NEELDEEP ACADEMY JAUNPUR

Class 10 (PDF Notes)

Chapter – 1 (Internet Basics)

 Introduction-
The Internet completely revolutionised communication and technology across the Globe.
The Internet is the most commonly used term in today’s world and plays a very important
role in the everyday life of people.
The Internet is a global computer network, which offers a range of information and
communication services, consisting of interconnected networks using structured protocols
as TCP / IP which stands for the Internet Protocol / Transmission Control Protocol.

 World Wide Web-

World Wide Web, is a standard protocol which is also known as a Web, is a way of
accessing information over the Internet. It contains millions of documents called web
pages. Each page contains text, graphics, video, audio, and links to other web pages via
hyperlinks. The web uses HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) for the transfer of these
documents over the Internet.

How does it work?

The browser sends an HTTP request message to the server, asking it to send a copy of the
website to the client. This message, and all other data sent between the client and the
server, is sent across your internet connection using TCP/IP.
Difference between WWW and Internet-
(WWW) (INTERNET)

World Wide Web is a collection of Internet is a means of connecting millions

information which is accessed via the of computers anywhere in the world.
Internet.
Applications called web browsers that make There are a variety of ways to access the
it easy to access the World Wide Web. internet.
Online content that is formatted in html Internet uses TCP/IP protocol to link
and accessed via Http Protocol. devices worldwide.
Internet offers various services, such as e- WWW is one of the services available on
mail, chatting , IMS, forums, discussion Internet.
group etc.
In www you can jump one document to Each Internet Computer is Independent
another simply by clinking on hyperlink.

Basic Internet Terminology-

Following terms are commonly used in Context of working on the Internet.
Client- Any Computer on the networks that requests services from another computer on
the Internet.
Web Client- That is Web browser, for eg- chrome, mozilla, internet explorer etc. web
client/web browser is a computer applications running on a user's computer that allow
users to access any website through the Internet.

Server- Any Computer that receives requests from client computers, processes and sends
the output. Like Web servers respond to web related request.
Webpage- Any basic unit digital page/document hosted on Internet (that is accessible via
internet.)
Website- A collection of interconnected webpages, designed with a certain goal in mind.
Web Portal- A type of Website or Services that offers a broad array of resources such as e-
mail, forums, e-commerce etc.
Web Browser- A program or software on a client computer that retrieves information from
the web. Ex- Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, Safari etc.
URL- Uniform Resource Locator is the unique address of a web page on Internet.
HTML- Stands for Hyper Text Markup Language. It is a computer language used to create
webpages.
Blog/Weblog- It is a web page that serves as a publicly accessible personal journal for an
individual. A blog is a frequently updated online personal journal or diary.
Types of Blog- Personal Blog (Like Health, Politics, Travel etc.), Company Blog (for
promotions & Customers supports ), Non-Profit Blog (Non-Profit organisations), Politics
Blog (for Political Parties or its members), News and Views Blog (used by Journalist to post
facts), Microblog (Ex- Twitter)
Blogger- The author of a blog is called blogger. A blogger is the one who regularly writes
and updates entries in his/her blog.
Blogging- The action of writing blog is called blogging.
Domain name- A domain name refers to your website address. This is what users type in a
browser's search bar to directly access your website. A domain name is unique and cannot
be shared between different sites.
Newsgroup- Newsgroup are Internet discussion forums where groups of users with
common interests gather to discuss on a common topic of interest.
Email- Short of Electronic mail, email refers to messages distributes by electronic means
from one Computer user to one or more recipients via a internet.
Email addresses- An email address is a unique identifier for an email account. It is used to
both send and receive email messages over the Internet.

[email protected]
User Name
Separator Domain Extension
“at” symbol

Domain name
Difference between Web Page and Website-
(WEB PAGE) (WEBSITE)

A webpage is defined as the smaller part of A website is a platform that contains

the website that includes contents like text, various webpages addressed to certain
media, etc. It also comprises links to many URLs (Uniform Resource Locators).
other relevant webpages.
Different webpages can use the same name The website is presented by a unique
(title name), but they should reside in domain address.
different documents having different URLs.
It can be accessed using a direct URL link or It can be accessed through a domain
through a website. address
It is an individual hypertext document It is a collection of multiple pages hosted on
linked under a website. the server.
Ex- Contact Page, Registration Page, Sign Ex- Flipkart.com, Amazon.com etc.
Up Page, About Page, or any other page like
this.

