Fariha Sharif

Roll no 245713

Solution: BSAD-VI-F2024 1st Paper

Subject: BS-PS-312
Paper: A (Comparative Politics-II)

Part- I.
Short Questions

1. Define Political Party

A political party is an organized group of people who share similar political goals and ideologies,
aiming to influence public policy by gaining political power through elections
It acts as a bridge between the government and the governed by mobilizing voters and
aggregating interests
Parties also structure political debate and offer choices to the electorate .
Example: The All india Muslim League was instrumental in the creation of Pakistan by uniting
Muslim communities under a political agenda during British India it act as gap between
government and people
2. Define Social Change
Social change refers to the significant alteration over time in behavior patterns, cultural values,
and social structures within a society
It can occur through innovation, diffusion, conflict, or environmental factors, impacting
institutions and social relationships
Social change is often gradual but can be rapid during revolutions or crises .
Example: The Green Revolution in Pakistan during the 1960s brought significant social change
by transforming agricultural practices and rural economies
3. What is Legitimacy?
Legitimacy is the recognized right to rule, where authority is accepted by the governed as
appropriate and justified It is the foundation of political stability, deriving from legal-rational,
traditional, or charismatic sources (Easton).
A regime’s legitimacy determines its ability to govern effectively without coercion
4. What is Behavioral Approach in Comparative Politics?
The behavioral approach focuses on the systematic study of political behavior, emphasizing
empirical observation and quantifiable data (Easton )
It analyzes individual and group actions rather than institutions alone (Almond).
This approach seeks to explain patterns and causes of political actions across different societies
Example: The study of voter turnout patterns in Pakistan’s general elections provides insights
into political behavior and party loyalty (Almond)
5. Define National Identity
National identity is a collective sense of belonging to a nation, based on shared culture,
language, history, and political aspirations . It fosters social cohesion and political loyalty among
members of the nation-state
National identity often evolves through narratives and symbols that unify diverse populations
Example: Pakistan’s national identity is reinforced by the Urdu language and the ideology of
Islamic unity, which were key in the country’s founding
6. Describe the Role of Political Modernization in Political Development
Political modernization involves the transformation of political systems from traditional to more
complex, rational, and participatory forms . It enhances political development by promoting
institutions that encourage political participation, accountability, and effective governance
Modernization helps societies adapt to economic growth, social change, and global
interdependence
Example: The adoption of the 1973 Constitution marked a step in Pakistan’s political
modernization by establishing parliamentary democracy and formalizing political institutions

Part 2
Long Questions

1. Define Political Development and Its Various Characteristics

Introduction
Political development is a fundamental concept in understanding the evolution and progress of
political systems. It refers to the process through which a political system becomes more
effective, responsive, and stable in addressing the needs and demands of its society. This
process is not limited to institutional growth but also includes expanding political participation,
enhancing political awareness, and fostering leadership capable of guiding change. In addition,
political development involves the integration of diverse social groups and the emergence of a
modern political culture that supports democratic governance and rational decision-making.
Understanding these dimensions is essential for analyzing how political systems adapt to
internal and external challenges and contribute to the overall development of a nation.

1. Definition of Political Development

Evolution of Political Systems
Political development is the gradual process by which a political system transforms to become
more effective in governing its people, responding to social needs, and managing change. This
evolution involves strengthening political institutions that are capable of making and
implementing decisions in an orderly and efficient manner.
Key Elements of Political Development
The process is characterized by the growth of legitimate authority, improved governance
capacity, increased political participation, and greater political stability. It reflects the ability of the
political system to adapt to new challenges and demands from society while maintaining order
and legitimacy.

2. Characteristics of Political Development

2.1 Increased Political Participation
A hallmark of political development is the expansion of citizen involvement in political
processes. This includes voting in elections, engaging in policymaking discussions, and
participating in public affairs. Broad participation ensures that government policies reflect the
interests and needs of the population, thereby enhancing legitimacy and accountability.
2.2 Political Integration
Political development fosters the integration of diverse social, ethnic, and class groups within a
unified political framework. By promoting inclusion and cooperation, political integration reduces
internal conflicts and strengthens social cohesion, which are essential for political stability and
national unity.
2.3 Institutionalization
Political institutionalization involves the establishment of stable and predictable rules, norms,
and organizations. This reduces arbitrary decision-making and ensures continuity in
governance. Strong institutions provide the framework within which political actors operate, thus
supporting effective administration and consistent policy enforcement.
2.4 Political Awareness
As political development progresses, citizens become more aware of their political rights and
responsibilities. Enhanced political awareness leads to greater engagement with political
processes and a more informed electorate. This political consciousness is vital for the
functioning of democracy and the accountability of leaders.
2.5 Effective Leadership
Competent leadership is crucial for guiding political development. Effective leaders address
social challenges, mediate conflicts, and drive political reforms that modernize institutions and
practices. Leadership that is responsive and visionary contributes to stable and inclusive
governance.
2.6 Modern Political Culture
A modern political culture emerges during political development, characterized by declining
traditional loyalties and the rise of values such as rationality, secularism, and democratic ideals.
This cultural shift supports modernization by promoting legal-rational authority, equality, and
participation in political life.
3. Summary: Political Development as a Multifaceted Process
Political development is a complex, dynamic process that integrates institutional growth, citizen
participation, leadership effectiveness, and cultural transformation. Together, these
characteristics enable political systems to manage social demands efficiently, maintain stability,
and contribute to broader socio-economic progress.
Conclusion
In summary, political development is a multifaceted process that transforms political systems by
strengthening institutions, encouraging citizen participation, promoting political integration, and
cultivating effective leadership. This transformation is accompanied by a shift towards modern
political culture, where democratic values and rational governance prevail. Together, these
characteristics enable political systems to respond to societal demands more efficiently,
maintain stability, and support economic and social progress. Recognizing the complexity of
political development helps in formulating policies and reforms aimed at achieving sustainable
and inclusive governance, which is crucial for the long-term growth and stability of any nation.

