UNIT-3

COLLECTION AND TRANSFER

By
P.MUTHURAMAN
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering,
V V College of Engineering, Tisaiyanvillai.
 Syllabus

Methods of Collection – types of vehicles – Manpower

requirement – collection routes; transfer stations – selection
of location, operation & maintenance; options under Indian
conditions.
Primary Collection
Methods of collection
 COLLECTION
Waste collection does not mean merely the gathering of
wastes, and the process includes, as well, the
transporting of wastes to transfer stations and/or disposal
sites.
FACTORS CONSIDERING THE COLLECTION
SYSTEM
1. Collection points
These affect such collection system components as crew size and
storage, which ultimately control the cost of collection. Note that the
collection points depend on locality and may be residential, commercial
or industrial.
2. Collection frequency
Climatic conditions and requirements of a locality as well as containers
and costs determine the collection frequency. In hot and humid
climates, for example, solid wastes must be collected at least twice a
week, as the decomposing solid wastes produce bad odour and
leachate.
3. Storage containers
Proper container selection can save collection energy, increase
the speed of collection and reduce crew size. Most importantly,
containers should be functional for the amount and type of
materials and collection vehicles used. Containers should also
be durable, easy to handle, and economical, as well as
resistant to corrosion, weather and animals.
4. Collection route
The collection program must consider the route that is efficient
for collection. An efficient routing of collection vehicles helps
decrease costs by reducing the labour expended for collection.
5. Transfer station
A transfer station is an intermediate station between final
disposal option and collection point in order to increase the
efficiency of the system, as collection vehicles and crew
remain closer to routes.
If the disposal site is far from the collection area, it is
justifiable to have a transfer station, where smaller collection
vehicles transfer their loads to larger vehicles, which then
haul the waste long distances.
 COLLECTION VEHICLES
The collection vehicle selected must be appropriate to the
terrain, type and density of waste generation points, the
way it travels and type and kind of material
It also depends upon strength, stature and capability of the
crew that will work with it.
The collection vehicle may be small and simple (e.g., two-
wheeled cart pulled by an individual) or large, complex and
energy intensive (e.g., rear loading compactor truck).
The most commonly used collection vehicle is the dump
truck fitted with a hydraulic lifting mechanism
 TYPES OF COLLECTION VEHICLE
1. Small-scale collection and muscle-powered vehicles
These are common vehicles used for waste collection in many
countries and are generally used in rural hilly areas.
These can be small rickshaws, carts or wagons pulled by people
or animals, and are less expensive, easier to build and maintain
compared to other vehicles
They are suitable for densely populated areas with narrow
lanes, and squatter settlements, where there is relatively low
volume of waste generated. Some drawbacks of these collection
vehicles include limited travel range of the vehicles and weather
exposure that affect humans and animals.
2. Non-compactor trucks
Non-compactor trucks are efficient and cost effective in small cities
and in areas where wastes tend to be very dense and have little
potential for compaction.
When these trucks are used for waste collection, they need a
dumping system to easily discharge the waste.
It is generally required to cover the trucks in order to prevent
residue flying off or rain soaking the wastes. Trucks with capacities
of 10 – 12 m3 are effective, if the distance between the disposal
site and the collection area is less than 15 km.
If the distance is longer, a potential transfer station closer than 10
km from the collection area is required.
3. Compactor truck
Compaction vehicles are more common these days,
generally having capacities of 12 – 15 m3 due to limitations
imposed by narrow roads.
The capacity of a compaction vehicle is similar to that of a
dump truck, the weight of solid wastes collected per trip is 2
to 2.5 times larger since the wastes are hydraulically
compacted.
The success of waste management depends on the level of
segregation at source.
 THE ADVANTAGES OF THE
COMPACTOR COLLECTION VEHICLE
Containers are uniform, large, covered and relatively
visually inoffensive.
Waste is set out in containers so that the crew can pick
them up quickly.
Health risk to the collectors and odour on the streets are
minimised.
Waste is relatively inaccessible to the waste pickers.
 METHOD OF COLLECTION
 Solid waste collection systems may be classified
from several points of view

1. Mode of operation
2. Equipment use
3. Type of waste collected
 1.MODE OF OPERATION
1. Hauled container system
2. Stationary container system
1.Hauled container system
 It is a system where the containers used for storage of wastes
are hauled to the disposal site, emptied and returned.
 This system is ideally suited for the removal of wastes from
sources where generation rate is high.
There are three main types of hauled container systems:
1. Hoist truck system
2. Tilt-frame container system
3. Trash-trailer system
2. Stationary container system
 where the containers used for the storage of waste
remain at the point of generation, except for occasional
short trip to the collection vehicle.