Dynamic vs Static Web Content-

 Dynamic Content- The content of a website that does not remain constant and
changes according to user inputs is referred to as dynamic content. It can change
because of user behavior or user preference. For ex, in the case of a product page, all
product details such as Product Name, Price, Quantity, and Description are stored in
a database and are fetched when a user is viewing the webpage of a particular
product.
 Static Content- The content of a website that remains the same across pages is
referred to as static content. It is any file that is stored in a server and is the same
every time it is delivered to users. HTML files and images are examples of this kind of
content. For ex, the navigation menu, logo of the website, or any other information
on the header or footer would not depend on inputs from the visitor.

Main Components of a Website-

 Domain Name- A domain name refers to your website address. This is what users
type in a browser's search bar to directly access your website. A domain name is
unique and cannot be shared between different sites. A domain name is the unique
address for a website. Usually, it consists of a website name and a domain name
extension.
  A content management system (CMS)- A content management system, often
abbreviated as CMS, is software that helps users create, manage, and modify content
on a website without the need for specialized technical knowledge. In simpler
language, a content management system is a tool that helps you build a website
without needing to write all the codes.
 Web Hosting- Web hosting is an online service that allows you to publish your
website files onto the internet. So, anyone who has access to the internet has access
to your website. Web hosting is the activity of providing storage space for a website
that is connected to the Internet. When you have a company that has space on
servers and people buy space to store their websites so they can appear on the
Internet, this is an example of web hosting.
 Site Files- Site Files have all the elements of your website which may include images,
documents, templets, and HTML files.
 Web Portal- A web portal is a website that collects information and services about a
certain theme and provides access to such information and services to the portal’s
users. Web portals often include features like web search, mail services, news,
forums, and more. Web portals are private locations on the internet that can only be
accessed through their unique URLs, and users are required to enter their login IDs
and passwords.

Main Components of Webpage-

Components of a webpage by CONTENT WISE-
 Hypertext- Hypertext refers to a digital text, which is more than just text as it can
include information in various media formats such as text, graphics, sound, images,
video, hyperlinks.
 Hyperlink- Hyperlink refers to a link from a hypertext file to another such file. A
hyperlink can be in the form of a graphic or text, upon clicking where the linked
document opens up.
 Source code- It contains instructions about the layout and structure of the web page.
It also defines the content of the web page. These instructions are used by the
browser to display the page.
Components of a webpage by STRUCTURE WISE-
 Page Title- This is a single line text which is displayed on the title bar of the browser
displaying web page.
 Header- This is generally a one or two line text (sometimes a graphics/image)
defining the purpose of the web page. It is displayed at the top of the web page.
  Body of the Web page- This is the section below the header of the web page and it
contains the actual content of the web page.
 Navigational Links- These are the hyperlinks placed on the web page using which
you can move the linked web pages/documents.
 Footer- This is the bottom section of the web page. This is the section where usually
the copy right notice, website contact information etc.

What makes a web page works?

 Firstly, the server receives the request for a page sent by your browser.
 The browser connects to the server through an IP Address: the IP address is obtained
by translating the domain name.
 In return, the server sends back the requested page.

The components/Elements of a URL-

A URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is a specific type of URI (Universal Resource Identifier). A
URL normally locates an existing resource on the Internet. A URL is used when a web client
makes a request to a server for a resource.
A URL for HTTP (or HTTPS) is normally made up of three or four components:

 A scheme- The scheme identifies the protocol to be used to access the resource on
the Internet. It can be HTTP (without SSL) or HTTPS (with SSL).
Ex-https://
 Subdomain- The subdomain is used to separate different sections of the website as it
specifies the type of resource to be delivered to the client. Here the subdomain used
‘www’ is a general symbol for any resource on the web.
Ex- https://www.
 A host/Domain name-. Domain name specifies the organization or entity that the
URL belongs to. Like in www.facebook.com the domain name ‘facebook’ indicates
the organization that owns the site. Ex- https://www.facebook
 Top-level Domain/Extension-The TLD (top-level domain) indicates the type of
organization the website is registered to. Like the .com in www.facebook.com
indicates a commercial entity. Similarly, .org indicates organization, .co.uk a
commercial entity in the UK.
Ex- https://www.example.co.uk.
 A path- The path identifies the specific resource in the host that the web client wants
to access.
Ex- https://www.facebook.com.in:/xyz/profile
Some Common Domain names-
.com – commercial business .aero – Air- transport industry
.org – organizations (typically, nonprofit) .ind - India
.gov – government agencies .pk - Pakistan
.edu – educational institutions .us - United States
.net – network organizations .jp – Japan
.mil – military .uk – United Kingdom
.int – International Organisation .cn - China

HTML-
HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language. HTML is a standard markup language for
creating web pages and it describes the structure of the webpage. All the HTML documents
end with .html extensions.
"Hypertext" refers to links that connect web pages to one another, either within a single
website or between websites.
A “markup language” is a computer language to create web pages. Markup means it uses
tags to define elements and add information. It is not a programming language contains
typical syntax to create a webpage.