2. Write a Brief Note on Terrorism

Definition of Terrorism
Terrorism is the deliberate use of violence or threats by non-governmental groups aimed at
creating fear and intimidation to achieve political, ideological, or religious objectives. Unlike
regular warfare, terrorism targets civilians or symbolic structures to maximize psychological
impact.

Features of Terrorism
Political and Ideological Goals​
Terrorism is a calculated effort to force political change or express dissent against established
power structures. For example, the Irish Republican Army (IRA) used terrorism to campaign for
Northern Ireland’s independence, while groups like Al-Qaeda pursue ideological and religious
objectives by opposing Western influence.
Use of Violence and Fear​
Violent acts such as bombings, assassinations, or hostage-taking are designed to shock
societies and manipulate public opinion through fear. The 2001 attacks on the United States,
known as 9/11, vividly demonstrated how terrorism can influence global policies and security
practices by causing widespread terror.
Non-State Actors​
Terrorist groups often operate independently of formal governments and may function as
transnational networks. The Islamic State (ISIS) exemplifies this by controlling territory and
challenging the sovereignty of states in Iraq and Syria, while also inspiring attacks worldwide.
Psychological Effect​
Terrorism’s impact extends beyond physical destruction to create a pervasive sense of
insecurity among civilians. This widespread fear can erode trust in government authorities and
disrupt social cohesion, as seen in the aftermath of repeated attacks in regions like Kashmir

Counterterrorism Measures and Impact of Terrorism

1. Counterterrorism Measures
1.1 Intelligence Gathering and Law Enforcement Cooperation
Effective counterterrorism relies heavily on intelligence sharing among national and international
agencies. For example, after the 9/11 attacks in the United States, intelligence agencies
worldwide increased cooperation to track terrorist financing and communications. The
establishment of the Global Counterterrorism Forum has further facilitated such collaboration
among over 30 countries.
1.2 Military Operations and Dismantling Terrorist Networks
Military interventions have been crucial in dismantling terrorist strongholds. The U.S.-led
coalition’s campaign against ISIS in Iraq and Syria significantly reduced the group’s territorial
control by 2019. Similarly, Pakistan’s military operations like Zarb-e-Azb targeted militant safe
havens in the tribal areas, weakening terrorist networks.
1.3 Legal Frameworks and Anti-Terrorism Laws
Countries have strengthened legal frameworks to prosecute terrorism-related crimes. India’s
Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) empowers authorities to detain and charge
suspected terrorists. However, the application of such laws requires careful balance to avoid
human rights violations, which can fuel further radicalization.
1.4 Border Security and Surveillance Technologies
Advanced technologies such as biometrics and drone surveillance help monitor borders and
detect suspicious activities. Israel’s border security system, including the separation barrier and
electronic surveillance, has been credited with reducing terrorist attacks. Similarly, the European
Union invests in coordinated border management to prevent cross-border terrorism.
1.5 Public Awareness and Community Engagement
Engaging communities is key to countering radicalization. The United Kingdom’s Prevent
Strategy focuses on identifying vulnerable individuals and promoting social cohesion through
education and dialogue. In Kenya, local initiatives have brought together community leaders and
security forces to build trust and reduce recruitment into extremist groups.
2. Impact of Terrorism
2.1 Psychological and Social Effects
Terrorism causes widespread fear and trauma among populations. The 2008 Mumbai attacks
left lasting psychological scars on survivors and citizens, affecting their sense of safety. Such
events disrupt social routines and reduce public confidence in authorities.
2.2 Political Consequences
Terrorist attacks often lead to political instability and stricter government controls. Following the
2005 London bombings, the UK government expanded surveillance laws and emergency
powers. In some cases, governments exploit terrorism to justify authoritarian measures, which
can undermine democratic institutions.
2.3 Economic Impact
Terrorism harms economies by deterring investment, damaging infrastructure, and increasing
security costs. Afghanistan’s ongoing insurgency has severely limited foreign direct investment
and economic development. The tourism industry in Pakistan America India and Egypt suffered
after several terrorist incidents, causing significant revenue losses.
2.4 Effects on Social Cohesion and Peacebuilding
Terrorism can deepen social divisions and hinder reconciliation. In Northern Ireland, decades of
terrorist violence fueled sectarian tensions between communities, complicating peace efforts.
Conversely, successful peace processes, such as the Good Friday Agreement, required
addressing the root causes of terrorism through dialogue and inclusion.

