Título: ASPECTS OF REMNANT LIFE ASSESSMENT IN OLD STEAM TURBINES
Área: Ingeniería
Subárea: Mantenimiento
ABSTRACT.-
In order to get a high operation availability and to stablish a maintenance and
spares management strategy capable of develop the life extension of steam turbines, is
essential suitable assessment of aging damage and remnant life for most relevant parts.
According with machine integity inspection results, life consumption and
estimated remnant life results, future maintenance plans, equipment and even big
components renewal, will be carried out in basis of efficience assessments data to get
optimal safety, availability, reliability and efficiency operating conditions.
Therefore, in order to get these objectives, is essential to know the main aging
deterioration mechanisms and realize how are affecting to different turbine components.
Only a few of all failure mechanisms that can happen in steam turbines affect
directly to aging deterioration of components, and are produced by the effect of high
temperatures kept for long time periods, as well as the sudden variations of these
temperatures.
Key words: life extensión, creep, termal fatigue, consumed life, remnant life.
1.- INTRODUCTION
Most of steam turbines installed on electric power plants last years, were
designed and manufactured to operate during 20 or 25 years, that is equal to 160.000 or
200.000 operating hours.
.
But because of costs involving new units erection relate to repairing and
refusbishment, most of plant owners prefer to continue existing machines operation.
Generally, this life extension offers the chance of carrying out operational and
enviromental changes and considering benefits of efficiency and reliabylity
improvement using advantages offered by turbine new design components adoption.
All these considerations becomes manufacturers and owners to research
and develop assessment technology and plant renewal, that contribute adequately to
turbine extension life when applied.
Assessment consumed life and maintenance and renewal plans using
these technology, are consolidated either as a basis to establish extensión life programs
and as economically reliable maintenance methods.
Although plants were operated under good conditions and high efficiency
without critical problems, long term operation periods can produce latent damage on
turbine inner components. These damage can suddenly become and cause important
mechanical problems.
.
Meanwhile are ligth and affecting only simple components, problems can be
easily solved by means working maintenance habitual procedures. But if problems are
importants or involves critical components, it can produce long time forced outage,
causing important and unexpected economical waste.
2.- OBJECTIVE
Damage produced by mechanisms of deterioration affecting turbine integrity are
directly related with time, and are produced after long year turbine operation.
These mechanism produce a progressive damage on materials that
turbine is manufactured with, reducing its mechanical properties. It also produce
deviation and distortion on inner turbine parts, becoming to efficiency deterioration.
There are two of these mechanisms that demonstrates to be more
significant to assess the life consumption of affected component, not only for its relation
with time factor, but for the responsability of turbine components that they affect, such
as rotors and casings, that are large and expensive and may produce disastrous damage.
The essential objective of this article is to show, according with damages
produced by these two mechanisms, the aspects involving when assessing and analyze
turbine remnant life in order to get life extension and recovery or improvement of
efficiency.
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3.-METHODOLOGY
The methodology used has been based on experience obtained during several
turbine overhauls in a power plant, wuth participation of own power plant staff, turbines
manufacturer and technologists specialized on inspections and non destructive tests,
using the top technology in inspection equipment.
.
Scopes on this kind of overhaul are often standardized for each type of turbine,
although sometimes other machine requirement are considered. Scopes to be realized
during overhaul period are also standardized, and for these type of failure mechanism
are often the following:
Complete inspection by means magnetic particles of rotors, specially in
section change areas and sharpen radius.
Ultrasonic testing in rotor center bore.
Ultrasonic testing in rotor surface critical areas.
Metallurgical inspection in critical areas on rotors, rows and
casings.
Magnetic particle inspection in steam chests.
Magnetic particle inspection in steam inlet pipe sleeve and
stationary row blades.
Obtained data from these inspections are compared with those obtained in
previous inspections, thus it is possible to assess the evolution of existing or previously
repaired defects.
Manufacturer experience and machine knowledge made neccesary its overhaul
mediation in order to deal with technical improvement sheets and detected defects
assessment, but it is also important the mediation of inspection specialized people, that
can discover defects that are not easily detected due to its features.
4.- TURBINE LIFE MANAGEMENT
Turbine life management consists of a continuous assessment of plant condition,
monitoring operation conditions and improvement of operation and maintenance
procedures. Also, a plan based on assessment of component condition and the need of
restoration or replacement of critical components is required.
