STUDY OF MODELLING AND SIMULATION
OF HYBRID ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM
Under the Supervision of Presented by
Dr. Sharad Chandra Upadhyaya Pankaj Madheshiya
(Professor) (Roll No. 2401320004)
Dr. Pravin Kumar Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Agra
(Asst. Professor)
( Department Of Dau Dayal Institute Of Vocational Education )
Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Agra
Objective
To enhance the overall performance and efficiency of
energy storage system by merging the strengths of
super-capacitors and batteries to overcome the
limitations and shortcomings inherent to each
individual technology.
2
Outline of Presentation
Introduction
Current Status of Technology
Challenges for Researchers
Adverse Effect of IC Engine
Adverse Effect of EV Technology
Element of Electric Vehicle
Conclusion
References
2
Introduction
Energy Storage System(ESS) meaning that it can actually store energy and use the stored energy whenever
the need arises.
Energy storage provides stored electricity to the grid and stable power output from renewable energy source.
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Current Status of EV Technology
. Automotive lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery demand increased by about 65% to 550 GWh
in 2022, from about 330 GWh in 2021, primarily as a result of growth in electric
passenger car sales, with new registrations increasing by 55% in 2022 relative to 2021.
Around 95% of the LFP batteries for electric LDVs went into vehicles produced in
China.
Tesla accounted for 15%, and the share of LFP batteries used by Tesla increased from
20% in 2021 to 30% in 2022.
Around 85% of the cars with LFP batteries manufactured by Tesla were manufactured
in China.
In total, only around 3% of electric cars with LFP batteries were manufactured in the
United States in 2022.
The Na-ion battery developed by China’s CATL is estimated to cost 30% less than an
LFP battery. Conversely, Na-ion batteries do not have the same energy density as their
Li-ion counterpart (respectively 75 to 160 Wh/kg compared to 120 to 260 Wh/kg).
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Challenges for Researchers
. Integration Complexity
Optimal Configuration and Sizing
Strategies for management and control
Cost and Scalability
Consistency and Security
Thermal management
Energy Efficiency
Environmental Impact
Durability and Cycle Life
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Adverse Effect of Internal Combustion Engine
The combustion process results in a number of extra pollutants, some of which contribute to greenhouse gas
emissions
. and others which cause ground-level pollution.
Particulate matter (PM): As a by-product of combustion, PM is a complicated assemblage of microscopic
particles. Since the particles are tiny that could be passed through a human throat, they can injure the lungs,
brain and heart. They are also thought to be human carcinogenic, or cancer-causing. Compared to a gasoline
engine, a diesel engine may release much more PM.
Carbon monoxide (CO): A gas with no colour or smell, is produced during combustion. Humans who are
exposed to the gas risk poisoning and possibly death. Compared to gasoline engines with spark ignition,
diesel engines emit less CO.
Greenhouse gas (GHG): The atmospheric gas responsible for the greenhouse effect by increasing its
penetration of infrared energy. CO2 is GHG because it encourages the greenhouse effect by raising the global
level of CO2 that is already present naturally. According to research, human activities that include the
combustion of fossil fuels result in an annual emission into the atmosphere of around 37 billion metric tons
of CO2. Another by-product of combustion that contributes to the greenhouse effect is CH4 and N2O.
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Adverse Effect of Electric Vehicles Technology
Despite the fact that electric vehicle (EV) technology has many advantages and is a viable choice for
.
sustainable transportation, it is important to recognize and deal with any potential negative impacts
that might result from its broad use. The following are some unfavourable implications of electric car
technology:
Battery Production's Effect on the Environment
Resource Exhaustion
Battery Disposal and Recovering
Power Grid Stress
Carbon Emissions from the Production of Electricity
Charging Infrastructure
Utilizing Resources and Land to Produce:
Noise pollution
Technical limitations
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Element of Electric Vehicle
.
Battery
1. Lead-Acid Battery 2. Nickel-Metal-Hydride Battery 3. Lithium-Ion Battery
4. Solid-State Battery 5. Lithium Sulfur
Cont..