3. Briefly Describe the Hurdles in the Way of National Integration with Reference to
Pakistan

Definition of National Integration

National integration is the process through which diverse groups within a country—different
ethnicities, languages, religions, and regions—come together to form a unified, stable, and
cohesive nation-state. It involves creating a shared sense of belonging, loyalty, and commitment
to the country’s political system, laws, and common goals. National integration reduces conflicts,
promotes social harmony, and strengthens the collective identity of the people.

Importance of National Integration in Pakistan

Pakistan’s national integration holds critical significance due to its ethnically, linguistically, and
culturally diverse population. The country is composed of various groups including Punjabis,
Sindhis, Balochis, Pashtuns, and Muhajirs, each possessing unique languages, customs, and
traditions. Effective national integration aims to unify these diverse communities while
simultaneously respecting and preserving their distinct identities.
Historically, Pakistan has faced numerous challenges in achieving national integration. Regional
disparities have fostered feelings of neglect and economic marginalization, especially in
provinces like Balochistan and Sindh. Ethnic nationalism has often led to competition rather
than cooperation among groups. Religious sectarianism, particularly between Sunni and Shia
communities, has further weakened social cohesion. Political instability, marked by frequent
interruptions in democratic governance and military interventions, has impeded sustained efforts
toward fostering unity.
National integration is vital for Pakistan’s stability and development. It supports the maintenance
of territorial integrity, promotes social peace, and facilitates the construction of a strong national
identity that transcends ethnic and provincial loyalties. Without integration, social divisions can
threaten political stability and economic progress.
To promote integration, Pakistan has emphasized shared national symbols and identities. The
promotion of Urdu as the national language, the Islamic identity of the state, and patriotic
education programs have been central to fostering a collective sense of belonging. These efforts
aim to build bridges across diverse communities and nurture a unified national consciousness.

Hurdles in the Way of National Integration with Reference to Pakistan

Ethnic and Linguistic Diversity
Pakistan is home to a rich mosaic of ethnic groups, including Punjabis, Sindhis, Pashtuns, and
Balochis, each possessing distinct languages, cultural traditions, and historical identities. This
diversity often leads to ethnic nationalism and competition among groups, which challenges the
development of a cohesive national identity. The assertion of ethnic rights and demands for
greater provincial autonomy sometimes undermine efforts to foster unity at the national level.
Unequal Economic Development and Resource Distribution
Economic inequality between provinces presents a significant barrier to national integration.
Regions such as Balochistan and Sindh frequently express grievances over perceived neglect
in resource allocation and underdevelopment. This economic disparity fuels resentment and
strengthens separatist sentiments, complicating the goal of balanced national progress and
unity.
Religious and Sectarian Divisions
Although Pakistan identifies as an Islamic republic, sectarian tensions—particularly between
Sunni and Shia communities—pose serious challenges to social cohesion. Periodic outbreaks
of sectarian violence weaken the fabric of national solidarity by fostering distrust and division
within the broader Muslim population.
Political Instability and Military Dominance
Pakistan’s history of political instability, marked by frequent military coups and authoritarian
regimes, has hindered the establishment of consistent policies that promote national integration.
Moreover, political parties often prioritize ethnic or regional interests, which fragments the
political landscape and detracts from a unified national agenda.
External Influences and Conflicts
External conflicts and geopolitical pressures exacerbate internal divisions in Pakistan. Disputes
over Kashmir, ongoing tensions along the Afghan border, and foreign interventions have
intensified ethnic suspicions and mistrust. These external challenges complicate efforts to build
trust and solidarity among the country’s diverse groups.

Solution: BSAD-VI-F2024 2nd paper

Subject: BS-PS-312
Paper: A (Comparative Politics-II)

Part- I.
Short Questions
Part-I: Short Questions
1. Define Political Power​
Political power is the ability or capacity of an individual or group to influence, control, or direct
the behavior and decisions of others, especially within a political system. It enables leaders or
institutions to make laws, enforce policies, and guide society toward certain goals. Political
power can be formal, coming from legal authority, or informal, based on influence and
persuasion. It is essential for maintaining order and achieving collective objectives in any
society. Example: The Pakistan Prime Minister's office holds formal political power to enact
legislation and govern the country
2. What is Participant Political Culture?​
Participant political culture refers to a political environment where citizens are actively involved
and interested in politics. People in such a culture vote in elections, discuss political matters,
express opinions, and participate in public decision-making processes. This active involvement
supports democracy by ensuring the government remains accountable and responsive.
Participant political culture encourages citizens to take responsibility for their political rights and
duties, strengthening the overall political system.Example: High voter participation during
Pakistan’s general elections according to dawn report , like the 2018 elections, showcases
participant political culture.
3. Define Nation Building​
Nation building is the process through which a country develops a common national identity
that unites its diverse population. This involves promoting shared values, symbols, language,
and history to create a sense of belonging among all citizens. Nation building aims to reduce
ethnic, linguistic, or cultural divisions by fostering loyalty to the state. It also involves building
effective political, social, and economic institutions that support national unity and development,
helping the country to become stable and prosperous.Example: The promotion of Urdu and
national holidays like Pakistan Day youm e takbeer christmas and labor day to strengthen unity
across ethnic groups.
4. What is Charismatic Leadership?​
Charismatic leadership is a style of leadership where the leader gains influence and devotion
from followers based on personal charm, emotional appeal, and vision. These leaders inspire
and motivate people through their confidence and communication skills rather than relying on
formal power. Charismatic leaders often emerge during times of crisis or social change,
providing hope and direction. Their ability to connect with people emotionally makes them
powerful agents of political and social transformation.Example: Muhammad Ali Jinnah’s
leadership during Pakistan’s independence movement.Imarn Khan as a leader in Aljazeera
report is also an example.
5. Define Bureaucracy​
Bureaucracy is an organized system of administration characterized by a clear hierarchy,
specialization of tasks, and adherence to formal rules and procedures. It functions to implement
government policies efficiently and fairly, ensuring that public services are delivered consistently.
Bureaucracies provide stability and continuity in governance by following standardized
processes and reducing arbitrary decisions. They play a crucial role in modern governments by
managing complex administrative tasks and supporting policymaking.Example: The Federal
Public Service Commission selecting bureaucrats who administer government functions.PPSC
is an other commission
6. Define Political Economy​
Political economy is the study of how politics and economics influence each other within a
society. It examines how government policies affect economic performance, wealth distribution,
and resource allocation. Political economy also explores how economic interests shape political
behavior and institutions. Understanding political economy helps explain issues like
development, inequality, and the role of the state in managing markets and promoting social
welfare. Example: Pakistan’s State Bank policies influencing economic growth and inflation
control.