There are two main types Stationary Container Systems

1. Mechanically loaded systems

2. Manually loaded systems
 2. Equipment used
Some of the equipments used are containers, machineries, hand tools etc.
Containers for hauled systems or operation have various sizes and shapes.
Basically, since the system is used to haul wastes from sources where the
route of generation is high large containers are provided.
Hauled containers system requires only one track, and one driver, to
accomplish the collection cycle. But each container picked up must be
returned back requiring a round trip travel.
Therefore, when using this system:
1. Container size and utilization are of great economic advantages.
2. Compressing waste to haul long distance has good advantage.
 3. Type of waste collected
• The collection of solid waste is not a single process. There are at least five
different phases. Namely
• Phase one: Generated waste in the premises (house, industry etc) to dust bin
• Phase two : From temporary storage (dust bin) to collection track
• Phase three : Truck moves from house to house or collection center to collection
center
• Phase four : Collected waste to disposal site or transfer station
• Phase five: Waste sorted for resource recovery or other management.
 Unit Operations
1. Pick-up
2. Haul
3. At-site
4. Off-route/site
 1. Pick up
1.1. Pick-up as related to hauled container system operated in the CONVENTIONAL
MODE refers to the:
• ™ Time Spent driving to the next container after an empty container has been
deposited.
• ™ time spent picking up the loaded container
• ™ time required to re-deposit the container
1.2. Pick-up as related to the exchange container mode refers to the:
• ™ Time required to pick-up a loaded container and to deposit a container at the
next
• location after its content have been emptied.
1.3. Pick-up for stationary container system refers to:
• A. The time spent loading the collection vehicle beginning with the stopping of the
vehicle
• prior to loading the content of the first container and ending when the content of the
last container to be emptied have been loaded.
 2. Haul
For hauled container system:-
• Hauling solid waste represent the time required to reach the disposal site starting
after a container whose content are to be emptied has been loaded on the truck,
plus the time spent after living the disposal site until the truck arrives at the
location where the empty container is to be deposited. However, it does not
include time spent at disposal.
For stationary container system:
• ™ The time required to reach the disposal site starting after the last container on
the route has been emptied, or the collection vehicle is filled, plus the time after
leaving the disposal site until the truck arrives at the location the first container to
be emptied on the next collection route.
 3. At site
• This refers to the time spent at the disposal siteand includes the time spent waiting
to load as well as the time spent unloading.
4. Off- Route
• This include the time spent on activities that are non productive from the point of
view of the overall collection system or operation. Many of the activities associated
with off-rout time are either necessary or unnecessary.
a. Necessary time is:
• ™ Time spent checking in and out in the morning and at the end of the day
• ™ Time lost due to unavoidable congestion
• ™ Time spent on equipment repair (tire, engine etc).
b. Unnecessary time includes:
• ™ Time spent for lunch in excess of the time allowed
• ™ Time spent on an unauthorized break
• ™ Time spent with friend etc
 Developing collection routes
• Detailed route configurations and collection schedules should be developed for
the selected collection system. Efficient routing and rerouting of solid waste
collection vehicles can decrease costs by reducing the labor expended for
collection.
• Routing procedures usually consist of two separate components. These are
micro routing and macro routing.
 Macro routing
• Macro routing, also referred to as route balancing, consists of dividing the total
collection area into routes sized so they represent one day’s collection for one
crew.
• The size of each route depends on the amount of waste collected per stop,
distance between stops, loading time, and traffic conditions.
• Barriers, such as rail road embankments, rivers, and roads with heavy
competing traffic, can be used to divide route territories.
• As much as possible, the size and shape of route areas should be balanced
within the limits imposed by such barriers.
• For large areas, macro routing can be best accomplished by first dividing the
total area into districts, each consisting of the complete area to be serviced by
all crews on a given day.
• Then, each district can be divided into routes for individual crews.
 Micro routing
• Micro routing analyses and planning can do the following:
• ƒTo increase the likelihood that all streets will be serviced equally and
consistently.
• Toƒ help supervisors locate crews quickly because they know specific routes that
will be taken.
• To provide theoretically optimal routes that can be tested against driver judgment
and experience to provide the best actual routes.
• The method selected for micro routing must be simple enough to use for route
rebalancing when system changes occur or to respond to seasonal variations in
waste generation rates.
• For example, growth in parts of a community might necessitate overtime on
several routes to complete them.
• Rebalancing can perhaps consolidate this need for increased service to a new
route.
 Heuristic Route Development: A Manual
Approach
• The heuristic route development process is a relatively simple manual (i.e., not
computer-assisted) approach that applies specific routing patterns to
block con- figurations.
• United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) developed the
method to promote efficient routing layout and to minimize the number of turns
and dead space encountered.
• When using this approach, route planners can use tracing paper over a fairly large-
scale block map.
• The map should show collection service garage locations, disposal or
transfer sites, one-way streets, natural barriers, and areas of heavy traffic
flow. Routes should then be traced onto the tracing paper using the rules
presented below
 Rules for Heuristic Routing

