UNIT-1: ROLE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN CHILD
DEVELOPMENT
1.1. Identify the physical and emotional needs of the children
1.2. Identify factors influencing physical activities
1.3. Plan physical activities for children
Physical activity or game is only a subset of the entire physical education
curriculum; however, physical activity or Game is the key foundation of a
successful physical education program. In today’s high-tech society, a
successful physical education plays an important role in the physical
growth and development of students in fighting against the sedentary
lifestyle. Through physical education, students acquire the knowledge,
skills, right attitudes, and values towards the pursuit of a lifelong
physically active and healthy lifestyle.
1.1. Introduction
Physical education trends have developed recently to incorporate a
greater variety of activities besides typical sports.
Introducing students to activities like football, basketball, bowling,
walking, hiking or frisbee at an early age can help students develop good
activity habits that will carry over into adulthood.
1.1 Identify the Physical and emotional needs of the
children
Physical fitness involves the efficient functioning of your body organs.
Fitness influences to a great degree not only to physical health but also
the health of our mind such as mental alertness and emotional stability.
Physical activity helps to reduce body fat by building or preserving muscle
mass and improving the body's ability to use calories.
Scientist in the field of Physical education recommends at least one hour
of regular physical activity to be an integral part of our daily routine.
Once you begin to exercise regularly, you will tone your muscles; increase
the cardiovascular capacity, improve flexibility.
As your body condition improves, you will discover many more reasons
why exercise is so important to have a better quality of life. Exercise
reduces stress, lifts moods, and helps us sleep better.
Physical activity helps in the following:
➢ Developing and maintaining good health
➢ Taking preventive measure against disease
➢ Improving mental and physiological strength and physical fitness
➢ Improving mental concentration
➢ Building self-esteem
Health Triangle
The health triangle- also known as the Wellness Triangle-represents
three aspects of living that contribute to optimal health. The three areas
involve the physical, social and mental well-being of the individual.
The concept of the health triangle was first introduced by the World
Health Organization in 1948, which stressed the need for overall balance
to achieve health and wellness.
Physical Health
➢ Physical health is one the most important component of the Health
Triangle.
➢ The way to achieve this health is depicted in the points given below.
Exercise : - 1 hour daily including stretching and cardiovascular exercises.
Nutrition
➢ Eat balance diet
➢ Do not skip breakfast
➢ Eat at least three times a day
Rest
➢ Sleep at least 8 hours daily
➢ Keep sleep timing the same
➢ Always keep smiling
Mental Health
The mental side of the health triangle has to do
with an individual's cognitive and emotional well-
being.
A person is mentally healthy if he shows the
following traits:
➢ Free of stress
➢ Able to think clearly and positively
➢ Able to focus or concentrate
➢ Reasonable memory
➢ Control over his/her emotion
➢ Free from depression and any mental disorders
A mentally healthy person is able to learn well. Learning is the key to
the development of skills, behaviors and knowledge.
Social Health
Social Health is the ability to live harmoniously in a society. One can
develop social health by investing in relationships within family, friends
and community. Social health is about realizing one’s role in a society and
being able to live by the rules and the norms defined for a harmonious
community living.
Steps of development of social health
Team games are perfect set ups where one learns how to interact with
people from different backgrounds, levels of proficiency, age groups,
gender, etc. groups, gender, etc.
Step 1. Play your favorite game with your friends for 30 to 40 minutes.
Step 2: List the activities you performed and the skills you learnt e.g.
kicking, throwing, catching, passing etc.
Step 3: List down the feelings that you went through while performing
the activities listed by you.
Step 4: Write a short note ( 50 words) on what you gained from the
activities/ games in terms of social, physical and mental health.
1.2 Factors Influencing Physical Activities
Factors affecting physical fitness:
1. Age:
Age is a chief factor which influences physical fitness. Physical fitness is
measured by assessing physiological and physical performance. These
physiological and physical performances vary according to age.
2. Gender:
Male and female are different in terms of body composition and
physiological functioning. These differences cater to gender specific roles
assigned by nature. At the same time these differences also affect the
physical fitness of male and female.
3. Body composition:
Body composition refers to the percentage of body weight that is
composed of fat as compared with fat free or lean tissue (muscles). Body
composition can be explained by somatotyping. Somatotyping is a
technique to 12 divide people into three different types based on body
shape and physique type.
