PROJECT REPORT

On

“ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY AROUND THE

MINE SITES

Submitted For Partial Fulfillment & Award of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
Mining Engineering
By
DILEEP KUMAR K 21C65A2514
CH. LAKSHMANA RAO 21C65A2513
B. BHANU SASIDHAR 21C65A2509
IRSHAD. MD 21C65A2536
V. SAI SRI RAM 21C65A2555

Under The Guidance Of

Mr.M.VENKATESH M.Tech
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

DEPARTMENT OF MINING ENGINEERING

MOTHER TERESA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Accredited By NAAC with ‘A+’ Grade
Approved by AICTE, Govt of Telangana & SBTET, Affiliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad.
Recognition under section 2(f) & 12(B) OF THE UGC Act,1956
Sanketika nagar, Sathupally-507303, Khammam(Dist), Telangana State
MOTHER TERESA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Accredited By NAAC with ‘A+’ Grade
Approved by AICTE, Govt.of Telangana & SBTET, Affiliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad.
Recognition under section 2(f) & 12(B) OF THE UGC Act,1956
Sanketika nagar, Sathupally-507303, Khammam(Dist), Telangana State.

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Project Report entitled “ASSESSMENT OF WATER
QUALITY AROUND THE MINE SITES” is a bonafide work done by DILEEP

KUMAR. K (21C65A2514), CH. LAKSHMANA RAO (21C65A2513), B.

BHANU SASIDHAR (21C65A2509), IRSHAD.MD (21C65A2536), V. SAI
SRI RAM (21C65A2555). In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the
Degree of Bachelor of Technology in MINING ENGINEERING from Jawaharlal Nehru
Technological University, Hyderabad During the Academic Year 2023-2024.

Guide Head of the Department

Mr. M. VENKATESH Mr. T. RAGHAVARAJU
M.Tech. M.Tech, MISTE, (Ph.D)

Internal Examiner External Examiner

Date: Date:

i
MOTHER TERESA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Accredited By NAAC with ‘A+’ Grade
Approved by AICTE, Govt.of Telangana & SBTET, Affiliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad.
Recognition under section 2(f) & 12(B) OF THE UGC Act,1956
Sanketika Nagar, Sathupally-507303, Khammam(Dist), Telangana State.

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Project Report entitled “ASSESSMENT OF

WATER QUALITY AROUND THE MINE SITES” is a bonafide work done

by DILEEP KUMAR. K (21C65A2514), CH. LAKSHMANA RAO

(21C65A2513), B. BHANU SASIDHAR (21C65A2509), IRSHAD.MD

(21C65A2536), V. SAI SRI RAM (21C65A2555).In partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in MINING
ENGNIEERING from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad During the
Academic Year 2023- 2024.

Head of the Department

Mr.T. RAGHAVARAJU,
M.Tech, MISTE (Ph. D)
Date: Department Of Mining Engineering
Mother Teresa Institute of Science & Technology

ii
MOTHER TERESA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Accredited By NAAC with ‘A+’ Grade
Approved by AICTE, Govt.of Telangana & SBTET, Affiliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad.
Recognition under section 2(f) & 12(B) OF THE UGC Act,1956
Sanketika nagar, Sathupally-507303, Khammam (Dist), Telangana State.

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Project Report entitled “ASSESSMENT OF

WATER QUALITY AROUND THE MINE SITES” being submitted in partial

fulfillment of the requirement for the Award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in
MINING ENGINEERING is a record of bonafide work by DILEEP KUMAR. K
(21C65A2514), CH. LAKSHMANA RAO (21C65A2513), B. BHANU
SASIDHAR (21C65A2509), IRSHAD.MD (21C65A2536), V. SAI SRI
RAM (21C65A2555). carried out by them, under our guidance and supervision. The
results of investigations enclosed in this Report have been verified and found to be
satisfactory. The results embodied in this Project report have not been submitted to any other
University or Institute for the Award of any other Degree.

Guide

Mr. M. VENKATESH M.Tech

Date: Department Of Mining Engineering
Mother Teresa Institute of Science & Technology

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are grateful to numerous individuals who contributed to the preparation of our

Project Report.

We wish to express our sincere and heart full gratitude to our project guide

Mr.M.Venkatesh M.Tech Assistant Professor, MINING ENGINEERING, who encouraged

us to taking up a project in sync with global trends, with programmatic approach and

constant encouragement and cooperation during the Project work.

We thank and deep sense of gratitude to Mr. T. Raghavaraju M.Tech, MISTE (Ph.D),

Assistant Professor, Head of Department, MINING ENGINEERING, for their constant

encouragement and cooperation during the Project work

We would like to thank and express our gratitude to Dr. Sk. Jakeer Hussain, M.Tech, Ph.D,

Dean Engineering, Mother Teresa Institute of Science & Technology for the support and

encouragement during the completion of the project

We express our gratitude and utmost regards to Dr. C. Hari Krishna M.E, Ph.D, M.I.E.E.E,

MISTE. Principal, Mother Teresa Institute of Science & Technology for their constant support

and encouragement during the completion of the Project work.

We also thank the entire faculty members and fellow classmates who directly or

indirectly helped us.

DILEEP KUMAR K 21C65A2514

CH. LAKSHMANA RAO 21C65A2513

B. BHANU SASIDHAR 21C65A2509

IRSHAD. MD 21C65A2536

V. SAI SRI RAM 21C65A2555

iv
 DECLARATION

I here by certify that the Project Report entitled “ASSESSMENT OF WATER

QUALITY AROUND THE MINE SITE” under the guidance of

Mr.M.VENKATESH, M.Tech is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the Award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in MINING ENGINEERING. This is a
record of bonafide work carried by us and the results embodied in this project Report have
not been submitted to any other University or Institute for the Award of any other Degree.

DILEEP KUMAR K 21C65A2514

CH. LAKSHMANA RAO 21C65A2513

B. BHANU SASIDHAR 21C65A2509

IRSHAD. MD 21C65A2536

V. SAI SRI RAM 21C65A2555

DATE: Department of Mining Engineering

Mother Teresa Institute of Science & Technology
Sathupally.

v
 INSTITUTE VISION

To be a state-of-the-art centre for learning with a social commitment transforming the youth
into dynamic professionals.

INSTITUTE MISSION

IM1: Foster unmatched excellence in professional education

IM2: Provide quality eco-system to inspire learning aligned to needs.
IM3: Inculcate ethical and moral values to groom good citizens.
IM4: Involve in activities with team spirit and collaborations towards nation building.

DEPARTMENT VISION

To become a leader of technical learning in the field of eco-friendly exploitation and

utilization of mineral resources along with sustainable development for welfare of the
society and be a preferred destination for studies in mining engineering

DEPARTMENT MISSION

DM1: To carry out research and create human resource for developing and adopting
appropriate technology towards sustainable development of mineral resources.

DM2: To nurture a good eco-system that encourages the faculty and student to engage in
meaningful research and development.

DM3: To enhance the professional education through effective teaching learning processes

vi
 PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)

PEO 1: To provide knowledge in science and engineering concepts related to mineral

exploration, mining, and beneficiation, with the objective of developing application skills
for solving real life problems for the benefit of the society.
PEO 2: To nurture to students in a quality environment including entrepreneurship skills,
spirit of teamwork and professional excellence, so as to prepare them for facing the future
technical, managerial and financial challenges for sustainable mining.
PEO 3: To develop in depth knowledge and technical competence with the flair for R&D,
innovation, and lifelong learning.
.

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs)

PSO1: To understand and apply concepts of rock mechanics and ventilation in design,
analysis and planning of mines.
PSO2: To train students in allied subjects like survey, mechanization, mineral Processing,
environmental management in mines and geology.
PSO3: To prepare students to meet the requirements and challenges of mining industry by
inculcating scientific thinking including practical aspects in - mining methods, legislation,
safety, productivity and economic management of mines.

vii
MOTHER TERESA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Accredited By NAAC with ‘A+’ Grade
Approved by AICTE, Govt.of Telangana & SBTET, Affiliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad.
Recognition under section 2(f) & 12(B) of the UGC Act,1956
Sanketikanagar, Sathupally-507303, Khammam(Dist), Telangana State.

DEPARTMENT OF MINING ENGINEERING

Course: Project Stage II AY: 2023-2024

Class: IV B. Tech II Sem

CO# CO Statement

Demonstrate the knowledge and skills of a professional engineer to

CO1
make a project.
Identify latest information related to the project from various sources
CO2
to analyse the project.
Apply knowledge and demonstrate to manage project in
CO3 multidisciplinary areas. Develop a prototype/model of the project by
distribution of tasks among the team
Develop a team for carrying the project and perform documentation
CO4 effectively. Create a good report of the project as per the guidelines
and present to the panel of experts
Create abstract for given project by identifying the requirements and
CO5 prospective solution. Analyse the results of the designed module or
circuit.
Design the necessary module of the selected project as per
CO6 specifications, Demonstrate the project working with the help of
Presentation.

Mr. M. Venkatesh,M. Tech

Assistant Professor
Department of MINING ENGINEERING

viii
 PROGRAM OUTCOMES
Engineering Graduates will be able to:

1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.

2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.

3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and

design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.

4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and

research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and
synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.

5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering
activities with an understanding of the limitations.

6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant
to the professional engineering practice.

7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering

solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and
need for sustainable development.

8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.

9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or

leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the

engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and
write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give
and receive clear instructions.

11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member
and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.

12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage
in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

ix
 MOTHER TERESA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Accredited By NAAC with ‘A+’ Grade
Approved by AICTE, Govt.of Telangana & SBTET, Affiliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad.
Recognition under section 2(f) & 12(B) of the UGC Act,1956
Sanketikanagar, Sathupally-507303, Khammam(Dist), Telangana State.

Department of MINING ENGINEERING

Project – PO Mapping

Project Title: ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY AROUND THE MINE SITE

Guide(s): Mr. M. VENKATESH

DILEEP KUMAR.K, CH. LAKSHMANA RAO, B. BHANU SASIDHAR,
Student Name(s):
IRSHAD.MD, V. SAI SRI RAM
Student Roll No(s): 21C65A2514, 21C65A2513, 21C65A2509, 21C65A2536, 21C65A2555
Academic Year: 2023-24

Name of Course
from which
Description of the application, page number in the
Principles are Attained PO
report
applied in this
project
The Mine environment include the water mainly so using
the knowledge and skills gained from the environmental
engineering finding solutions for complex engineering
problems like polluted water and design system
Mine environmental PO2,PO12
engineering components or processes that meet the specified needs PO3,PO8,PSO1
with appropriate consideration for the public health and
safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations. (Pg. 7-13)
Apply the knowledge of Geology in engineering and using
the appropriate measures and techniques to identify the
sites for samples and specialization to the solution of
Rock mechanics PO1,PO6,PO7
(Permiability) complex engineering problems.The flow of water and ,PO10
mechanics of water flow,solubility of organic and
inorganic matter in the water determined.(Pg. 16-17)
From basic knowledge of mathematics,
Fluid mechanics
(Analysis and science(Chemistry), engineering fundamentals, Acquiring PO3,PO5, PO9,
PO1
Solution) the samples from different mine sites and using

x
 appropriate methods the samples are evaluated (Pg. 26-35)

The processing of waste water and filtration, beneficiation

and all the methods used for identification of different
metals and nonmetals that are mixed with water , making
Mineral Processing the water not useful so , Using the research-based PO4,PO3,PSO3,
(coal washery) knowledge and research methods including design of PO11
experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and
synthesis of the information to provide valid
conclusions.(Pg. 18-25)
Project description covering various topics related to
water quality like Mine water, Water treatment plant ,
Project work Types of contamination of water and the proper PO2, PO5
(Water Quality) ,PSO3,PO10
techniques for quality checking and testing of water
making prominent values and statistical tables (Pg. 41-46)
Representation of the entire thesis in a presentation and
presented to the panel of experts and able to make
Project Seminar discussions and making the understandings clear. The PO2,PO5,PO9,
(Presentation) PO10
report findings was conveyed to the entire panel of experts
successfully(49-51)
Report concluded by evaluating the data obtained from the
statistics, Experiments done in the project work and
comparing the standard constant values , that is the project
Project work PO4,PO12
(conclusion) concluded that water quality obtained from three different ,PO6,PSO2
areas of two mines are satisfactory and given appropriate
results (Pg. 52)

