The July Revolution of 2024 in Bangladesh: A Historical Narrative

Author by Md. Nurul Alam

Table of Contents:

1. Introduction: The Spark of Change

2. The Seeds of Discontent: Political and Economic Landscape

3. The Youth Awakens: Protests Begin

4. The Shahbagh Movement: A Nation's Heartbeat

5. The July Massacre: Blood on the Streets

6. Resistance and Resilience: Nationwide Strikes

7. The Role of Women in the Revolution

8. Military Neutrality: The Silent Arbiter

9. Sheikh Hasina's Resignation: The Turning Point

10. Formation of the Interim Government

11. International Reactions: A Global Spotlight

12. Reforms and Reconstruction: The Aftermath

13. Legacy of the Revolution: Lessons for the Future

Introduction: The Spark of Change

The July Revolution of 2024 was a moment of reckoning for Bangladesh, a nation that had long
balanced the triumphs of its independence with the challenges of governance, economic
disparity, and social inequality. The revolution, led predominantly by the youth, emerged as a
watershed moment, marking the culmination of years of pent-up frustration and the birth of a
new era. It was a movement that transcended political affiliations, economic classes, and social
divisions, uniting a nation under the banner of justice and reform.

This chapter delves into the context, the catalysts, and the first stirrings of a revolution that
would alter the course of Bangladesh's history forever.

A Nation at the Crossroads

By 2024, Bangladesh had achieved significant milestones that placed it on the global map.
Infrastructure projects like the Padma Bridge symbolized a growing economy, while
advancements in garment manufacturing made the country a linchpin of global trade. Yet,
beneath these achievements lay deep structural flaws. Corruption, nepotism, and the
concentration of wealth among a select few had created a society where the benefits of progress
were unevenly distributed.

The urban centers of Dhaka and Chattogram showcased gleaming skyscrapers and bustling
markets, but in rural areas like Sunamganj and Kurigram, poverty remained a stubborn
adversary. The disconnect between the government’s rhetoric of development and the lived
realities of millions was stark. This disparity bred a growing sense of alienation among the
youth, who were increasingly vocal about their frustrations.

Youth unemployment stood at a staggering 15%, a statistic that belied the aspirations of a
generation raised on the promises of globalization and technological advancement. Universities,
once bastions of hope, had become hotbeds of discontent, with graduates facing bleak job
prospects despite their qualifications. The civil service, traditionally a ladder of social mobility,
was now seen as a fortress of privilege, guarded by a controversial quota system that prioritized
connections over competence.

The Quota System: A Lightning Rod

The quota system in government jobs, originally introduced to address historical injustices, had
long been a contentious issue. Reserved positions for descendants of freedom fighters, women,
and other marginalized groups were intended to promote inclusivity, but over time, the system
became a symbol of inefficiency and favoritism. Critics argued that it undermined meritocracy,
particularly as the largest share—30%—was allocated to descendants of freedom fighters, a
category that many felt was no longer relevant in a rapidly changing society.
In early 2024, the government announced its decision to reinstate the quota system after years of
debate and partial reforms. For the youth, this decision was a betrayal, a step backward at a time
when they were demanding forward-looking policies. The announcement, made during a
parliamentary session on July 1, 2024, was met with widespread outrage. Social media platforms
like Facebook and Twitter lit up with posts decrying the move, and hashtags like
#JusticeForYouth and #QuotaReform began trending within hours.

For many, the reinstatement of the quotas was not just a policy decision but a symbol of a larger
problem: a government that seemed out of touch with the aspirations of its people. The youth,
particularly university students, felt they were being denied the opportunities they had worked
hard to earn, and their frustration quickly turned into action.

The First Sparks

The first protest was small but significant. On the evening of July 2, 2024, a group of 300
students from Dhaka University gathered near the iconic Aparajeyo Bangla statue, a symbol of
resistance and resilience. Holding placards with slogans like “We want justice!” and “Abolish
the quotas!”, the students made their demands clear. Their voices echoed across the campus,
drawing attention from passersby and the media.

By the next day, the crowd had grown to over 1,000. Students from institutions like BUET,
Jahangirnagar University, and North South University joined the movement, bringing with them
their own grievances and stories of struggle. Shahbagh Square, a location historically associated
with protests and movements, became the epicenter of the demonstrations. The square,
surrounded by key landmarks like the National Museum and Dhaka Medical College, was soon
filled with young people chanting, singing, and sharing their visions for a better Bangladesh.

The government’s response was swift and severe. On July 4, riot police were deployed to
disperse the protesters. Tear gas and water cannons were used, leading to clashes that left dozens
injured. The images of students being dragged away by police and the sight of tear gas clouds
enveloping Shahbagh Square were broadcast across the nation, galvanizing support for the
movement. What began as a protest against a single policy had now become a larger struggle
against systemic injustice.

Social Media: The Revolution’s Megaphone

In a digital age, revolutions are no longer confined to physical spaces. Social media played a
pivotal role in amplifying the voices of the protesters and spreading their message far and wide.
Platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram became virtual battlegrounds where students
shared live updates, photos, and videos from the protests. Hashtags like #JusticeForYouth and
#QuotaReform went viral, drawing attention not just within Bangladesh but also from the global
diaspora.
One of the most powerful moments came when a video of a young protester, later identified as
Taslima Ahmed, went viral. In the video, Taslima, a law student at Dhaka University, stood
atop a makeshift podium in Shahbagh Square, addressing the crowd with fiery determination.
Her words, captured on countless smartphones, resonated deeply: “This is not just about quotas.
This is about our future. This is about justice. And we will not stop until we are heard!”

Taslima’s speech became a rallying cry for the movement, and she quickly emerged as one of its
most prominent leaders. Alongside her was Farhan Rahman, a journalist and activist whose
live broadcasts from the protests brought the revolution into the homes of millions. Farhan’s
fearless reporting, often conducted amidst tear gas and police barricades, earned him widespread
admiration and helped sustain the momentum of the movement.

The Role of Women and Marginalized Voices

One of the most striking aspects of the July Revolution was the prominent role played by women
and marginalized communities. In a society where traditional gender norms often relegated
women to the sidelines, the sight of young women leading chants, organizing marches, and
confronting police forces was both inspiring and transformative.

Women like Taslima Ahmed became symbols of the revolution, embodying the courage and
determination that defined the movement. Their participation not only challenged the status quo
but also highlighted the intersectional nature of the struggle. This was not just a fight for jobs or
quotas; it was a fight for equality, dignity, and the right to shape the nation’s future.

A Nation United

As the protests gained momentum, support poured in from all corners of the country. Farmers in
rural areas, factory workers in Gazipur, and tea plantation laborers in Sylhet all voiced their
solidarity with the students. Religious leaders, artists, and intellectuals also lent their voices to
the movement, emphasizing its moral and ethical dimensions.

The July Revolution was unique in its ability to unite people across diverse backgrounds. It was
a movement that transcended political ideologies and economic classes, bringing together a
nation that had often been divided along partisan lines. For many, it was a moment of collective
awakening, a realization that change was not only necessary but also possible.
The Beginning of a Movement

By the end of the first week of July, it was clear that the protests were no longer just about the
quota system. They had evolved into a broader movement demanding accountability,
transparency, and reform. The youth, long dismissed as apathetic or disorganized, had proven
their mettle, showing that they were not only aware of the issues facing their country but also
willing to fight for a better future.

The spark of change had been lit, and there was no turning back. The July Revolution of 2024
was underway, and its impact would soon be felt across every corner of Bangladesh.

Chapter 1: The Seeds of Discontent - Political and Economic Landscape

The July Revolution of 2024 did not emerge in a vacuum. It was the culmination of years of simmering
discontent, a boiling pot of political, economic, and social grievances that had reached its breaking point.
To understand the roots of this movement, one must delve into the political and economic landscape of
Bangladesh leading up to this pivotal moment.

The Political Landscape

The Sheikh Hasina Era
By 2024, Sheikh Hasina had been at the helm of Bangladesh’s government for over 15 years, leading the
nation through periods of both progress and controversy. Under her leadership, the country had witnessed
substantial economic growth, significant infrastructure development, and a bolstered international profile.
Projects such as the Padma Bridge and the Dhaka Metro Rail were hailed as symbols of a nation on the
rise.
However, this progress came with a cost. Sheikh Hasina’s tenure was marked by increasing
authoritarianism, suppression of dissent, and allegations of widespread corruption. Critics accused her
government of eroding democratic institutions, undermining the judiciary, and silencing opposition
voices. The Awami League’s dominance in politics was maintained through a combination of patronage,
control over law enforcement, and a pliant bureaucracy.
Erosion of Democratic Norms
The political environment in Bangladesh leading up to 2024 was fraught with challenges to democratic
norms. Elections were marred by accusations of vote rigging, voter intimidation, and the exclusion of
opposition parties. The 2018 general election, in particular, was criticized for its lack of transparency,
with the ruling Awami League winning an overwhelming majority amidst allegations of irregularities.
The opposition, led by the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), was largely ineffective, plagued by
internal divisions and a lack of credible leadership. Many opposition leaders faced legal cases, which they
claimed were politically motivated, further weakening their ability to challenge the government. This lack
of a robust opposition created a vacuum in the political landscape, leaving the youth and civil society to
take up the mantle of resistance.
Freedom of Speech Under Siege
Freedom of expression, a cornerstone of any democracy, was increasingly under threat. Journalists,
activists, and academics who criticized the government often faced harassment, arrests, or worse. The
Digital Security Act (DSA), enacted in 2018, became a tool for silencing dissent, with numerous cases
filed against individuals for social media posts deemed critical of the government.
The suppression of free speech created a climate of fear and self-censorship, stifling public discourse and
leaving many feeling powerless. Yet, this very repression also sowed the seeds of resistance, as people
turned to alternative platforms and methods to voice their frustrations.