3. Body composition:
These types are known as:
Endomorph:
These people have soft, fat and round body, having predominance of abdominal
region. They are sociable and relaxed (can be compered to pyknic type).
Mesomorph:
These people are well built with heavy and strong muscles appear predominantly. They
are physically active, noisy, adventurous by nature (can be compered to athletic type).
Ectomorph:
These are the people who are tall, thin and feat chested, having the skin, bones and
neural structure predominantly.
They are shy, reserved and self-conscious (can be compered with asthenic type).
4. Nutrition:
Physical fitness is highly affected by the energy input and output balance.
The energy input is in the form of food intake the quantity as well as the
quality of food and output is in the form of physical exercise. The diet
requirement varies based on body type and nature of activity. A person
should consume optimum nutrition based on his activity level and fitness
goal.
5. Climatic conditions:
Different climatic conditions affect the fitness level of an individual in many ways.
Food pattern and activity level defers according to the season of the year. This
phenomenon has a direct impact on the fitness level of an individual. Different
climatic conditions require different training requirements to develop and
maintain physical fitness.
6. Lifestyle habits:
These play a very important role in the fitness and wellbeing of a person.
Starting with desk jobs, city life, lack of walking options, air-conditioned
home and offices, smoking and drinking habits, eating outside food etc.
7. Physical Activity:
Physical activity is critical for overall health at every age. Any form of
exercise or movement of our body that uses energy is described as a
physical activity. Regular physical activity includes participation in
moderate and vigorous exercises and muscle strengthening activities.
INFLUENCE OF SOCIETY ON SPORT
We all know and have experienced the impact sports make in our lives
and in the society we all live in. There are numerous examples of positive
impacts sports have made in different societies. The simplest definition
of society is a group of people who share a defined territory and a
culture. All human societies have a culture and culture can only exist
where there is a society.
Culture refers to the agreed norms, values, beliefs, interests, behaviours
of the majority of people in a society. Culture is a way of life which is
directly affected by the various factors in a society like environment,
economy, political system and technology to name a few. Let us discuss
some examples of direct impact of society on sports based on the
following factors.
Environment:
People sharing a common heritage or culture can have a different
inclination or liking towards different games based on their geographical
location, availability of play space and infrastructure. Adventure sports
like mountaineering, skiing, bungee jumping, water rafting - north-
eastern parts of India, water sports, beach volleyball, kayaking=coastal
areas, football, boxing, volleyball, basketball, track and field = Kerala,
Tamil Nadu, Goa, Manipur, Sikkim, Punjab.
Economy:
Economy plays an important role in the development of sports. Modern
day sports require sports equipment and infrastructures of the best
quality in order to excel and reach a certain level of competency. The
countries which are spending huge amount of money in developing their
sports infrastructures are the ones leading the Olympic medal tallies.
Technology:
Economy and technology are correlated. The
advancement in technology is the direct
result of the advancement in economy. A
country with a good economy has the power
to spend on technology, a must for any
performance-oriented sports. The decline of
Indian hockey is a direct reflection of the
slow progress in technology in the field of
sports.
The Indian market presents a tantalizing prospect for organizations across
the business of sport including:
• Local and international brands looking for ways to build their share of a
huge consumer market
• Sports federations hoping to boost participation and grow commercial revenues
• Event and tour organizers seeking new destinations for sport
• Agencies and sport professional services aiming to grow internationally
• Stadium architects and contractors wanting to explore new opportunities.
Political:
Political stability or instability has a major impact in the world of
sports. As we know, Olympic Games
were conducted with the intention of bringing fragmented Greek
states together. Truce was declared when these games were held.
Contrary to the intention of ancient Olympic Games, in modern times
Olympics were stopped due to wars.
The 1916 Olympic Games were cancelled because of World War I,
and the 1940 and 1944 Olympics were cancelled due to World War II.
In 1920 Austria, Bulgaria, Germany, Hungary and Turkey were all
banned from taking part because they were on the losing side in
World War I. Japan, West Germany and East Germany did not attend
the 1948 London Games.
In 1960, South Africa was banned from the Olympics because of its
racist policy. United States of America (and about 60 allies) boycotted
the 1980 Moscow Olympics Games. And the negative impacts due to
the political frictions did not end with the history; even today
countries like India and Pakistan do not play any international
matches against each other except during the world cups.