PO PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2 PSO3

Mapping 2 3 1 2 3 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2

Mr. M. Venkatesh,M. Tech

Assistant Professor
Department of MINING ENGINEERING

xi
 ABSTRACT

Mining operations, while crucial for economic development, often pose significant
environmental challenges, particularly concerning water quality. This project endeavors to
comprehensively assess the water quality surrounding mine sites, with a primary focus on the
initiatives undertaken by Singareni Company to mitigate adverse environmental impacts.
The first phase of the project involves a thorough assessment of water quality
parameters such as pH, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, heavy metals, and organic pollutants in
water bodies adjacent to mine sites. Through systematic sampling and analysis, the current
state of water quality will be determined.
Subsequently, the project aims to develop a robust Water Quality Index (WQI) tailored
to the specific conditions of mine site environments. This index will serve as a quantitative tool
to evaluate and communicate the overall water quality status, enabling stakeholders to make
informed decisions regarding environmental management and regulatory compliance.
In parallel, the project will examine the implementation and effectiveness of Effluent
Treatment Plants (ETP) and Sewage Treatment Plants (STP) established by Singareni
Collieries Company Limited. These treatment facilities play a crucial role in purifying water
contaminated by mining activities, ensuring compliance with environmental regulations and
minimizing the ecological footprint of mining operations.
Through a combination of field assessments, laboratory analyses, and data synthesis,
the project seeks to provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of existing water treatment
infrastructure and identify areas for improvement. Additionally, the development of a
customized WQI will facilitate ongoing monitoring and evaluation of water quality, supporting
continuous improvement efforts by Singareni Collieries Company Limited and other
stakeholders involved in responsible mining practices.

xii
 CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................... xii

CONTENTS..................................................................................................................................... xiii
LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................................... xvi
LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................... xvii
CHAPTER 1 ........................................................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 BACKGROUND .......................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 MINE WATER GENERATION IN COAL MINES .................................................................... 2
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY .................................................................................................. 3
CHAPTER 2 ........................................................................................................................................... 4
LlTERATURE REVIEW........................................................................................................................ 4
2.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 4
CHAPTER-3 ........................................................................................................................................... 7
IMPACTS OF MINING ON WATER QUALITY ................................................................................. 7
3.1 USE OF WATER IN COAL MINING ......................................................................................... 7
3.1.1 Dust Suppression ................................................................................................................... 7
3.1.2 Coal Washing and Processing ................................................................................................ 9
3.1.3 Coal Transportation................................................................................................................ 9
3.1.4 Environmental Considerations and Sustainability ............................................................... 10
3.2 IMPACT OF COAL MINING .................................................................................................... 11
3.2.1 Mine water drainage/Acid mine drainage ............................................................................ 11
3.2.2 Loose material runoffs ......................................................................................................... 11
3.2.3 Oil and fuel spills ................................................................................................................. 12
3.2.4 Pollutant leaching from overburden dump ........................................................................... 13
3.2.5. Sewage discharges .............................................................................................................. 13
3.3 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ................................................................................................ 13
3.4 HEALTH IMPACTS .................................................................................................................. 14
3.4.1 Drinking Water Contamination ............................................................................................ 14
3.4.2 Food Chain Contamination .................................................................................................. 15
3.4.3 Occupational Health Risks ................................................................................................... 15
3.4.4 Community Health Impacts ................................................................................................. 15
3.5 SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION DUE TO MINING....................................................... 16
3.5.1 Drainage Water from Mines: ............................................................................................... 16
3.5.2 Leakage or Flow of Mineral Exposed Water to the Surface or nearby Aquifer Systems: ... 16
3.5.3 Water from Spoil Heaps and Spoil Heap Failures: .............................................................. 17
3.5.4 Acid Mine Drainage: ............................................................................................................ 17
3.5.5 Mine Water Rebound: .......................................................................................................... 17
CHAPTER 4 ......................................................................................................................................... 18

xiii
SAMPLING .......................................................................................................................................... 18
4.1 COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION OF SAMPLES .......................................................... 18
4.2 BASIC GUIDELINES ................................................................................................................ 18
4.3 TYPES OF SAMPLES ............................................................................................................... 19
4.3.1 Grab samples ........................................................................................................................ 19
4.3.2 Composite samples .............................................................................................................. 19
4.4 SAMPLING METHODS ............................................................................................................ 19
4.4.1 Manual sampling:................................................................................................................. 20
4.4.2 Automatic sampling: ............................................................................................................ 20
4.5 SAMPLE COLLECTION ........................................................................................................... 20
CHAPTER-5 ......................................................................................................................................... 26
QUALITY ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................ 26
5.1 MULTI WATER QUALITY CHECKER .................................................................................. 26
5.1.1 Calibration............................................................................................................................ 26
5.1.2 Procedure: ............................................................................................................................ 27
5.2 FLAME ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY .............................................. 27
5.2.1 Apparatus ............................................................................................................................. 27
5.2.2 Procedure ............................................................................................................................. 27
5.3 FLAME PHOTOMETRY ........................................................................................................... 28
5.3.1 Procedure ............................................................................................................................. 28
5.4 PARAMETERS AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE ....................................................................... 29
5.4.1 Temperature: ........................................................................................................................ 29
5.4.2 Conductivity:........................................................................................................................ 29
5.4.3 Turbidity .............................................................................................................................. 29
5.4.4 Total dissolved solids (TDS): .............................................................................................. 30
5.4.5 pH:........................................................................................................................................ 30
5.4.5 Dissolved oxygen(DO): ....................................................................................................... 31
5.4.6 Hardness:.............................................................................................................................. 31
5.5 ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY ........................................................................... 32
5.5.1 Boron: .................................................................................................................................. 32
5.5.2 Calcium: ............................................................................................................................... 33
5.5.3 Magnesium:.......................................................................................................................... 33
5.5.4 Silicon: ................................................................................................................................. 33
5.5.5 Arsenic: ................................................................................................................................ 34
5.5.6 Cadmium: ............................................................................................................................. 34
5.5.7 Cobalt: .................................................................................................................................. 34
5.5.8 Chromium: ........................................................................................................................... 35
5.5.9 Copper:................................................................................................................................. 35
5.5.10 Iron: .................................................................................................................................... 35
5.5.11 Manganese: ........................................................................................................................ 35

xiv
 5.5.12 Nickel: ................................................................................................................................ 36
5.5.13 Lead: .................................................................................................................................. 36
5.5.14 Selenium: ........................................................................................................................... 37
5.5.15 Zinc: ................................................................................................................................... 37
5.6 FLAME PHOTOMETRY ........................................................................................................... 38
5.6.1 Sodium: ................................................................................................................................ 39
5.6.2 Potassium: ............................................................................................................................ 39
CHAPTER 6 ......................................................................................................................................... 41
REUSING OF MINE WATER IN VARIOUS PURPOSE AT SCCL ................................................. 41
6.1 SCCL MINE WATER ................................................................................................................ 41
6.2 EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT: ........................................................................................ 44
6.3 SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT ............................................................................................. 45
CHAPTER 7 ......................................................................................................................................... 47
WATER QUALITY INDEX CALCULATION ................................................................................... 47
7.1 WATER QUALITY INDEX ...................................................................................................... 47
7.2 OBSERVATION ........................................................................................................................ 48
7.3 CALCULATION: ....................................................................................................................... 49
7.3.1 Effluent Treatment Plant ...................................................................................................... 49
7.3.2 Kistaram OCP: ..................................................................................................................... 49
7.3.3 JVR OC ................................................................................................................................ 50
7.4 RESULTS ................................................................................................................................... 50
7.5 STANDARD TABLE FOR WATER QUALITY INDEX: ........................................................ 51
CHAPTER 8 ......................................................................................................................................... 52
CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................................... 52
REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................... 53
STUDENT BIO-DATA .......................................................................................................................... 1
STUDENT BIO-DATA .......................................................................................................................... 2
STUDENT BIO-DATA .......................................................................................................................... 3
STUDENT BIO-DATA .......................................................................................................................... 4
STUDENT BIO-DATA .......................................................................................................................... 5

xv
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 : 1.1 Schematic diagram showing aquifer development in opencast mine working ................. 2
Figure 2 : 1.2 Schematic diagram showing aquifer development in caved underground working ......... 3
Figure 3 : 3.1 Water tanker for Dust suppression in OC ......................................................................... 8
Figure 4 : 3.2 Coal Washery ................................................................................................................... 9
Figure 5 : 3.3 Hydraulic transport of ore/coal ....................................................................................... 10
Figure 6 : 3.4 Acid mine drainage......................................................................................................... 11
Figure 7 : 3.5 Coal dust and water Slurry ............................................................................................. 12
Figure 8 : 3.6 Oil spill ........................................................................................................................... 12
Figure 9 : 3.7 Pollutants Leaching from OB ......................................................................................... 13
Figure 10 : 4.1 Sampling area of Mines SL-1,SL-2,SL3 ...................................................................... 21
Figure 11 : 4.2 Sampling area of SL-4 to SL-8 .................................................................................... 21
Figure 12 : 4.3 Location of Sample-1 ................................................................................................... 22
Figure 13 : 4.4: Location of Sample-2 .................................................................................................. 22
Figure 14 : 4.5 Location of Sample-3 ................................................................................................... 23
Figure 15 : 4.6 Location of Sample-4 ................................................................................................... 23
Figure 16 : 4.7 Location of Sample-5 ................................................................................................... 24
Figure 17 : 4.8 Location of Sample-6 ................................................................................................... 24
Figure 18 : 4.9 Location of Sample-7 ................................................................................................... 25
Figure 19 : 4.10 Location of Sample-8 ................................................................................................ 25
Figure 20 : 6.1 Settling tanks and check dams SCCL ........................................................................... 43
Figure 21 : 6.2 STP at pothana colony ,Godavarikhani ,SCCL ............................................................ 44
Figure 22 : 6.3: Process flow diagram of Effluent treatment plant ....................................................... 44
Figure 23 : 6.4 ETP at Manuguru OC-II ............................................................................................... 45
Figure 24 : 6.5 Sewage treatment plant layout...................................................................................... 45
Figure 25: 6.6 percentage breakup of mine water utilization within coal companies ........................... 46

xvi
 LIST OF TABLES

s
Table 1 : 4.1 Details of water samples collected ................................................................................... 20
Table 2 : 5.1 Results of Physical parameters of the samples using MWQC ......................................... 30
Table 3 : 5.2 Classification of hardness in terms of the equivalent CaCO3 concentration ................... 31
Table 4 : 5.3 Results for various parameters using AAS ...................................................................... 38
Table 5 : 5.4 Results for sodium and potassium using flame photometry ............................................ 40
Table 6 : 6.1 The infrastructure available in the projects of SCCL ...................................................... 42
Table 7 : 7.1 Observations of physical parameters ............................................................................... 48
Table 8 : 7.2 Calculation of effluent treatment plant parameters ......................................................... 49
Table 9 : 7.3 Calculation of Kistaram OCP parameters ........................................................................ 49
Table 10 : 7.4 Calculation of JVR OC area parameters ........................................................................ 50
Table 11 : 7.5 Results of the parameters from three ............................................................................ 50
Table 12 : 7.6 Standard table for water quality index ........................................................................... 51

xvii
 ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY AROUND THE MINE SITES

