CALCULATION OF TRANSMISSION LINE
PARAMETERS OF 400KV QMDC
Conductor Name MOOSE ACSR
Number of sub conductors (n) 4
Distance between sub-Conductors (s) 0.457 mtr
Line to line Voltage (V L-L) 400 kV
Aluminum strands 54
Al Dia of each strand (da) 3.53 mm
Steel Strands 7
Steel dia of each Strand (ds) 3.53 mm
Total Strands in the conductor 61
Overall dia of the conductor (do) 0.03177 mtr
Inner Core Dia (dn) 0.01059 mtr
Ratio of inner and outer dia meters (dn / do) 0.33
Max temperature of Conductor (tmax) 80 °C
Frequency (f) 50 Hertz
Temperature Coef. of Resistance at 20oC (α20') 0.00403
Resistance of conductor at 20oC (R20'C) 0.05552 ohms
DC Resistance at max temp for one conductor (Rmax) 0.071697674 ohms/km
DC Resistance at 80 °C temperature for Quadraple bundle 0.017924418 ohms/km
Rmax = R20'C [1+ α20'C (tmax - 20)]
Calculations of AC Resistance (AS Per EPRI Over Head Lines Reference Manual)
Rac = Rdc X (1+ 0.00519 X (mr)n X k1 + k2)
Where
Mr 0.3544938/(Rdc)1/2
if mr < 2.8, then n = 4- 0.0616 + 0.0896 X mr – 0.0513 X (mr)2
mr > 2.8 < 5.0, then n = 4+ 0.5363 -0.2949X mr +0.0097 X (mr)2
k1 = {cos (90 (d/D) p)}2.35 where,
p = 0.7 + 0.11 X mr – 0.04 X mr2 + 0.0094 X mr 3
k2 = 0.15 for single aluminum layer Steel cored conductor
= 0.03 for three aluminum layer steel cored conductor
`= 0.003 for two or four aluminum layer Steel cored conductor
= 0 for carbon fiber composite cored conductor
Where
D= conductor outer diameter in meters
d = conductor inner diameter in meters
Rdc = dc resistance of conductor at given temperature, ohms/ km
Rac = ac resistance of conductor at given temperature, ohms/ km
Input
ACSR temp coeff resistance 0.00403
Conductor Moose Rdc at 20 0.05552 Ω
Core Steel
Rdc at 80 deg
0.068944736Ω
mr 0.3544938/(Rdc)1/2 0.3544938 /(0.068944736^0.5 1.350075597
n as per above 3.965862052
Inner Dia of Moose d = 0.01059 mtr
outer Dia of Moose D = 0.03177 mtr
p (0.7+0.11 x 1.350075597-0.04 x 1.350075597^2+0.0094 x 1.350075597^3)
0.798731561
then k1 (COS (90 x (0.01059/0.03177) ^0.798731561))) ^2.35) 0.581812979
K2 = nos Aluminium Layers 0.03
Then AC Resistance @80deg
0.068944736x (1+0.00519 x1.350075597^3.965862052x0.581812979+0.03)
Per conductor in Bundle 0.071697674 Ω
4 Bundle AC Resistance 0.017924418 Ω/km
AC Resistance at max temperature (RAC)80 deg 0.017924418 ohms/km
All possible distance combinations for arriving the GMD
DAB = 09.700 mtrs DC'A' = 19.418 mtrs
DAB' = 15.679 mtrs DAA' = 12.318 mtrs
DA'B = 15.679 mtrs DBB' = 12.260 mtrs
DA'B' = 09.700 mtrs DCC' = 14.000 mtrs
DBC = 09.739 mtrs DAE1 = 09.333 mtrs
DBC' = 15.633 mtrs DBE1 = 18.978 mtrs
DB'C = 15.633 mtrs DCE1 = 28.716 mtrs