The process is concentrating on components whose failures have greater
importance on safety, availability or maintenance costs and on mechanisms affecting
those components. The process is showed in schematic way on figure 1.
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Figure 1.- Turbine life assessment process
Assessment of plant
condition
Assessment of
residual life
Residual life < Estimated life
Replacing - SI NO
Modification Maintain
Design Update
improvements
Rebuild Replant
Reduction of steam
condition
4.1.- Creep.-
The phenomenon of creep consists of dislocations on grain boundaries of steel
caused by high temperature working under the action of high centrifugal forces, so that
a permanent deformation is produced on the afected component, as is showed on figure
2.
Página 3 de 20
Figure 2 .- Creep mechanism
It can be deduced that more sensitive turbine parts to suffer from creep are those
involved in rotatory movement, as rotors, pressure first HP and IP blade rows, center
bore, serrations and blade roots, transition ratio between different rotor stages, balance
holes, etc...
4.2.- Low Cycle Fatigue
Low cycle fatigue is produced because of changes ocurring in stresses and
temperatures during start, shutdown and load changes when unit is working according
with load demand (see figure 3).
Turbine components with thick section construction, such as cylinders or high
pressure casings, working under high pressure and temperature action, are affected by
creep-low cycle fatigue, produced by combination of thermal fatigue caused by load
changes and creep caused during high temperature and pressure operation. Schematic
representation of mechanisms is showed on figure 4.
Figure 3.- Fatigue mechanism
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Figure 4 .- Creep-fatigue mechanism
5.- REMANENT LIFE ASSESSMENT
Steam turbine components work under severe conditions, such as high
temperature and pressure. Will be then needed to know the amount of life consumed for
the component until a failure was produced, in order to assess and calculate the
remaining time until deffect produces failure. So that, a high machine availability level
will be reached, because is possible to know, with certain grade of accuracy, the
moment in which the component failure is going tobe produced.
The análisis is carried out for each failure mechanism, based in progress data
records of produced deffects.
5.1.- Creep Life Assessment
Creep life is assessed in basis of operation temperature and pressure stresses
calculations at the critical areas using creep rupture strength tables for each material.
Creep under steady operation conditions is calculated taking into account both
the centrifugal stresses set up by the rotation of the rotor an the thermal stresses set up
by the temperature gradient in the rotor body. Additional loads imposed by the blades
are also taken into account.
The method involves complex calculations, and an example ofresults can be saw
in table 1. Calculations were made using following data, as well as a polynomial
expression for temperature variation with respect to radius [1]
Bore diameter = 101 mm
Rim mean diameter = 919.5 mm
Blade centrifugal force at 3000 r.p.m. = 47.0 kN/Blade
Young modulus, E = 172900 MPa
Coef. Of thermal expansion = 0.1625 x 10 –4 / ºC
Cylinder outside diameter = 711 mm
Disc otside diameter = 876 mm
Number of blades = 110
Density = 7833 kg/m3
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Table 1.- Example of rotor creep results calculation
Centrifugal force stress in cylinder
Radius Stress( MPa)
Radial displacement (mm)
(mm) Axial Tangential Radial
50.5 10.25 128.5 0.00 0.0366
355.5 - 10.25 38.21 21.68 0.0715
Centrifugal force stress in disc
Radius Stress ( MPa)
Radial displacement (mm)
(mm) Axial Tangential Radial
355.5 48.55 45.89 0.0715
438 42.79 32.37 0.0838
Termal stress in cylinder
Radial
Radius Stress (MPa) Temperature
displacement
(mm) Axial Tangential Radial ºC
(mm)
50.5 22.32 25.4 0.00 0.005 526.7
355.5 - 22.32 - 20.98 1.51 0.031 537.9
Termal stress in discs
Radial
Radius Stress (MPa) Temperature
displacement
(mm) Axial Tangencial Radial ºC
(mm)
355.5 -13.71 3.19 0.031 537.9
438.0 -15.81 0.00 0.050 540.0
Calculations are based on Von Mises criterion or Von Mises-Hencky theory,
that stablish that failure on ductile materials occurs when the energy of distortion by
volume unit reaches the same level or exceeds the distortion energy level of the same
material when traction test yield strength is reached. This theory considers the energy
associated at changes of material shape and is appropiate for ductile materials, because
it shows very well the triaxial stress status at the component.