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

Water is the principal need of life on earth and is an essential component for all
forms of life, from micro-organisms to man. The world’s water resources are under pressure
and must be managed for human survival. The need for physio-chemical analysis of water
is very vital and all sources of water must be known before consumption. Mining of coal
deposit all over the world are being carried out under complex hydrogeological
environments causing a range of water problems affecting the production and utilization
cost. Water pollution has now reached a crisis point. Almost every water body is polluted
to an alarming level. The estimation of quality of water is extremely important for proper
assessment of the associated hazards. The extensive mining activities also adversely affect
the environment. Due to lack of proper planning and negligence of regulations an
appreciable amount of environmental degradation and ecological damage to water air, and
soil occurs. The problems associated with mining activities are land degradation, disposal
of overburden, deforestation, washing rejects, subsidence, water pollution due to wash off,
discharge of mine water, acid mine drainage, coal washing operation, air pollution due to
release of gases and dust, noise pollution, mine fires etc. Water pollution from coal includes
negative health and environmental effects from the mining, processing, burning, and waste
storage of coal, including acid mine drainage, thermal pollution from coal plants, acid rain,
and contamination of groundwater, streams, rivers, and seas from heavy metals, mercury,
and other toxins and pollutants found in coal ash, coal sludge, and coal waste. Water
contamination is inevitable. It is bound to occur due to the presence of various minerals in
the rock. Our efforts should concentrate on checking the pollution levels of different
parameters and keeping it within the prescribed standards. As far as concerned, water
pollution due to man-made activities should be prevented in the best possible manner. This
is where coal mining has the biggest impact. Our actions are not checked. In our endeavor
to meet our demands and fulfill targets, we fail to realize the impact our actions can have
on the environment. We also fail to realize the proper and safe use of resources around
pollution prone areas. We must adopt methods that are less prone to damaging the
environment, in particularly the water bodies, both the nearby and the far away ones. For

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this purpose a complete survey of the water bodies in the mining area should be carried out
to understand the challenges that need to be faced. Water quality analysis gives an overall
picture of the quality of water present in the mines. It helps identify the areas of concern,
the parameters
which are most harmful, contaminants which pollute the most and the areas which
cause the contamination. In short it helps in identifying the source, the causes and the
effects. This helps in finding out the methods to reduce the damages. It also helps to carry
out measures which prevent the contamination in the near future. To get a good idea of the
water quality in the mines, analysis has to be carried out systematically and in a pre-planned
manner since parameters change with changing environment. The samples have to be
preserved in a proper manner to get near accurate results. A number of methods have been
designed for this purpose. Different institutions have come with different levels of
permissible limits for various parameters.
1.2 MINE WATER GENERATION IN COAL MINES

Mine water generation occurs during the active mining phase. Mining activity
involves removal of overburden (OB) material in order to reach the coal seams. In some
areas, there may be presence of aquifer above the desired coal seam. As the mining
progresses towards the seam, the aquifer will get exposed and the groundwater will
accumulate as a sump within the mine. The schematic representation of the same is shown
in the following figures for both opencast and underground mining activities.

Figure 1 : 1.1 Schematic diagram showing aquifer development in opencast mine working
During the active mining phase, such accumulated mine water is dewatered to a
separate sump within the mine lease area. This accumulated mine water is generally
pollution free and can be utilized as a water source for the community apart from satisfying
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the water requirements for the mining activity after some primary treatments. In most cases,
post the closure of mines, the accumulated mine water is retained as a pit lakes / water sump
which can be a convenient source of freshwater for the surrounding communities

Figure 2 : 1.2 Schematic diagram showing aquifer development in caved underground

working

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1. To analyze the water samples for their various chemical content

2. To identify the threats by comparing them with the standard chart

3. To Compare the samples from two different coal mining areas

4. Outline the mining activities that are responsible for water pollution and to
study the impacts of such pollution of water.

5. Quantification of the water quality and thereby assessing it.

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CHAPTER 2

LlTERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Pathak and Banerjee (1992) carried out water analysis in Chapha incline of
Umaria Coalfield in eastern Madhya Pradesh to determine the water quality parameters
including trace element detection and microbial analyses. Sampling at the site of
investigation was done by random selection so that the composition of the sample was
identical to that of the parent water body. The samples were collected before the monsoon
period as well as after corresponding to low and high water table conditions. The physio-
chemical analysis of water comprised determination of the following parameters; turbidity,
pH, total alkalinity, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen
Demand, chloride etc. To calculate WQI, an approach similar to Horton (1965) was
followed. Trace metals were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectroscope. From the
results it was found that the coal mine water was severely polluted. Parameters like
turbidity, BOD, alkalinity and bacterial colonies were not within permissible limits as
compared to standards. High cationic and anionic concentrations were also noticed. They
concluded that the mining operations were having degrading effect on the WQI.
Dharmappa et al (1998) carried out the analysis of water quality in the Illawarra
coal mines, NSW, Australia to study the waste water quality management of the mines. A
total of 12 water sampling and monitoring points were established for 3 months and 6
months interval monitoring periods. The parameters that were measured are pH, electrical
conductivity, non- filterable residues, total dissolved solids and barium. The general water
quality management at the site as well as the waste water treatment performance were
assessed using the above parameters. The test results showed that the wastewater though
neutral in pH had high conductivity and total dissolved solids classifying it in class 3 i.e.
characterized the water as highly saline and hence unfit for irrigation. The investigations
on the treated waste water revealed neutral pH, low suspended solids content, low to
medium conductivity and medium total dissolved solids thus placing it as class2
i.e. medium saline water and hence approved for irrigating soils of moderate
draining characteristic

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Singh (2008) investigated water samples from Jharia, Raniganj and Northeastern
Coalfields to study the impact of coal mining on water quality from underground mines of
Indian coalfields. Standard methods were used for analysis. The pH and conductivity values
were measured using Philips pHmeter and systronics Conductivity Bridge respectively.
Iron was estimated spectrophotometrically using VS U2 spectrophotometer. The
quantitative analyses of trace metals were done using atomic absorption spectrophotometer,
SP 1900. The results showed that the underground mine waters were neutral to slightly
alkaline and pH values lied within permissible limits. Chloride concentrations were low
and within permissible limits. Sulphate concentrations exceeded the permissible Public
Health Standards. Trace metals were found to be either completely absent or present in
quantities less than 0.1 mg/L.
Xu and Gao (2009) assessed the water quality in Huainan and Panyi coal mine to
provide the theoretical basis for comprehensive utilization of coal mine subsided water
resources. 36 sampling pints using grid technique and GPS for accuracy were calculated
for collecting water samples. Water temperature, pH value, clarity, dissolved oxygen etc.
were measured onsite and for heavy metals were analyzed in the laboratory. Ion
chromatography, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, atomic
absorption spectrophotometry etc. methods were used. Fuzzy evaluation method was to
conduct comprehensive evaluation of its water environment and the standard for evaluation
criteria used was GB3838-2002. The results showed that the two subside lesser polluted
than the eastern bank. areas in the Hainan Panyi area were both polluted with different
degree with the west bank being.
Muthangya and Samoei (2012) assessed the quality of water due to mining
activities in coal rich Mui Basin on Kitui County, Kenya. 9 sampling points were chosen
from shallow open wells and boreholes to collect water samples. Mapping of the location
of the selected shallow wells as well as the boreholes was carried out by use of a high
sensitivity GPS navigator, GARMIN eTrex Legend HCx. The pH, electrical conductivity,
resistance, total dissolved solids and salinity were determined using SANXIN Model
SX751 while the cationic composition were determined according to standard methods in
an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results showed that the samples were alkaline
but within guidelines suggested by WHO. The conductivity was high ranging from 1600 -
3700 micro Siemens/cm at 25oC which is outside the permissible limit. TDS values varied
from 635 – 2637 outside the 500 – 2000 mg/L prescribed limit.

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Verma et al (2012) analyzed the water sample of pond located near Nandani Mines
in Durg district, Chhattisgarh. For the purpose sampling strategic locations were plotted
and water samples were collected in plastic bottles and transported immediately to the
laboratory. The water samples taken from the pond were analyzed for BOD, TDS, COD,
nitrate, chlorine, iron sulphide, magnesium, calcium, carbonate, PO4, NH3. The observed
values of various physiochemical parameters of water samples were compared with the
standard values recommended by World Health Organization for drinking purposes. It was
found that the pond water was slightly alkaline and hardness was high. The TDS value was
1970 mg/L. the values were also compared to tap water samples and were found to be quite
higher in comparison. They concluded that the pond water was unsafe for drinking because
of contamination by nearby mining activities.
Sandipan et al (2013) assessed the ecological status and seasonal variation of
surface water parameters of opencast coal pit lakes in Raniganj Coalfield area. Water
samples were collected from four different OCP at strategic locations and mixed thoroughly
before analysis. The sampling procedure and analysis was carried for 3 consecutive years
on regular basis seasonally. Parameters like temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, free
carbon dioxide, dissolved oxygen and primary conductivity were analyzed on time in the
field. The rest of the parameters were analyzed in the laboratory. It was found that the
surface water quality in the abandoned mines were alkaline, soft to moderately hard and
fresh in nature. The rest of the parameters were within permissible limit hence the pit could
be used as a reservoir and its water for various purposes.

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CHAPTER-3

IMPACTS OF MINING ON WATER QUALITY

3.1 USE OF WATER IN COAL MINING

Water as a resource is integral to process of extraction of coal both from surface

and underground mines. Operations such as coal cutting in underground mines, dust
suppression, coal preparation, coal washing, domestic use in mines, etc. The mines usually
salvage the ground water to meet their demands and in the absence of ground water, they
acquire water from the nearby water resourcesWater plays a crucial role in various stages
of coal mining operations, serving multiple purposes throughout the extraction, processing,
and transportation of coal. In coal mining, water is primarily used for dust suppression to
mitigate the release of airborne particles during drilling, blasting, and material handling
activities (Singh et al., 2019). Additionally, water is essential for coal washing and
processing to remove impurities and improve the quality of the final product (Mohanta et
al., 2020). Coal preparation plants rely on water for the separation and classification of coal
particles based on density, size, and other physical properties, facilitating efficient coal
beneficiation processes (Wang et al., 2018). Moreover, water is utilized in coal
transportation systems, such as slurry pipelines and coal barges, to facilitate the movement
of coal from mines to processing facilities or end-users (Vazquez & Garcia, 2017).
However, the extensive use of water in coal mining operations raises concerns about water
availability, quality, and environmental impacts, highlighting the need for sustainable water
management practices and technological innovations to minimize water consumption and
mitigate potential risks to aquatic ecosystems and local communities.
3.1.1 Dust Suppression
One of the primary uses of water in coal mining is for dust suppression. Throughout
various mining activities such as drilling, blasting, and material handling, significant
amounts of dust are generated, posing health and safety risks to workers and surrounding
communities. Water is applied through sprays or misting systems to suppress airborne dust
particles, reducing inhalation hazards and improving visibility in the work environment.
Effective dust suppression measures not only enhance worker safety but also minimize
environmental impacts by preventing the dispersion of particulate matter into the
atmosphere.

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Figure 3 : 3.1 Water tanker for Dust suppression in OC

Dust suppression is a critical aspect of mining operations aimed at controlling the
generation and dispersion of airborne dust particles, which can pose significant health,
safety, and environmental risks. Various mining activities, including drilling, blasting,
excavation, material handling, and transportation, can generate substantial amounts of dust,
particularly in dry and arid environments or when working with fine-grained materials.
Effective dust suppression measures are essential to minimize worker exposure to
respirable dust, mitigate fire and explosion hazards, improve visibility, and prevent
environmental contamination.
Water sprays and misting systems are commonly used for dust suppression in
mining environments. High-pressure water sprays or mist nozzles are strategically
positioned at key dust generation points, such as drill rigs, crushers, conveyors, and material
transfer points, to dampen airborne dust particles and prevent their dispersion. Water
droplets effectively capture and weigh down dust particles, causing them to settle or
agglomerate, thereby reducing dust emissions and improving air quality in the work area.
Chemical dust suppressants, such as surfactants, polymers, and wetting agents, are
sometimes applied to mining materials or surfaces to enhance dust control effectiveness.
These chemical additives are mixed with water and sprayed onto dusty surfaces to reduce
surface tension and increase water absorption, improving the wetting and binding of dust
particles

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3.1.2 Coal Washing and Processing

Water plays a crucial role in coal washing and processing facilities, where raw coal
is cleaned to meet quality specifications and remove impurities. Coal washing involves the
use of water-based separation techniques, such as dense medium separation, froth flotation,
and gravity separation, to separate coal from mineral matter and contaminants.