The Economic Landscape

Economic Growth and Its Discontents
On the surface, Bangladesh’s economy appeared to be thriving. The country consistently achieved GDP
growth rates of over 6%, with sectors like ready-made garments (RMG), agriculture, and remittances
driving this expansion. Infrastructure projects, such as highways, bridges, and power plants, showcased
the government’s commitment to modernization.
However, this economic growth was far from inclusive. The benefits were concentrated among a small
elite, while large segments of the population continued to struggle. Income inequality widened, with the
Gini coefficient—a measure of income disparity—rising steadily. Urban areas, particularly Dhaka and
Chattogram, reaped the lion’s share of development, leaving rural regions in relative neglect.
Youth Unemployment: A Ticking Time Bomb
One of the most pressing economic issues was youth unemployment. Despite the expansion of higher
education, job creation lagged behind the growing number of graduates entering the workforce. Over 15%
of young people were unemployed, a statistic that masked the underemployment and precarious work
many others faced.
The disconnect between education and employment opportunities was stark. Universities churned out
graduates with degrees in engineering, business, and social sciences, but the job market could not absorb
them. This mismatch fueled frustration among the youth, who felt betrayed by a system that promised
upward mobility but delivered stagnation.
The Civil Service Quota System
The civil service remained one of the most coveted sectors for employment, offering job security,
prestige, and opportunities for upward mobility. However, the quota system, which reserved 56% of
government jobs for specific groups, became a lightning rod for criticism.
Initially introduced to address historical injustices and promote inclusivity, the quota system allocated
positions to freedom fighters’ descendants, women, and other marginalized groups. While well-
intentioned, the system increasingly appeared outdated and counterproductive. Critics argued that it
prioritized connections over competence, leaving many deserving candidates out in the cold.
The reinstatement of the quotas in early 2024 was seen as a step backward, reigniting long-standing
grievances. For many young people, this decision symbolized the broader failures of governance and the
lack of meritocracy in the system.
Social Disparities and Urban-Rural Divide
Rural Neglect
Rural areas, home to the majority of Bangladesh’s population, faced persistent challenges. Access to
quality education, healthcare, and infrastructure was limited, perpetuating cycles of poverty. Farmers
struggled with low crop prices, inadequate irrigation facilities, and the impacts of climate change, which
caused frequent floods and cyclones.
The rural population often felt overlooked by policymakers, who prioritized urban development. This
neglect bred resentment, with many rural communities feeling disconnected from the national narrative of
progress.
Urban Overcrowding
In contrast, urban areas like Dhaka and Chattogram were grappling with the challenges of rapid
urbanization. Overcrowding, traffic congestion, and inadequate housing created a precarious living
environment for millions. The influx of rural migrants in search of better opportunities further strained
urban resources, exacerbating social tensions.
The urban poor, working in low-paying jobs in factories and informal sectors, faced exploitative
conditions with little recourse. The disparity between the glittering skyscrapers of Gulshan and the
sprawling slums of Kamrangirchar was a stark reminder of the unequal distribution of wealth and
opportunities.

The Role of Corruption

Corruption was a pervasive issue that eroded public trust in institutions and hindered economic
development. From petty bribery to grand-scale embezzlement, corruption permeated every level of
society. The Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index consistently ranked Bangladesh
among the most corrupt countries in the world.
For ordinary citizens, corruption was an everyday reality. From securing a birth certificate to accessing
healthcare or education, bribes were often required to navigate bureaucratic processes. This systemic
corruption disproportionately affected the poor, further entrenching inequality.
The youth, in particular, were disillusioned by the prevalence of corruption. Many felt that their hard
work and qualifications were rendered meaningless in a system where connections and money dictated
success.

The Cultural Context

Youth and Identity
The youth of Bangladesh in 2024 were a generation shaped by globalization, technology, and a deep sense
of national pride. They were more connected to the world than any previous generation, with access to
social media, international news, and global cultural trends. Yet, they were also deeply rooted in their
national identity, drawing inspiration from the country’s history of resilience and struggle.
This dual identity created a generation that was both aspirational and critical. They admired the progress
made by their nation but were unafraid to challenge the status quo. The disconnect between their
aspirations and the opportunities available to them fueled a sense of restlessness, which would soon
manifest in collective action.
The Role of Religion and Tradition
Bangladesh’s predominantly Muslim population adhered to a rich tapestry of cultural and religious
traditions. While religion played a significant role in shaping societal values, the youth were increasingly
questioning dogmas and advocating for progressive interpretations of faith.
The tension between tradition and modernity was evident in debates around women’s rights, freedom of
expression, and education. These debates often intersected with political and economic issues, creating a
complex landscape of challenges and opportunities.

The Calm Before the Storm

By mid-2024, the signs of unrest were evident. The youth were disillusioned, the middle class was
frustrated, and the rural poor felt neglected. The government’s decision to reinstate the civil service
quotas was the final straw, igniting a movement that had been years in the making.
The seeds of discontent had been sown in the political and economic landscape of Bangladesh. What
remained was for these seeds to take root and grow into a revolution that would challenge the very
foundations of the nation’s governance and society.

Chapter 2: The Youth Awakens – Protests Begin

The July Revolution of 2024 did not emerge overnight. It was the result of years of political, economic,
and social discontent, particularly among Bangladesh’s youth. By the time the protests began in earnest,
the young generation had been brewing with frustration, disillusionment, and a desire for change. The
reinstatement of the controversial civil service quota system in early July 2024 served as the catalyst, but
it was only the spark that ignited a fire that had been smoldering for years.
In this chapter, we explore the early days of the protests, the motivations behind the youth’s awakening,
and how a seemingly small movement quickly grew into a nationwide demand for justice, equality, and
reform.

The Catalyst: Reinstating the Quota System

On July 1, 2024, the government of Bangladesh, led by Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina and her Awami
League party, announced the reinstatement of the controversial civil service quota system. The system,
which had been partially reformed in 2018 after widespread protests, was designed to reserve a
percentage of government jobs for specific groups, including the descendants of freedom fighters,
women, and ethnic minorities. While the intention was to promote inclusivity, critics argued that the
quotas were outdated and undermined meritocracy.
The announcement was met with widespread anger and frustration, especially among the youth. For many
young people, this decision was a symbol of how disconnected the government had become from the
realities of their lives. They had worked hard to earn their degrees, yet they found themselves being told
that merit and hard work were secondary to quotas and connections. The quota system, which had long
been a point of contention, was now seen as an institutional barrier to their future.
The protests did not begin with a massive outpouring of public anger, but rather with a few hundred
students gathering at Dhaka University, the epicenter of student activism in Bangladesh. What started as
a small demonstration quickly gained traction, as students from universities across the country joined the
movement. Social media, which had already been a platform for discontent, played a crucial role in
spreading the message, making the protests impossible to ignore.

The First Protest: July 2, 2024

The first official protest took place on the afternoon of July 2, 2024, when a group of around 300 students
gathered near the Aparajeyo Bangla statue at Dhaka University. The statue, which had long been a
symbol of resistance and student activism, was the perfect backdrop for a movement that sought to
challenge the status quo. The students, mostly young men and women, raised their voices against the
reinstatement of the quota system, chanting slogans like “We want justice!” and “Merit should be the
only criterion!”
The protest was peaceful at first, with students holding placards and speaking to the media about their
grievances. However, the situation quickly escalated when riot police arrived to disperse the crowd. The
police used tear gas and water cannons to break up the demonstration, leading to violent clashes between
the protesters and law enforcement. The images of students being dragged away by police officers, their
faces contorted in pain and defiance, were broadcast across television networks and social media
platforms.
The images from Dhaka University sparked outrage across the country. The sight of students, many of
them from prestigious institutions like the Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology
(BUET) and Jahangirnagar University, being beaten and detained by the police resonated deeply with
the public. The protests had now grown from a specific grievance about the quota system to a broader
condemnation of police brutality, political repression, and the lack of opportunities for the youth.

The Spread of the Movement

What began as a small protest in Dhaka quickly spread to other parts of the country. Within 24 hours,
students from universities in Chattogram, Rajshahi, Sylhet, and Khulna had organized their own
demonstrations. The protests were no longer confined to university campuses; they spilled into the streets,
blocking major roads, highways, and intersections.
The role of social media in amplifying the protests cannot be overstated. Hashtags like #JusticeForYouth,
#QuotaReform, and #YouthForChange trended on platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram.
Videos and photos from the protests, often showing violent confrontations with the police, were shared
millions of times, further galvanizing the movement. Activists like Farhan Rahman, a journalist who
had been covering the protests from the front lines, became national heroes for their fearless reporting and
live broadcasts.
One of the most striking aspects of the protests was the unity and organization of the students. Despite
coming from different universities and political backgrounds, the protesters were united by a common
cause: the desire for a fair and merit-based system that would provide equal opportunities for all. This
unity was evident in the peaceful nature of many of the demonstrations, with students organizing their
protests with precision and discipline. The protests were characterized by sit-ins, marches, and rallies,
rather than the chaos and violence that often accompany mass uprisings.

The Role of Women in the Protests

One of the most inspiring aspects of the July Revolution was the prominent role played by women in the
protests. In a society where women have historically been marginalized in public life, the sight of young
women at the forefront of the demonstrations was both empowering and revolutionary. Women like
Taslima Ahmed, a law student at Dhaka University, became symbols of the movement, leading chants
and delivering impassioned speeches that called for justice, equality, and an end to systemic
discrimination.
Taslima’s speech at Shahbagh Square on July 4, 2024, became one of the defining moments of the
protests. Standing on a makeshift podium, she declared: “This is not just about quotas. This is about our
future. This is about our dignity. And we will not stop until we are heard!” Her words resonated deeply
with both men and women, and she quickly became a figurehead of the movement.
Women’s participation in the protests was not limited to the university campuses. In cities like
Chattogram and Rajshahi, women played an active role in organizing rallies, distributing flyers, and
mobilizing support. The involvement of women added a new dimension to the protests, as it highlighted
the intersectionality of the movement: it was not just about quotas or jobs; it was about gender equality,
justice, and the right to live with dignity.

The Government’s Response

As the protests spread and intensified, the government’s response became more forceful. On July 4, 2024,
Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina addressed the nation in a televised speech, defending the reinstatement of
the quota system as a necessary measure to ensure inclusivity and address historical injustices. She called
on the protesters to return to their studies and assured the nation that the government was committed to
addressing the concerns of the youth.
However, the speech did little to quell the protests. If anything, it only fueled the anger of the
demonstrators, who felt that their voices were being ignored. The government’s refusal to acknowledge
the broader issues of corruption, inequality, and political repression only deepened the divide between the
ruling party and the youth.
On July 6, 2024, the government escalated its tactics by deploying riot police and paramilitary forces to
break up the protests. The streets of Dhaka, Chattogram, and other major cities were filled with armored
vehicles, and curfews were imposed in some areas. The use of force against peaceful protesters led to
several casualties and hundreds of injuries. The sight of bloodied students being carried away by their
peers only strengthened the resolve of the protesters.
The Movement Gains Momentum
Despite the government’s heavy-handed response, the protests only grew in size and intensity. The youth,
who had long felt marginalized and disillusioned, had found their voice. The protests were no longer just
about the quota system; they had become a movement for a fairer, more just society. The demand for
merit-based recruitment in government jobs was now a rallying cry for broader reforms in education,
employment, and political accountability.
The movement also began to attract support from various civil society groups, including labor unions,
teachers, and human rights organizations. Intellectuals and artists joined the protests, lending their voices
to the cause. The #JusticeForYouth hashtag continued to trend on social media, and international media
outlets began to cover the protests, bringing global attention to the movement.
The youth of Bangladesh had awakened, and they were determined to bring about change. The July
Revolution of 2024 had begun, and there was no turning back.