Part 2
Long Questions
1. Describe Challenges to National Identity Especially with Reference to Pakistan

Introduction
National identity forms the foundation for political stability and social cohesion in any country.
Pakistan’s national identity is complex due to its creation based primarily on religion, yet
challenged internally by diverse ethnic and cultural groups. Understanding these challenges
helps explain why fostering a unified national consciousness in Pakistan is difficult.

1. Ethnic Diversity and Regionalism​

Pakistan is home to several large ethnic groups including Punjabis, Sindhis, Pashtuns,
Balochis, and Muhajirs, each with their own languages, cultures, and traditions. This ethnic
diversity results in multiple strong cultural identities that often compete with the idea of a single
national identity. Regionalism frequently challenges the notion of Pakistani nationalism, as
ethnic groups sometimes prioritize their local identity over the national one. For example, the
Baloch nationalist movement demands greater autonomy and control over their resources due
to a perception of neglect by the central government.
2. Linguistic Differences
Urdu was selected as Pakistan’s national language to promote unity among diverse linguistic
groups, although only a small minority speak it as their mother tongue. This choice was meant
to symbolize national cohesion but did not fully recognize regional linguistic identities.​
In provinces such as Sindh and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, local languages remain dominant and
are prioritized in education and daily life. This has led to tensions, particularly in Sindh where
protests have occurred against the promotion of Urdu at the expense of the Sindhi language,
which many locals see as cultural marginalization.
3. Economic Disparities​
Economic progress is unevenly distributed across Pakistan, with Punjab and Sindh being more
industrialized and economically developed compared to the less developed Balochistan and
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provinces. This imbalance contributes to regional economic inequalities.​
Economic neglect in resource-rich but underdeveloped regions like Balochistan fosters
resentment and weakens the sense of national solidarity. The disparity undermines the
perception of fairness and inclusivity, further fragmenting national identity.
4. Religious Sectarianism​
Sectarian divisions, especially between Sunni and Shia communities, have led to outbreaks of
violence, undermining social cohesion in Pakistan. These sectarian tensions challenge the initial
unifying religious identity upon which Pakistan was founded.​
The rise of religious extremism promotes intolerance and violence against minority groups,
threatening Pakistan’s vision of an inclusive society. Sectarian attacks, particularly in cities like
Karachi and Quetta, highlight the ongoing challenge posed by extremist ideologies.
5. Political Instability​
Pakistan has experienced frequent shifts between military and civilian governments, which
disrupts continuity in policies that might promote national unity. Political instability prevents the
long-term implementation of national integration strategies.​
Political parties often mobilize ethnic identities to gain electoral support, deepening divisions
and weakening efforts to create a unified national identity. This politicization fosters ethnic
competition rather than cooperation.
6. External Conflicts and Their Impact​
The unresolved Kashmir conflict stirs strong nationalist feelings but also contributes to internal
mistrust and militarization. The focus on external conflict can overshadow efforts to build
domestic cohesion.​
Ongoing tensions with India influence Pakistan’s national security policies and often reinforce
exclusionary nationalist narratives. These external pressures add complexity to internal unity
challenges.

Conclusion
Pakistan’s national identity is challenged by interconnected issues of ethnic diversity, linguistic
differences, economic inequality, sectarianism, political instability, and external conflicts.
Overcoming these challenges requires inclusive policies that promote equitable development,
respect for cultural diversity, and national unity. Only through comprehensive and sustained
efforts can Pakistan develop a stable and cohesive national identity.

2. Write a Brief Note on the Nature of Comparative Politics

Introduction
Comparative politics is a crucial branch of political science that examines political systems by
analyzing and comparing institutions, behaviors, and structures across countries. It aims to
identify patterns that explain how power is distributed and exercised differently around the world.
This field helps us understand why some governments are stable while others are prone to
conflict or failure, and how political development varies globally.