Figure 4 : 3.2 Coal Washery

Water is used as a medium to create density gradients, allowing the separation of
coal particles based on their specific gravities. Additionally, water is employed in coal
crushing, screening, and sizing operations to facilitate the handling and processing of coal
materials, ensuring the production of high-quality coal products for various end-users.
3.1.3 Coal Transportation
Water is also utilized in coal transportation systems to facilitate the movement of
coal from mines to processing facilities or end-users. Slurry pipelines are commonly used
for long-distance transportation of coal slurries, where coal particles are suspended in water
or a water-based solution, reducing the need for conventional dry bulk transport methods.
Water-based transportation methods, such as coal barges and ships, are employed
for transporting coal via inland waterways or maritime routes to reach domestic or
international markets.

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Figure 5 : 3.3 Hydraulic transport of ore/coal

These water-based transportation systems offer cost-effective and environmentally
friendly alternatives to land-based transportation modes, minimizing greenhouse gas
emissions and reducing traffic congestion on roads and railways.
3.1.4 Environmental Considerations and Sustainability
While water is essential for coal mining operations, its extensive use raises concerns
about water availability, quality, and environmental impacts. Excessive water consumption
can strain local water resources, leading to competition with other users and ecosystems,
particularly in water-stressed regions. Moreover, water discharges from coal mining
activities may contain pollutants such as sediment, heavy metals, and dissolved solids,
which can degrade water quality and harm aquatic ecosystems.
To address these challenges, coal mining companies are increasingly adopting
water management strategies and technologies to minimize water consumption, recycle and
reuse water, and treat contaminated water before discharge. Sustainable water management
practices, coupled with regulatory compliance and community engagement, are essential
for mitigating the environmental footprint of coal mining and ensuring the long-term
viability of water resources for present and future generations.

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3.2 IMPACT OF COAL MINING

Coal mining activities can directly affect the quality of the water or indirectly
through processes which may show its consequences at a later stage in the life of the mine.
The gravity of the impact of these activities depend on a number of factors like the geology
of the area, the mineral constituents of the coal, the composition of the overburden, scale
of operations, rainfall distribution, etc. Some of the major sources of water pollution in coal
mining areas are
3.2.1 Mine water drainage/Acid mine drainage

Figure 6 : 3.4 Acid mine drainage

Coal seams sometimes have high concentration of pyrites which in presence of
water and oxygen undergo oxidation to give sulphuric acid thereby increasing the acidity
and pH of the water used. This water contaminates the other water bodies and the ground
water when discharged from the mine.
3.2.2 Loose material runoffs
The process of mining is usually associated with generation of large amount of dust
and, the mineral and overburden excavated are converted to loose material. Soil erosion
occurs from physical disturbances caused by mining activities (e.g. excavation, blasting,
etc.) in wilderness areas. This causes disturbances of tree root systems, a crucial component
in stabilizing soil and preventing erosion.[8] Eroded materials can be transported by runoff
into nearby surface water, leading to a process known as sedimentation. Moreover, altered
drainage patterns redirect water flow, intensifying erosion and sedimentation of nearby
water bodies

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Figure 7 : 3.5 Coal dust and water Slurry

Winds pick up these dust particles along with loose material and deposit them on
water bodies. Loose material is also carried by the streams running through the mines which
eventually meet the main course or end into a water reservoir causing pollution in both
cases.
3.2.3 Oil and fuel spills
Oils and fuels are used for the machinery and equipment used in the mining
operations. These oils and fuel sometimes leak away or washed off during cleaning and
maintenance.

Figure 8 : 3.6 Oil spill

The water used for washing or during rains, these oils and fuels contaminate the
nearby water bodies.

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3.2.4 Pollutant leaching from overburden dump

Overburden dump is the waste material which has to be removed before the mineral
resources can be salvaged. The waste materials can contain pollutants in the form of heavy
metals of other chemicals which leach out during the rains and pollute the surrounding
areas. When it comes to pollutants leaching from open bodies (OB), such as open-pit mines,
waste disposal sites, or other open excavation areas, several contaminants may be of
concern. These pollutants can leach into the surrounding soil, groundwater, and surface
water, potentially causing environmental degradation and posing risks to human health.
Some common pollutants that may leach from open bodies include:

Figure 9 : 3.7 Pollutants Leaching from OB

3.2.5. Sewage discharges

A mine employs hundreds of people, who’s domestic and sanitary water needs have
to be taken care of. The sewage from the domestic and sanitary use of water can cause
pollution if they discharges untreated.
3.3 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

1. The mines acquire natural water reservoirs to fulfill their needs. These
reservoirs are sometimes the only source of usable water for the people for
their domestic and agricultural needs. With added pressure of the need of the
mining industry, the water resources deplete at an alarming rate leaving the
people in turmoil.
2. Mining involves the use of large amount of water, the source of which
sometimes ids the ground water. The large scale use of the ground water results
in lowering of the water table creating problems for the nearby regions who
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use wells and hand pumps for their water supply. Also, in underground mining
the development process may come in level with the water table during which
the water has to be removed or diverted causing destruction of the water table
in both cases.
3. The water used in mines is are sometimes left untreated within the mines itself.
These untreated waters can percolate through the soils and contaminate other
water bodies. Even if the water is undergone treatment but the treatment plant
has not been built properly, it can lead to the same result.
4. The poor quality of water of mines eventually affect the nearby streams and
rivers.
5. Polluted water can affect the bio-diversity of the area. Increase or decrease in
pH of the water can affect or prevent the growth of the plants in the area.
Similarly, increase in other physical and chemical parameters directly or
indirectly affect vegetation of the area. With no vegetation and contaminated
water the wildlife also faces the brunt

3.4 HEALTH IMPACTS

The contamination of water sources by pollutants originating from mining activities

poses significant risks to human health, manifesting through various pathways of exposure
and adverse health outcomes.
3.4.1 Drinking Water Contamination
One of the primary routes of exposure to mining-related pollutants is through the
consumption of contaminated drinking water. Heavy metals such as lead, arsenic, and
mercury, as well as other toxic substances like cyanide and sulfates, can leach into
groundwater and surface water sources near mining sites (Cidu et al., 2019). Prolonged
exposure to these contaminants can lead to acute and chronic health effects, including
gastrointestinal illnesses, neurological disorders, and organ damage (Bose-O'Reilly et al.,
2020). Vulnerable populations, such as children and pregnant women, are particularly
susceptible to the adverse effects of ingesting contaminated water, given their higher
sensitivity to toxic exposures (Domingo et al., 2017).

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3.4.2 Food Chain Contamination

In addition to direct water consumption, humans can be exposed to mining-related
contaminants through the consumption of contaminated food items sourced from affected
ecosystems. Aquatic organisms, such as fish and shellfish, can bioaccumulate heavy metals
and other pollutants from contaminated water, resulting in elevated levels of toxins in their
tissues (Järup, 2003). Communities relying on subsistence fishing or agriculture in mining-
affected areas may be at increased risk of exposure to contaminated food, leading to a range
of health impacts, including developmental delays, reproductive disorders, and cancer
(Nriagu, 2018). Addressing food chain contamination requires comprehensive monitoring
programs and dietary advisories to mitigate health risks and protect vulnerable populations.
3.4.3 Occupational Health Risks
Workers employed in mining and related industries are exposed to elevated levels
of occupational health hazards associated with handling and processing mineral ores and
waste materials. Exposure to airborne pollutants, such as silica dust, asbestos fibers, and
metal fumes, can lead to respiratory diseases, including pneumoconiosis and silicosis
(Calvert et al., 2018). Additionally, direct contact with contaminated water during mining
operations or maintenance activities can result in dermal exposure to toxic substances,
leading to skin irritation, chemical burns, and systemic toxicity (Savitz et al., 2018).
Implementing effective occupational health and safety measures, including personal
protective equipment (PPE), engineering controls, and workplace hygiene practices, is
crucial for minimizing the risk of occupational exposures and safeguarding the health of
workers in mining environments.
3.4.4 Community Health Impacts
Mining-related water pollution can have broader implications for community health
and well-being beyond direct exposure pathways. Communities residing near mining sites
may experience psychosocial stressors, including anxiety, depression, and social stigma,
arising from concerns about environmental contamination and health risks (Babaie et al.,
2020). Furthermore, disruptions to local ecosystems and traditional livelihoods due to water
pollution can exacerbate socioeconomic disparities and undermine community resilience
(Soto et al., 2019). Engaging affected communities in participatory health risk assessments,
health education programs, and community-based interventions is essential for addressing
the multifaceted health impacts of mining-related water pollution and promoting equitable
access to healthcare services and resources.
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3.5 SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION DUE TO MINING

3.5.1 Drainage Water from Mines:

Water in the mines is contaminated due to the following reasons:
a. Mixing of different metals, sediments, minerals, salts to the water to be
drained during drilling, blasting, transportation
b. Organic compound derived from spills of lubricating and hydraulic oils
c. During wet dust suppression variety of dusts get mixed with water
For coal mines: mine drainage water is generally hard, alkaline, moderately saline,
and ferruginous. They generally have low oxygen demand but are rich in suspended matters
associated with most of the coalmining. A high level of mineralization is noticed via high
values of electrical conductivity. Besides coal dust they contain high level of Na, K salts,
strontium and barium. If the seam contains Fe, S then the mine water is acidic in nature and
the pH value can be very low. Fe content may rise as high as several hundred mg/lt. This
iron in ferrous form is more stable underground but it oxidizes itself in the presence of air
and forms an orange precipitate termed Ochre.
3.5.2 Leakage or Flow of Mineral Exposed Water to the Surface or
nearby Aquifer Systems:
The physical changes such as de-lamination, bedding plane separation, fault
reactivation and fissuring of rock masses caused by mining permit air to penetrate a much
larger surface area than the immediate boundaries of the working faces and associated
roadways. These changes also alter the hydro-geological conditions within the coalfield
and allow wider movement of ground water through the rock masses than existed prior to
mining. These factors mean that the ground water comes in contact with large surface area
of rock and is exposed to oxidation. Hence the ground water becomes contaminated.
The mine water or ground water which are exposed to mining due to any reason
have high salt content, and also high quantity of sulphates, iron, and other metals which are
derived from natural resources or artificially introduced by mining equipment. Mine water
from metal mines may contain various metals, or heavy metals which may be toxic or non
toxic. The salts are released into working by mining operations. In general, the salinity
increases with depth below the surface.

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3.5.3 Water from Spoil Heaps and Spoil Heap Failures:

Surface water run-off can leach soluble salts, especially chlorides. These run-offs
may discharge directly into drainage ditches or to land around the periphery of the heap
and infiltrate into aquifer.
3.5.4 Acid Mine Drainage:
It is most evident in seams with high Pyrite (or S) content. This is a type of drainage
resulting from natural oxidation of sulphide minerals that occur in mine rock or waste that
are exposed to air and water. This is a consequence of oxidation of sulphur in the material
to a higher state of oxidation and if aqueous iron is present and unstable, the precipitation
of ferric iron with hydroxide occurs. The acidic ferruginous water may contain high
concentration of aluminium that precipitates as hydroxide as the pH value rises on entering
a receiving body of water, giving a milky appearance. Concentration of heavy metals may
be high in some acid water. This phenomenon does not occur if the S is in nonreactive state
and the rock has sufficient alkaline material to neutralise the acidity. But still it may contain
high amount of Calcium/ Magnesium Sulphate.