Chapter 3: The Shahbagh Movement – A Nation's Heartbeat

The Shahbagh Movement was the heart of the July Revolution of 2024 in Bangladesh. It was in the streets
of Shahbagh, a bustling area in central Dhaka, where the youth of the nation, fueled by years of
discontent and a desire for justice, converged to demand systemic change. What began as a protest against
the reinstatement of the controversial civil service quota system quickly transformed into a nationwide
cry for merit-based reforms, social justice, and an end to political repression. Shahbagh, a site of
historical importance in Bangladesh’s struggle for independence and democracy, became the symbol of a
new movement—a movement led by the youth, for the youth, but with far-reaching implications for the
entire nation.
In this chapter, we explore the rise of the Shahbagh Movement, its significance in the broader context of
the July Revolution, and how it became a focal point of resistance and unity for the Bangladeshi people.

Shahbagh: A Symbol of Resistance

Shahbagh is not just a geographic location in Dhaka; it is a symbol of resistance, a place where the people
of Bangladesh have historically gathered to demand justice, democracy, and human rights. From the
Language Movement of 1952, which fought for the recognition of Bengali as a state language, to the
2013 Shahbagh protests, where young activists called for the death penalty for war criminals, Shahbagh
has long been a site of political struggle.
For the youth of Bangladesh in 2024, Shahbagh represented the heart of their resistance. It was here that
they could be heard, where their demands for justice, equality, and reform could be amplified. The area is
home to the Shahbagh intersection, a central point that connects some of the most important areas of
Dhaka. Its proximity to universities, government buildings, and cultural landmarks made it the perfect
location for a movement that sought to challenge the political establishment.
The Shahbagh Movement was not just about the quota system; it was a broader statement against the
political system that had failed to deliver for the youth. It represented a rejection of the status quo, a call
for meritocracy, and a demand for the government to recognize the frustrations of a generation that had
been left behind by an increasingly authoritarian and corrupt system.

The First Days of the Shahbagh Movement

The protests in Shahbagh began on July 3, 2024, just one day after the first student protests broke out in
Dhaka University. Students, primarily from Dhaka University and the Bangladesh University of
Engineering and Technology (BUET), began gathering at Shahbagh, blocking roads and staging sit-ins.
The protests were peaceful at first, with students holding placards, chanting slogans, and demanding the
government repeal the reinstatement of the quota system.
What made the Shahbagh protests different from other demonstrations was the sense of unity and purpose
among the protesters. The movement was not led by any one political party or student group; rather, it
was a grassroots movement driven by young people from all walks of life. The students were united by
their common goal of creating a fairer system, where merit and hard work would be the primary criteria
for success, not political connections or quotas.
The protesters at Shahbagh were diverse in their backgrounds. There were students from elite universities,
rural students who had moved to Dhaka in search of better opportunities, and young professionals who
had been working for years but found themselves caught in a system that favored the privileged few. The
protesters were also joined by a wide range of civil society groups, including teachers, activists, and
human rights organizations, who saw the movement as an opportunity to address broader issues of
political corruption, inequality, and the erosion of democratic freedoms.

The Government’s Response

As the protests in Shahbagh grew in size and intensity, the government of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina
responded with increasing force. On July 4, 2024, the government deployed riot police to disperse the
crowds, using tear gas, water cannons, and rubber bullets to break up the demonstrations. The police
response was violent, with many students injured in the clashes. The brutality of the government’s
response shocked the nation and sparked outrage, not only among the protesters but also among the
general public.
The images of students being beaten by police officers, their faces bruised and bloodied, were broadcast
across television and social media. The brutality of the government’s actions was seen by many as a clear
indication of how out of touch the ruling party had become with the aspirations of the youth. The youth,
who had once been hopeful about the future of their country, now felt betrayed by a government that
seemed more interested in maintaining its grip on power than in addressing the needs and concerns of the
people.
Despite the government’s attempts to suppress the protests, the Shahbagh Movement only grew stronger.
The violence only served to fuel the anger and resolve of the protesters. The youth were no longer just
protesting against the quota system; they were protesting against the entire political establishment. They
were demanding a system that would allow them to succeed based on their abilities, not their connections.
The Role of Social Media and the Spread of the Movement
One of the key factors that fueled the Shahbagh Movement was the role of social media. The youth of
Bangladesh were highly active on platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram, and they used these
platforms to organize protests, share information, and mobilize support. The use of social media allowed
the Shahbagh Movement to quickly spread beyond Dhaka and reach other cities across the country.
Hashtags like #ShahbaghMovement, #JusticeForYouth, and #QuotaReform began trending on social
media, bringing global attention to the protests. Videos and photos of the protests, often showing violent
confrontations with the police, were shared millions of times. Social media also allowed the protesters to
bypass traditional media outlets, which were often reluctant to cover the protests due to government
pressure.
One of the most significant aspects of the Shahbagh Movement was the way in which it empowered
young people to become active participants in the political process. The youth, who had long been
excluded from the corridors of power, were now able to use social media to amplify their voices and
demand change. The movement became a symbol of the youth’s desire for a better future, and it resonated
deeply with young people across the country.

The Significance of Shahbagh in the July Revolution

Shahbagh became the heartbeat of the July Revolution, a focal point where the youth of Bangladesh could
unite and express their frustrations with the system. The protests in Shahbagh were not just about the
quota system; they represented a broader demand for a fairer, more just society. The youth were calling
for an end to corruption, for merit-based opportunities, and for a government that would be accountable to
the people.
The Shahbagh Movement also represented a rejection of the political dynasties that had dominated
Bangladesh’s political landscape for decades. The Awami League, led by Sheikh Hasina, had been in
power for much of the last 15 years, and many of the protesters saw the government as out of touch with
the needs of the people. The Shahbagh protests were, in many ways, a challenge to the political
establishment and its control over the country’s institutions.
As the movement gained momentum, it became clear that the Shahbagh protests were not just a localized
event. They were part of a broader wave of youth-led activism that was sweeping across the country. The
youth were no longer willing to accept the status quo; they were demanding change, and they were
willing to fight for it.

The Aftermath: A Nation Changed

The Shahbagh Movement was not without its costs. The government’s violent response to the protests led
to several casualties, and many students were injured or arrested. Yet, despite the government’s attempts
to suppress the movement, the protests continued to grow. The Shahbagh Movement became a rallying
cry for young people across the country, and it played a central role in the broader July Revolution.
By the end of July 2024, the Shahbagh Movement had forced the government to reconsider its position on
the quota system. Under immense pressure from the youth, civil society, and opposition parties, the
government announced that it would form a commission to review the quota system and propose reforms.
While the movement did not achieve all of its goals, it had succeeded in drawing attention to the issues of
meritocracy, corruption, and political accountability.
The Shahbagh Movement was a defining moment in Bangladesh’s history. It marked the moment when
the youth of the country, tired of being ignored and marginalized, rose up to demand their rights. It was a
movement that not only challenged the political establishment but also reshaped the national discourse,
placing the issues of youth unemployment, education, and social justice at the forefront of political
debate.

Chapter 4: The Shahbagh Movement: A Nation's Heartbeat

The Shahbagh Movement, which emerged in July 2024, became a pivotal moment in Bangladesh’s
political and social history. What began as a student-led protest in Shahbagh Square in Dhaka quickly
grew into a nationwide cry for justice, equality, and reform. The movement was sparked by the
government's controversial decision to reinstate the quota system for government jobs, but it quickly
evolved into a broader demand for systemic change, addressing issues of corruption, political patronage,
and inequality that had plagued the nation for decades.
Shahbagh, located near Dhaka University and the Bangladesh National Museum, had long been a
hotbed of political activism. The square had witnessed many protests and movements over the years, and
in 2024, it would become the center of a new wave of resistance. The Shahbagh Movement was not just
about a single issue; it represented the frustrations of a generation that felt ignored and betrayed by the
political elite.

The Roots of the Movement

The immediate trigger for the Shahbagh Movement was the government’s decision to reinstate the quota
system for recruitment into government services. The quota system, initially introduced to provide
opportunities for historically disadvantaged groups, had been heavily criticized for years due to its abuse
for political gain. By 2024, the system had become a tool for political patronage, with many individuals
from influential political families benefiting disproportionately.
In 2018, the government had abolished the system after widespread protests and demands for merit-based
recruitment. However, the decision to reinstate the quota system in 2024 sparked outrage among the
youth, particularly university students and young professionals. They saw the move as a betrayal of their
hopes for a fair and transparent system where merit, rather than political connections, determined who
would get access to government jobs.
The government’s decision to reinstate the quota system was seen as a reflection of the political elite’s
continued grip on power. For many, it was a clear indication that the ruling party, the Awami League, was
more interested in maintaining its hold over the civil service than in ensuring a fair and just recruitment
process. The youth, who had long been critical of corruption and political favoritism, were unwilling to
accept this status quo.
The Spark of the Protest
On July 3, 2024, a group of students from Dhaka University and other educational institutions gathered
at Shahbagh Square to protest the reinstatement of the quota system. What began as a small gathering
quickly gained momentum, as more students and activists joined the cause. By the end of the day, the
square was filled with thousands of demonstrators, all united by a common cause: the demand for a merit-
based recruitment system that would ensure equal opportunities for all.
The protesters were led by student organizations such as the Bangladesh Students' Union (BSU), who
had long been vocal about the need for political and social reforms. The protests were peaceful, with
students sitting in groups, holding placards, and chanting slogans like “Quota system must go!” and
“Merit-based recruitment now!” The atmosphere was charged with energy, as the students made it clear
that they would not back down until their demands were met.
The government, initially dismissive of the protests, soon realized that the movement was gaining
traction. By July 5, the number of protesters had swelled, and the movement had spread beyond Dhaka.
Students in other cities, including Chattogram, Rajshahi, and Sylhet, began organizing their own
protests, demanding the abolition of the quota system and calling for political reforms.

The Escalation and National Impact

As the protests continued, the Shahbagh Movement became more than just a demand for quota reform. It
became a platform for addressing broader issues of corruption, inequality, and political repression. The
youth of Bangladesh, frustrated by the lack of opportunities and the pervasive corruption in the political
system, began to call for comprehensive reforms. They wanted a government that was accountable to the
people, a system that would provide equal opportunities to all, and an end to the political patronage that
had long been entrenched in the country’s civil service.
The government’s response to the protests was swift and forceful. On July 7, riot police were deployed to
Shahbagh Square, and several prominent student leaders were arrested. The authorities used tear gas,
rubber bullets, and baton charges to disperse the crowds, but the protesters refused to back down. The
standoff between the police and the demonstrators continued for several days, with both sides becoming
increasingly entrenched in their positions.
Despite the heavy-handed tactics employed by the government, the Shahbagh Movement continued to
gain momentum. Social media played a key role in spreading the message of the protesters, with hashtags
like #ShahbaghProtests, #QuotaReform, and #YouthForChange trending on platforms like Facebook
and Twitter. Videos and photos of the protests went viral, drawing attention to the movement both within
Bangladesh and internationally.
The Shahbagh Movement quickly became a symbol of resistance, not just for the youth but for anyone
who felt marginalized or oppressed by the political system. The protesters, despite facing police brutality
and government repression, remained steadfast in their demands. They were not just fighting for the
abolition of the quota system; they were fighting for a fairer, more just society.