1. Definition and Scope

Comparative politics involves the systematic study of political systems by looking at different
countries to find similarities and differences in how political authority is organized and operates.
It explores topics such as political institutions, electoral mechanisms, political parties, and the
formulation of public policies, seeking to reveal the underlying principles governing political life.
Comparing political systems enables scholars to build theories that explain political behavior,
institutional effectiveness, and policy outcomes. This comparative approach helps move beyond
individual cases to understand broader trends and causal relationships in politics.
2. Methods Used in Comparative Politics
2.1 Qualitative Approaches​
Qualitative methods in comparative politics include in-depth case studies, historical analysis,
and ethnographic research. These approaches provide rich, contextual insights into political
phenomena, allowing researchers to explore how and why certain political dynamics unfold
within specific settings.
2.2 Quantitative Approaches​
Quantitative methods use statistical tools and large datasets to analyze multiple countries
simultaneously. This approach helps identify general patterns, test hypotheses, and establish
correlations between variables such as governance quality, economic development, or political
stability.
3. Key Areas of Study
3.1 Political Stability and Change​
A major focus of comparative politics is understanding why some nations maintain long-lasting
stable governments while others experience frequent crises or regime changes. By comparing
cases like India’s democratic consolidation and Pakistan’s political volatility, scholars gain
insights into the factors that promote or undermine stability.
3.2 Democratization and Authoritarianism​
This area studies how countries transition from authoritarian rule to democracy and vice versa.
It examines the political, social, and economic conditions that facilitate or hinder these
transitions and the challenges democratic states face in maintaining their institutions.
3.3 Conflict and Development​
Comparative politics also investigates the relationship between political conflict—such as civil
wars or ethnic strife—and economic development. It seeks to understand how political instability
impacts growth and vice versa, highlighting the importance of governance for sustainable
development.
4. Practical Significance
The knowledge generated by comparative politics is valuable for policymakers and international
organizations. It helps design policies and interventions that are tailored to the political realities
of different countries. By learning from comparative insights, governments can adopt best
practices and avoid pitfalls in governance and development strategies.
Conclusion
Comparative politics plays a vital role in deepening our understanding of the diverse political
systems that exist worldwide. Through the use of both qualitative and quantitative research
methods, it uncovers the reasons behind variations in political stability, governance quality, and
development outcomes. This field equips scholars and policymakers with the tools needed to
improve political decision-making and foster better governance globally.

3. Explain Various Factors Responsible for the Development of Political Culture

Introduction
Political culture represents the shared attitudes, values, and beliefs about politics held by a
society. Its development is a complex process influenced by various social, economic, and
historical factors. Understanding these factors helps explain why political behavior and
participation vary across different societies.\

Factors Responsible for the Development of Political Culture

1. Family and Early Socialization
The family serves as the first and most influential agent of political socialization. From an early
age, children are exposed to political discussions, values, and ideologies held by their parents
or guardians. These early interactions shape their understanding of authority, law, rights, and
responsibilities. For example, if parents regularly discuss political issues or vote, children are
more likely to develop a sense of political responsibility and civic duty.
The political environment and experiences that a child is exposed to during their formative years
have a lasting impact. Participation in community events, observing elections, or hearing about
historical political events all contribute to shaping long-term political beliefs and party
preferences. Early exposure to concepts of justice, fairness, and rights can foster lifelong
political awareness and engagement.
2. Education and Schools
Schools play a crucial role in building political culture by teaching students about government
institutions, the constitution, rights and responsibilities of citizens, and the rule of law. Civic
education encourages understanding of democratic principles and the functioning of political
systems, which is essential for informed citizenship.
Education fosters skills like critical thinking, debate, and analysis, which are essential for
meaningful political participation. Students are often encouraged to engage in discussions,
student councils, and debates, which simulate democratic practices and instill values of
participation, leadership, and dialogue.
3. Role of Media
Media, including newspapers, television, radio, and digital platforms, acts as a key source of
political information. It keeps citizens informed about political developments, government
decisions, election campaigns, and international affairs. Access to timely and accurate
information enables people to make informed political decisions.
Beyond informing, the media also shapes public opinion by highlighting certain issues over
others. This "agenda-setting" function means the media can influence what the public thinks is
important. For instance, extensive coverage of corruption might increase public demand for
transparency and accountability, thus shaping political culture.
4. Historical Experiences
The collective memory of a nation—formed through colonization, revolutions, wars, or
independence movements—deeply influences its political culture. Such events can instill a
sense of patriotism, caution, resistance, or loyalty to certain ideologies or systems. For example,
a country that suffered under dictatorship may develop a strong commitment to democratic
values.
Movements for national independence or civil rights often become defining features of a nation’s
identity. These movements foster unity, political awareness, and shared values like liberty,
justice, and equality. The political culture that emerges from such experiences often emphasizes
activism, participation, and vigilance against oppression.
5. Economic Development
As economies grow, they often invest more in education and communication infrastructure. A
well-educated population is more politically aware, while better communication systems (like
internet and smartphones) ensure that political information reaches more people. This enhances
civic participation and encourages democratic engagement.
There is a strong link between economic well-being and political engagement. People who enjoy
higher standards of living are more likely to demand good governance, transparency, and
accountability. Economic stability gives citizens the confidence and resources to participate in
political life, attend public forums, and vote responsibly.
6. Trust in Institutions and Governance
When citizens trust institutions like the judiciary, legislature, police, and electoral bodies, they
are more likely to engage in political processes. High institutional trust reinforces belief in the
rule of law, reduces political cynicism, and supports peaceful conflict resolution within the
system.
Nations with long-standing, stable democratic experiences tend to have more active and
participatory political cultures. Democratic governance encourages civic responsibility, public
debate, and accountability. The more positively citizens experience democratic institutions, the
more likely they are to believe in the system and contribute to its strengthening.
Conclusion
The development of political culture is shaped by a variety of interconnected factors including
family socialization, education, media influence, historical context, economic conditions, and
institutional trust. These elements together form the political attitudes and behaviors that
characterize a society, influencing its political stability and development.