3.5.5 Mine Water Rebound:

Mine water rebound means the comeback of the mine water to the mine worked out
area or to the surface if pumping (drainage) is completely stopped. Mining subsidence is
likely to have induced fractures in the overlying strata, enhancing their hydraulic
conductivity, and creating new pathways for mine water to migrate upwards. This water
may cause pollution of potable water supply abstractions. But many times the mine water
is not harmful and the abandoned mines serve as aquifers

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CHAPTER 4

SAMPLING

4.1 COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION OF SAMPLES

Sampling is carried out to obtain representative samples. The representative

samples should mirror the environment in which it is present i.e. the concentration in the
surrounding area should be similar to that present in the sample taken. Additionally the area
should be so selected that it reflects the impact of the mining operations taking place in the
area. The water body from where the samples are taken should not be isolated rather it
should be within the confines of the mining area and linked to the operations directly or
indirectly.
The samples so collected should be handled carefully such that no significant
changes takes place between the time of collecting the samples and the measurement of the
different parameters. For this the sample should be stored in a laboratory with proper
preserving facilities as soon as possible. To obtain accurate results and representative data,
collection of the water sample should be pre-planned and done in a systematic manner
rather than just randomly. Thus prior consultation should be taken before carrying out any
sampling to guarantee selecting specimens which would depict the scenario of the area and
give a representative sample to carry out the tests for which answers are sought.
4.2 BASIC GUIDELINES

1. A sample is obtained as per the sampling program such that it does not
deteriorate or get contaminated before it is analyzed.
2. Sampling equipment and containers should be clean, reliable and free of
contaminants before use.
3. Pre-rinsing with sample should be avoided as it results in loss of any pre
added preservative which affect the results since certain components may
stick to the sides of the container.
4. For samples containing organic compounds and trace metals special
precautions should be taken since they are usually present in small
concentrations and if proper sampling and preservation is not adhered to,
it may result in wrong readings.

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5. For composite samples there is no universally applicable

recommendations since it can vary with time, depth and place depending
on the local conditions. So composite samples can be collected as
applicable.
6. For determination of metals it is recommended that ultrapure acid be
added to the sample to bring the pH to less than 2 to prevent contamination
or precipitation of the metals.
4.3 TYPES OF SAMPLES

Water sampling is a critical process in environmental monitoring, research, and

regulatory compliance, aimed at assessing the quality and safety of water resources for
various uses, including drinking, recreational, agricultural, and industrial purposes. There
are several key steps involved in water sampling
4.3.1 Grab samples
A sample taken spontaneously to represent the overall surrounding environmental
features including the composition of the water, air, or soil only at that time and place. They
are single samples collected in a short period of time from a specific spot at a site to
represent the area at particular time.
Thus, they represent a “snapshot” in both space and time of a sampling area.
Discrete grab samples are taken at a selected location, depth, and time. Depth-integrated
grab samples are collected over a predetermined part of the entire depth of a water column,
at a selected location and time in a given body of water.
4.3.2 Composite samples
They are number of single samples taken from the same area to give results on an
average. This is done when the variations within the same is large and a single sample
cannot give an overall picture of the location. They can also include sampling over a long
period of time at certain intervals to imbibe the variations that place with time. Composite
samples can be obtained by combining portions of multiple grab samples or by using
specially designed automatic sampling devices.
4.4 SAMPLING METHODS

Sampling methods are techniques used to select a subset of individuals or items

from a larger population for the purpose of data collection and analysis.

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4.4.1 Manual sampling:

Manual sampling involves minimal equipment but may be unduly costly and time-
consuming for routine or large-scale sampling programs. It requires trained field
technicians and is often necessary for regulatory and research investigations for which
critical appraisal of field conditions and complex sample collection techniques are
essential. Manually collect certain samples, such as waters containing oil and grease.
4.4.2 Automatic sampling:
Automatic samplers can eliminate human errors in manual sampling, can reduce labor
costs, may provide the means for more frequent sampling and are used increasingly. Be
sure that the automatic sampler does not contaminate the sample. For example, plastic
components may be incompatible with certain organic compounds that are soluble in the
plastic parts or that can contaminated (e.g., from phthalate esters) by contact with them. If
sample constituents are generally known, contact the manufacturer of an automatic sampler
regarding potential incompatibility of plastic components.
4.5 SAMPLE COLLECTION

The samples are collected from two coal mines belonging to two different coal
mining areas i.e.Kistaram OCP and JVR OC. The samples are collected from three different
points on the nallah through the mine. The 7th and 8th samples are collected from the inlet
and outlet of effluent treatment plant belonging to one of the mine in the region. For each
sample, two 1-litre bottles were used.
Table 1 : 4.1 Details of water samples collected

Sample no. Place from where sample was collected

Sample 1 Upstream nallah of first mine
Sample 2 Downstream nallah of first mine
Sample 3 Confluence point of first mine
Sample 4 Upstream nallah of second mine
Sample 5 Downstream nallah of second mine
Sample 6 Confluence point of second mine
Sample 7 ETP inlet
Sample 8 ETP outlet

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Figure 10 : 4.1 Sampling area of Mines SL-1,SL-2,SL3

Figure 11 : 4.2 Sampling area of SL-4 to SL-8

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Figure 12 : 4.3 Location of Sample-1

Figure 13 : 4.4: Location of Sample-2

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Figure 14 : 4.5 Location of Sample-3

Figure 15 : 4.6 Location of Sample-4

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Figure 16 : 4.7 Location of Sample-5

Figure 17 : 4.8 Location of Sample-6

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Figure 18 : 4.9 Location of Sample-7

Figure 19 : 4.10 Location of Sample-8

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CHAPTER-5

QUALITY ANALYSIS

Water is among the most important components that make our life. It consumption
and use in our day to day life has made it the most important commodity. Though our earth
comprises of 71% water, only 2.5% of it is freshwater of which 98.8% is glaciated. Thus
we are surrounded by very little amount of consumable water. The quantity part of the
water has been figured out. Now, it is important to figure out the quality of the water. Not
all rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, etc. contain water that can be consumable. The physical
characteristics somewhat help in analyzing the quality of the water but it does not give the
overall picture. Some waters may look fine when judged just by their physical parameters
but it is not always so. There are some contaminants that are not visible to the naked eye.
This is where water quality analysis comes in. Water quality helps in analyzing each and
every element that can be a contaminant and thus a danger to life, the environment and the
ecosystem.
It important to analyze both the physical and chemical parameters of the water to
ensure that the water is well within the standards for safe consumption as well to preserve
the surrounding ecosystem from degradation from the contaminants. In situations where
permissible limits are exceeded, the analysis helps take remedial measures and that too
proper measures with right the combination of chemicals if need be. The following
instruments have been used for the analysis of various parameters.
5.1 MULTI WATER QUALITY CHECKER

The multi water quality checker is a simple device that allows maximum of 11
simultaneous measurements for various parameters. It has integrated control unit and
sensors. The device design allows for easy on-site measurement with a variety of functions
to measure the water quality of river water, waste water and ground water.
5.1.1 Calibration
1) The sensor guard is removed and the sensor probe is washed with distilled
water several times.
2) The transparent calibration cup is removed.
3) The calibration cup is filled with a pH 4 standard solution up to the mark.

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4) Select the Auto Calibration option under CAL and dip the sensor into the
standard solution in the transparent calibration cup.
5) The black calibration cup is placed over the transparent cup and the
ENTER key is pressed to begin calibration after all the values have been
stabilized.

5.1.2 Procedure:
1) The sensors are checked and washed with distilled water.
2) The option "SINGLE MEASUREMENT" is selected.
3) The sensor is then dipped into the sample such that no air bubbles remain
around the sensors.
4) Once the readings have stabilized, the MEAS key is pressed to acquire the
5- second average.
5) The measurement is saved by pressing the ENTER key.
5.2 FLAME ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

Atomic absorption spectrophotometry is an instrument that is used for quantitative

analysis of different elements in water as well as solids. Its works on the principle that each
metal has a characteristic wavelength in which absorbance takes place. The sample is
atomized by aspirating into a flame. A beam of light is allowed to pass through the flame
and received by a monochromator which singles out the specific wavelength and then falls
on to a detector which records the amount of light absorbed by the atomized form of the
sample.
5.2.1 Apparatus
i. Atomic absorption spectrometer
ii. Burner
iii. Lamps
iv. Pressure reducing valves
v. Vent

5.2.2 Procedure
1. The apparatus is set and adjusted according to manufacturer’s guidelines.
2. Flame is generated using acetylene and stabilized.

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3. Calibrate the apparatus by aspirating the blank solution containing the

same amount of acid as in the standards and samples.
4. At least three standards are aspirated and its absorbance measured.

5. The samples are then aspirated in the flame, its absorbance measured and

the concentration is calculated and displayed on the screen.

5.3 FLAME PHOTOMETRY

Flame photometry or flame emission spectroscopy is an atomic spectroscopy like

the atomic absorption spectroscopy that requires no light beam to measure the
concentration. It directly measures the emitted wavelength when the atoms are transitioning
from excited to ground state. For the conversion of the atoms from ground state to excited
state a flame is used unlike in the absorption technique where a lamp is required.
In the atomic emission spectroscopy, a jet of compressed gas is used to convert the
samples solutions to aerosol form which is atomized by a flame, carried to, by the flow of
the gas. In the process of atomization the metal constituents of the samples are converted
to gaseous atoms, which are then ionized. The electrons absorb the heat from the flame and
get excited to a higher state. On returning to the ground state, each metal emits light of
specific wavelength which can be detected and used to find the concentrations of the metals.
5.3.1 Procedure
1. The standard solutions are samples are prepares accordingly.
2. The apparatus is set according to the manufacturer’s guidelines
3. Initially distilled water is used for blanking
4. The standards are then analyzed and their absorbance readings noted
5. The samples are then aspirated to get their absorbance readings
6. A graph is plotted between the concentration of the standards and their absorbance
readings
7. Using the absorbance reading of the samples and the plot obtained the previous
step, the concentrations of the element in the samples can be obtained

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5.4 PARAMETERS AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE

5.4.1 Temperature:
Temperature defines the rate of chemical and biological processes that occur in
water. Sustainability of living organisms also depend on water. Some prefer cold
temperatures; some prefer warmer conditions while most survive in the mild temperature
as it affects their biological and ecosystem directly or indirectly. For example the oxygen
content in water decreases with increase in temperature which then goes on to affect the
photosynthesis of aquatic plants, the metabolism rates of organisms.
Apparatus: Multi water quality checker
5.4.2 Conductivity:
Conductivity of water is its ability to allow an electric current through it and varies
both with number and types of ions present in the solution which depends on the
concentration of ionized substances in the water. The unit of measurement of conductivity
is microsiemens per centimeter (µs/cm). The conductivity in streams and rivers depends on
the geology of the area through which it passes. Areas with granite bedrock impart lower
conductivity as it mainly contains inert materials that do not ionize in water unlike the areas
of clay soils. Increase in conductivity would naturally signify an external source which may
or may not have a polluting effect.
Appaartus: Multi water quality checker
5.4.3 Turbidity
Turbidity is the degree of clarity in the water which measured by the amount of
light allowed to pass through it by the suspended solids present in it. The suspended
particles may include soil particles, algae, microbes, planktons and other substances.
Higher turbidity results in increased water temperatures because of heat absorption by
suspended particles. This results in reduced dissolved oxygen content. Higher turbidity also
results in lesser penetration of light through the water, which affects the photosynthesis
process and thus the oxygen content.
Apparatus: Multi water quality checker

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5.4.4 Total dissolved solids (TDS):

It is that part of the total solids that is dissolved in water i.e. the soluble portion the
solids contained in the water. Dissolved solids is usually made up by chlorides, nitrates,
calcium, phosphates and other ions that are less than 2 micron in size. Deviation in the
normal dissolved solids in the water may disturb the water balance in the cells of the aquatic
organisms. Increase in dissolved solids may lead to pushing out of other necessary nutrients
as well as decrease in the oxygen content which can have adverse implications of its own.
Apparatus: Multi water quality checker

