Acid Radicals

Group+Reagent Radical Detection Confirmatory Test-1 Confirmatory Test-2 Confirmatory Test-3

CO32- Colourless, odourless gas (CO2) evolved with O.S + MgSO4 → White ppt. in cold state O.S + CaCl2 → White ppt. in cold state Salt + water + shake → Insoluble in water.
effervescence which turns lime water milky.

HCO31- Colourless, odourless gas (CO2) evolved with O.S + MgSO4 → White ppt. in hot state .S + CaCl2 → White ppt. in hot state ________
Dilute acid effervescence which turns lime water milky.
group
S2- Colorless gas with rotten egg smell, which turns lead O.S + Lead acetate → Black ppt. O.S + CdCl2 → Yellow ppt. O.S + Sodium nitroprusside→ Violet Colour
Salt + dil. acetate paper black
H2SO4
SO32- Colorless gas with burning smell (SO2) evolved which O.S + dil H2SO4 + KMnO4 → Colour of O.S + Lead acetate → White ppt. (No O.S + Br2 → Red brown color of Br2
turns acidified K2Cr2O7 paper green KMnO4 discharges. color change on heat) discharges

S2O32- Colorless gas with burning smell (SO2) evolved which O.S + FeCl3 → Violet color O.S + Lead acetate → White ppt. O.S + AgNO3 → White ppt, change to
turns acidified K2Cr2O7 paper green (Turn black on heat) yellow brown and then black

NO21- Reddish brown gas (NO2) with pungent smell O.S + dil H2SO4 + KMnO4 → Colour of O.S + dil H2SO4 + FeSO4 → Black O.S + dil H2SO4 + KI → Red colour which
KMnO4 discharges. brown coloration. changes to brown

Concentrat C2O42- Colorless, odourless gas, turns lime water milky. O.S + dil H2SO4 + KMnO4 + heat → O.S + CaCl2 → white ppt., soluble in _______
ed acid Purple color of KMnO4 discharges. HCl.
group CH3COO- Colourless vapours with vinegar smell. Palm Test: Salt + oxalic acid + 2-3 drops Esterification: O.S + Ethanol + few O.S + FeCl3 → Red color which changes to
of H2O & rub → Vinegar smell drops of H2SO4 + heat → Fruity smell brown ppt. on heat
Salt + conc.
H2SO4 NO31- Reddish brown gas (NO2) with pungent smell, turns Ring test: O.S + fresh FeSO4 + conc. O.S + NaOH + Zn dust + heat → NH3 O.S + Diphenylamine → Deep blue solution
FeSO4 paper black. H2SO4 → Dark brown ring is formed at gas evolved
junctions of two solutions

Cl- Colorless gas (HCl) with pungent smell, gives dense Chromyl chloride test: O.S + AgNO3 → White ppt. soluble in Salt + MnO2 + conc. H2SO4 + heat →
white fumes with NH4OH. NH4OH Green-yellow gas (Cl2) evolved.
Salt + K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 + heat → Red
brown fumes of CrO2Cl2

Br- Reddish brown pungent smell vapors, turns starch Layer test: O.S + dil H2SO4 + KMnO4 + O.S + AgNO3 → pale yellow ppt., Salt + MnO2 + conc. H2SO4 + heat → Red
paper yellow and contents of tube are red CCl4 + shake → CCl4 layer turns orange partially soluble in NH4OH brown gas (Br2) evolved
 I- Violet, odourless vapors, turns starch paper blue. Layer test: O.S + dil H2SO4 + KMnO4 + O.S + AgNO3 → yellow ppt., insoluble Salt + MnO2 + conc. H2SO4 + heat → Violet
CCl4 + shake → CCl4 layer turns violet in NH4OH vapors (I2) evolved

Special SO42- O.S + BaCl2 → white ppt. insoluble in dil. HCl O.S + AgNO3 → No ppt. O.S + lead acetate → white ppt. O.S + SrCl2 → white ppt.

group .

PO43- O.S + BaCl2 → white ppt. soluble in dil. HCl O.S + AgNO3 → yellow ppt. O.S + FeCl3 → yellow ppt. O.S + Co(NO3)2 → violet blue ppt.

