035-2015

2. “MANUAL ON ROAD SAFETY AUDIT”, IRC-SP- O88-2010.

3. “MORTH SPECIFICATIONS 5th revised edition”.
4. IRC: SP: 88-2010. “Manual on Road Safety Audit”. Indian Road Congress, New Delhi,
India.

5. “Road safety audit”, Arun S Bagi Department of Civil Engineering, Dayananda Sagar
College of Engineering, Bengaluru,Dheeraj N Kumar; Visvesvaraya Technological
University, Belgaum, India.
6. Transportation Engineering by Khanna & Justo.
7. Road Safety Performance Audit for National Highway-44, Preethi S, Manjunatha M,
Ranjitha B Tangadagi, A Bharath, N Sunil.

8. Road Safety Audit & Remedial Measures-A Case Study of SH-55, Patel Savankumar, Prof.
C.B. Mishra, Prof. N.F. Umrigar.

9. Safety Audit” Arun S Bagi , Dheeraj N kumar.

10. “Road safety audit: a case study for wardha road in nagpur city”;Manish.D. Katiyari,
Prof.S.D. Ghodmare, M-Tech (Trans Eng,Research Scholar).
11. “Road safetyaudit for four lane national highways”, Dr. S. S.Jain, P.K. Singh, Dr. M. Parida.
12. Transportation Engineering by Khanna & Justo.

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