1. Routes should not be fragmented or overlapping. Each route should be

compact, consisting of street segments clustered in the same geographical
area.
2. Total collection plus hauling times should be reasonably constant for
each route in the community (equalized workloads).
3. The collection route should be started as close to the garage or motor pool as
possible, taking into account heavily traveled and one-way streets .
4. Heavily traveled streets should not be collected during rush hours.
5. In the case of one-way streets, it is best to start the route near the upper end of
the street, working down it through the looping process.
6. Services on dead-end streets can be considered as services on the street
segment that they intersect, since they can only be collected by passing down
that street segment. To keep left turns at a minimum, collect the dead-end
streets when they are to the right of the truck. They must be collected by walking
down, backing down, or making a U-turn.
7. Waste on a steep hill should be collected, when practical, on both sides of the
street while vehicle is moving downhill. This facilitates safety, ease, and speed of
collection. It also lessens wear of vehicle and conserves gas and oil.
8. Higher elevations should be at the start of the route.
 Computer-Assisted Routing
• Computer programs can be helpful in route design , especially when routes are
rebalanced on a periodic basis.
• Programs can be used to develop detailed micro routes or simpler rebalances of
existing routes.
• To program detailed micro routes, planners require information similar to that
needed for heuristic routing.
• This information might include block configurations, waste generation rates,
distance between residences and between routes and disposal or transfer sites,
topographical features, and loading times.
• Communities that already have a geographic information system (GIS) database
are in an especially good position to take advantage of computerized route
balancing.
Planning of solid waste collection program.
a. Routing system of collection
There are two types of routing system. These are:
1. Micro routing :the routing of a vehicle within its assigned collection zone concerned
with how to route a truck through a series of one or two way streets so that the
total distance traveled is minimized very difficult to design and execute
2. Macro routing: large scale routing to the disposal site and the establishment of the
individual route boundaries.
b. Modes of operation in solid waste collection
1. Hauled container system- the containers used for the storage of wastes are hauled
to the disposal site, emptied and returned.
2. Stationary container system - the containers used for the storage of waste remain
at the point of generation except for occasional short trip to the collection vehicles.
C. Unit operations
1. Pick-up - refers to the time spent driving to the next container after
an empty container has been deposited.
2.Haul - represents the time required to reach the disposal site starting after a
container whole contents are to be emptied has been loaded on the truck plus the
time spent after leaving the disposal site until the truck arrive at the location where
the empty container to be deposited.
3. At site- refers to the time spent at the disposal site and includes the time spent
waiting to unload as well as the time spent in a loading.
4. Off-site - includes the time spent on activities that are non-productive from the
point of view of the over all collection system.
 TRANSFER STATION
Factors that affect the selection of a transfer station:
1. Types of waste received.
2. Processes required in recovering material from wastes.
3. Required capacity and amount of waste storage desired.
4. Types of collection vehicles using the facility.
5. Types of transfer vehicles that can be accommodated at the disposal
facilities.
6. Site topography and access.