The Role of Social Media

The role of social media in the Shahbagh Movement cannot be overstated. In an age where information
spreads quickly and widely, social media became the primary tool for organizing protests, sharing
updates, and mobilizing support. Activists used platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram to
connect with people across the country and beyond. Videos of police brutality and peaceful protests went
viral, drawing attention to the movement from the international community.
Hashtags like #ShahbaghProtests and #YouthForChange became rallying cries for the movement,
allowing protesters to organize and coordinate their actions. Social media also provided a platform for the
youth to voice their frustrations and demand change. The movement quickly gained support from not just
students but also workers, civil society groups, and political activists, all of whom saw the Shahbagh
Movement as an opportunity to challenge the status quo.

The Legacy of the Shahbagh Movement

By the end of July 2024, the Shahbagh Movement had achieved several important victories. The
government was forced to acknowledge the grievances of the youth and the need for reform. On July 10,
the government announced the formation of a committee to review the quota system and propose
changes. Although this was seen as a concession, it was not enough to satisfy the protesters, who
demanded the immediate abolition of the quota system.
Despite the government's response, the Shahbagh Movement had already succeeded in forcing a national
conversation about political corruption, inequality, and the need for reform. The protests had brought
together people from all walks of life, united by a common cause: the desire for a fairer, more just
Bangladesh. The Shahbagh Movement had become the heartbeat of a nation, a symbol of resistance and
hope for a better future.
In the years that followed, the Shahbagh Movement would be remembered as a turning point in
Bangladesh’s political history. It showed that the youth of the country were no longer willing to accept the
status quo. They had taken to the streets to demand change, and their voices had been heard.

Chapter 5: The July Massacre – Blood on the Streets

On July 15, 2024, the protests that had engulfed Bangladesh for over two weeks took a tragic turn. What
began as a peaceful student-led movement against the reinstatement of the controversial civil service
quota system quickly escalated into one of the darkest chapters in the nation’s recent history. The day
would come to be known as the July Massacre—a day when the state’s violent crackdown on peaceful
demonstrators left scores dead, hundreds injured, and the nation in shock.
In this chapter, we will examine the events of July 15, 2024, the violent response of the government, the
aftermath of the massacre, and its lasting impact on Bangladesh’s political and social landscape.
The Build-Up to the Massacre
The protests that had begun in Shahbagh, Dhaka, on July 3, 2024, had grown steadily over the following
weeks. What initially started as a student protest against the reinstatement of the quota system in
government jobs had evolved into a nationwide uprising. By July 14, the protests had spread to nearly
every major city in Bangladesh, with students, workers, and civil society groups calling for not only the
abolition of the quota system but also for broader political reforms, justice, and an end to corruption.
The government, led by Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina and the Awami League, had initially tried to
contain the protests through negotiations, but as the movement gained momentum, it became clear that
the government’s usual tactics of repression were no longer effective. The protests had become more than
just a demand for quota reform—they were now a call for a complete overhaul of the political system.
On July 14, after a series of violent clashes between protesters and police in Chattogram, Rajshahi, and
Khulna, the government made a fateful decision: they would use force to crush the protests once and for
all. The stage was set for what would become the July Massacre.

The Massacre: A Day of Bloodshed

The events of July 15, 2024, began early in the morning. In Dhaka, the epicenter of the protests, tens of
thousands of students, workers, and activists had gathered at key locations, including Shahbagh,
Dhanmondi, and Naya Paltan, to continue their demand for reform. The protests were largely peaceful,
with demonstrators chanting slogans, holding banners, and calling for the government to listen to their
grievances.
By mid-morning, however, the situation began to deteriorate. Riot police, equipped with tear gas, rubber
bullets, and batons, were deployed in large numbers. The government had issued an order to clear the
streets of protesters, and the police were under strict orders to use force if necessary. The peaceful protests
soon turned into violent confrontations.
At Shahbagh, the police attempted to disperse the crowds by firing tear gas into the group of protesters.
The protesters, who had been chanting slogans and holding placards calling for merit-based reforms, were
caught off guard. Many fled in panic, but others stood their ground, refusing to leave. The police then
escalated their response, charging at the protesters with batons and rubber bullets.
The situation quickly spiraled out of control. Protesters threw stones and sticks at the police, while others
tried to shield themselves with makeshift barricades. The police, however, were relentless. They fired live
ammunition into the crowds, targeting anyone who resisted. It was here, in the heart of Dhaka, that the
first casualties of the July Massacre occurred.
The violence spread throughout the city. At Dhanmondi, a key area in Dhaka known for its political
significance, protesters had gathered near the Awami League headquarters. As the police moved in to
disperse the crowds, they were met with resistance. The protesters, many of them students, were
determined to make their voices heard. But the police were equally determined to silence them.
By the afternoon, reports of gunfire and explosions had begun to surface. The police had begun using live
ammunition, and eyewitnesses reported seeing protesters fall to the ground, their bodies bleeding in the
streets. At least 50 people were confirmed dead in Dhaka alone, and hundreds more were injured. The
violence was not confined to the capital—similar scenes of bloodshed were unfolding in Chattogram,
Rajshahi, and Khulna, where the police had been given orders to use force to disperse the crowds.
In Chattogram, the protests had reached a boiling point. The port city, which had been a stronghold of
the youth-led protests, became the site of some of the most brutal confrontations between protesters and
the police. By late afternoon, the streets of Chattogram were filled with the sounds of gunfire and the
cries of the wounded. In Rajshahi, the protests turned violent when police attempted to clear the
Rajshahi University campus. Several students were shot dead, and the campus became a battleground
between the protesters and the police.
By the end of the day, the total number of casualties across the country was estimated to be over 200, with
thousands more injured. The government’s attempt to crush the protests had resulted in one of the
deadliest days in Bangladesh’s history.

The Government’s Response and Media Blackout

As the violence unfolded, the government’s response was swift and calculated. Prime Minister Sheikh
Hasina, who had been under growing pressure from both the public and international community,
addressed the nation in a televised speech late in the evening of July 15. In her speech, Hasina justified
the crackdown, claiming that the protests had become “violent” and that the police had acted in self-
defense. She condemned the protesters as “anarchists” and accused them of attempting to destabilize the
country.
However, the government’s narrative was met with widespread skepticism. Eyewitnesses, including
journalists and activists, reported that the police had used excessive force, targeting unarmed protesters
and firing live ammunition into crowds. Social media platforms were flooded with videos and images of
the bloodshed, which contradicted the government’s claims.
In an attempt to control the narrative, the government imposed a media blackout, shutting down
television channels and social media platforms for several hours on July 16. This move was seen by many
as an effort to suppress the truth and prevent the international community from witnessing the scale of the
violence.
Despite the government’s efforts to control the flow of information, the images of the massacre spread
quickly through social media and international news outlets. The world watched in horror as footage of
the bloodied streets of Dhaka and other cities was broadcast across the globe.

The Aftermath: A Nation in Shock

The aftermath of the July Massacre was felt across Bangladesh and the world. The violence had shocked
the nation, leaving a deep scar in the collective consciousness of the people. The images of the dead and
wounded, many of them young students, became a symbol of the government’s brutality and disregard for
the rights of its citizens.
In Dhaka, the streets were filled with mourning families and grieving communities. The protests, which
had begun as a call for merit-based reforms, had now become a fight for justice. The families of the
victims demanded accountability, and the protesters vowed to continue their struggle for a fairer system,
even in the face of overwhelming violence.
The international community condemned the actions of the Bangladesh government. Human rights
organizations, including Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, called for an independent
investigation into the events of July 15, while governments around the world expressed their outrage at
the brutality of the crackdown.
However, the government remained defiant. Prime Minister Hasina rejected calls for an international
investigation, insisting that the violence had been justified. The government also began arresting
prominent activists and opposition leaders, further escalating tensions in the country.

The Legacy of the July Massacre

The July Massacre would go down in history as a turning point in Bangladesh’s political landscape. The
bloodshed of July 15, 2024, had exposed the deep rift between the government and the people,
particularly the youth. The massacre served as a wake-up call for the nation, and the events of that day
would forever be etched in the memories of those who lived through it.
In the years that followed, the July Massacre became a rallying cry for opposition groups, human rights
activists, and civil society organizations. The families of the victims continued to demand justice, and the
movement for political reform gained momentum. The massacre had irrevocably altered the political
climate in Bangladesh, and the struggle for justice and accountability would continue for years to come.
The July Massacre of 2024 marked a dark chapter in Bangladesh’s history, but it also served as a
testament to the resilience of the people. The youth of Bangladesh, despite the violence and repression,
would continue to fight for a better future—a future where their voices would be heard, and their rights
would be respected.

Chapter 6: Resistance and Resilience: Nationwide Strikes

The Shahbagh Movement of July 2024 was not an isolated event, but rather the beginning of a broader
wave of resistance that spread across Bangladesh in the wake of the government’s controversial decision
to reinstate the quota system for recruitment into government services. While the protests in Shahbagh
Square captured national and international attention, the movement soon escalated into a series of
nationwide strikes and demonstrations, as workers, students, and civil society groups joined forces to
demand change. This chapter will explore the nationwide strikes that followed the Shahbagh protests,
examining the resilience of the protesters and the various forms of resistance that took shape across the
country.

The Call for a Nationwide Strike

As the protests in Dhaka grew, so did the intensity of the calls for action across the nation. The youth,
primarily university students, had been the driving force behind the Shahbagh Movement, but soon, other
groups, including workers, civil servants, and trade unions, joined the cause. The initial protests, which
had focused on the abolition of the quota system, began to expand into a broader demand for political
reforms, including an end to corruption, greater transparency in governance, and a fairer distribution of
resources.
On July 10, 2024, after several days of clashes between protesters and police in Dhaka, the student
leaders of the Shahbagh Movement issued a call for a nationwide strike. The strike was intended to show
the government's leadership that the demands of the people could not be ignored and that the movement
had the support of a wide cross-section of society. The strike was also a way to build solidarity among
different groups, uniting workers, students, and activists under the banner of reform and justice.
The call for a nationwide strike resonated with people across the country. The Bangladesh Nationalist
Party (BNP) and the Jamat-e-Islam, two major opposition parties, voiced their support for the
movement. Trade unions, especially those representing government employees and public sector
workers, also joined the cause. Workers from factories, ports, and transportation sectors began to
organize, preparing for the strike.
The government, aware of the growing unrest, attempted to quell the protests by offering concessions,
including a promise to review the quota system. However, the protesters were resolute in their demand for
immediate abolition and a complete overhaul of the recruitment system. The government's failure to meet
the protesters’ demands led to the intensification of the movement and the declaration of a general strike
scheduled for July 15, 2024.