Basic Radicals
Group/ Reagent Radical Detection Confirmatory Test-1 Confirmatory Test-2 Confirmatory Test-3

Group I Ag+ White ppt., soluble in NH4OH O.S + K2Cr2O7 → brick red ppt. O.S + KI → yellow ppt. ________

O.S + dil. Pb2+ White ppt., insoluble in NH4OH O.S + K2Cr2O7 → yellow ppt. O.S + KI → bright yellow ppt. O.S + Na2S → Black ppt.
HCl→ ppt.
Hg1+ White ppt., turn black on addition of NH4OH O.S + K2Cr2O7 → red brown ppt. O.S + KI → dirty green ppt. ________

Group II A Cd2+ Yellow ppt. O.S + NaOH → white ppt. O.S + NH4OH → white ppt. soluble in ________
excess of NaOH
O.S + dil HCl
+ H2S → ppt. Cu2+ Black ppt. (blue salt) O.S + NaOH → blue ppt. O.S + K4[Fe(CN)6] → chocolate brown Flame test → blue-green flame
ppt.
(ppt.
Hg2+ Black ppt. O.S + NaOH → yellow ppt. O.S + KI → red ppt. O.S + SnCl2 → white ppt.
insoluble in
ammonium
Pb2+ Black ppt. O.S + K2CrO4 → yellow ppt. O.S + KI → bright yellow ppt. O.S + Na2S → Black ppt.
sulphide)

Bi3+ Black ppt. O.S + NaOH → white ppt. O.S + HCl + H2O (excess) → Milk white ________
colour
 Group II-B As3+ Pale yellow ppt. O.S + NaOH → white ppt. O.S + KI → yellow ppt. _________

O.S + dil HCl +

H2S → ppt. Sb2+ Orange ppt. O.S + NaOH → white ppt. O.S + HCl + H2O (excess) → white O.S + HCl + Tin foil → Black deposits over
ppt. tin)
(ppt. soluble
in ammonium
sulphide) Sn2+ Dark brown ppt. O.S + NaOH → white ppt. O.S + HgCl2 → whie ppt. _________

Group III Al3+ White ppt. (filter ash test → blue ash) O.S + NaOH → white ppt. Lake test: O.S + few drops of litmus O.S + Na3PO4 → white ppt.
solution + dil HCl + NH4OH → Blue
O.S + ppt.
NH4Cl +
Fe2+ Red brown ppt. O.S + NaOH→ green ppt. O.S + K3[Fe(CN)6] → deep blue ppt. O.S + Na2CO3→ green white ppt.
boil +
cool +
Fe3+ Red brown ppt. O.S + NaOH→ red brown ppt. O.S + K4[Fe(CN)6] → deep blue ppt. O.S + NH4SCN → Blood red ppt.
NH4OH
(excess) Cr3+ Dirty green ppt. O.S + NaOH→ green ppt. O.S + Na2HPO4→ white ppt. __________

Group IV Ni2+ Black ppt. (green salt) O.S + NaOH → dark green ppt. O.S + NH4OH + dimethyl glyoxime __________
→ Rose red ppt.
O.S +
NH4Cl +
Co2+ Balck ppt. (Pink salt) O.S + NaOH → violet ppt. O.S + Na2HPO4→ violet ppt. O.S + CH3COOH + KNO2 → Bright yellow
boil + ppt.
cool +
NH4OH Zn2+ White ppt. (white salt) Filter ash test → green O.S + NaOH → white ppt. O.S + K4[Fe(CN)6] → white ppt. __________
(excess) ash
+ H2S →
ppt. Mn2+ Flesh or buff ppt. (Light pink salt) O.S + NaOH → white ppt. O.S + Na2HPO4→ white ppt. __________
formed

Group V Ba2+ White ppt. O.S + dil H2SO4 → white ppt. O.S + (NH4)2C2O4 → white ppt. Flame test → Apple green flame

O.S + 1st portion + K2CrO4 → yellow ppt.

 NH4Cl + Sr2+ White ppt. O.S + dil H2SO4 → white ppt. O.S + Na2HPO4→ white ppt. Flame test → Crimson red flame
boil, cool
2nd portion + (NH4)2SO4 → white ppt.
+ NH4OH
(excess)
+
(NH4)2CO3
Ca2+ White ppt. O.S + dil H2SO4 → white ppt. O.S + Na2HPO4→ white ppt. Flame test →Brick red flame
→ ppt.
3rd portion + (NH4)2C2O4 → white ppt. O.S + NH4Cl + K4[Fe(CN)6] → white ppt.
Above
ppt. acetic
acid +
shake →
ppt. are
dissolved
(make 3
portions)

Group VI Mg2+ Filter ash test → pink ash O.S + NaOH → white ppt. O.S + Na2CO3 → white ppt. O.S + (NH4)2CO3 → White ppt.

No reagent Na+ Flame test → golden yellow flame O.S + Zinc uranyl acetate solution → Yellow ________ _________
ppt.

K+ Flame test → Violet flame O.S + picric acid → yellow needle like crystals O.S + tartaric acid → white crystalline _________
ppt.

NH4+ Salt + heat → sublime O.S + picric acid → yellow needle like crystals O.S + NaOH + Nesslers reagent → _________
Brown ppt.