The main problem in the establishment of a transfer station, however, is securing a

suitable site. Stored solid wastes and recyclable materials, if not properly
handled, will attract flies and other insect vectors. Odours from the
transferred solid wastes will also be a nuisance, if not properly controlled.
 Types
Depending on the size, transfer stations can be either of the following two types.
(i) Small to medium transfer stations
(ii) Large transfer stations
Small to medium transfer stations
• These are direct-discharge stations that provide no intermediate waste storage
area.
• The capacities are generally small (less than 100 tonnes/day) and medium
(100 to 500 tonnes/day). Depending on weather, site aesthetics and
environmental concerns, transfer operations of this size may be located either
indoor or outdoor.
• More complex small transfer stations are usually attended during hours of
operation and may include some simple waste and materials processing
facilities.
(ii) Large transfer stations:
• These are designed for heavy commercial use by private and municipal collection
vehicles. The typical operational procedure for a larger station is as follows:
• When collection vehicles arrive at the site, they are checked in for billing, weighed
and directed to the appropriate dumping area;
• Collection vehicles travel to the dumping area and empty the wastes into a waiting
trailer, a pit or a platform;
• After unloading, the collection vehicle leaves the site, and there is no need to
weigh the departing vehicle, if its weight (empty) is known;
• Transfer vehicles are weighed either during or after loading.
• If weighed during loading, trailers can be more consistently loaded to just under
maximum legal weights and this maximises payloads and minimises weight
violations.
(i) Direct-discharge non-compaction station:
• In these stations, waste is dumped directly from collection vehicle into
waiting transfer trailers and is generally designed with two main operating
floors.
• In the transfer operation, wastes are dumped directly from collection
vehicles (on the top floor) through a hopper and into open top trailers on the
lower floor.
• The trailers are often positioned on scales so that dumping can be stopped
when the maximum payload is reached.
• A stationary crane with a bucket is often used to distribute the waste in the
trailer. After loading, a cover or tarpaulin is placed over the trailer top.
• However, some provision for waste storage during peak time or system
interruptions should be developed.
• Because of the use of little hydraulic equipment, a shutdown is unlikely and this
station minimises handling of waste.
(ii) Platform/pit non-compaction station:
• In this arrangement, the collection vehicles dump their wastes onto a
platform or into a pit using waste handling equipment, where wastes can
be temporarily stored, and if desired, picked through for recyclables or
unacceptable materials.
• The waste is then pushed into open-top trailers, usually by front-end loaders.
• Like direct discharge stations, platform stations have two levels. If a pit is used,
however, the station has three levels.
• A major advantage of these stations is that they provide temporary storage,
which allows peak inflow of wastes to be leveled out over a longer period.
• Construction costs for this type of facility are usually higher because of the
increased floor space.
• This station provides convenient and efficient storage area and due to simplicity
of operation and equipment, the potential for station shutdown is less.
(iii) Compaction station:
• In this type of station, the mechanical equipment is used to increase the
density of wastes before they are transferred. The most common type of
compaction station uses a hydraulically powered compactor to compress
wastes.
• Wastes are fed into the compactor through a chute, either directly from
collection trucks or after intermediate use of a pit.
• The hydraulic ram of the compactor pushes waste into the transfer trailer,
which is usually mechanically linked to the compactor.
• Compaction stations are used when:
1. wastes must be baled for shipment;
2. open-top trailers cannot be used because of size restrictions;
3. site topography or layout does not accommodate a multi-level building.
• The main disadvantage of a compaction facility is that the facility’s
ability to process wastes is directly dependent on the operativeness of
the compactor.
• Selection of a quality compactor, regular maintenance of the
equipment, easy availability of spare parts and prompt availability of the
service personnel are essential for the station’s reliable operation.
 Capacity
• A transfer station should have enough capacity to manage and handle the
wastes at the facility throughout its operating life. While selecting the design
capacity of a transfer station, we must, therefore, consider trade-offs between the
capital costs associated with the station and equipment and the operational
costs.
• Designers should also plan adequate space for waste storage and, if
necessary, waste processing. Transfer stations are usually designed to have 1.5 –
2 days of storage capacity. The collection vehicle unloading area is usually the
waste storage area and sometimes a waste sorting area.
• When planning the unloading area, designers should allow adequate space
for vehicle and equipment direction. To minimise the space required, the facility
should be designed such that the collection vehicle backs into the unloading
position.
• Adequate space should also be available for offices, employee facilities, and other
facility-related activities.
• Factors that should be considered in determining the appropriate capacity of a transfer
facility include:
1. capacity of collection vehicles using the facility;
2. desired number of days of storage space on tipping floor;
3. time required to unload collection vehicles;
4. number of vehicles that will use the station and their expected days and
5. hours of arrival;
6. waste sorting or processing to be accomplished at the facility;
7. transfer trailer capacity;
8. hours of station operation;
9. availability of transfer trailers waiting for loading;
10.time required, if necessary, to attach and disconnect trailers from tractors or compactors.
 Viability
• Transfer stations offer benefits such as lower collection costs (because crews waste
less time travelling to the site), reduced fuel and maintenance costs for collection
vehicles, increased flexibility in selection of disposal facilities, opportunity to recover
recyclables or compostables at the transfer site and the opportunity to shred or scoop
wastes prior to disposal.
• These benefits must be weighed against the costs to develop and operate the facility.
• The classical approach to arrive at the economic viability of operating a transfer station,
is to add the unit cost of the transfer station to the cost of hauling using large vehicles,
and to compare this cost with the cost of hauling directly to the disposal site using the
smaller vehicles that service the collection area.
• The cost of hauling using small vehicles is the sum of the depreciation cost of the
vehicle, driver’s salary, salary of the collection crew (if they are on standby waiting for
the vehicle to return to the collection area) and fuel cost.
• The transfer station cost is the sum of the transfer station's depreciation cost
and the operating and maintenance costs divided by the capacity of the
station.
• The cost of using the large vehicle is the sum of the vehicle depreciation, fuel
cost and driver’s salary.
• The cost-effectiveness of a transfer station depends on the distance of disposal
site from the generation area, and a distance of 10 – 15 km is usually
the minimum cost-effective distance .
• The distance between the disposal site and collection area is one of the
principal variables in deciding whether to use a transfer station or haul the
solid wastes directly from the collection area to the disposal site.
Discussions?
 MECHANICAL VOLUME AND SIZE
REDUCTION
Mechanical volume and size reduction is an important factor in the
development and operation of any SWM system.
The main purpose is to reduce the volume (amount) and size of waste, as
compared to its original form, and produce waste of uniform size.