The Strikes Begin: July 15, 2024

The nationwide strike began on July 15, 2024, and it quickly became clear that it was no ordinary protest.
The streets of Dhaka, Chattogram, Rajshahi, Sylhet, and other major cities were filled with workers,
students, and activists, all united by a common cause. The strike was not just about the quota system; it
was about political accountability, economic justice, and social equality.
In Dhaka, the strike brought the city to a standstill. Public transportation was halted, and factories and
offices were closed. The Bangladesh Railway suspended operations, and roads were blocked by
barricades set up by protesters. In the city’s industrial areas, workers walked out of their factories, joining
the growing ranks of demonstrators. The Dhaka University campus, a hotbed of political activism, was at
the heart of the protests, with students organizing sit-ins, marches, and rallies.
In Chattogram, the second-largest city in Bangladesh, the strike was equally impactful. Port workers,
who played a crucial role in the country's economy, joined the strike, halting operations at the
Chattogram Port, one of the busiest ports in South Asia. The strike disrupted the flow of goods and
trade, sending a strong message to the government about the scale of the movement. In Rajshahi and
Sylhet, protests were led by students and workers, who marched through the streets, chanting slogans and
demanding change.
The strike was not limited to urban areas. In rural Bangladesh, where political apathy had long
prevailed, the strike was also felt. Farmers, small business owners, and rural workers joined the
movement, expressing their frustration with the government’s failure to address their needs. The strike
became a symbol of resistance against the entrenched political elite, which had long ignored the concerns
of ordinary people.

The Government's Response: Brutality and Repression

The government, led by the Awami League, was caught off guard by the scale and intensity of the strike.
Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina and other government officials attempted to downplay the protests,
insisting that the movement was the work of a few disgruntled individuals. However, as the strike
continued to paralyze the country, the government was forced to take action.
On July 17, 2024, the government deployed riot police and paramilitary forces to disperse the crowds.
The police used tear gas, rubber bullets, and batons to break up protests, leading to violent clashes
between protesters and security forces. In Dhaka, the police raided student dormitories, arresting several
prominent student leaders. In Chattogram, port workers were met with brutal force as they tried to block
roads and disrupt the port’s operations.
The government’s response to the strike was widely criticized, both domestically and internationally.
Human rights organizations condemned the use of excessive force, and there were reports of police
brutality against peaceful protesters. Despite the violence, the movement showed no signs of slowing
down. The protesters, many of whom were students and young workers, remained resolute in their
demands.
The government's failure to address the root causes of the protests only fueled the anger of the
demonstrators. They saw the government’s heavy-handed tactics as proof that the political elite was more
interested in maintaining its power than in listening to the people. The movement began to take on a
broader significance, as it became a fight for political freedoms, human rights, and an end to corruption.

The Role of Trade Unions and Workers

One of the most significant developments during the nationwide strikes was the active participation of
trade unions and workers' organizations. Traditionally, workers in Bangladesh had been marginalized
in political movements, but the Shahbagh Movement and the subsequent nationwide strikes brought
workers to the forefront of the resistance.
In Chattogram, port workers were particularly instrumental in the success of the strike. The port is a
critical hub for Bangladesh’s economy, and its closure had a significant impact on the country’s trade and
industry. By halting operations, the workers sent a clear message to the government that the strike was not
just about students or intellectuals, but about ordinary people who were fed up with the political system.
In the textile and garment industry, workers also joined the strike, demanding better wages, working
conditions, and an end to exploitation. The textile sector is one of the largest employers in Bangladesh,
and its workers played a crucial role in the country’s economy. Their participation in the strike
demonstrated the broad base of support for the movement and the widespread dissatisfaction with the
government’s policies.
The involvement of workers and trade unions in the nationwide strikes was a game-changer. It
transformed the movement from a student protest into a mass uprising that transcended class and social
boundaries. Workers, students, and activists stood together in solidarity, united by a common vision of a
fairer and more just Bangladesh.

The Resilience of the Movement

Despite the government’s attempts to suppress the strikes through violence and intimidation, the
movement demonstrated remarkable resilience. The protesters continued to mobilize, organize, and resist,
even in the face of arrests, beatings, and harassment. Social media played a crucial role in keeping the
movement alive, with activists using platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram to share
information, organize rallies, and expose government repression.
The resilience of the movement was evident in the way it adapted to the changing circumstances. When
the government attempted to break up protests in Dhaka, the demonstrators simply moved to other parts
of the city or organized in smaller groups. When the police raided student dormitories, the students
regrouped in other locations, using their networks to continue the struggle.
The movement also garnered support from the international community. Human rights organizations,
including Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, condemned the government’s actions and
called for an end to the violence. International media outlets covered the protests extensively, bringing
attention to the repression in Bangladesh and amplifying the voices of the protesters.

The Aftermath and Legacy

The nationwide strikes continued for several weeks, with protests and demonstrations taking place in
cities and towns across the country. While the government eventually agreed to form a committee to
review the quota system, the protesters were not satisfied with this half-hearted response. They demanded
immediate action, not just promises of future reform.
By the end of August 2024, the government had been forced to make some concessions, but the
movement had already achieved significant victories. The nationwide strikes had demonstrated the power
of collective action, and the movement had ignited a national conversation about the need for political and
social reform.
The Shahbagh Movement and the subsequent nationwide strikes would go down in history as a turning
point in Bangladesh’s political landscape. The movement had united people from all walks of life,
transcending political, social, and economic boundaries. It had shown that the youth of Bangladesh were
ready to challenge the status quo and demand a better future.
In the years that followed, the legacy of the movement would continue to inspire future generations of
activists, workers, and students. The Shahbagh Movement and the nationwide strikes had proven that
resistance, resilience, and solidarity could bring about change, even in the face of overwhelming
opposition.
Chapter 7: The Role of Women in the Revolution
The July Revolution of 2024 in Bangladesh was a watershed moment in the nation’s history. It was not
only a movement for political and social change, but also one that saw the emergence of women as
powerful agents of resistance. Women from all walks of life—students, workers, activists, and
professionals—played a pivotal role in the protests, strikes, and broader struggle for justice. Their
contributions were central to the Shahbagh Movement and the subsequent nationwide protests, as they
stood side by side with men in demanding an end to the quota system and broader political reforms. This
chapter explores the role of women in the revolution, highlighting their resilience, leadership, and the
challenges they faced during the movement.

Women as Catalysts of Change

The Shahbagh Movement in Dhaka, which began in early July 2024, was initially led by students, but
women quickly became central figures in the protests. The movement’s call for the abolition of the
controversial quota system in government recruitment resonated deeply with women, especially those
who had long been sidelined in the political process and had faced systemic barriers to opportunities in
public service.
The quota system, which was meant to provide opportunities for marginalized groups, had been
manipulated over the years for political gain. Women, despite being the intended beneficiaries of such
policies, often found themselves left out or marginalized within the system. This created a sense of
injustice among women, particularly university students, who had worked hard to secure merit-based
positions but found themselves competing with quotas that often favored political connections over merit.
As protests erupted in Shahbagh Square in Dhaka on July 3, 2024, women were among the first to raise
their voices. Umama, a Dhaka University student and one of the key leaders of the movement, recalls
how the early days of the protest were filled with passionate speeches by young women demanding
equality in recruitment processes. “We were not just protesting the quota system,” Umama said. “We were
protesting a system that had kept us out, a system that ignored our merit and our potential. We wanted a
system that would give us a fair chance, regardless of our gender or political connections.”
Women’s voices were not only heard on the streets but also in social media campaigns, where they shared
their stories of struggle and resilience. Hashtags like #WomenForMerit and #QuotaReform were used
by women to mobilize support and spread awareness about the need for change. These platforms allowed
women to break free from traditional gender roles and engage directly in the political discourse,
amplifying their demands for justice and equality.

Women in the Streets: Protest and Solidarity

As the movement grew in size and intensity, women were present at the forefront of the protests. On July
5, 2024, when the protests in Shahbagh Square escalated, women were seen leading chants, organizing
sit-ins, and coordinating protests across Dhaka and other cities. Their resilience in the face of violent
repression by the police was remarkable.
In Shahbagh Square, women were seen standing alongside men, their fists raised in solidarity. Maya
Begum, a factory worker from Chattogram, traveled to Dhaka to join the protests. “We have been
treated as second-class citizens for far too long,” she said. “I wanted to show my solidarity with the youth,
especially the students, because we all want the same thing—a fair chance in life.” Maya’s participation
was significant because it represented the voices of working-class women, who were often excluded from
political discourse.
The role of women in the protests was not limited to just physical participation. Many women also took
on leadership roles, organizing protests, managing logistics, and providing emotional support to those on
the frontlines. Nazia Akter, a student leader from Rajshahi University, emerged as one of the prominent
figures of the Shahbagh Movement. Nazia organized peaceful protests and marches in her hometown,
often risking her safety to demand justice. “We are not just fighting for the abolition of the quota system,”
she said. “We are fighting for a society where women can thrive, where they are not held back by
outdated norms or political manipulation.”
Women also played a crucial role in sustaining the movement. They organized food and water supplies for
protesters, provided medical assistance to those injured by police, and created safe spaces for women who
were facing harassment or violence. The solidarity among women was a key factor in the movement’s
success, as they supported one another through the most challenging moments of the revolution.

The Repression and the Struggle for Equality

As the protests grew, so did the government’s attempts to suppress them. On July 7, 2024, the
government deployed riot police to Shahbagh Square, and several women leaders were arrested. Shirin
Akter, a prominent women’s rights activist, was among those detained by the police. Shirin had been
vocal in her criticism of the quota system and had worked tirelessly to mobilize women for the cause. Her
arrest sparked outrage among protesters, and many women vowed to continue the fight in her honor.
Despite the government’s efforts to intimidate and silence them, women continued to resist. Sima
Rahman, a lawyer and human rights activist, was another key figure in the movement. She used her legal
expertise to challenge the arrests and defend the rights of protesters in court. “We are not just fighting for
quotas,” she said. “We are fighting for our basic human rights. We are fighting for the right to be heard, to
be seen, and to be treated equally.”
Women’s resistance during the crackdown was not only about physical protest; it was also about
intellectual and legal resistance. Many women lawyers, academics, and journalists used their platforms to
critique the government’s actions and demand accountability. They highlighted the intersectionality of the
movement, pointing out how the struggle for merit-based recruitment was tied to broader issues of gender
equality, access to education, and political representation.