Electric vehicles (EVs) predominantly utilize lithium-ion batteries, with two main types currently
.
leading the market: Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) and Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide
(NMC).
Current Battery Technologies
1. Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP)
•Advantages: Known for safety, long cycle life, and thermal stability, LFP batteries are widely
adopted in electric buses and lower-cost EVs. They are favored by manufacturers like BYD and
Tesla for their entry-level models due to their lower cost and enhanced safety features.
•Disadvantages: LFP batteries have a lower energy density compared to NMC batteries, which
limits their range in high-performance applications
2. Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC)
•Advantages: NMC batteries provide higher energy density, making them suitable for long-range
EVs such as the Tesla Model S and Chevrolet Bolt. They strike a balance between energy density,
longevity, and cost, making them popular in passenger vehicles.
•Disadvantages: The use of cobalt raises ethical and cost concerns, and these batteries can be
more expensive than LFP options
Cont..
Emerging Battery Technologies
.
Research is actively ongoing into several advanced battery technologies that aim to overcome the limitations
of current lithium-ion batteries:
1. Solid-State Batteries
•These batteries use a solid electrolyte instead of a liquid one, which can enhance safety by reducing risks
associated with leaks and flammability. They promise higher energy densities and faster charging times but
face challenges related to manufacturing costs and material stability.
•Companies like Toyota plan to introduce solid-state batteries in hybrid vehicles by 2026, with mass
production expected around 2030.
2. Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
•Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries have the potential for greater energy capacity at a lower cost due to the
abundance of sulfur. However, they currently suffer from shorter lifespans because of issues like the "shuttle
effect," where sulfur dissolves into the electrolyte during charge cycles.
•Research is ongoing to address these challenges, but Li-S batteries remain in the R&D phase as of now.
3. Silicon Anode Batteries
•These utilize silicon instead of graphite for anodes, allowing for significantly higher energy capacities. They
promise longer usage times and faster charging but also face challenges related to silicon's expansion during
charging cycles
Cont..
Super-Capacitor
Construction of Super-Capacitor
An Super-capacitor is constructed with symmetric
carbon positive and negative electrodes separated by
an insulating ion-permeable separator and packaged
into a container filled with organic electrolyte
(salt/solvent) designed to provide maximum ionic
conductivity and electrode wetting. It is the
combination of high surface-area activated carbon
electrodes (typically > 1500m2 /g) with extremely
small charge separation (Angstroms) that results in
high capacitance.
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Cont..
Characteristics of Super-Capacitor
Charge time
Super-capacitors have charge and
discharge times comparable to those of
ordinary capacitors. It is possible to
achieve high charge and discharge
currents due to their low internal
resistance.
Batteries usually take up to several hours
to reach a fully charged state – a good
example is a cell phone battery, while
super-capacitors can be brought to the
same charge state in less than two
minutes.
Specific power
Super-capacitors have a specific power 5
to 10 times greater than that of batteries.
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Cont..
.
Advantages of Super-Capacitor
Increase system efficiency
Fast charging and discharging speed
Long cycle life
High efficiency
Storage unit is improved
Lower cost of entire unit
Disadvantages of Super-Capacitor
Low specific energy
linear discharge voltage
high cost
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Cont..
Bi-Directional DC-DC Converter
A bidirectional DC-DC converter, or buck-boost converter, is a type of power
converter that can step voltage both up (boost) and down (buck) and can
transfer power in either direction, making it suitable for applications like
electric vehicles and renewable energy system
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Conclusions
.
This knowledge plays a crucial role in improving EVs, developing intelligent
policies supported by evidence, and promoting the adoption of eco-friendly
transportation among more people.
Simulation model combine battery and super-capacitor for energy storage to
leverage their individual strengths and mitigate their weaknesses.
By combining the benefits of batteries and super capacitors, hybrid energy
storage technology have the potential to transform the performance and
efficiency of electric vehicles.
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