2 – Simple Stresses
ABE 27: Strength of Materials
Axial Loading: Normal Stress
• Internal force is normal to the cross section
perpendicular to the member axis
• Corresponding stress is called normal stress, given
by
𝑃
𝜎=
𝐴
Where:
𝜎: is the average value of the stress over the cross
section
𝑃: is the resultant of the internal forces distributed
over the cross section
A: is the area of the cross section
ABE 27: Strength of Material | R. Garcia 2
Axial Loading: Normal Stress
• The normal stress 𝜎 varies across the member, and at some
point may even exceed the average stress.
• But the resultant of the stress distribution must be equal to
the magnitude P of the concentrated loads, or
𝑃 = න 𝑑𝐹 = න 𝜎𝑑𝐴
𝐴
• The actual distribution of stresses is statically
indeterminate
ABE 27: Strength of Material | R. Garcia 3
Axial Loading: Normal Stress
• Axial loading is also known as centric loading, as it is
assumed that the internal forces are uniformly distributed
across a section, and that the resultant of the force P passes
through the centroid of the section.
• On the other hand, if a member is experiencing eccentric
loading, this implies that the resultant of the forces do not
pass through the centroid, yielding an axial force and a
moment
• The stress distributions in this case would not be uniform
ABE 27: Strength of Material | R. Garcia 4
Axial Loading: Normal Stress
• Axial loading is also known as centric loading, as it is
assumed that the internal forces are uniformly distributed
across a section, and that the resultant of the force P passes
through the centroid of the section.
• On the other hand, if a member is experiencing eccentric
loading, this implies that the resultant of the forces do not
pass through the centroid, yielding an axial force and a
moment
• The stress distributions in this case would not be uniform
ABE 27: Strength of Material | R. Garcia 5
Axial Loading: Normal Stress
• Axial loading is also known as centric loading, as it is
assumed that the internal forces are uniformly distributed
across a section, and that the resultant of the force P passes
through the centroid of the section.
• On the other hand, if a member is experiencing eccentric
loading, this implies that the resultant of the forces do not
pass through the centroid, yielding an axial force and a
moment
• The stress distributions in this case would not be uniform
ABE 27: Strength of Material | R. Garcia 6
Normal Stress: Example 1
• Perform a static analysis to determine the internal force in each structural member and
the reaction at the supports.
• FBD of structure:
ABE 27: Strength of Material | R. Garcia 7
Normal Stress: Example 1
• Moment at A:
↺ 𝑀𝐴 : 𝐹𝑑 = 0
−30 𝑘𝑁 800 𝑚𝑚 + 𝑅𝐶𝑥 600 𝑚𝑚 = 0
𝑹𝑪𝒙 = 𝟒𝟎 𝒌𝑵
• Moment at C:
↺ 𝑀𝐶 : 𝐹𝑑 = 0
𝑅𝐴𝑥 800 𝑚𝑚 − 30 𝑘𝑁 600 𝑚𝑚 = 0
𝑹𝑨𝒙 = 𝟒𝟎 𝒌𝑵
ABE 27: Strength of Material | R. Garcia 8
Normal Stress: Example 1
• At Joint B:
𝐹𝑦 : 𝐵𝐶 sin 𝜃 − 30 𝑘𝑁 = 0
600
𝐵𝐶 − 30 𝑘𝑁 = 0
1000
𝑩𝑪 = 𝟓𝟎 𝒌𝑵 (𝑻)
ABE 27: Strength of Material | R. Garcia 9
Normal Stress: Example 1
• At Joint C:
𝐹𝑌 : −𝐵𝐶 sin 𝜃 + 𝑅𝐶𝑦 = 0
600
−𝐵𝐶 + 𝑅𝐶𝑦 = 0
1000
𝑹𝑪𝒚 = 𝟑𝟎 𝒌𝑵
ABE 27: Strength of Material | R. Garcia 11
Normal Stress: Example 1
• Summation of vertical forces of the
system:
𝐹𝑦 : 𝑅𝐴𝑦 + 𝑅𝐶𝑦 − 30 𝑘𝑁 = 0
𝑅𝐴𝑦 + 30𝑘𝑁 − 30 𝑘𝑁 = 0
𝑅𝐴𝑦 = 0
ABE 27: Strength of Material | R. Garcia 12
Normal Stress: Example 1b
• If the maximum allowable stress for rod BC IS
165 MPa, will the rod be able to support the
given load?