The Legacy of Women’s Participation

The role of women in the July Revolution of 2024 has left an indelible mark on Bangladesh’s political
landscape. The movement not only challenged the quota system but also highlighted the need for gender
equality in all spheres of society. The active participation of women in the revolution has inspired a new
generation of young women to engage in politics, activism, and social change.
In the aftermath of the protests, there was a noticeable shift in the discourse around women’s rights in
Bangladesh. Political parties, civil society organizations, and the media began to pay more attention to the
voices of women, recognizing their central role in the struggle for justice and equality. The Shahbagh
Movement became a symbol of female empowerment, showing that women could not only participate in
political movements but also lead them.
Women’s involvement in the revolution also led to a broader conversation about the challenges they face
in a patriarchal society. Despite the progress made, women in Bangladesh continue to face significant
barriers to education, employment, and political representation. The Shahbagh Movement brought these
issues to the forefront, creating a platform for women to demand equal rights and opportunities.
Chapter 8: Military Neutrality: The Silent Arbiter
During the July Revolution of 2024 in Bangladesh, one of the most significant and often overlooked
factors was the military's stance throughout the unfolding crisis. As the nation erupted in protests,
strikes, and civil unrest, the role of the Bangladesh Armed Forces—which traditionally held
considerable influence in the country’s politics—was one of neutrality. This chapter explores the
military’s role in the revolution, examining how its decision to remain neutral in the face of escalating
tensions shaped the course of events and impacted the broader political landscape.

A History of Military Involvement

Bangladesh has a complex history when it comes to the involvement of the military in politics. The
military has played a decisive role in the country’s political history, most notably during the 1971
Liberation War, when the armed forces were central to the creation of the nation. However, since then,
the military has periodically intervened in civilian governance, either directly through coups or indirectly
by exerting influence over political processes.
In the years following its independence, Bangladesh witnessed several military-led governments,
including the rule of General Hussain Muhammad Ershad from 1982 to 1990. Even after the return to
democracy, the military maintained a level of influence in political affairs, particularly in times of crisis.
However, by 2024, the Bangladesh military had adopted a more professional, non-interventionist stance,
particularly under the leadership of Sheikh Hasina and her Awami League party, which had dominated
the country’s politics since the early 2000s.
In the wake of the July Revolution, the military’s decision to remain neutral was a defining moment.
While many expected the armed forces to intervene in some capacity, either to suppress the protests or to
mediate between the government and the demonstrators, the military chose a path of silence and non-
involvement, allowing the political crisis to unfold without direct military intervention.

The Military’s Initial Response: A Cautious Approach

When protests broke out in Dhaka on July 3, 2024, and spread across the country, the government
initially deployed riot police and paramilitary forces to control the situation. The military, however, was
conspicuously absent from the streets. Despite the violence and the growing scale of the protests, the
Bangladesh Armed Forces did not take any overt action, either in support of the government or against
the protesters.
This neutrality surprised many observers. Given the military’s history of involvement in political matters,
some speculated that the government might call on the armed forces to restore order. Others feared that
the military might take the opportunity to intervene and assume control, as it had done in the past during
moments of political instability.
However, General Waqer Uz-Zaman, the Chief of Army Staff, publicly stated that the military would
remain neutral and would not intervene in the political affairs of the state. “The Bangladesh Army has
always been a professional force,” General Islam said in a statement on July 5, 2024. “We will not take
sides in this political dispute. Our responsibility is to safeguard the sovereignty and security of the nation,
not to get involved in domestic political conflicts.”
This declaration of neutrality was a key moment in the revolution. It signaled that the military, despite its
past involvement in politics, would not play a decisive role in the crisis. Instead, it allowed the protests to
continue, and the political struggle to be determined by civilian actors—politicians, activists, and ordinary
citizens.
The Impact of Military Neutrality on the Protests
The military’s neutrality had profound implications for the course of the protests. Without the looming
threat of military intervention, the protesters were able to organize more freely, and their actions became
more audacious. The Shahbagh Movement in Dhaka and the nationwide strikes that followed were
able to continue without fear of military crackdowns, allowing the movement to gain momentum and
widespread support.
In the absence of military repression, the government’s response to the protests was increasingly focused
on police and paramilitary forces, which led to violent clashes with protesters. The military’s decision
to stay out of the fray allowed the situation to remain in the hands of the civilian authorities, who
struggled to contain the growing unrest.
For the protesters, the military’s neutrality also had symbolic significance. It represented a shift in the
balance of power in Bangladesh, as the military’s historical role as a political force was now seen as
secondary to the power of the people. The protesters, many of whom were students, workers, and young
activists, began to see the military’s stance as an affirmation of their cause—a sign that they were not
alone in their struggle for justice and equality.

The Role of the Military in Maintaining National Security

While the military remained neutral in the political sphere, it was not entirely uninvolved in the events of
July 2024. The Bangladesh Armed Forces played a crucial role in maintaining national security during
the protests. As the protests spread, there were concerns about the potential for civil unrest to escalate
into wider violence, especially in the country’s border regions and industrial zones. The military was
tasked with ensuring that the protests did not spill over into more serious conflicts, such as ethnic or
sectarian violence, which could have destabilized the country.
In Chattogram, where the protests had a strong presence among port workers, the military was
deployed to safeguard critical infrastructure, particularly the Chattogram Port, which is vital for
Bangladesh’s economy. The armed forces were also involved in maintaining order at strategic locations
such as airports, railway stations, and government buildings, preventing any potential threats to national
security.
However, the military’s involvement in these areas was strictly limited to securing infrastructure and
protecting citizens. It did not extend to engaging in direct conflict with protesters or intervening in the
political struggle. This limited role allowed the military to maintain its reputation as a neutral force while
ensuring the country’s stability during a period of significant unrest.

The Military’s Relationship with the Government

The military’s neutrality in the July Revolution also highlighted the changing relationship between the
armed forces and the government. While the military had historically been a powerful player in
Bangladeshi politics, the rise of the Awami League under Sheikh Hasina had led to a more civilian-
dominated political environment. The military, under the leadership of General Islam, had made a
concerted effort to distance itself from politics, focusing on its role as a professional, non-political
institution.
The government’s response to the protests was initially to rely on police forces and paramilitary units,
which were more directly under the control of the civilian government. The military’s decision to remain
neutral was, in part, a reflection of the political maturity of the Awami League government, which had
learned from past experiences of military intervention. Sheikh Hasina’s government understood that
military involvement could escalate the situation and potentially lead to a loss of international support,
particularly from Western nations that had been critical of military rule in the past.
This mutual understanding between the military and the government was crucial in ensuring that the July
Revolution did not spiral into a military confrontation. By allowing the protests to unfold without
interference, the military and the government effectively allowed the people to determine the outcome of
the crisis.

The Legacy of Military Neutrality

The military’s neutrality during the July Revolution marked a significant moment in Bangladesh’s
political evolution. For many, it represented a departure from the country’s history of military intervention
in politics. The decision to remain neutral also highlighted the growing professionalism of the Bangladesh
Armed Forces, which had increasingly distanced itself from political affairs in recent years.
In the aftermath of the revolution, the military’s role as a neutral arbiter was praised by many, both
domestically and internationally. It allowed the protests to unfold without the threat of military violence,
and it ensured that the country’s political crisis was resolved by civilian means. The military’s decision to
stay out of the political conflict was seen as a sign of a maturing democracy, where political change could
be achieved through peaceful protests and dialogue, rather than through force.
As Bangladesh continues to develop its democratic institutions, the role of the military in future political
crises will likely be a subject of debate. However, the July Revolution of 2024 will be remembered as a
pivotal moment in the country’s history, where the military’s neutrality allowed the people to take control
of their destiny and shape the future of the nation.

Chapter 9: Sheikh Hasina's Resignation: The Turning Point

The July Revolution of 2024 in Bangladesh marked a pivotal moment in the nation's political history,
with Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina’s resignation emerging as one of the most significant turning points
in the crisis. On July 15, 2024, after weeks of mounting protests, widespread strikes, and calls for
political reform, Sheikh Hasina, leader of the Awami League and the longest-serving prime minister in
the country’s history, announced her resignation. This momentous decision, which came after days of
escalating pressure from both the streets and within her own party, marked the culmination of a series of
political, economic, and social factors that had ignited the revolution in the first place. The resignation not
only shifted the political landscape of Bangladesh but also represented a broader shift in the country’s
democratic trajectory.

The Strain of Protests and Growing Discontent

By mid-July 2024, the political crisis in Bangladesh had reached its boiling point. The Shahbagh
Movement and nationwide protests had grown in scale and intensity, with millions of people taking to the
streets across the country. The central demand was the abolition of the quota system in government
recruitment, a policy that many felt was being misused for political gain, to the detriment of merit-based
opportunities. However, the movement quickly evolved into a broader demand for political reform,
transparency, and an end to corruption within the ruling government.
Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina, who had been in power for over a decade, found herself at the center of
the storm. Her government, which had long been accused of authoritarian tendencies and suppressing
dissent, was now facing an unprecedented challenge from a united front of students, workers, and civil
society. The protests, which began as a student-led initiative, quickly spread to include people from all
walks of life, including professionals, activists, and women who had grown frustrated with the status quo.
Despite the government's efforts to quell the protests through heavy-handed tactics, including the use
of riot police and paramilitary forces, the unrest continued to grow. The crackdown only fueled the
anger of the protesters, who saw the violence as further evidence of the government’s unwillingness to
listen to the people’s demands.
The movement’s success in mobilizing widespread support was aided by the military's neutrality. With
the armed forces refraining from intervention, the protests were able to continue without the threat of a
full-scale military crackdown, further emboldening the opposition. The Awami League’s attempts to
undermine the movement by labeling protesters as anti-national or terrorists failed to resonate with the
public. Instead, the protests gained international attention, and pressure on the government intensified
from both domestic and foreign actors.

The Internal Pressure: Dissent Within the Ruling Party

While the protests were taking place in the streets, internal dissent within the Awami League was also
brewing. As the crisis deepened, cracks began to appear within the party. Senior party members, many of
whom had supported Hasina for years, began to voice their concerns about her leadership. Some even
privately suggested that it might be time for a change in leadership to prevent further damage to the
party’s image and to restore stability to the country.
One of the key figures in this internal dissent was Mirza Azam, a senior leader of the Awami League and
a former ally of Hasina. On July 12, 2024, Mirza Azam, in a public statement, called for dialogue with
the protesters and suggested that the government should consider the demands of the people. His remarks
were seen as a direct challenge to Hasina’s authority and a sign that the party’s unity was beginning to
fracture. Azam’s call for reform was echoed by other party members who feared that the continued unrest
could lead to a loss of power and credibility for the Awami League.
The growing dissent within the party, combined with the mounting pressure from the streets, created a
perfect storm. Hasina, who had long been seen as the unchallenged leader of the Awami League, now
faced opposition not only from the public but also from within her own ranks. The combination of public
pressure, internal party dissent, and international scrutiny left her with little room to maneuver.