DB'C' = 09.739 mtrs DAE2 = 09.333 mtrs
DCA = 19.418 mtrs DBE2 = 18.978 mtrs
DCA' = 23.924 mtrs DCE2 = 28.716 mtrs
DC'A = 23.924 mtrs DE1E2 = 09.550 mtrs
Geometric mean distance for double ckt Transmission Line
DM
[(9.7 x 19.418 x 9.739) ^ (1/3)] = 12.241 mts
DM1
[(12.318 x 12.26 x 14) ^ (1/3)] = 12.8347 mts
DM2
[(15.679 x 15.633 x 23.924 x 15.679 x 15.633 x 23.924) ^ (1/6)] = 18.033 mts
MOOSE ACSR bundle Conductor Equivalent Radius is rB
in this case
S 457 mm
r 31.77/2 15.885 mm Cross check
k1 1.12 from table 3.1 r0 323.1478
rB 215 mm rB 215
0.215 mtr
The positive Sequence Inductive reactance of fully transposed equivalent 3 phase bundled conductor transmission
system is
For Double ckt transmission line the Positive sequence inductive reactance
For one Kilometer of line and f=50Hz and bunde conductors it applies reactance for unit length
DM= 17.19927521 mtr
𝑋’1 0.275616614 Ω/km
Positive sequence Inductive Reactance (XL) 2.75617E-01 Ω/km
Positive Sequence Impedance
Zp = RAC at 80'C + jXL
0.276199 ∠ 86.28°
Zp 0.017924418 + j0.27562Ω/km
Zp(In Polar form)
Zero Sequence Impedance
For above arrangement with double circuit with two earth wire, the formula for zero sequence impedance is as
follows
Z'OD2E = Z'OD-6(Z'CE1E2)2/(Z'E1E2)
Where
Z'OD = zero sequence impedence of two circuits without earth
wire Z'CE1E2 = mutual impedence of the conductors and
earth wires Z'E1E2 = Mutual Impedance of Earth Wire
Z'OD = Z'OS+3Z'C1C2
With DM1, DM2 determined from Positive Sequence Impedance calculation
Now in this case
Conductor Resistance at design temperature i.e. RAC (R'1) 0.017924418 Ω/km
No. of Sub Conductors per bundle (n2) 4
Frequency (f) 50 Hz
Constant of magnetic field 4π.10-4 H/km(μo)
0.001256637
Radius conductor(rb) 0.015885 mm
GMD(DM) (double circuit) 17.199 mtr
Permeability of Phase conductor (μT) {usually 1.0 is adopted} 1
return Depth of Earth Current (δ) 29.4437
Average Earth Resistivity (QE) 100 Ω-m
Zero Sequence impedance of single circuit line without Earth wire (Z'OS) [Z'OS = R'O+jX'O]
Real (Z'OS) [(0.017924418 /4) + 0.75 * π * 50 * 0.001257] 0.1525
Img(Z'OS) [50 * 0.001257(3ln (29.4437/ (0.015885*17.199^2) ^ (1/3) (1/ (4*4)))] 0.6032
Z'OS 0.1525 + j0.6032 Ω/km
Mutual Impedance between two circuits (Z'C1C2)
Real (Z'C1C2)
[(50 * 0.00125664 * π)/4] 0.04935
Img(Z'C1C2)
[50 * 0.00125664 * ln (29.44366/ (√12.8347 * 18.033))] 0.04149
Z'C1C2 0.049 + j0.041
Ω/km
Zero Sequence impedance of double circuit line without earth wire (Z'OD)
Real (Z'OD) 0.300
Img(Z'OD) 0.728
Z'OD 0.3 + j0.728 Ω/km
Mutual impedance between the conductors and earth wires (Z'CE1E2)
Where =
1
7
.