• BC = 50 kN (T)
𝑃 𝐵𝐶
𝜎= =
𝐴 𝐴
𝜋𝑑 2 𝜋 20 𝑚𝑚 2
𝐴= =
4 4
𝐴 = 100𝜋 𝑚𝑚2
50 𝑘𝑁
𝜎=
100𝜋 𝑚𝑚2
𝝈 = 𝟏𝟓𝟗. 𝟏𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂
• Since this is less than 165 MPa, then rod BC
will be able to support the given load.
ABE 27: Strength of Material | R. Garcia 13
Normal Stress: Example 1b
• If the material for rod BC is changed to aluminum with
maximum allowable stress 100 MPa, what should be its
diameter to support the given load?
• BC = 50 Kn (T)
𝑃 𝐵𝐶
𝜎= =
𝐴 𝐴
𝐵𝐶 50 𝑘𝑁
𝐴= = = 500 𝑚𝑚2
𝜎 100 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜋𝑑 2 4𝐴
𝐴= , 𝑑=
4 𝜋
4(500 𝑚𝑚2 )
𝑑=
𝜋
𝑑 = 25.23 𝑚𝑚
• Therefore, the aluminum rod should have a diameter of 26 mm
or greater
ABE 27: Strength of Material | R. Garcia 14
Normal Stress: Example 2
• For the truss shown, calculate the normal stress in (i) member AC and (ii) member BD if
the cross-sectional area of each member is 900 mm2.
• Summation of horizontal forces:
𝐹𝑥 : 𝑅𝐻𝑥 = 0
ABE 27: Strength of Material | R. Garcia 15
Normal Stress: Example 2
ABE 27: Strength of Material | R. Garcia 16
Normal Stress: Example 2
ABE 27: Strength of Material | R. Garcia 17
Normal Stress: Example 2
ABE 27: Strength of Material | R. Garcia 18
Normal Stress: Example 2
ABE 27: Strength of Material | R. Garcia 19
Normal Stress: Example 3
• A composite bar consists of an aluminum section rigidly fastened between a bronze
section and a steel section as shown. Axial loads are applied at the positions indicated.
Determine the stress of each section.
𝐵𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑧𝑒 𝐴𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑚 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙
4000 𝑙𝑏𝑠 7000 𝑙𝑏𝑠
𝐴 = 1.2 𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 = 1.8 𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 = 1.6 𝑖𝑛2
1.3 𝑓𝑡 9000 𝑙𝑏𝑠 1.6 𝑓𝑡 2000 𝑙𝑏𝑠 1.7 𝑓𝑡
𝐵𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑧𝑒
• Bronze Section: 𝐴 = 1.2 𝑖𝑛2
𝑃 4000 𝑙𝑏𝑠 4000 𝑙𝑏𝑠 4000 𝑙𝑏𝑠
𝜎= =
𝐴 1.2 𝑖𝑛2
𝝈 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟑𝟑 𝒑𝒔𝒊 (𝑻)
ABE 27: Strength of Material | R. Garcia 20
Normal Stress: Example 3
• A composite bar consists of an aluminum section rigidly fastened between a bronze
section and a steel section as shown. Axial loads are applied at the positions indicated.
Determine the stress of each section.