The Resignation Announcement

On the evening of July 15, 2024, Sheikh Hasina made her historic announcement. In a televised address
to the nation, she announced her resignation as Prime Minister of Bangladesh, citing the need for national
reconciliation and the desire to pave the way for a peaceful resolution to the crisis. “I have always worked
for the betterment of Bangladesh,” she said in her address. “But I believe that for the sake of the nation’s
future, it is time for new leadership. I resign today, not out of weakness, but out of love for my country.”
Her resignation was met with mixed reactions. For many of the protesters in Shahbagh Square and other
parts of Dhaka, it was seen as a hard-won victory. After weeks of relentless protests, they had succeeded
in forcing the resignation of the prime minister, a symbol of the system they had been fighting against.
The streets of Dhaka erupted in celebration as people danced and sang in triumph, chanting slogans of
victory and demanding further reforms.
However, there were also those who viewed Hasina’s resignation as a political maneuver. Critics of the
movement argued that the resignation was a way for Hasina to save face and maintain her influence over
the government, even from behind the scenes. Some speculated that she might continue to exert control
through her party or through appointed successors, ensuring that the Awami League remained in power.
Despite these concerns, Hasina’s resignation was undeniably a turning point in the revolution. It marked
the end of her long tenure as prime minister and the beginning of a new chapter in Bangladesh’s political
history.

The Aftermath: A New Political Landscape

In the days following Sheikh Hasina’s resignation, the political landscape of Bangladesh was in flux. The
Awami League was thrown into disarray, with several factions vying for leadership. Some party members
called for a transition to a caretaker government to oversee the upcoming elections, while others
pushed for the immediate formation of a new leadership.
The opposition parties, which had largely been sidelined under Hasina’s rule, saw an opportunity to
challenge the Awami League’s dominance. The Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), led by Khaleda
Zia, and the Jamat-e-Islam, led by Dr. Shafiqur Rahman, both called for free and fair elections and
demanded that the new government be formed with input from all political parties.
In the streets, the protesters celebrated their victory, but they also remained vigilant. The resignation of
Hasina was just the beginning, they knew. The movement had been about more than just her resignation
—it had been about reform, justice, and accountability. The protesters demanded that the new
government address the underlying issues of corruption, political manipulation, and the lack of
opportunities for the youth.
Chapter 10: Formation of the Interim Government
Following the dramatic resignation of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina on July 15, 2024, Bangladesh
faced an uncertain political future. The Awami League, the country’s ruling party for over a decade, had
lost its grip on power, and the nation was in dire need of a solution to the growing political instability.
With the Shahbagh Movement and widespread protests continuing to intensify, the formation of an
interim government became an urgent necessity. The political leadership, both from the ruling party and
the opposition, had to navigate a delicate path to ensure peace and restore order.
The Interim Government of Bangladesh, formed after Hasina's resignation, was tasked with overseeing
the transition to a new democratic framework. A neutral, non-political government was required to bridge
the gap between the various factions and prepare the country for free and fair elections. After intense
political negotiations, Dr. Muhammad Younus, a renowned economist and Nobel laureate, was
appointed as the Chief of the Interim Government. This marked a historic moment for the country as
Dr. Younus was seen as a figure who could transcend political divisions and lead the country towards
stability.

The Immediate Political Vacuum

The resignation of Sheikh Hasina created a power vacuum that needed to be filled swiftly to avoid further
chaos. With the Awami League losing its central leadership, the country was left without clear direction.
The Jamaat-e-Islami, a prominent opposition party, had long been critical of Hasina’s government,
accusing it of authoritarianism and mismanagement. In the wake of Hasina’s departure, the Jamaat-e-
Islami emerged as a key player in the negotiations for the formation of the interim government.
At the same time, the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), led by Khaleda Zia, also sought a
prominent role in the future government. The political landscape was divided, with the Awami League
and its allies still holding considerable influence, while the opposition parties, including Jamaat-e-
Islami, were eager to seize the opportunity to reshape the government.
The Shahbagh Movement had already made clear its demand for a neutral government to oversee the
transition, and the streets of Dhaka and other cities were filled with protesters calling for reform. The calls
for a neutral caretaker government resonated across the political spectrum, as the people of Bangladesh
had grown disillusioned with the entrenched political elites.

Negotiations for an Interim Government

In the days following Hasina’s resignation, the political parties entered into urgent negotiations. These
talks were crucial in determining the structure of the interim government. The Jamaat-e-Islami, as one
of the largest opposition parties, was determined to have a significant role in the new government.
However, the Awami League and its allies were hesitant to relinquish power entirely.
On July 18, 2024, representatives from the Awami League, Jamaat-e-Islami, the BNP, and smaller
parties met at a neutral location in Dhaka to begin the discussions. The goal was to create a government
that would be seen as fair, impartial, and capable of overseeing the general elections. The presence of
international observers, including representatives from the United Nations and the European Union,
added to the pressure for a peaceful and democratic resolution to the crisis.
The discussions centered around the composition of the interim government. The Awami League insisted
on maintaining some influence in the new government, while the opposition parties demanded that the
interim government be entirely neutral and free from the influence of any political party. After days of
tense negotiations, an agreement was reached.

The Appointment of Dr. Muhammad Younus as Interim Chief

On July 22, 2024, Dr. Muhammad Younus, the internationally acclaimed economist and Nobel Peace
Prize laureate, was appointed as the Chief of the Interim Government. Dr. Younus was seen as the
perfect candidate to lead the country through this turbulent period. His reputation as a visionary leader,
his neutral stance on political issues, and his global recognition made him a unifying figure in a deeply
divided nation.
Dr. Younus, known for his pioneering work in microfinance and his commitment to social justice, was
tasked with leading the interim government and overseeing the reforms necessary for the country’s
democratic future. His appointment was seen as a moment of hope for the people of Bangladesh, who had
long suffered from political instability and corruption. Dr. Younus’s leadership was expected to bring
credibility and international support to the government, which was crucial for the country’s recovery.
In his first address as Chief of the Interim Government, Dr. Younus emphasized the need for unity and
reform. He assured the people that the interim government would be impartial, focused on restoring
stability, and committed to conducting free and fair elections. He promised that the new government
would work toward creating a more inclusive political system, addressing the demands of the protesters,
and ensuring that Bangladesh’s future would be shaped by democratic values.

The Composition of the Interim Government

The interim government, under Dr. Younus’s leadership, was designed to be a non-political body that
would oversee the country’s transition to a new democratic order. The government was composed of
technocrats, judicial figures, and civil society representatives, with the goal of ensuring that political
affiliations did not interfere with governance.
The Jamaat-e-Islami played a significant role in the formation of the interim government, with key
members from the party being appointed to important positions. Despite the Awami League’s initial
resistance, the Jamaat’s inclusion in the interim government was seen as a necessary compromise to
maintain balance and political legitimacy. Jamaat-e-Islami had long been critical of the Awami League,
but its participation in the interim government was seen as a step toward political reconciliation.
The BNP also had a presence in the interim government, with several of its members appointed to key
positions. However, the party’s leadership played a more passive role, opting to allow Dr. Younus to take
the lead in steering the country through the transition.

Challenges Faced by the Interim Government

The Interim Government of Bangladesh faced several significant challenges in its early days. One of
the primary tasks was to stabilize the economy, which had been severely impacted by the protests and the
political turmoil. The Bangladesh Taka had depreciated sharply, and inflation was rising. The interim
government had to act quickly to restore confidence in the country’s financial system.
Another major challenge was the electoral reforms that were demanded by the protesters. The existing
electoral system had been criticized for its lack of transparency and for being manipulated by the ruling
party. The interim government moved swiftly to dissolve the existing electoral framework and
established an independent Election Commission tasked with overseeing the upcoming elections.
The interim government also had to deal with the residual tensions between the political factions.
Although Dr. Younus was seen as a neutral figure, the deep divisions between the Awami League,
Jamaat-e-Islami, and the BNP continued to pose a challenge to the smooth functioning of the
government. There were concerns that political maneuvering could derail the efforts for reform.
Public Reception and International Support
The formation of the interim government was met with cautious optimism by the people of Bangladesh.
Many saw it as a necessary step toward restoring order and ensuring a peaceful transition to democracy.
The continued protests, while subdued, signaled that the people were watching closely to ensure that the
promises of reform would be fulfilled.
Internationally, the formation of the interim government was largely welcomed. The United Nations,
European Union, and other international organizations expressed support for the new government and
pledged to assist in ensuring that the elections would be free, fair, and transparent. The support of the
international community was crucial for the interim government, as it sought to rebuild trust and
credibility in the eyes of the Bangladeshi people.
Chapter 11: International Reactions: A Global Spotlight
The July Revolution of 2024 in Bangladesh not only captured the attention of the nation but also drew
significant interest from the international community. The sudden resignation of Prime Minister Sheikh
Hasina, the formation of a neutral interim government under Dr. Muhammad Younus, and the
resulting political upheaval were closely followed by governments, international organizations, and global
media outlets. The revolution was seen as a critical moment in Bangladesh’s history, with implications for
the country’s future governance, democratic processes, and international relations.

Western Response
Countries in the European Union and North America were closely monitoring the situation in
Bangladesh, particularly due to the country’s strategic importance in South Asia and its growing role in
global trade. The United States, through the State Department, expressed concern over the violence that
had unfolded during the protests, particularly the July Massacre. However, Washington also expressed
support for the peaceful transition of power, emphasizing the importance of free and fair elections. The
European Union echoed similar sentiments, urging the interim government to ensure that the upcoming
elections would be conducted transparently and inclusively.
Britain, which has longstanding ties with Bangladesh due to its colonial history, also showed cautious
optimism. The British government welcomed the formation of the interim government under Dr. Younus
but urged all political parties to work together to avoid further instability. London offered technical
support for electoral reforms and emphasized the importance of human rights and democratic processes in
the post-revolution phase.
Asian Perspectives
In India, Bangladesh’s neighbor and a key regional power, the revolution was met with a mix of concern
and support. New Delhi expressed support for the democratic aspirations of the Bangladeshi people,
highlighting the importance of political stability in the region. However, India was also wary of the
potential for instability spilling over into its own borders, especially in light of the long-standing tensions
between India and Bangladesh over issues such as border security and migration. India’s foreign
ministry maintained a cautious stance, offering assistance to ensure the peaceful resolution of the crisis
and a stable transition to democracy.
China, a major economic partner of Bangladesh, took a more neutral approach. While Beijing refrained
from making strong statements about the revolution, it expressed its hope for a stable and peaceful
transition. Given Bangladesh’s importance as a key partner in China’s Belt and Road Initiative, China’s
primary concern was the continuity of its economic ties with the country. Beijing continued to offer
support for infrastructure projects and economic cooperation, while emphasizing the need for stability in
Bangladesh’s political landscape.
Global Organizations
The United Nations was perhaps the most vocal in calling for restraint and dialogue during the political
upheaval. The UN Secretary-General issued a statement expressing concern over the violence and loss
of life but also applauded the peaceful nature of the protests that led to Hasina’s resignation. The UN
offered its assistance in facilitating dialogue between political factions and pledged support for the
electoral reforms that the interim government was tasked with overseeing.
The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) also expressed their support for the new
interim government, emphasizing the importance of economic reforms and financial stability. Both
institutions offered technical expertise and financial aid to help stabilize Bangladesh’s economy, which
had been severely impacted by the political unrest.