Volume reduction or compaction

Volume reduction or compaction refers to densifying wastes in order to
reduce their volume. Some of the benefits of compaction include:

1. Reduction in the quantity of materials to be handled at the disposal site;

2. Improved efficiency of collection and disposal of wastes;
3. Increased life of landfills;
4. Economically viable waste management system.
 disadvantages associated with compaction

1. Poor quality of recyclable materials sorted out of compaction vehicle;

2. Difficulty in segregation or sorting (since the various recyclable
materials are mixed and compressed in lumps);
3. Bio-degradable materials (e.g., leftover food, fruits and vegetables)
destroy the value of paper and plastic material.
 Equipment used for compaction
(i) Stationary equipment
This represents the equipment in which wastes are brought to, and loaded into,
either manually or mechanically.
In fact, the compaction mechanism used to compress waste in a collection vehicle,
is a stationary compactor.
 According to their application, stationary compactors can be described as light
duty (e.g., those used for residential areas), commercial or light industrial, heavy
industrial and transfer station compactors.
Usually, large stationary compactors are necessary, when wastes are to be
compressed into
1. steel containers that can be subsequently moved manually or mechanically;
chambers where the compressed blocks are banded or tied by some means
before being removed;
2. chambers where they are compressed into a block and then released and
hauled away untied;
3. transport vehicles directly.
(ii) Movable equipment