Table 2 : 5.1 Results of Physical parameters of the samples using MWQC

Turbidity
Conductivity Temperature
Sample TDS (g/L) (Nephelemetric
( ms/cm) ( °C)
Turbidity Unit)
Sample 1 0.089 45.6 0.144 22.15

Sample 2 0.274 23.7 0.449 22.36

Sample 3 0.316 31.1 0.246 24.3

Sample 4 0.483 8.1 0.757 31.03

Sample 5 0.656 10.6 1.01 31.15

Sample 6 0.416 22.6 0.653 31.34

Sample 7 0.264 8.71 1.04 30.86

Sample 8 0.241 8.03 1.00 31.52

5.4.5 pH:
It defines the amount of acidity or alkalinity present in the water sample from a
scale of 0 to 14, 0 signifying highest acidity, 14 signifying highest alkalinity and 7 being
the neutral point. pH has a defining role in many of the chemical and biological processes
occurring in water. The survival of living organisms in water is possible only if its pH lies
certain intervals usually from 6 to 8.5. pH outside this range can stress the physiological
systems of most organisms and make their survival difficult. The main significance of pH
in domestic water supplies relates to its effects on water treatment.
Apparatus: Multi water quality checker
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5.4.5 Dissolved oxygen(DO):

It is quantity of oxygen dissolved in the water derived from the atmosphere and
the aquatic plants during the process of photosynthesis. Dissolved oxygen plays a
significant role in assessing the quality of water and check pollution. It helps in determining
whether changes are brought about by aerobic or anaerobic organisms. It is used to find the
biological oxygen demand, a parameter useful to assess the potential of wastes to get
polluted. It also an important parameter that needs to be assessed before any aerobic
biological treatment processes for wastewater. The amount of oxygen in boiler feed waters
is controlled by DO test.
Apparatus: Multi water quality analyzer
5.4.6 Hardness:
Hardness is a measure of the calcium and magnesium content in a water sample
which is responsible for the precipitation of soap. The hardness of a sample is measured in
terms of equivalent CaCO3 in mg/L. It impact on the human health may not be prominent
but it has severe concerns in the industrial settings where it can lead to costly breakdowns
in boilers, cooling towers etc.
Table 3 : 5.2 Classification of hardness in terms of the equivalent CaCO3 concentration

Soft 0-60mg/L

Medium 60-120mg/L

Hard 120-180mg/L

Very hard >180mg/L

The method used for the determination of Total hardness is EDTA titration method.
5.5.6.1 Principle
Hardness is determined by forming a soluble chelated complex of the metal ions
with EDTA and its soluble salts which is indicated by a color change from wine red to blue.
5.5.6.2 Reagents and standards
i. Standard hard water
ii. Eriochrome Black T indicator
iii. EDTA solution (N/50)
iv. NH4Cl- NH4OH buffer

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5.5.6.3 Procedure
1. EDTA solution is standardized with standard hard water. The volume of
EDTA used is recorded as A ml.
2. 50 ml of the sample is taken in a conical flask.
3. 2 mL each of buffer solution and indicator is added to this sample.
4. The sample is then titrated against EDTA until wine red color changes to pure
blue.
5. The volume of EDTA used is recorded as B ml.
5.5 ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY

Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) is a powerful analytical technique used to

quantitatively determine the concentration of specific chemical elements in a sample by
measuring the absorption of light at characteristic wavelengths. In AAS, a sample is
atomized and introduced into a flame or graphite furnace, where it undergoes thermal
excitation. A monochromatic light source, typically a hollow cathode lamp, emits light at
the resonant wavelength of the target element. As the atomized sample passes through the
light beam, atoms of the target element absorb energy at specific wavelengths, leading to a
reduction in the intensity of the transmitted light. By measuring the extent of this
absorption, usually using a photomultiplier tube or photodiode detector, the concentration
of the target element in the sample can be determined. AAS is widely used in various fields
such as environmental analysis, pharmaceuticals, and metallurgy due to its high sensitivity,
selectivity, and accuracy. However, sample preparation and matrix effects can influence
the accuracy of AAS measurements, requiring careful calibration and standardization
procedures for reliable results. Nonetheless, AAS remains a cornerstone technique for
elemental analysis, offering valuable insights into the composition of diverse sample types
with unparalleled precision.
5.5.1 Boron:
Boron is found in mostly slate and loam rich rock formations entering water through
the process of weathering. Boron is found in its salt form, most of which is soluble in water.
Boric acid is one of the most prevalent compounds of boron. It may not be a dietary mineral
for humans and animals but nevertheless they are important for the growth of plants and a
few organisms as it is an important requirement in the process of mitosis. High
concentrations of boron can lead to reduction of crop yield. However, trees require higher

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concentrations. Boron is not a dietary requirement for animals but found in the body due to
plant intake. Concentrations above the permissible limit can lead to vomiting, diarrhea,
nausea and blood clotting.
Concentrations above 20 g can be life threatening.
5.5.2 Calcium:
Calcium is a naturally occurring element present in water sourced mainly from
rocks such as dolomite, marble, gypsum, limestone, etc. it is an important dietary
constituent for all organisms especially in the bone structure. Calcium is an important
constituent assisting in the normal functioning of a number of processes in the body, for
instance, the nerve impulse transfer. However their deviation from optimum concentrations
may lead to hazardous results. Deficiency of calcium can break or slow the cycle of various
biological processes. Calcium is one the elements responsible for the hardness of water.
Very hard waters cause significant problems in the industry. Their main source of pollution
is from detergents used in industries.
Apparatus: Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
5.5.3 Magnesium:
Magnesium is an important dietary element like calcium. Magnesium is present in
large number of minerals and gets collected during rains or when water flow through beds
containing such minerals. Magnesium like calcium has an important role to play in the
various biological processes. Hence its deficiency can severe health problems. Even the
plants and other organisms heavily rely on magnesium for their smooth functioning.
Magnesium also causes hardness of water. Hence its high concentrations can cause adverse
effects on the water quality. High doses of magnesium may result in vomiting and diarrhea.
Consumption of large doses of magnesium in the form medicines and food supplements
may cause muscle slackening, depressions, nerve problems and personality changes.
5.5.4 Silicon:
Silicon is the most abundant element after oxygen. It is never found in its free form
because it reacts easily with oxygen to form silicon dioxide and is usually present as silicic
acid in water. Silicon is present in a number of minerals and abundant in sand. It can be
considered a dietary requirement for a number of organisms, required mostly for bone
development and found in skin and connective tissues.
Silicon compounds due to their fiber like structure are carcinogenic in nature. They
cause diseases like silicosis when repeatedly exposed to high concentrations of silicon.
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Apparatus: Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

5.5.5 Arsenic:
Arsenic compounds are present abundantly in the earth’s crust which is released
during the process of mining and from weathering to enter into the ground water. Arsenic
compounds are essential for some plant and animal species in their protein synthesis.
However for humans it does not have any significant benefits within the permissible limits.
However outside the permissible limits it can have adverse health effects which is
synonymous to poisoning. Arsenic poisoning is a common phenomenon resulting in long
term chronic health effects, such as skin disease, skin cancer and tumors in lungs, bladder,
kidneys and liver.
Apparatus: Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
5.5.6 Cadmium:
Cadmium is present abundantly in the earth’s crust and released due to weathering.
It is also released from forest fires, volcano explosions and mainly from the manufacturing
units. It also released as a by-product of the extraction of zinc, lead and copper. Cadmium
has adverse health effects by forming complex bonds with the proteins which eventually
accumulate in the kidneys. Some of the health effects are damage to the immune system,
psychological disorders, damage to the central nervous system and many more.
Apparatus: Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
5.5.7 Cobalt:
Cobalt is a hard ferromagnetic, silver-white, hard, lustrous, brittle element. It is a
relatively stable element affected only by dilute acids and remains unaffected in water. It
is widely dispersed in the environment but its main concentrations are in the earth’s core.
Cobalt being a part of vitamin B12 is an essential for humans and their health. High
concentrations of cobalt from mining and smelting facilities can cause accumulation in
plants through the human health can be affected. Some of the adverse health effects of
intake of high concentrations of cobalt are vision problems, heart problems, vomiting, and
nausea and thyroid damage. Cobalt and its compounds have been listed under as
carcinogenic.
Apparatus: Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

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5.5.8 Chromium:
The major sources of chromium pollution is from the tanning industry which
utilizes chromium compounds for tanning. Chromium under certain concentrations are fine
for dietary needs. However some compounds of chromium can cause extreme negative
health like allergic and asthmatic reactions. Chromium is also carcinogenic in nature. Other
health effects include diarrhea, stomach and intestinal bleedings, cramps, and liver and
kidney damage.
Apparatus: Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
5.5.9 Copper:
Copper is an extremely common element that occurs naturally in the environment
through the various natural processes. The use of copper has becomes significant in the
industries and hence its concentration is increasing manifold in the environment. Copper is
an important trace metal requirement of the body. However if it is over the permissible
limits it can cause adverse health effects like headaches, stomach aches, vomiting, dizziness
and diarrhea. Chronic copper poisoning has even more lethal impacts. It results in Wilson’s
disease symptoms of which is hepatic cirrhosis, brain damage, demyelization, renal disease,
and copper deposition in the cornea. High copper concentrations have negative effect on
the growth of plants. It affects the processes in the soils and the micro-organisms and their
activities. Thus it is difficult to find much vegetation near copper disposing factories.
Apparatus: Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
5.5.10 Iron:
Iron is one of the most widely used elements because of its strength and low cost.
With an increase in demand of steel, mining of iron ore has increased manifold. With more
steel production and iron ore mining, iron concentrations are bound to increase which is all
the more reason to be concerned about. Iron is present in hemoglobin which makes it an
important element for the human body. However its retention in the tissues may lead to
conjunctivitis, choroiditis and retinitis. Its deficiency leads to a disease called anemia which
is the decrease in the amount of red blood cells.
Apparatus: Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
5.5.11 Manganese:
Manganese compounds are abundantly found in soils. They are enormously useful
in a variety of processes and industries. Its use in the steel making, ceramic industry, as
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oxidizers, disinfectants, in fertilizers etc. make its more the reason to found in more than
appreciable concentrations in the environment. Manganese is one of the 3 essential toxic
trace elements i.e. the deficiency of this toxic element could cause adverse effects. Its
deficiency can cause fatness, glucose intolerance, blood clotting, skin problems, lowered
cholesterol levels, skeleton disorders, etc. Over exposure to manganese mainly affects the
respiratory tract and brain functions. Manganese poisoning leads to hallucinations,
forgetfulness, and nerve damage. It also cause Parkinson, lung embolism and bronchitis.
The dose level for animals is very low, hence their chances of survival in high manganese
concentration environment becomes difficult. In plants it is required for the conversion of
water to hydrogen and oxygen, hence very essential.
Apparatus: Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
5.5.12 Nickel:
Nickel is not that abundantly found on the earth’s surface. It is mainly found in the
earth’s core which is inaccessible. It used in making alloys, stainless steel, batteries,
catalysts etc. Nickel is essential for the human body only in small concentrations. Exposure
to nickel is from smoking cigarettes, tea and vegetables. High levels of nickel can lead to
respiratory failure, asthma and chronic bronchitis, heart disorders, increased chances of
cancer, allergic reactions, etc. High levels of nickel concentrations can damage plants and
in water they affect the algae growth.
Apparatus: Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
5.5.13 Lead:
Lead is rare in its native form. Thought they occur naturally, they present mostly
due to human activities. It is found while mining for zinc, silver and copper. Its pollution
is a very severe threat and is a worldwide issue. Lead is used in car batteries, paints and
ceramics and easily exposed to the human body. Lead seems to present no essential function
in the body.
However it can cause a lot of adverse effects some of which are rise in blood
pressure, kidney damage, disruption of nervous system, brain damage, psychological
disturbances, disruption of the biosynthesis of hemoglobin and anemia. Lead enters in to
waters and soils through corrosion of leaded pipelines.
Apparatus: Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