Chapter 12: Reforms and Reconstruction: The Aftermath

The formation of the Interim Government of Bangladesh under Dr. Muhammad Younus marked the
beginning of a new phase in the country’s history. The immediate aftermath of the July Revolution saw a
series of reforms aimed at restoring political stability, rebuilding the economy, and addressing the
demands of the people for a more democratic and transparent system. The interim government faced the
monumental task of addressing the legacy of years of political tension, corruption, and mismanagement.
Electoral Reforms: A New Beginning
One of the first and most critical tasks of the interim government was to address the electoral system.
The existing system had been widely criticized for its lack of transparency and the manipulation of
votes. The Shahbagh Movement and other protests had highlighted the need for a complete overhaul of
the electoral process to ensure that the people’s votes would be counted fairly.
Under the leadership of Dr. Younus, the interim government moved quickly to dissolve the Election
Commission and establish a new, independent body tasked with overseeing the elections. The new
Election Commission was composed of respected figures from the judiciary, civil society, and academia,
ensuring that it would be free from political influence. The interim government also passed new electoral
laws, designed to create a more transparent and inclusive process. The reforms included the introduction
of electronic voting machines (EVMs), stricter voter identification procedures, and the establishment
of an independent body to monitor the elections.
The international community, including the United Nations and the European Union, provided technical
assistance and support for these reforms. The interim government worked closely with these organizations
to ensure that the elections, when held, would meet international standards.
Economic Rebuilding and Stability
Another significant challenge faced by the interim government was the economic crisis exacerbated by
the political unrest. The Bangladeshi Taka had depreciated sharply, inflation had risen, and businesses
were struggling to cope with the uncertainty. The interim government, led by Dr. Younus, prioritized
economic stabilization as a key part of its mandate.
Dr. Younus, with his expertise in microfinance and economic development, led efforts to rebuild the
country’s economy. The government negotiated with international financial institutions such as the World
Bank and the IMF for financial aid and technical support. In addition, the interim government
introduced a series of austerity measures, focusing on reducing public sector waste, improving tax
collection, and stabilizing the country’s currency.
The agriculture sector, a cornerstone of Bangladesh’s economy, also received attention. The government
launched a series of initiatives aimed at increasing agricultural productivity, ensuring food security,
and supporting rural development. These measures were essential in restoring confidence in the economy
and ensuring that the needs of the common people were met.
Social and Political Reconciliation
While the interim government focused on reforms, it also had to address the deep political divisions that
had led to the revolution in the first place. The Awami League and BNP, as well as other political parties,
had long been at odds, and the tensions between them had fueled the protests. The interim government
worked to create an atmosphere of reconciliation, encouraging dialogue between political factions.
Dr. Younus, with his reputation as a neutral figure, played a key role in bringing the parties to the
negotiating table. The government established a national dialogue platform, where political leaders
could discuss their differences and work toward common goals. While the process was slow and fraught
with challenges, the interim government’s commitment to inclusivity and dialogue laid the foundation for
a more cooperative political environment.

Chapter 13: Legacy of the Revolution: Lessons for the Future

The July Revolution of 2024 was a pivotal moment in Bangladesh’s political history. It was a revolution
driven by the people’s desire for democracy, accountability, and reform. The legacy of the revolution
and the lessons learned from it will shape the future of Bangladesh for years to come.
The Power of the People
One of the most important lessons of the revolution was the power of popular mobilization. The
Shahbagh Movement and the protests that followed demonstrated that ordinary citizens, especially the
youth, could bring about significant political change. The revolution was not just a reaction to economic
hardship or political corruption, but a call for a new kind of politics—one that was inclusive,
transparent, and responsive to the needs of the people.
The revolution showed that the Bangladeshi people were willing to take to the streets to demand change,
and their voices could no longer be ignored. The legacy of this mobilization will likely inspire future
generations of Bangladeshis to continue to advocate for their rights and to demand accountability from
their leaders.
The Need for Political Reform
The revolution also underscored the need for political reform in Bangladesh. The deep divisions between
the Awami League, BNP, and Jamaat-e-Islami had created a toxic political environment in which
governance was often characterized by partisan conflict rather than cooperation. The interim
government, led by Dr. Younus, set out to reform the electoral system and ensure that future elections
would be fair, transparent, and free from manipulation.
However, the long-term success of these reforms depends on the willingness of Bangladesh’s political
parties to work together for the greater good of the country. The revolution showed that political parties
must be willing to put aside their differences and focus on building a better future for the people of
Bangladesh.
A Call for International Support
The international community also played a significant role in the aftermath of the revolution, offering
support for electoral reforms, economic stabilization, and human rights. The involvement of
organizations such as the United Nations and the European Union was crucial in ensuring that the
transition to democracy was conducted in a peaceful and orderly manner. Moving forward, Bangladesh
will continue to need international support as it works to consolidate its democracy and rebuild its
economy.
A New Era for Bangladesh
The July Revolution of 2024 was a turning point for Bangladesh. It marked the end of one political era
and the beginning of another—one that holds the promise of a more democratic, inclusive, and just
society. The legacy of the revolution will be defined by the reforms implemented by the interim
government, the political stability that follows, and the continued activism of the Bangladeshi people in
holding their leaders accountable.
As Bangladesh moves forward, the lessons learned from the revolution will guide its path toward a more
prosperous and democratic future.
Remembering the Martyrs of the July Revolution 2024 in Bangladesh
The July Revolution of 2024 in Bangladesh, a defining moment in the nation’s history, was marked by
intense protests, widespread civil unrest, and tragic loss of life. Among the many who stood for change,
the martyrs of this revolution became symbols of sacrifice, courage, and the unyielding fight for justice.
These individuals, whose lives were lost in the struggle for a better Bangladesh, are forever etched in the
collective memory of the nation. As the country moves forward, it is essential to remember the martyrs of
the July Revolution, honor their sacrifices, and reflect on the profound impact their deaths had on the
country’s path toward democratic reform and political stability.
The Spark of the Revolution: A Nation's Discontent
The roots of the July Revolution lay in years of political dissatisfaction, economic mismanagement, and
the erosion of democratic freedoms under the leadership of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina and her
Awami League party. For years, the people of Bangladesh had endured increasing corruption,
suppression of opposition voices, and a lack of accountability from the ruling government. By mid-2024,
the situation reached a boiling point. The Shahbagh Movement, which began as a call for electoral
reforms, rapidly escalated into a broader demand for regime change.
The youth-led protests that took place in Dhaka, the capital, were a direct response to the political
stagnation and economic hardship that had plagued the nation. These protests quickly spread to other
major cities, including Chittagong, Rajshahi, and Khulna, with citizens from all walks of life joining
the calls for change. The protests were largely peaceful at first, but as the Awami League government
cracked down with increasing force, the situation became volatile.
The July Massacre: A Turning Point
On July 13, 2024, the peaceful protests in Shahbagh Square and surrounding areas of Dhaka took a
tragic turn. The police and military forces, under orders from the government, began to use excessive
force to disperse the crowds. Tear gas, rubber bullets, and live ammunition were fired into the crowds,
and what began as a peaceful demonstration turned into a bloodbath. Hundreds of protesters were
injured, and dozens lost their lives in what would later be called the July Massacre.
The exact number of casualties remains disputed, but estimates suggest that at least 50 protesters were
killed that day, with many more severely injured. Among the martyrs were students, workers, and
activists, all united by their desire for a more democratic Bangladesh. Some were caught in the crossfire,
others were targeted by snipers, and many died in the chaos as the government forces attempted to
suppress the growing movement.
Among the martyrs were prominent figures such as Rashedul Islam, a student leader from the
University of Dhaka, who had been at the forefront of organizing protests for electoral reform. Rashedul
was shot in the chest while leading a march toward the Prime Minister’s residence. His death galvanized
the protests, and his name became synonymous with the movement for change.
Another martyr, Maya Begum, a housewife from Mirpur, was killed while participating in a peaceful
protest in her neighborhood. Maya had joined the protests alongside her children, hoping for a better
future for them. Her death, like so many others, was a stark reminder of the personal sacrifices made by
ordinary people in the fight for justice.
The Shahbagh Square, where the protests had started, became a symbol of resistance and a memorial to
the martyrs. The square, which had once been a place of celebration and national pride, was now filled
with flowers, candles, and portraits of the fallen. The names of the martyrs were etched into the hearts of
the protesters, and their memories fueled the fire of the revolution.
The Role of the Martyrs in the Revolution’s Legacy
The sacrifices made by the martyrs of the July Revolution were not in vain. Their deaths became a
rallying cry for the people of Bangladesh, who, despite the violence, continued to demand change. The
Shahbagh Movement, which had initially called for electoral reforms, now became a symbol of the
broader struggle for democracy, freedom, and justice.
In the wake of the massacre, the interim government formed under Dr. Muhammad Younus made it a
priority to investigate the events of July 13, 2024 and hold those responsible for the deaths accountable.
The international community also condemned the violence, with organizations like the United Nations
and Human Rights Watch calling for a thorough investigation and for the government to respect the
right to peaceful protest.
One of the most significant outcomes of the revolution was the formation of a new electoral system and
the promise of free and fair elections. The interim government led by Dr. Younus made it clear that the
martyrs’ deaths would not be forgotten, and the reforms would honor their sacrifice. The establishment of
an independent Election Commission and the implementation of electoral laws aimed at curbing
corruption and ensuring transparency were seen as a direct response to the demands of the martyrs.
The martyrs of the revolution also had a profound impact on the national psyche. In the years following
the revolution, July 13 became a day of remembrance, with national memorials erected in honor of
those who had fallen. Dhaka witnessed annual memorial services, where families of the martyrs, as well
as citizens, gathered to pay their respects. The government, under pressure from both the public and
international bodies, made efforts to ensure that the martyrs’ families received compensation and support.
Remembering the Martyrs: A Call to Action
The martyrs of the July Revolution of 2024 will never be forgotten. Their names are etched into the
history of Bangladesh, and their deaths continue to serve as a reminder of the power of the people and the
price of freedom. The revolution itself, while tragic in its violence, was a turning point for the nation. It
showed the world that the people of Bangladesh were willing to sacrifice everything for the principles of
democracy, justice, and human rights.
As the country continues to rebuild and move forward, the memory of the martyrs remains a powerful
force for change. Shahbagh Square and the memorials across the nation serve as places where future
generations can reflect on the struggle for a better Bangladesh. The martyrs of July 2024 are not just
symbols of the past; they are beacons of hope for the future. They remind us that the fight for justice is
never easy, but it is always worth it.
The legacy of the martyrs lives on in the ongoing efforts to build a more democratic, transparent, and
inclusive Bangladesh. Their sacrifices were not in vain; they laid the foundation for a new era of
governance, one that respects the will of the people and ensures that such violence and repression will
never again define the country’s political landscape.
As Bangladesh continues its journey toward democracy, the memory of the martyrs of July 2024 will
serve as both a solemn reminder and a powerful motivator for future generations. Their sacrifice, their
courage, and their commitment to a better future will always be remembered, and their spirit will continue
to inspire the nation in its pursuit of justice, freedom, and equality.