Difference between CUI and GUI-

CUI- CUI stands for Character User Interface. It is a user interface where the user interacts
with the computer solely through the keyboard and requires a command to perform any
task. It works by permitting the user to provide commands to a program in multiple text
lines (command lines).
Ex- are MS-DOS and the Windows Command Prompt.
GUI- GUI stands for Graphical User Interface. A GUI enables users to interact with the
operating system or application. It performs quick calculations of arithmetic and frees up
the CPU to perform other tasks. It offers buttons, windows, scrollbars, iconic images,
wizards, and other icons to facilitate users. It has a user-friendly interface for beginners. It is
easy to use, learn and also reduces the cognitive load.
Ex- are Microsoft Windows, Linux, Android, Apple mac OS, etc .
Differences Between Web Portal and Website-

(Website) (Web Portal)

A website is a location present on the A web portal is a point of access in which

internet with various web pages that one the content is only available for a set of
can access via its URL. specific users.
Various companies and organizations can It is private and user-centric.
own a website.
One does not need to update sources of One needs to update sources of
information time and again- unless information very frequently.
required.
No authentication is required. Anyone can It require authentication measures like
see the contents. login and provides information accordingly.
Ex- Cbseacademic.in EX- Gmail.
The content is searchable, but not A user can select and organise the content
customisable. he wants to access.

Types of Protocols-
A protocol is a set of rules that governs the communication between computers on a
network. Protocols generally include rules of how and when a device can send or receive
the data, how is the sent data packaged, and how it reaches its destination.
TCP-
Transmission control protocol is used for communication over a network. In TCP data is
broken down into small packets and then sent to the destination. However, IP is making
sure packets are transmitted to the right address.
Internet Protocol (IP)-
IP stands for "Internet Protocol," which is the set of rules governing the format of data sent
via the internet. In essence, IP addresses are the identifier that allows information to be
sent between devices on a network they contain location information and make devices
accessible for communication.
Post office Protocol (POP)-
POP3 is designed for receiving incoming E-mails.
FTP-
File transfer protocol is basically used for transferring files to different networks. There may
be a mass of files such as text files, multimedia files, etc. This way of file transfer is quicker
than other methods.
SMTP-
Simple mail transfer protocol manages the transmission and outgoing mail over the
internet.
HTTP-
HTTP is based on client and server model. HTTP is used for making a connection between
the web client and web server. HTTP shows information in web pages.
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS)-
HTTPS is abbreviated as Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure is a protocol to secure the
communication among two computers one using the browser and other fetching data from
web server. This protocol is also called HTTP over SSL because the HTTPS communication
protocols are encrypted using the SSL (Secure Socket Layer).

Difference between Server and Webserver-

(SERVER) (WEB SERVER)

A server is a type of computer or device on A web server is a program or a computer
a network that provides services to client primarily responsible for providing web
computer. contents. It stores processes and delivers
web content in the form of text, picture,
videos, and animations to its clients.
It manage hardware and software A web server is designed to serve only HTTP
resources in a network. requests from a web browser and responds
with an HTTP response.
Server support JAVA,PHP,C languages etc. Web server can display only static HTML
content on the web browser.
Various types of server Application Server, Some common web server are Apache
Communication server, Print server, server, Microsoft IIS server, IBM lotus.
Domain server, etc.
Advantages and disadvantages of Blogging-

(Advantages) (Disadvantages)

Enables you to write down your thoughts Whatever you publish is available for
on anything that interests you. everyone to see. If you write a post in anger
you might regret it later.
Very quick and easy to set up, don't need Personal blogs may be biased or contain
much technical knowledge inaccurate information
Easy and quick to update or add new posts Blogs can be time consuming. Finding time
to write regular updates can become a
chore.
People can leave comments on your blog People may leave rude or inappropriate
comments
If you want to read other people's blogs There are many very dull blogs around. You
there are literally millions to choose from may have to look at many before you find
some worth reading

Created By

Prakhar Srivastava