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5.5.14 Selenium:
Selenium is a non-metallic element and among the rarest of the elements, even rare
silver. Selenium finds it use in electronics in making photocells and solar cells. It is also
widely used in the glass industry as a coloring agent or a color removing agent. Selenium
essential in maintaining the health. Its deficiency can cause heart and muscle problems.
High levels can cause various health effects like brittle hair, deformed nails, rashes, skin
swells and severe pains. Selenium poisoning in extreme can cause death. Selenium effects
on the environment depend on the nature of interaction with other compounds.
Apparatus: Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
5.5.15 Zinc:
Zinc is usually found in its metal form. It ends up in water mainly through mining
of zinc ores and the rest from the different industries such as galvanizing industries. Zinc
salts can cause turbidity in water in higher concentrations and add an unwanted flavor to
the water. It has a dietary value as trace element and involved in the processes relating to
enzymes and DNA replication. Deficiency of zinc can lead to tastelessness and loss of
appetite. High doses of zinc lead to nausea vomiting, dizziness, fevers and diarrhea. Zinc
helps in protecting people from cadmium poisoning and also decrease lead absorption. Zinc
is an essential element of great importance for humans, plants and animals. A remarkable
mention is made of superoxide dismutase, as it has a principle function in the protection of
the organism against activated oxygen species [1]. However if it is in excess, this metal can
also play an important role in the progression of damages to human body, including
disturbances in energy metabolism or increase in oxidative stress. The wide range of
functions that zinc plays in the organism may be due to its role as a cofactor of over200
enzymes and structural role in a large number of zinc finger proteins. The most important
and common causes in zinc deficiency are related to nutritional causes, thus, identifying
the zinc content in different samples is very important
Apparatus: Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

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Table 4 : 5.3 Results for various parameters using AAS

Parameters SL-1 SL-2 SL-3 SL-4 SL-5 SL-6 SL-7 SL-8

Boron BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.019 0.446 0.073

Calcium 11.43 62.04 15.88 70.38 67.52 45.4 17.9 34.7

Magnesium 8.755 48.14 19.02 30.45 31.18 38.9 86.3 24.1

Silicon 0.164 3.552 3.673 5.474 5.18 5.465 6.39 4.212

Arsenic BDL BDL BDL 0.032 0.042 0.026 0.001 0.001

Cadmium 0.005 0.006 0.004 0.004 0.007 0.005 0.004 0.003

Cobalt 0.006 0.197 0.011 0.008 0.011 0.014 0.013 0.015

Chromium BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.007

Copper BDL BDL BDL 0.032 0.026 0.046 BDL BDL

Iron BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL

Manganese BDL 1.663 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL

Nickel BDL 0.334 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.008

Lead BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL

Selenium 0.037 0.036 0.016 0.115 0.079 0.115 0.07 0.087

Zinc BDL 0.076 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL

5.6 FLAME PHOTOMETRY

Flame photometry, also known as flame emission spectrometry, is an analytical

technique used to determine the concentration of specific chemical elements in a sample.
It operates on the principle of atomic emission spectroscopy, where atoms in the sample
are excited by heating them in a flame, causing them to emit light at characteristic
wavelengths. This emitted light is then measured by a photodetector, and the intensity is
proportional to the concentration of the target elements in the sample. Flame photometry
finds widespread application in various fields, including environmental analysis, clinical
chemistry, and metallurgy, due to its simplicity, speed, and cost-effectiveness. However,
its narrow dynamic range and susceptibility to interferences can limit its utility for complex
samples and trace element analysis, necessitating careful calibration and sample
preparation procedures for accurate results.

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5.6.1 Sodium:
Sodium is an important dietary mineral that ends up in naturally in water from rocks
and soils. Sodium is present mainly in its compound form. In its elemental form, it comes
class 2 hazard i.e. it is extremely harmful. Sodium compounds are naturally present in water
but their concentrations can vary depending on the geology and the level of contamination.
Sodium in the body regulates the nerve functions, maintains the balance of acids and bases
and also regulates the cellular fluids. Increased intake of sodium may result in high blood
pressure, arteriosclerosis, oedema, hyperosmolarity, confusion, increased risk of infection,
etc. Its shortage however results in dehydration, convulsion, muscle paralysis, decreased
growth and general numbness. Sodium salts has many uses in the mining industry, for
example in water treatment including softening, disinfection, corrosion control, pH
adjustment, coagulation etc.
Apparatus: Flame Photometry
5.6.2 Potassium:
Potassium like sodium is an important dietary mineral occurring in water from the
minerals during the weathering process. It is very reactive in its elemental form and thus
very harmful. Potassium in association with sodium maintains the integrity of the nervous
system. The help in maintaining the fluid balance in the cell. Increased levels of potassium
in the body could lead to hypertension, adrenal insufficiency, coronary artery disease, etc.
Apparatus: Flame Photometry

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Table 5 : 5.4 Results for sodium and potassium using flame photometry

SAMPLE NO. SODIUM POTASSIUM

SAMPLE 1 3.791 0.29

SAMPLE 2 3.791 16.63

SAMPLE 3 5.382 3.885

SAMPLE 4 3.198 10.19

SAMPLE 5 24.75 10.06

SAMPLE 6 21.52 14.81

SAMPLE 7 21.5 12

SAMPLE 8 13.65 6.22

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CHAPTER 6

REUSING OF MINE WATER IN VARIOUS

PURPOSE AT SCCL

6.1 SCCL MINE WATER

Mine water from SCCL is utilized for industrial and domestic purposes within the
mine as well as discharged outside the project for community domestic use and irrigation.
The mine discharge water is firstly collected in the storage/settling tanks within the
mine from where the water is used for different industrial purposes such as dust
suppression, HEMM washing, plantation, etc.
The water which is used for HEMM washing in workshop contains mud, oil and
grease. These effluents are treated in Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP), where the mud, oil
and grease are collected in separate chambers and the treated water is again recycled for
dust suppression, plantation purposes.
There are 28 nos ETPs in SCCL presently. Sewage Treatment Plants (STP) are
provided in all colonies to treat domestic effluents. The treated water is being used for
plantation purpose. Some of the domestic effluents are being discharged into oxidation
ponds. There are 9 STPs in operation in SCCL. Further, 4 STPs are under construction and
3 more are proposed.
Further, mine discharge water is treated in filter beds to make it potable for mines,
colonies and surrounding villagers.
The excess mine water is discharged into nearby settling tanks/settling ponds
before discharging into natural streams/ tanks.
The infrastructure available in the projects of SCCL are provided as below.

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Table 6 : 6.1 The infrastructure available in the projects of SCCL

SNO AREA MINE NAME CAPACITY OF DATE OF

SETTLING TANK COMMISSIONING

1. Ramagundam-1 Medipally OCP 60 kilolitre per day Apr-2012

2. Area workshop 60 kilolitre per day 28.02.2003

3. Ramagundam-2 RG OCP III 60 kilolitre per day Feb-1999

4. Area workshop 60 kilolitre per day Apr-2003

5. Ramagundam-3 RG OC-1 New site 60 kilolitre per day May-2002

6. RG OCP-1 60 kilolitreper day Aug-2003

7. RG-II BWS 60 kilolitre per day Aug-2002

8. RG OC-II 60 kilolitre per day Jan-2012

9. Srirampur SRPAreaworkshop 60 kilolitre per day 11.03.2004

10. SRP OC 60 kilolitre per day 2021

11. Mandamarri MMAreaworkshop 60 kilolitre per day Prior to 1995

12. RKP OC 60 kilolitre per day 31.12.2014

13. KK OC 60 kilolitre per day 2017-18

14. Bellampalli Khairagura OCP 60 kilolitre per day 30.11.2006

15. Khairugura CHP 60 kilolitre per day 30.01.2014

16. Dorli OC-I 60 kilolitre per day 19.08.2009

17. Dorli OC-II 60 kilolitre per day 20.02.2015

18. OCP Goleti-I 60 kilolitre per day 20.12.2013

19. Bhupalapalli KTK OC Section 60 kilolitre per day Apr-02

1
20. Manuguru OC II Dumper sec 60 kilolitre per day 01.04.2005

Department of Mining Engineering,MIST Page 42

 ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY AROUND THE MINE SITES

21. CHP 60 kilolitre per day 30.03.2015

22. SMS Plant 60 kilolitre per day 2017-18

23. Yellandu JK OC 60 kilolitre per day 01-06-2003

24. Koyagudem OC 60 kilolitre per day 18.06.2005

25. Kothagudem GK OC 60 kilolitre per day 31.03.2003

26. JVR OC 60 kilolitre per day 12.05.2003

27. Base workshop 60 kilolitre per day 23.06.2006

28. Corporate Vehicle service 60 kilolitre per day 15.06.2003

station

Figure 20 : 6.1 Settling tanks and check dams SCCL

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Figure 21 : 6.2 STP at pothana colony ,Godavarikhani ,SCCL

6.2 EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT:

Mine water is utilized in workshop for washing and cleaning of HEMMs. The water
after washing of HEMMs is collected and treated in effluent treatment plants. The treated
water is recirculated for washing and cleaning of HEMM’s, thus maintaining zero
discharge. This water is hence not used for any other purpose. The effluent treatment plant
consists of collection and settling tanks, oil and grease unit, equalization tank and clear
water tank. Further, the sludge generated from the process collected in drying beds. Process
flow diagram is as below

Figure 22 : 6.3: Process flow diagram of Effluent treatment plant

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Figure 23 : 6.4 ETP at Manuguru OC-II

6.3 SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT

The sewage generated from colonies is collected through pipelines to sewage

treatment plants for treatment conforming to the discharge standards. The sewage water is
collected in collection tank and passed through screens to remove coarse particles, followed
by biological treatment units to reduce the organic pollutant load. Further, the water is
passed through sedimentation tanks and filter beds to remove particulates. Subsequently
the water is passed through disinfection units. Finally, the treated water so collected is
stored in collection tanks for reusing the same for gardening & plantation purposes, fire-
fighting and dust suppression activities. The sludge is dried on beds and used as manure
for plantation purpose

Figure 24 : 6.5 Sewage treatment plant layout

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Figure 25: 6.6 percentage breakup of mine water utilization within coal companies

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 ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY AROUND THE MINE SITES

CHAPTER 7

WATER QUALITY INDEX CALCULATION

7.1 WATER QUALITY INDEX

A water quality index (WQI) is a numerical expression that provides a summary of

the overall quality of water based on multiple physicochemical, biological, and sometimes
microbiological parameters. It serves as a convenient tool for assessing and communicating
the suitability of water for various uses, such as drinking, recreation, agriculture, and
aquatic habitats. The calculation of a WQI involves assigning individual parameter scores
based on predetermined criteria, such as water quality standards or guidelines, and then
aggregating these scores into a single index value using mathematical formulas or
weighting factors. Common parameters included in WQIs may encompass measures of
physical characteristics (e.g., temperature, turbidity), chemical constituents (e.g., pH,
dissolved oxygen, nutrients, heavy metals), and biological indicators (e.g., fecal coliform
bacteria, biological oxygen demand). The resulting index value provides stakeholders with
a concise and understandable representation of water quality conditions, allowing for
comparisons over time, between locations, and against regulatory benchmarks. WQIs are
valuable tools for water resource management, decision-making, and public awareness
efforts, facilitating informed actions to protect and improve water quality for human and
environmental health.
1. Water Quality Index (WQI) classifies the water quality based on the level of purity
of water, using the most commonly analysed water quality parameters,
2. Using MULTI WATER QUALITY CHECKER the water parameters are obtained
3. viz.,potential of hydrogen(pH), electric conductivity, total dissolved solids, total
hardness and calcium,Magnesium,Iron,Flouride,Turbidity Scientists have widely
used the method for classifying water quality.
4. The WQI (Brown, 1972) can be calculated by using the following expression:
∑ 𝑄𝑖𝑊𝑖
𝑊𝑄𝐼 =
∑ 𝑊𝑖