𝐵𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑧𝑒 𝐴𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑚 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙
4000 𝑙𝑏𝑠 7000 𝑙𝑏𝑠
𝐴 = 1.2 𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 = 1.8 𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 = 1.6 𝑖𝑛2
1.3 𝑓𝑡 9000 𝑙𝑏𝑠 1.6 𝑓𝑡 2000 𝑙𝑏𝑠 1.7 𝑓𝑡
• Aluminum Section:
𝑃 5000 𝑙𝑏𝑠 9000 𝑙𝑏𝑠
𝜎= =
𝐴 1.8 𝑖𝑛2 𝐴𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑚
4000 𝑙𝑏𝑠 5000 𝑙𝑏𝑠
𝐴 = 1.8 𝑖𝑛2
𝝈 = 𝟐𝟕𝟕𝟕. 𝟕𝟖 𝒑𝒔𝒊 (𝑪)
5000 𝑙𝑏𝑠
ABE 27: Strength of Material | R. Garcia 21
Normal Stress: Example 3
• A composite bar consists of an aluminum section rigidly fastened between a bronze
section and a steel section as shown. Axial loads are applied at the positions indicated.
Determine the stress of each section.
𝐵𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑧𝑒 𝐴𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑚 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙
4000 𝑙𝑏𝑠 7000 𝑙𝑏𝑠
𝐴 = 1.2 𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 = 1.8 𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 = 1.6 𝑖𝑛2
1.3 𝑓𝑡 9000 𝑙𝑏𝑠 1.6 𝑓𝑡 2000 𝑙𝑏𝑠 1.7 𝑓𝑡
• Steel Section:
𝑃 7000 𝑙𝑏𝑠 2000 𝑙𝑏𝑠
𝜎= =
𝐴 1.6 𝑖𝑛2 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙
5000 𝑙𝑏𝑠 7000 𝑙𝑏𝑠
𝐴 = 1.6 𝑖𝑛2
𝝈 = 𝟒𝟑𝟕𝟓 𝒑𝒔𝒊 (𝑪)
7000 𝑙𝑏𝑠
ABE 27: Strength of Material | R. Garcia 22
Shearing Stress
• When shear load is applied to a material, that is, a
force running parallel to its cross-section, would
experience shearing stress, given by
𝑃
𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑒 =
𝐴
• As with normal stress, the shear stress distribution is
not assumed to be uniform.
ABE 27: Strength of Material | R. Garcia 22
Shearing Stress
• Single Shear
𝑃 𝐹
𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑒 = =
𝐴 𝐴
• Double Shear
𝑃 𝐹/2 𝐹
𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑒 = = =
𝐴 𝐴 2𝐴
ABE 27: Strength of Material | R. Garcia 23
Shearing Stress: Example 1
• What force is required to punch a 20-mm diameter
hole in a plate that is 25 mm thick? The shear
strength is 350 Mpa
𝑃
𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑒 = , 𝑃 =𝜏∙𝐴
𝐴
• Solving for the area,
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑑𝑡 = 𝜋 20 𝑚𝑚 25 𝑚𝑚
𝐴 = 500𝜋 𝑚𝑚2
𝑃 =𝜏∙𝐴
𝑃 = 350 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ∙ 500𝜋 𝑚𝑚2
𝑷 = 𝟓𝟒𝟗. 𝟕𝟖 𝒌𝑵
ABE 27: Strength of Material | R. Garcia 24
Shearing Stress: Example 2
• Find the smallest diameter bolt that can be used in the
clevis shown in the figure if the force applied (orange
arrow) is P = 400 kN. The shearing strength for the bolt
is 300 MPa.
• Since this is a double shear, the equation to be used is
𝑃 𝑃
𝜏= , 𝐴=
2𝐴 2𝜏
400 𝑘𝑁
𝐴= = 666.67 𝑚𝑚2
2 300 𝑀𝑃𝑎
• Solving for the diameter
𝜋𝑑 2 4𝐴 4(666.67 𝑚𝑚2 )
𝐴= , 𝑑= =
4 𝜋 𝜋
𝒅 = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟏𝟑 𝒎𝒎
ABE 27: Strength of Material | R. Garcia 25
Bearing Stress
• Bolts, rivets, and pins also create stresses on the
points of contact called bearing surfaces of the
members they connect.