Solution: BSAD-VI-F2024 3rd Paper

Subject: BS-PS-312
Paper: A (Comparative Politics-II)

Part- I.
 Short Questions

1. Define Political Process

Political process refers to the set of activities, actions, and procedures through which political
decisions are made and implemented in a society. It includes elections, law-making,
policymaking, political debates, lobbying, and citizen participation. It is how power is gained,
exercised, and transferred within a political system.
2. Define State Building
State building is the process of constructing or strengthening the institutions and structures of a
state, such as its government, legal system, military, and bureaucracy. It involves establishing
political stability, law and order, economic development, and effective governance to ensure a
functioning and sovereign state.
3. What is Political Development?
Political development refers to the improvement and modernization of a political system. It
includes the expansion of political institutions, increased political participation, rule of law, good
governance, and the capacity of the government to meet the needs of its people. It often
involves the shift from traditional to more democratic and accountable systems.
4. What is Subject Political Culture?
Subject political culture is a type of political culture in which citizens are aware of the political
system and its processes but have little or no participation in it. People in this culture tend to
accept decisions made by the authorities without active involvement or questioning. They are
more like passive subjects than active participants.
5. What is Political Activity?
Political activity includes any action taken by individuals or groups to influence political
decisions, policies, or the selection of leaders. Examples include voting, campaigning,
protesting, joining political parties, writing to lawmakers, or engaging in political discussions.
6. Define Terrorism
Terrorism is the use of violence, intimidation, or threats—often against civilians—to achieve
political, ideological, or religious goals. It is usually carried out by non-state actors to create fear
and pressure governments or societies into making specific changes or concessions.

Part- 2.
Long Questions

Is the Behavioral Approach Still Relevant in Political Science?

Introduction
The behavioral approach emerged in the mid-20th century as a transformative framework within
political science, shifting the focus from formal political institutions to the systematic and
empirical study of individual and group political behavior. This approach emphasizes observable
actions, attitudes, and patterns such as voting, participation, and opinion formation, using
scientific methods to analyze political phenomena. Despite facing criticisms related to its
perceived neglect of broader institutional and cultural contexts, the behavioral approach has
evolved, integrating new methodologies and technologies like big data analytics and social
media monitoring. This raises an important question: does the behavioral approach still hold
relevance in understanding political behavior in today’s complex and rapidly changing political
environments, particularly in diverse countries such as Pakistan?
Behavioral Approach
The behavioral approach arose as a response to traditional institutionalism, critiquing its narrow
focus on political structures and elite decision-making. Instead, behavioralists argued that
politics should be studied through the actual behavior of citizens, parties, and interest groups,
employing empirical observation and data collection. This paradigm shift broadened political
science by incorporating psychology, sociology, and statistics to analyze political attitudes and
actions.
By prioritizing empirical data, the behavioral approach provided new insights into how
individuals form political opinions, why they participate or abstain from politics, and how group
identities influence political alignment. It introduced survey research, experiments, and statistical
modeling into political science, paving the way for more rigorous and replicable studies of
democracy, electoral behavior, and policy impact.
2. Critiques
One major critique of behavioralism is its tendency to reduce complex political realities to
individual behaviors and quantitative metrics, often overlooking structural factors such as
institutions, culture, and historical legacies. Critics argue that this narrow focus may lead to
incomplete explanations of political phenomena, especially in contexts where institutional
frameworks deeply shape behavior.
In response, behavioral scholars have expanded their scope to incorporate qualitative methods,
historical context, and interdisciplinary insights. The integration of big data and social media
analytics has allowed behavioral approaches to capture mass political behavior in real time,
enhancing their explanatory power and policy relevance. This adaptability shows the approach’s
continuing vitality.

3. Contemporary Relevance
3.1 Use of Behavioral Analysis in Modern Political Science
Today, the behavioral approach informs a wide range of political studies, from voter turnout and
party competition to social movements and online political mobilization. Advanced
computational methods and large-scale surveys enable scholars to identify trends, segment
populations, and forecast electoral outcomes with greater precision.
3.2 Case Study: Behavioral Approach in Pakistan
In Pakistan, the behavioral framework is particularly useful given the country’s ethnic diversity,
social cleavages, and dynamic political environment. Behavioral studies examine voter
preferences, political messaging, and campaign strategies, especially how social media
platforms influence public opinion and mobilization during elections. These analyses help
political parties tailor their outreach and understand shifting political loyalties, which is vital for
democratic consolidation.
Conclusion
Despite early criticisms, the behavioral approach remains highly relevant and influential in
political science. Its empirical methods and adaptability to new data sources ensure it continues
to provide valuable insights into political behavior and public opinion. In complex societies like
Pakistan, where political dynamics are shaped by diverse social groups and evolving
communication channels, behavioral analysis offers essential tools for understanding and
engaging with political processes. Thus, the behavioral approach is not only still relevant but
indispensable for contemporary political analysis and policy making.