.
Von Mises theory is expressed as:
[6]
where are the principal stresses acting on component.
The assessment is subjected to uncertainties resulting from several factors, as:
- Accuracy of the predicted stress and temperature
- Material properties, such as creep toughness.
Página 6 de 20
- Deviation of the operating temperature from design.
- Degradation of material properties due to service exposure.
- Deviation from design either at the manufacturing stage or by subsequent
modifications.
Therefore, the creef life of rotors is assessed in stages, each successive stage
being more detailed as the remnant life margin is reduced.
The first stage is the initial assessment based on global service data from the
same family design rotors. The stresses at critical regions are calculated and the life at
each region is assessed on the basis of the generic creep data for the rotor steel.
The assessed life of the rotor is taken to be the minimum obtained for the
regions considered, and will be termed as “Assessed rotor creep life”(ACRL). (See table
2)
The rotor is allowed to run to 50% of the ACRL without further actino. If the
perceived operating life of the rotor is grater than 50% ACRL, it is necessary to proceed
to later stages.
Second assessment stage considers individual rotors, that requires the
determination of creep average operating temperature for the rotor and examination of
the records of the inspections carried out during manufacture of the rotor to establish the
size of defects. Besides, the records of steel composition and heat treatment during
manufacture are used to estimate the creep toughness and ductility of the rotor (see table
2).
Tabla 2.- Example of assessed rotor creep life calculation (ARCL)
1º stage blade fixing
Creep effect Stress Temperature Life to
50 % ARCL (horas)
(MPa) (ºC) rupture (h)
Rotor type 110 94 542 2.6 x 105 130000
5
Rotor type 94 89 542 1.8 x 10 90000
The rotor life is then assessed using stresses derived from design calculations as
in stage 1, but using the creep average operating temperature derived from the operating
records and the creep data obtained from the manufacturing records.
Creep average temperature is increased for operation at off-design condition.
This is particulary important on the high pressure turbine, where operating at different
load to design rated load can change the steam entalphy and, as a result, temperature
after governing valves. Temperature has an important effect on creep, because, as an
example, a 10 ºC rise in the nominal steam temperature of 540 ºC will increase creep
strain and creep rupture by a factor of about 2.
Third stage requires removal of the rotor from the turbine in order to take
material samples and to carry out non-destructive testing (NDT). The procedure is
similar to that of stage 2, but the creep strength and ductility are determined directrly by
Página 7 de 20
acelerated tests at higher than operating temperatures on samples of steel removed from
the cooler part of the rotor, which has not been subjected to high temperature.
Magnetic particle inspection (MPI) is applied at the bore surface and at regions
on the outer surface where creep or termal fatigue damage may be expected., and
ultrasonic examination is carried out where this is posible. Replication of the surface in
critical areas is used to check for creep cavitations or micro cracking which may be due
to creep.
. Once creep remnant lif is assessed for these stage, tue rotor is allowed to
operate to 95% of ARCL.
5.2.- Low Cycle Fatigue Life Assessment (Thermal Fatigue)
Thermal fatigue phenomenom is common on high temperature turbines, in this
case, low cycle fatigue, that occurs mainly due to severe temperature reached during
start up and initial stages of load generation. It is also afected by a combination of
factors, sucha as deviations from the stipulated start-up procedures, poor designs, poor
machining and poor material properties.
Excessive temperature increase during start up induces large stresses that could
excede the yield limit of the material.
A typical stress-strain cycle during one cycle of start-up and shutdown is
showed at figure 5 [2].
Figure 5.- Typical stress-strain cycle for a turbine component material
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Considre a component subjected to an alternating tensile/comprensive load cycle
in which the total stress variation is “ ”. This load introduces within the component
stresses ranging from the maximum comprensive effect “ ” to the maximum tensile
effect “ ”, that produce the subsequents strains “ ” and “ ”. Normally, these
loads are of equal magnitude in the tensile and comprensive direction.
The center point “O” represents the first put in service of the component, where
it has not still experienced cycling load. When an initial tensile load is applied, a tensile
stress is induced that produces a linear elastic strain “ ” up to condition A.