This represents the wheeled and tracked equipment used to place and compact solid
wastes, as in a sanitary landfill.
 Compactors
• According to their compaction pressure, we can divide the
compactors used at transfer stations as follows:
• (i) Low-pressure (less than 7kg/cm2) compaction: This
includes those used at apartments and commercial
establishments, bailing equipment used for waste papers
and cardboards and stationary compactors used at
transfer stations. In low-pressure compaction, wastes are
compacted in large containers.
• (ii) High-pressure (more than 7kg/cm2) compaction:
Compact systems with a capacity up to 351.5 kg/cm2
or 5000 lb/in2 come under this category. In such
systems, specialised compaction equipment are used
to compress solid wastes into blocks or bales of
various sizes.
 Selection of compaction equipment
• Characteristics such as size, composition, moisture content, and bulk density of the waste
to be compacted.
• Method of transferring and feeding wastes to the compactor, and handling.
• Potential uses of compacted waste materials.
• Design characteristics such as the size of loading chamber, compaction pressure,
compaction ratio, etc.
• Operational characteristics such as energy requirements, routine and specialised
maintenance requirement, simplicity of operation, reliability, noise output, and air and
water pollution control requirement.
• Site consideration, including space and height, access, noise and related environmental
limitations.
 Size reduction or shredding
• This is required to convert large sized wastes (as they are
collected) into smaller pieces. Size reduction helps in
obtaining the final product in a reasonably uniform and
considerably reduced size in comparison to the original
form. But note that size reduction does not necessarily
imply volume reduction, and this must be
Size Reduction Equipment
 Hammer mill
• These are used most often in large commercial operations for reducing
the size of wastes. Hammer mill is an impact device consisting of a
number of hammers, fastened flexibly to an inner disk, as shown in Figure
which rotates at a very high speed.
• Solid wastes, as they enter the mill (see Figure 5.1), are hit by sufficient
force, which crush or tear them with a velocity so that they do not adhere
to the hammers. Wastes are further reduced in size by being struck
between breaker plates and/or cutting bars fixed around the periphery of
the inner chamber. This process of cutting and striking action continues,
until the required size of material is achieved and after that it falls out of
the bottom of the mill.
Hydropulper
• Solid wastes and recycled water are added to the hydropulper.
The high-speed cutting blades, mounted on a rotor in the bottom
of the unit, convert pulpable and friable materials into slurry with
a solid content varying from 2.5 to 3.5%. Metal, tins, cans and
other non-pulpable or non-friable materials are rejected from the
side of the hydropulper tank. The rejected material passes down
a chute that is connected to a bucket elevator, while the solid
slurry passes out through the bottom of the pulper tank and is
pumped to the next processing operation.
 Selection of size reduction equipment
• The properties of materials before and after shredding.
• Size requirements for shredded material by component.
• Method of feeding shredders, provision of adequate shredder hood capacity (to
avoid bridging) and clearance requirement between feed and transfer conveyors
and shredders.
• Types of operation (continuous or intermittent).
• Operational characteristics including energy requirements, routine and specialised
maintenance requirement, simplicity of operation, reliability, noise output, and air
and water pollution control requirements.
• Site considerations, including space and height, access, noise and environmental
limitations.
• Metal storage after size reduction for the next operation.
 Chemical volume reduction
• Chemical volume reduction is a method, wherein volume
reduction occurs through chemical changes brought
within the waste either through an addition of chemicals
or changes in temperature. Incineration is the most
common method used to reduce the volume of waste
chemically, and is used both for volume reduction and
power production. These other chemical methods used to
reduce volume of waste chemically include pyrolysis,
hydrolysis and chemical conversions.
 THE CASE OF BANGALORE
• In the Bangalore city (India), the waste collected through
street sweeping is the main system of primary collection
of wastes. However, recently efforts are being made for
doorstep collection of waste through NGOs (Non-
Governmental Organisations) and private contractors, but
only about 5% of the population is covered under this
system. The waste generated by the rest is collected from
either the street or the dustbins.
 (i) Waste storage
• : There are about 14,000 bottomless cement bins having
0.9 meters diameter and 0.6 cubic meter storage capacity
and large masonry bins for depositing wastes at a
distance of about 100 to 200 meters. Besides these, there
are 1500 places, where the waste is deposited but no
bins are kept on these sites. Recently, metal containers
have been placed and at present 55 metal containers are
in the city for the storage of waste in a more hygienic
manner.
 (ii) Waste collection:
• The frequency of removal of wastes varies from place to place, depending on the
locality. Whichever system adapted in the area needs proper planning for
collection, loading, unloading and transportation from transfer station and to the
point of final disposal, considering traffic constraints, peak hour traffic, etc. An
optimum collection schedule requires to be worked out where the number of
premises or dumps is mentioned on a daily programme sheet, to be executed by
the driver or supervisor in charge of collection. At present, it is estimated that there
are about 4943 hotels/restaurants, which produce a large quantity of organic
wastes in Bangalore.
• (iii) Waste transportation: Removal of garbage is a very important aspect of
SWM, and the method of transportation is crucial. In essence, any breakdown
in this system could create problems. Transportation implies conveyance from
point of collection to the point of final disposal either directly or through a
transfer system. In Bangalore, the transportation of waste is done by:
• engaging, departmentally, 82 trucks of the Corporation.
• engaging 129 vehicles, on contract, for layout and markets and 72 vehicles
for transportation of waste. (In addition, the Bangalore Corporation has 13
dumper placers for transporting metallic containers of 2.5 to 3 tonnes capacity
and 6 mini-compactors for transportation of waste.)
Discussions?