1.3 Plan Physical Activities for Children
For the holistic development of children, physical education in school
should incorporate the following:
➢ Activities should be fun so as to encourage all children to
participate.
➢ Skills should be taught according to the diamond structure given
below
➢ Activities, props and equipment have been ‘age appropriate’.
➢ Activities must to be structured and planned properly.
➢ All the children must be involved and none should be left behind.
➢ Progress of each child must be mapped through continuous
assessment and remedial measures should be taken to ensure that
learning outcomes are achieved.
Structuring physical activity sessions
The physical activity in the primary years should be on introduction to basics of
major sports in addition to developing fitness level of the students. The above
picture explains the year/grade wise focus on the type of sports program.
Macro-planning
➢ A macro plan is a bigger picture, it’s short and concise, just hitting the
important highlights.
➢ The macro level is a snapshot of what you want to accomplish.
For example: your end goal is, that a child should be able to play football
basic so that is your Macro-Planning.
Meso-planning
➢ The meso-planning is a breakdown of each week or pair of Weeks with
the goal to improve one or two things in that shorter period of time.
➢ The meso level of fitness is how you apply the planning to changes the
results you will get.
For example: To play football, what are the basic skills the child should
learn, implementing those in your planning will be your Meso planning
Micro-planning
➢ The Micro planning is a daily or couple day breakdown of specific skill
or activities that are planned to improve upon one another to achieve
the goals set in both the meso-cycle and macro-cycle.
➢ For example: How you are going to plan a session so that the child will
be able to learn the fundamental skill of football. That will be your
Micro planning.
Weekly planning:
In case of micro planning, we focus on one or two skills. However in weekly
plan we focus on 2 – 3 sets of lesson plans that you want to finish. These
planning are important things that move the child towards the long-term
goals.
Weekly planning will give you confidence and it is a short-term goal that you
are setting for that group. These weekly plans should be followed by a
visual assessment during the class to check the progress
Weekly plan for grade 4-A- Week 1 Weekly plan for grade 4-A- Week 2
Monday FB.1: Ball control Monday FB.1: Passing
Tuesday Tuesday
Wednesday Wednesday
Thursday FB.2: Dribbling Thursday FB.2: Shooting
Friday Friday
Saturday Saturday
Yoga
➢ Yoga is a systematic and methodical process to control and develop
the mind and body to attain good health, balance of mind and self-
realization.
➢ Yoga can help to develop health, improve concentration, increase
flexibility and strengthen willpower.
Yoga – Benefits
1. All-round fitness.
2. Weight loss.
3. Stress relief
4. Inner peace
5. Improved immunity
6. Living with greater awareness Better relationships
7. Better relationships
8. Increased energy
9. Better flexibility & posture
10. Better intuition. Yoga and meditation have the power to improve your
intuitive ability so that you effortlessly realize what needs to be done,
when and how, to yield positive results.
Asanas
Standing Asanas:
Vrikshasana, Trikonasana, Padahastasana, Virabhadrasana, Parsvakosana,
Garudasana, Natarajasana, Uttasana
Sitting Asnas:
Gomukhasana, Baddhakonasana, Vakrasana, Ardhamatsyendrasana,
Sutpavajarsana, Yogamudra, Janu shirshana, Tolasana
Asnas in lying position:
Ekpada uttanasana, Ardha salbhasana, Reclining Twist, Vipreetkamini,
Shalabhasana, Bhujangasana, Sarvangsana, Halasana
Sun Salutation (Surya Namaskar)
➢ Surya Namaskar is the other name for Sun salutation.
➢ Morning time is best, you are unable to do in morning then do it in
evening or either when your stomach is empty.
➢ There are certain benefits of Surya Namaskar like fat reduction,
expansion of lungs, improved blood circulation, good digestive
system without constipation
12 steps of Surya Namaskar:
Step 1.Pranamasana, 2. Hasta Uttanasana, 3. Paadahastasana, 4. Ashwa
Sanchalasana, 5. Chaturanga Dandasana, 6. Ashtanga Namaskara, 7.
Bhujangasana, 8. Adho Mukha Shvanasana, 9. Ashwa Sanchalasana,
10. Paadahastasana, 11. Hasta Uttanasana, 12. Pranamasana.
Surya Namaskar
END