2. Define bureaucracy and its role in the political development.

Definition of Bureaucracy
Bureaucracy is a system of governance in which decisions and the day-to-day administrative
tasks of government are carried out by a body of non-elected officials, often referred to as civil
servants. These officials operate according to a clearly defined hierarchy, standardized
procedures, and written rules, ensuring uniformity, predictability, and stability in public
administration.
Max Weber, a renowned German sociologist, provided one of the most influential definitions of
bureaucracy. He described it as a rational and efficient form of organization characterized by a
well-defined division of labor, formal rules and regulations, a hierarchy of authority, and
impersonal relationships. In essence, bureaucracy is the machinery through which state
authority is exercised and public policies are implemented.

Role of Bureaucracy in Political Development

Bureaucracy plays a central and multifaceted role in the political development of a nation.
Political development refers to the processes through which a political system evolves to
become more complex, stable, representative, and effective in addressing the needs of its
citizens. A professional and well-functioning bureaucracy is essential for this process. Its roles
can be elaborated as follows:

a. Implementation of Policies and Laws

One of the primary functions of bureaucracy is to translate the decisions and policies of elected
officials into concrete action. While politicians may design policies and pass legislation, it is the
bureaucracy that ensures these policies are executed efficiently. This includes everything from
delivering public services to enforcing regulations. Without a capable bureaucracy, even the
best-designed policies would remain ineffective or unimplemented, impeding political
development.
Example: The role of the bureaucracy in executing programs like the Benazir Income Support
Programme (BISP) and the Ehsaas Programme shows their importance in reaching grassroots
levels with social safety initiatives.
b. Ensuring Administrative Efficiency and Service Delivery
A well-organized bureaucracy promotes administrative efficiency by streamlining processes,
managing resources effectively, and minimizing corruption and waste. Efficient delivery of
services such as healthcare, education, sanitation, and infrastructure development enhances
the legitimacy of the state and fosters citizen trust. In turn, this trust contributes to the stability
and maturity of the political system.
Example: The Federal Board of Revenue (FBR), staffed by bureaucrats, plays a central role in
tax policy and revenue collection essential for national development.
c. Maintenance of Law and Order
Bureaucratic institutions such as the police, judiciary, and local administration play a vital role in
maintaining internal peace and security. Law and order are fundamental preconditions for
political stability and development. When citizens feel safe and protected by impartial state
institutions, it encourages civic participation and fosters a sense of political community.
Example: Pakistan’s civil service administers policies across provinces, helping integrate
diverse regions into the national framework
d. Capacity Building and Development Planning
Bureaucracy is crucial for building the capacity of the state to plan and manage development. It
is involved in designing, implementing, and evaluating long-term national development plans. By
collecting data, forecasting trends, managing budgets, and coordinating between various
ministries, bureaucracies help steer the country toward economic growth and political
modernization.
Example: During natural disasters like the 2022 floods, civil and district administrations
coordinated relief operations with NGOs and military support.
Example: The Planning Commission of Pakistan, led by senior bureaucrats, designs long-term
strategies like Vision 2025 for national development.
e. Neutrality and Impartiality in Governance
An ideal bureaucracy functions independently of political influence and serves the state rather
than any particular political party or interest group. This impartiality is essential for ensuring
fairness and equity in public administration. In democratic societies, a neutral bureaucracy acts
as a stabilizing force that upholds the rule of law, irrespective of changes in government.
Example: The Election Commission of Pakistan (ECP), staffed by bureaucrats, plays a vital
neutral role in conducting free and fair elections.
f. Nation-Building in Post-Colonial and Developing States
In many post-colonial or newly independent countries, bureaucracy often becomes the
backbone of nation-building. In the absence of strong political institutions, bureaucracies take on
the responsibility of integrating diverse ethnic, linguistic, or regional groups into a cohesive
national identity. Through programs aimed at education, communication, infrastructure
development, and administrative outreach, they promote unity and shared national values.
Example: The role of the civil service in integrating newly merged tribal districts of KP (formerly
FATA) into the mainstream system is a critical example of nation-building.
g. Institutional Continuity and Historical Memory
While elected governments may change periodically through elections, the bureaucracy remains
a permanent fixture in the political system. This continuity ensures that institutional knowledge,
experience, and historical records are preserved. Such consistency is crucial in times of political
transition or crisis, as it helps maintain order and prevents institutional breakdown.
Example: During periods of political instability, such as the 1999 and 2007 transitions,
bureaucracies ensured that state functions did not collapse despite changes in leadership.
h. Policy Innovation and Expertise
Modern bureaucracies are often staffed with experts in various fields such as economics, public
health, engineering, and environmental science. These experts contribute to policymaking by
providing technical knowledge, conducting research, and evaluating policy outcomes. Their
input is vital for crafting realistic and effective strategies for national development.