After condition A, the extensión with increasing load continúes but no longer
follows a linear relationship, being a plastic strain “ ” and, therefore
irrecoverable. Therefore, the total strain is:
At condition B, the load has reached its maximum tensile value. Now, as the
load is reversed, the tensile stress reduces to zero and strain reduces, but does not reach
zero (C condition). A plastic strain “ ” remains at the component. At this condition,
Página 9 de 20
the direction of the load is reversed, the load becomes comprensive, initially following a
linear (elastic) relationship to condition D, where the strain becomes plastic and follows
a curved relationship from D to E, untill comprensive stress reach its maximum value at
E, “ ” . As a result of this, a total elastic and plastic strain “ ” is produced.
Next, the compresive load is reduced from a maximum value, and so the
compresive stress is reduced reaching zero at condition F, where there is still a residual
strain remaining “ ”. The tensile load is again applied with the initial strain being
elastic to G and the final strain being plastic to B.
This series of stress and strain are repeated causing the material of the
component undergoes a cyclic loading and the accumulation of plastic strain continues
to deform the component.
If comprensive and tensile stresses are of the same magnitude, the curve
will be symmetrical about the point of origin O.
The total strain range of the component is the sum of “ ” and “ ”,
shown at the diagram as the strain range from B to E, that consists of two elements, the
elastic “ ” and the plastic “ ” portions.
Thje elastic portion is represented by the ranges OA, BD and EG, but since the
range OA is present only during the initial strain cycle, it can be neglected. The plastic
strain ranges are from AB, DE and GB, and again, the range AB can be neglected.
.
Then, there is a relationship between the total and elastic strains for any
material, that is taken by the expression:
where
is the total strain range
is the plastic strain range
B and g are constants determinated for the material
This relationship is only approximate and applicable primarily to cycles of
intermediate strain ranges.
The accumulated damage will lead to crack initiation as the number of start up
increase. Thereafter, crack will grow with each additional start.
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The remnant life is assessed as the time for the crack to grow to a depth at which
the steady state stress could cause rupture in a relatively short time. It should be noted
that the procedure for estimating the thermal fatigue carck growth rate includes the
effect of the steady state stresses (for example, at the creep state).
Termal fatigue life is not assessed in a easy procedure, as is creep life. A similar
first stage assessment can be considered using typical starting and shutdown procedures
for a family of turbines. Calculations are then made to predict the stresses set up at the
critical regions of cold, warm and hot start conditions due to the rate of rise of steam
temperature. The calculated stresses are then used to predict the number of cycles
required for crack initiation for each type of start.
An example of start up data and the induced termal stresses at the critical
locations of a HP turbine rotor is given in figure 6.
The life expired is the sum of the number for each type of start accumulated to date
divided by the number of cycles calculated for cold, warm and hot starts. That is to say
if the calculated number of starts are Nf, Nt and Nc , and the number of accumulated starts
to date are nf, nt y nc
Figure 6 .- Termal stresses set up on rotor during start-up
Generally, cold starts are defined when the metal temperature falls below 200
ºC. A start following a weekend shutdown can be classified as warm, and after an a trip
is considered as hot.
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Experience shows that normally cold starts induce about three times more
damage than warm or hot starts. Therefore, an equivalent number of starts may be used
to calculate the allowable safe number of starts before an inspection becomes necesary.
[3]
High pressure and intermediate pressure rotors, valve chests or steam chests and
cilindres must be inspected before they reach the number of equivalent starts.
.
Normally, the magnitude of the start up termal stress decreases with depth and
crack growth may stop. However, propagation to a critical size where it could grow due
to thermal cyclic stresses needs to be considered. Therefore, is advisable to adopt a
policy against crack initiation when manufacturing, and the procedure of determination
of crack growth rate by means monitoring it, at future inspections.
The calculated termal fatigue life indicates the risk of damage at rotor and regions of
the rotor where damage is most likely to occur. An example of this is given in table 3
[4].