• Since the stress distribution is complicated, it has
been done in practice that the area to be considered is
that of the rectangle projected by the bolt onto the
plate section, giving us a bearing stress of
𝑃 𝑃
𝜎𝑏 = =
𝐴 𝑡𝑑
ABE 27: Strength of Material | R. Garcia 26
Bearing Stress: Example 1
• As in the figure, a 20 mm diameter rivet joins two plates are 110 mm wide. The
allowable stresses are 120 MPa for bearing in the plate material and 60 MPa for
shearing of rivet. Determine (i) the minimum thickness of each plate, and (ii) the
largest average tensile stress in the plates.
• For the thickness of the plate:
𝑃
𝜏= , 𝑃 = 𝜏𝐴
𝐴
𝜋 2
𝑃 = 60 𝑀𝑃𝑎 20 𝑚𝑚
4
𝑃 = 6000 𝜋 𝑁
ABE 27: Strength of Material | R. Garcia 27
Bearing Stress: Example 1
i. For the thickness of the plate:
𝑃 = 6000𝜋 𝑁
𝑃 𝑃
𝜎𝑏 = , 𝑡=
𝑡𝑑 𝜎𝑏 𝑑
6000𝜋 𝑁
𝑡=
120 𝑀𝑃𝑎 20𝑚𝑚
𝒕 = 𝟕. 𝟖𝟓 𝒎𝒎
ABE 27: Strength of Material | R. Garcia 28
Bearing Stress: Example 1
ii. For the largest average tensile stress:
𝐴 = 7.85 𝑚𝑚 110 − 20 𝑚𝑚
6000𝜋 𝑁
𝜎=
7.85 𝑚𝑚 110 − 20𝑚𝑚
𝝈 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟔𝟕 𝑴𝑷𝒂
ABE 27: Strength of Material | R. Garcia 29
Bearing Stress: Example 2
• The lap joint shown in the figure is fastened by four ¾ in diameter rivets. Calculate the
maximum safe load P that can be applied if the shearing stress in the rivets is limited to
14 ksi and the bearing stress in the plates is limited to 18 ksi. (Assume the applied load
is uniformly distributed among the four rivets.
• Based on the maximum bearing stress:
𝑃
𝜎𝑏 = , 𝑃 = 𝜎𝑏 4𝑡𝑑
4𝐴
7 3
𝑃 = 18 𝑘𝑠𝑖 4 ∙ 𝑖𝑛 ∙ 𝑖𝑛
8 4
𝑃 = 47.25 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
ABE 27: Strength of Material | R. Garcia 30
Bearing Stress: Example 2
• The lap joint shown in the figure is fastened by four ¾ in diameter rivets. Calculate the
maximum safe load P that can be applied if the shearing stress in the rivets is limited to
14 ksi and the bearing stress in the plates is limited to 18 ksi. (Assume the applied load
is uniformly distributed among the four rivets.
• Based on the maximum bearing stress:
𝑃 𝜋𝑑 2
𝜏= , 𝑃=𝜏 4
4𝐴 4
2
3
𝑃 = 14 𝑘𝑠𝑖 𝜋 𝑖𝑛
4
𝑷 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟕𝟒 𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔
• Since this is lower, this is the maximum safe
load that can be applied.
ABE 27: Strength of Material | R. Garcia 31
Stress on Thin-Walled Pressure
Vessels
• Pressure vessels – pressurized containers containing
gases or liquids that are often cylindrical or spherical
• To derive equations for stress, the following are
assumed:
i. The material is isotropic.
ii. The radius-to-thickness ratio of the vessel is very
𝑟
large, that is, ≥ 10
𝑡
iii. Stress distribution across the wall thickness is
uniform.