Where, Qi (quality rating scale) can be calculated for each parameter by using the
following expression:
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(𝑉𝑖 − 𝑉𝑜)
𝑄𝑖 = 100 × [ ]
(𝑆𝑖 − 𝑉𝑜)

Where,
Vi= estimated concentration of ith parameter in the analysed water
Vo= Ideal value of this parameter in pure water
Vo= 0(except pH=7 and DO=14.6mg/l)
Si= Standard permissible value of ith parameter

The unit weight (Wi) for each water quality parameter is calculated by using the following
formula
Wi =(K/Si)
Where,
K = Proportionality constant and is calculated from the following Equation

1
𝐾=[ ]
∑(1⁄𝑆𝑖 )

7.2 OBSERVATION

Table 7 : 7.1 Observations of physical parameters

EFFULENT
PARAMETER TREATMENT KISTARAM OCP I B VALLE
PLANT
PH 7.49 4.6 6.1
Electicity
100.33 310 122
contductivity
Total dissolved
67.22 473.7 266.66
solids
Total hardness 40.67 239.33 322.87
Calcium 55.61 45.05 28.17
Magnesium 6.48 16.5 21.83
Iron 0.05 0.38 0.11
Fluoride 0.02 0.06 0.5
Turbirity 1.3 2.43 4.15

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7.3 CALCULATION:

7.3.1 Effluent Treatment Plant

Table 8 : 7.2 Calculation of effluent treatment plant parameters

Mean
Ideal
BIS conc
PARAMETER 1/Si ∑ 1/Si K=1/(1/Si) Wi=k/Si value Vn/Sn Vn/sn100=Qn wnQn
STANDARD value
(Vo)
(Vn)

PH 8.5 0.117647 4.706314 0.21248052 0.0249977 7 7.9 0.6 60 1.4998625

EC 300 0.003333 4.706314 0.21248052 0.0007082 0 100.3 0.3344 33.44 0.023686

Total
dissolved 500 0.002 4.706314 0.21248052 0.000424 0 67.22 0.134 13.444 0.005713
solids

Calcium 75 0.013333 4.706314 0.21248052 0.002833 0 55.61 0.741 74.14 0.210062

magnesium 30 0.033333 4.706314 0.21248052 0.007086 0 6.48 0.216 21.6 0.152985

Iron 0.3 3.33333 4.706314 0.21248052 0.708268 0 0.05 0.166 16.666 11.80447

Flouride 1 1 4.706314 0.21248052 0.212480 0 0.02 0.02 2 0.424961

turbidity 5 0.2 4.706314 0.21248052 0.042496 0 1.3 0.26 26 1.104898

Total hardness 300 0.00333 4.706314 0.21248052 0.000708 0 40.67 0.135 13.5566 0.009601

TOTAL 1.0 15.23

7.3.2 Kistaram OCP:

Table 9 : 7.3 Calculation of Kistaram OCP parameters

PARAMETER BIS 1/Si ∑ 1/Si K=1/(1/Si) Wi=k/Si Ideal Mean Vn/Sn Vn/sn100 wnQn
STANDA value conc =Qn
RD (Vo) value
(Vn)

PH 8.5 0.117647 4.706314 0.21248052 0.024997 7 4.61 1.6 160 3.999

EC 300 0.003333 4.706314 0.21248052 0.000708 0 310 1.0333 103.333 0.7319

Total 500 0.002 4.706314 0.21248052 0.000424 0 473.7 0.947 94.74 0.04026
dissolved
solids

CALCIUM 75 0.013333 4.706314 0.21248052 0.000283 0 45.04 0.600 60.066 0.17017

magnesium 30 0.033333 4.706314 0.21248052 0.007082 0 16.5 0.55 55 0.38955

Iron 0.3 3.33333 4.706314 0.21248052 0.708268 0 0.38 1.266 126.6666 89.714

Flouride 1 1 4.706314 0.21248052 0.212480 0 0.06 0.06 6 1.27488

turbidity 5 0.2 4.706314 0.21248052 0.043496 0 2.48 0.496 49.6 2.1078

Total hardness 300 0.00333 4.706314 0.21248052 0.000708 0 239.3 0.797 79.7766 0.0565

TOTAL 1.0 97.826

Department of Mining Engineering,MIST Page 49

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7.3.3 JVR OC
Table 10 : 7.4 Calculation of JVR OC area parameters

PARAMET BIS 1/Si ∑ 1/Si K=1/(1/Si) Wi=k/Si Ideal Mean Vn/S Vn/sn100 wnQn
ER STANDARD value conc n =Qn
(Vo) value
(Vn)

PH 8.5 0.117647 4.706314 0.21248052 0.024997 7 6.1 0.6 60 1.49966

EC 300 0.003333 4.706314 0.21248052 0.000708 0 122 0.4066 40.66 0.0288

Total 500 0.002 4.706314 0.21248052 0.000424 0 266.6 0.533 53.332 0.02266
dissolved
solids

75 0.013333 4.706314 0.21248052 0.002833 0 28.17 0.375 37.56 0.106

Calcium
magnesium 30 0.033333 4.706314 0.21248052 0.007082 0 21.83 0.727 72.76 0.515

Iron 0.3 3.33333 4.706314 0.21248052 0.708268 0 0.11 0.366 36.667 25.96

Flouride 1 1 4.706314 0.21248052 0.212480 0 0.5 0.5 50 10.66

turbidity 5 0.2 4.706314 0.21248052 0.042496 0 4.15 0.83 83 3.5271

Total 300 0.00333 4.706314 0.21248052 0.000708 0 122.8 0.409 40.956 0.0290
hardness

TOTAL 1.0 42.332

7.4 RESULTS

Table 11 : 7.5 Results of the parameters from three

Site Index Value Water Quality Status

Effulent Treatment 15.23 Excellent

plant
Kistaram OCP 97.82 Very poor

JVR OC 42.32 Good

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 ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY AROUND THE MINE SITES

7.5 STANDARD TABLE FOR WATER QUALITY INDEX:

Table 12 : 7.6 Standard table for water quality index

Water quality Water quality status Water quality Possible uses

Index level grading

0-25 Excellent A Drinking

,irrigation and
industrial
26-50 Good B Drinking
,irrigation and
industrial
51-75 Poor C Irrigation and
industrial

76-100 Very poor D For irrigation

>100 Unsuitable for E Proper treatment

drinking and fish required for any
culture kind of usage

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 ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY AROUND THE MINE SITES

CHAPTER 8

CONCLUSION

The management of both the mines have done well to keep the concentrations of
most of the parameters within the permissible limits. However they still have to be vigilant,
since some of the parameters are falling outside the permissible range. The acidic nature of
the water is mainly due to the pyrite content contained in the coal . Soil testing should be
carried out to verify this.It clearly shows that coal mining has certain impact on the water
quality. and both Kistaram OCP and JVR OC’s water quality index has found .JVR OC
has good water quality comparing to Kistaram OCP .Since awareness and restriction with
regard to water quality has already been put in place by the regulatory authorities, the
impact here is not as profoundly seen as the coal mining process can have some minor
impact on the environment
The study of SCCL's water purification methods, including Effluent treatment
plants (ETP) and Sewage treatment plants (STP), suggests a proactive approach towards
environmental sustainability

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REFERENCES

1. American Public Health Association (APHA),1985, Standards Methods for

Examination of Water and Wastewater, 16th Edition, United States of
America, Baltimore, Maryland.

2. Singh R N, Atkins A K and Pathan A G, 2010, “Determination of ground

water quality associated with lignite mining in arid climate”, International
Journal of Mining & Environmental Issues, Vol. 1,pp: 65-78.

3. Singh R N, Dharmappa H B, Sivakumar M, 1998, “Study of waste water

quality management in Illawara coal mines”, Coal Conference, University
of Wollongong, pp: 456473.

4. Muthangya M and Samoei D, 2012, “Status of water quality in the coal rich Mui
Basin on Kitui county, Kenya”, ARPN Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 1, pp: 48-
51.

5. Pathak V and Banerjee A K, 1992, “Mine water pollution in Chapha Incline,

Umaria

6. Coalfield, eastern Madhya Pradesh, India”, Mine water and the environment,
Vol. 11, pp: 27-36.

7. Singh G, 1998, “Impact of coal mining on mine water quality”, International

Journal of Mine Water, Vol. 7, pp: 49-59. Verma S, Thakur B and Das S,
2012, “To analyse the water sample of pond located near Nandini mines in
Durg district, Chattisgarh, India”, Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical
Sciences, Vol. 22, pp: 1-3.

8. Xu L J and Gao Y M, 2009, “Coal mine subsided water quality assessment

and subsided water resource comprehensive utilization analysis”,
International Conference on Environmental Science and Information
Application Technology, pp: 225-228.

9. https://scclmines.com/scclnew/images/pdfs/SDC_Mine_Water_Utilization.pdf

Department of Mining Engineering,MIST Page 53

 STUDENT BIO-DATA

Name : DILEEP KUMAR KANTE

Father Name : VENKATA MUTYALU KANTE

Registration Number : 21C65A2514

Date of Birth : 25 NOVEMBER 2001

Nationality : Indian

Communication
:
Address

Town/Village : Ganeshpadu

Mandal : Dammapeta

District : Bhadradri Kothagudem

Pin code : 507306

Phone : 7997574556

E-mail : [email protected]

Qualification : SSC, DIPLOMA

Technical skills : MS Office, FLAC3D, 3DEC

Declaration I hereby declaring that all the

:
above information stated is true

Date: Signature
 STUDENT BIO-DATA

Name : CHINTALA LAKSHMANA RAO

Father Name : CHINTALA SRINU

Registration Number : 21C65A2513

Date of Birth : 20 APRIL 2002

Nationality : Indian

Communication
:
Address

Town/Village : Marlapadu

Mandal : Vemsoor

District : Khammam

Pin code : 507164

Phone : 6303320483

E-mail : [email protected]

Qualification : SSC, DIPLOMA

Technical skills : MS Office, FLAC3D, 3DEC

Declaration I hereby declaring that all the

:
above information stated is true

Date: Signature
 STUDENT BIO-DATA

Name : BUDDE BHANU SASIDHAR

Father Name : BUDDE SRIDHAR

Registration Number : 21C65A2509

Date of Birth : 08 MARCH 2002

Nationality : Indian

Communication
:
Address

Town/Village : Dhammapeta

Mandal : Dhammapeta

District : Bhadradri Kothagudem

Pin code : 507306

Phone : 9515165507

E-mail : [email protected]

Qualification : SSC, DIPLOMA

Technical skills : MS Office, FLAC3D, 3DEC

Declaration I hereby declaring that all the

:
above information stated is true

Date: Signature
 STUDENT BIO-DATA

Name : IRSHAD MOHAMMAD

Father Name : UMMAR MOHAMMAD

Registration Number : 21C65A2536

Date of Birth : 16 NOVEMBER 2002

Nationality : Indian

Communication
:
Address

Town/Village : Aswaraopeta

Mandal : Aswaraopeta

District : Bhadradri Kothagudem

Pin code : 507301

Phone : 939811938

E-mail : [email protected]

Qualification : SSC, DIPLOMA

Technical skills : MS Office, FLAC3D, 3DEC

Declaration I hereby declaring that all the

:
above information stated is true

Date: Signature
 STUDENT BIO-DATA

Name : VIDIVADA SAI SRI RAM

Father Name : RAMA SATYANARAYANA

Registration Number : 21C65A2555

Date of Birth : 14 NOVEMBER 2001

Nationality : Indian

Communication
:
Address

Town/Village : Aswaraopeta

Mandal : Aswaraopeta

District : Bhadradri Kothagudem

Pin code : 507301

Phone : 7671035011

E-mail : [email protected]

Qualification : SSC, DIPLOMA

Technical skills : MS Office, FLAC3D, 3DEC

Declaration I hereby declaring that all the

:
above information stated is true

Date: Signature