Table 3 .- Estimated termal fatigue life and recommended inspections [5]
Stress Nº of starts to cracking
Component Location Inspect at
(MPa)
Cold Warm Hot
Balance Little risk of cracking below
2.5 Major overhaul
piston 10000 starts
HP Rotor
Reaction Little risk of cracking below
5 Major overhaul
stage 10000 starts
Little risk of cracking below
Inlet piping 1.5 Major overhaul
7000 starts
HP Cylinder
Diaphragm Inspect before
3 1700
groove 2000 equiv. starts
First
Inspect before
IP Rotor Reaction 4 900 900 3300
1000 equiv. starts
stage
Little risk of cracking below
Inlet piping 1.5 Major overhaul
10000 starts
HP Cylinder First stage
stationary 3 3000 2500 Major overhaul
blade fixing
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Figures 7 and 8 show the distribution of temperatures and thermal stresses at
first HP blade grooves during a hot start.
Figure 7 .- Rotor temperature distribution during a hot start
TEMPERATURE EVOLUTION AT ROTOR BLADE ROOTS
(HOT START AFTER 150 MINUTES )
Figure 8 .- Rotor thermal stress distribution during a hot start
THERMAL STRESS EVOLUTION AT ROTOR BLADE ROOTS
(HOT START AFTER 150 MINUTES )
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6.- CONCLUSIONS
In order to get a suitable remnant life assessment of steam turbines and to
guarantee its reliable operation, is essential to establish an inspection program affecting
at least the mos critical parts of the machine, that are those sensitive to produce stress
concentration, such as seal fin grooves, blade root serrations, balance holes regions,
changing section regions, etc...
The specification and scope of neccesary inspections must be agree on
manufacturer and inspections specialized people, and, as a minimum must include:
- Assessment of initial condition of component and operation and maintenance
data records n order to identify critical components.
- Magnetic particle inspection of the complete rotor with particular attention to
changes of section.
- Ultrasonic examination from the bore rotor. This technique, known also as
Boresonic, achieves to inspect bore surface and blade fixing areas in order to
look for cracking.
- Ultrasonic inspection from critical rotor surface regions, in order to
complement magnetic particle or liquid penetrant tests and to get a suitable
measurement from deffects found by means these techniques.
- Metallurgical examination by means replications from critical regions, in
order to study the material metallurgical structure and to know its age
deterioration grade.
- Ultrasonic inspection and magnetic particle inspection from steam chests. If
possible, is advidable to measure the depth and length of known deffects and
monitor it. Deffects found at earlier inspections, must be also measured to
determine if its progress is as expected. Evaluation of chest integrity at these
inspections will provide a guide to the frequency of further inspections and
planning for eventual repair or replacement.
- Magnetic particle examination of the cylinder at steam inlet belt region and
stationary blade rings.
- Set up a database of turbine operating statistics including hours of operation ,
number of starts, records of previous inspections.
Página 14 de 20
- Monitoring, when posible, the termal stress and remnant termal fatigue life
of high pressure and intermediate pressure, that are the ones affected by
worst working conditions.
Knowing phenomenom affecting turbine integrity, evaluation of time progress of
deffects caused by them, data obtained from operating records from own or another
similar machines, review from critical components inspection results, are an essential
tool to asses remnant life of turbine.
Assessment of this remnant life, will allow the establishment of economically
capable preventive maintenance plans or improbé or renewal plans in order to guarantee
availability and reliability of machines, and economically capable life extensión
programs to allow to extend steam turbines operation.
REFERENCES
[1] Life Management of Steam Turbines (Turbinecare Ltd. Sept. 2000))
[2] Advances in Steam Path Technology (.John I. Cofer, John K. Reinker, William J.
Summer, GE Power Systems Schenectady, NY))
[3] Inspection Manual for MHI 350 MW Steam Turbines (MHI Ltd. Nagasaki Shipyard
& Machinery Works)
[4] Life Management of Steam Turbines (Turbinecare Ltd. Sept. 2000))
[5] Life Management of Steam Turbines (Turbinecare Ltd. Sept. 2000)
[6] www.en.wikipedia.org
7.- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- Inspection Manual for MHI 350 MW Steam Turbines (MHI Ltd. Nagasaki
Shipyard & Machinery Works)
- Life Management of Steam Turbines (Turbinecare Ltd. Sept. 2000)
- Technical Bulletin, Reliability Enhancement. MHI Ltd.
- Catálogos de Refurbished Turbine Components (Turbine Blading Ltd.)