ABE 27: Strength of Material | R. Garcia 32
Stress on Cylindrical Vessels
• Cylindrical pressure vessels experience tensile
stresses both in the tangential direction and in the
longitudinal direction due to the internal pressure.
• Tangential Stress ( 𝝈𝒕 ) – also known as
circumferential stress, or hoop stress
𝐹 = 2𝑇
𝑃𝐷𝐿 = 2𝜎𝑡 𝑡𝐿
𝑷𝑫
𝝈𝒕 =
𝟐𝒕
Where:
P is the internal pressure
D is the inner diameter of the vessel
t is the thickness
ABE 27: Strength of Material | R. Garcia 33
Stress on Cylindrical Vessels
• Longitudinal Stress (𝝈𝒍 ) - runs parallel to the length
of the cylindrical vessel
𝐹=𝑇
𝜋𝐷 2
𝑃 = 𝜎𝑙 𝜋𝐷𝑡
4
Note: the cross-sectional area of the wall is assumed to be
𝜋Dt, considering that the wall thickness is at least 10 times
smaller than the diameter.
𝑷𝑫
𝝈𝒍 =
𝟒𝒕
Where:
P is the internal pressure, D is the inner diameter of
the vessel, and t is the thickness
ABE 27: Strength of Material | R. Garcia 34
Stress on Cylindrical Vessels
𝑷𝑫 𝑷𝑫
𝝈𝒕 = , 𝝈𝒍 =
𝟐𝒕 𝟒𝒕
• It can be observed that the tangential stress is twice that of the longitudinal stress, or
𝜎𝑡 = 2𝜎𝑙
• In the event that an external pressure 𝑃𝑜 is also applied, aside from the existing internal
pressure 𝑃𝑖 , the net pressure is therefore
𝑃 = 𝑃𝑙 − 𝑃𝑜
ABE 27: Strength of Material | R. Garcia 35
Stress on Spherical Vessels
• Due to symmetry, the stress is constant throughout the vessel,
giving us
𝑃𝐷
𝜎𝑠 =
4𝑡
ABE 27: Strength of Material | R. Garcia 36
Thin Walled: Example 1
• A cylindrical pressure vessel is fabricated from steel plating that has thickness of 20
mm. The diameter of the pressure vessel is 450 mm and its length is 2.0 m. determine
the maximum internal pressure that can be applied if the maximum allowable
longitudinal stress is 140 MPa, and the maximum allowable tangential stress is 60 MPa.
• Based on the maximum longitudinal stress:
𝑃𝐷 4𝜎𝑙 𝑡
𝜎𝑙 = , 𝑃=
4𝑡 𝐷
4 140 𝑀𝑃𝑎 20 𝑚𝑚
𝑃=
450 𝑚𝑚
𝑃 = 24.89 𝑀𝑃𝑎
• Basing on the maximum tangential stress:
𝑃𝐷 2𝜎𝑡 𝑡
𝜎𝑡 = , 𝑃=
2𝑡 𝐷
2(60 𝑀𝑃𝑎)(20 𝑚𝑚)
𝑃= = 𝟓. 𝟑𝟑 𝑴𝑷𝒂
450 𝑚𝑚
ABE 27: Strength of Material | R. Garcia 37
Thin Walled: Example 1
• The wall thickness of a 4 ft diameter spherical tank is 5/16 in. Calculate the allowable
internal pressure if the stress is limited to 8000 psi.
• For stress on spherical vessels:
𝑃𝐷 4𝜎𝑠 𝑡
𝜎𝑠 = , 𝑃=
4𝑡 𝐷
5
4 8000 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑖𝑛
16
𝑃=
12 𝑖𝑛
4 𝑓𝑡
1 𝑓𝑡
𝑷 = 𝟐𝟎𝟖. 𝟑𝟑 𝒑𝒔𝒊
ABE 27: Strength of Material | R. Garcia 38
Exercises
ABE 27: Strength of Material | R. Garcia 39
Exercises
ABE 27: Strength of Material | R. Garcia 39