Real (Z'CE1E2) 1
9
[(50 * 0.00125664 * π)/4] 8 0.04935
Img(Z'CE1E2)
[50 * 0.00125664 * ln (29.44366/17.198)] 0.03378
Z'CE1E2 0.0493 + j0.0338
Ω/km
Self-impedance of earth wire (Z'E1E2)
where
Earth wire resistance (R'E) 2.5 Ω/km
Relative magnetic permeability of the earth wire(μE)
{for steel earth wires μE can be taken as} 25
Earth wire radius(rE) 0.00549
m
Distance between earth Peaks (DE1E2) 9.550
mtrs
Real (Z'E1E2)
[(2.5/2) +(50 * 0.00125664 * π /4)] 1.2993
Img (Z'E1E2)
[50 * 0.00125664 * (ln (29.4437/(√0.00549 * 9.55)) +(25/8))] 0.5015
Z'E1E2 1.2993 + j0.5015
Ω/km
Zero sequence impedance of double circuit with two earth wires (Z'OD2E)
Z'OD2E = Z'OD-6(Z'CE1E2)2/(Z'E1E2)
Real (Z'OD2E) 0.289912005
Img (Z'OD2E) 0.716261316
Z'OD2E 0.289912 + j0.71626132 Ω/km
Z'OD2E (In Polar from) 0.7727090293 ∠67.96399919°
Selection of Voltage
According to the Empirical formula for high voltage is given by the Equation
Line Length 160 KM
Power to be transmitted 890 MW in worst condition
No of circuits 2
Power factor 0.95
Line voltage VL 312.23 kV
Hence selected Line voltage 400kv is appropriate
Load to transferred as per system studies 890 MW
No of ckts 2
Line voltage 400 kV
Line current 751 Amps per ckt (Quad Moose)
Transmission Efficiency Criterion
Efficiency(η) Pout/Pin
Pout/(Pout+Ploss) >94%
Pout Power out put 1995 MW
Pin Power input
Total Power loss Ploss 3* I2*Rac60 80*L
I 751 amps 3199.5
Rac 0.016784 0.0179244 Ω/KM .
Line length 160 km 99.5
Ploss 4543.840216 KW
4.543840216 MW 18.2569 MW
Efficiency (η) 99.49 % passed 99.0871 % Passed
POWER HANDLING CAPCITY OF THE LINE IN STABILITY POINT OF
VIEW
Es=ER 400 kV
Positive sequence inductive reactance 0.2761272 Ω/km (Quad Bundle Moose ACSR)
Line length 160 KM 99.56
P 1810.7597 MW 2910.02 MW
Thermal Capacity of Transmission line 1907.4036 MW (1.732*400*800*4*0.90)/1000
= 1995.264 MW
Considering Power factor=0.9, Design temperature=80 degree C and Ambient temp = 40-degree c,
current carrying capacity of each quard bundle line=800 A (CBIP Manual on transmission Planning
critaria 2023)
So, line is capable of transmitting the future growth loads also.
Capacitance
The Positive -sequence capacitance is
1.26955E-11 F/m
1.26955E-08 F/km
=1.27E-8
For total line Length positive sequence capacitance 2.03127E-06 F =
1.2636*10^-6
Capacitive Reactance for 99.5km
Xc=2518.97
Shunt Capacitive Susceptance
Ycn = 2πfCn
Shunt Capacitive Susceptance (Ycn) 0.000638144 mhos
.000397 mhos
Voltage regulation Criterion
ABCD parameter calculation Nominal Π Method
A = 1 + ZY/2
B=Z
C=Y(1+ZY/4)
D=A
Vs A*VR+B*IR
No Load VR(NL) A*VR IR=0
Voltage Regulation = (|Vs|/A -|Vr|)/|Vr|
VR 400 kv
IR 751 amps 3199.5
Z for 160km 99.5 KM 44.180800 ∠86.52° 27.4818∠86.28°
6.38144 X10^-4 ∠ 90° .000397∠ 90°
Y for 160km 99.5 KM j0.10210304 j.000397
1.01409686 0.9945568∠ .0.02039°
44.180800 ∠86.52° 27.4818∠86.279°
A
B
C 0.00064264 0.00039589 ∠ 90.0101°
D 1.01409686 0.9945568∠ .0.02039°
Vs 412.988
VR(NL) 415.248
Voltage Regulation (415.248-400)/400) 3.812%
As per Above at present it is lightly loaded transmission line