- Repair of Very Large Steam Turbines (Barney McLaughlin. Sulzer
Turbomachinery Services)
- Advances in Steam Path Technology (.John I. Cofer, John K. Reinker,
William J. Summer, GE Power Systems Schenectady, NY)
- Páginas web:
www.mhi.co.jp
www.plant-maintenance.com
www.en.wikipedia.org
Página 15 de 20
APENDIX
ABSTRACT.-
In order to get a high operation availability and to stablish a maintenance and
spares management strategy capable of develop the life extension of steam turbines, is
essential suitable assessment of aging damage and remnant life for most relevant parts.
According with machine integity inspection results, life consumption and
estimated remnant life results, future maintenance plans, equipment and even big
components renewal, will be carried out in basis of efficience assessments data to get
optimal safety, availability, reliability and efficiency operating conditions.
Página 16 de 20
Therefore, in order to get these objectives, is essential to know the main aging
deterioration mechanisms and realize how are affecting to different turbine components.
Only a few of all failure mechanisms that can happen in steam turbines affect
directly to aging deterioration of components, and are produced by the effect of high
temperatures kept for long time periods, as well as the sudden variations of these
temperatures.
3.-METHODOLOGY
The methodology used has been based on experience obtained during several
turbine overhauls in a power plant, wuth participation of own power plant staff, turbines
manufacturer and technologists specialized on inspections and non destructive tests,
using the top technology in inspection equipment.
.
Scopes on this kind of overhaul are often standardized for each type of turbine,
although sometimes other machine requirement are considered. Scopes to be realized
during overhaul period are also standardized, and for these type of failure mechanism
are often the following:
Complete inspection by means magnetic particles of rotors, specially in
section change areas and sharpen radius.
Ultrasonic testing in rotor center bore.
Ultrasonic testing in rotor surface critical areas.
Metallurgical inspection in critical areas on rotors, rows and
casings.
Magnetic particle inspection in steam chests.
Magnetic particle inspection in steam inlet pipe sleeve and
stationary row blades.
Obtained data from these inspections are compared with those obtained in
previous inspections, thus it is possible to assess the evolution of existing or previously
repaired defects.
Manufacturer experience and machine knowledge made neccesary its overhaul
mediation in order to deal with technical improvement sheets and detected defects
assessment, but it is also important the mediation of inspection specialized people, that
can discover defects that are not easily detected due to its features.
6.- CONCLUSIONS
In order to get a suitable remnant life assessment of steam turbines and to
guarantee its reliable operation, is essential to establish an inspection program affecting
at least the mos critical parts of the machine, that are those sensitive to produce stress
concentration, such as seal fin grooves, blade root serrations, balance holes regions,
changing section regions, etc...
Página 17 de 20
The specification and scope of neccesary inspections must be agree on
manufacturer and inspections specialized people, and, as a minimum must include:
- Assessment of initial condition of component and operation and maintenance
data records n order to identify critical components.
- Magnetic particle inspection of the complete rotor with particular attention to
changes of section.
- Ultrasonic examination from the bore rotor. This technique, known also as
Boresonic, achieves to inspect bore surface and blade fixing areas in order to
look for cracking.
- Ultrasonic inspection from critical rotor surface regions, in order to
complement magnetic particle or liquid penetrant tests and to get a suitable
measurement from deffects found by means these techniques.
- Metallurgical examination by means replications from critical regions, in
order to study the material metallurgical structure and to know its age
deterioration grade.
- Ultrasonic inspection and magnetic particle inspection from steam chests. If
possible, is advidable to measure the depth and length of known deffects and
monitor it. Deffects found at earlier inspections, must be also measured to
determine if its progress is as expected. Evaluation of chest integrity at these
inspections will provide a guide to the frequency of further inspections and
planning for eventual repair or replacement.
- Magnetic particle examination of the cylinder at steam inlet belt region and
stationary blade rings.
- Set up a database of turbine operating statistics including hours of operation ,
number of starts, records of previous inspections.
- Monitoring, when posible, the termal stress and remnant termal fatigue life
of high pressure and intermediate pressure, that are the ones affected by
worst working conditions.
Knowing phenomenom affecting turbine integrity, evaluation of time progress of
deffects caused by them, data obtained from operating records from own or another
similar machines, review from critical components inspection results, are an essential
tool to asses remnant life of turbine.
Assessment of this remnant life, will allow the establishment of economically
capable preventive maintenance plans or improbé or renewal plans in order to guarantee
availability and reliability of machines, and economically capable life extensión
programs to allow to extend steam turbines operation
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