3. Conclusion
In conclusion, bureaucracy is not merely a technical organ of the state—it is a foundational
institution that underpins political development. By ensuring policy implementation, maintaining
law and order, building state capacity, and providing institutional continuity, a competent
bureaucracy supports the overall functioning and maturation of the political system. However,
for bureaucracy to contribute positively, it must be transparent, accountable, and responsive to
the needs of the public. Excessive red tape, corruption, or political interference can turn it into a
hindrance rather than a facilitator of development. Therefore, political reform and administrative
modernization often go hand in hand to create a dynamic and development-oriented state
apparatus.

3. What is a Social Movement? Describe Various Factors for the Rise of Social
Movements
Definition of Social Movement
A social movement is a collective, organized, and sustained effort by a group of individuals or
organizations to bring about or resist social, political, economic, or cultural change. These
movements often emerge from shared grievances or common aspirations, and they seek to
influence public discourse, policy decisions, and societal norms through protests, awareness
campaigns, legal advocacy, and public mobilization.
In the context of Pakistan, social movements have historically played a pivotal role in
challenging oppressive systems, demanding democratic rights, protecting cultural identities, and
promoting social justice. Movements in Pakistan have addressed issues such as democracy,
judicial independence, gender equality, ethnic rights, environmental protection, and freedom of
expression.

Factors Responsible for the Rise of Social Movements

The emergence of social movements is influenced by a range of intersecting structural, political,
economic, and cultural factors. Below is a detailed explanation of the key factors contributing to
the rise of social movements in Pakistan,
1. Social Injustice and Inequality
Widespread disparities in income, education, healthcare access, gender roles, and feudal
structures have long plagued Pakistani society. These injustices provoke marginalized
communities and groups to demand change.
Example: The Aurat March, held annually in cities like Lahore, Karachi, and Islamabad since
2018, brings together women and allies to protest gender-based violence, patriarchal
oppression, and discriminatory laws, demanding equality, justice, and bodily autonomy.
2. Economic Discontent
Rising poverty, unemployment, inflation, and exploitative labor conditions often serve as triggers
for movements that focus on economic justice and workers' rights.
Example: Labor unions such as those in WAPDA (Water and Power Development Authority)
and PIA (Pakistan International Airlines) have led protests and strikes over issues like delayed
salaries, job insecurity, and privatization policies. These economic movements highlight the
struggle of the working class for fair treatment.
3. Political Oppression and Authoritarianism
When civil liberties are curtailed and judicial or political independence is compromised, citizens
and civil society mobilize to challenge authoritarian practices and demand democratic reform.
Example: The Lawyers' Movement (2007–2009) was a major civil society mobilization
demanding the reinstatement of Chief Justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry, who was
dismissed by General Pervez Musharraf. The movement became symbolic of the broader fight
for judicial independence and rule of law in Pakistan.
4. Cultural or Identity-Based Mobilization
Ethnic, linguistic, sectarian, and regional identity grievances often lead to identity-based
movements when groups feel misrepresented, marginalized, or excluded from national
policymaking.
Example: The Pashtun Tahafuz Movement (PTM) emerged in 2018 to protest enforced
disappearances, racial profiling, and extrajudicial killings of Pashtun civilians. It called for an end
to state violence and greater respect for human rights in tribal and conflict-affected regions.
5. Globalization and Media Influence
Globalization has brought increased exposure to international human rights norms, while digital
and social media have enabled real-time information sharing, empowering citizens to organize
and voice dissent.
Example: The #JusticeForZainab campaign, following the tragic rape and murder of a young girl
in Kasur in 2018, went viral across Pakistan and led to nationwide protests. It pressured the
government to implement stronger child protection laws and highlighted the power of digital
activism.
6. Leadership and Organization
Charismatic leadership and well-structured organizations are crucial for sustaining movements
and rallying public support. Leaders give direction, legitimacy, and visibility to the cause.
Example: Imran Khan’s anti-corruption rallies in the 2010s, particularly under the banner of
Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI), mobilized large segments of the urban middle class and youth.
Though political in nature, the movement began as a civil protest against corruption, nepotism,
and elite privilege.
7. Environmental Concerns
Growing awareness of climate change, water scarcity, pollution, and environmental degradation
has led to the emergence of green activism, especially among youth and civil society.
Example: Climate Marches held in Lahore, Karachi, and Islamabad have addressed issues such
as air and water pollution, deforestation, and the climate emergency. These movements
emphasize the need for sustainable development policies and environmental accountability.
8. Technological Advancement and Digital Mobilization
The proliferation of smartphones and internet access has allowed for rapid communication,
digital organizing, and wider outreach. Movements can now transcend traditional barriers of
geography and censorship.
Example: The Students Solidarity March, organized through platforms like Facebook and
Twitter, brought students from across Pakistan together to demand the restoration of student
unions, academic freedom, and better educational infrastructure. The movement successfully
reintroduced student voices into national political discourse.​

Conclusion
Social movements in Pakistan reflect the dynamic and evolving relationship between citizens
and the state, where ordinary people collectively challenge injustices, demand accountability,
and strive for a more inclusive and democratic society. Whether inspired by social inequality,
political repression, or environmental concerns, these movements have played a transformative
role in shaping public consciousness and policy debates.
At the same time, bureaucracy and institutional governance must respond proactively and
responsibly to the demands of social movements. A functioning democracy thrives when both
bureaucratic efficiency and grassroots activism work in harmony. In this context, social
movements not only signify public dissatisfaction but also represent hope, resilience, and
democratic potential in Pakistan’s political landscape.