—Jeuneren 1 | Number System —_—" Ox OL The students will be able to: @ know about different number systems. @ perform binary addition and subtraction. That's the decimal number you use. Computers have their own number system, the Binary number | system, comprising only two digits: | y\@ and 1. _ Hi, kids! Do you have any idea about the number system used by computers? Hi, KiBo! Is it like || the numbers we | use every day? ‘Octal and hexadecimal | number systems help £ e s programmers work with I| ‘ Thank you, KiBo. We're | Jong sequences of 0s {learning a lot from and 1s in a simpler way. __|Let’s explore more! 7 5. In early days when there were no means of counting, people used to count with the h fingers, stones, pebbles, sticks, ete, These methods were not adequate and had many limitation” To overcome these limitations, many number systems were introduced with the Passage of in like: , > Decimal number system > Binary number system > Octal number system > Hexadecimal number system A number s} tem is a set of values used to represent different quantities. >» Decimal Number System The need for counting paved the way to introduce the decimal number system, in which digit, 0 to 9 are used to form any number. Most of the arithmetic operations are performed with the decimal numbers. Decimal number system consists of ten digits, i.e., 0 to 9 with the base 10. Each number can be used individually or they can be grouped to form a numeric value, for example, 82, -256, 5287 etc. The value of each digit in a number depends upon the following: . > The face value of the digit > The base of the number system > The place value of the digit ‘The right most digit of a number is called the Least Significant Digit (LSD), whereas the left-most digit is called the Most Significant Digit (MSD). So, in the number 547: Least Significant Digit (LSD) is 7 Most Significant Digit (MSD) is 5 The number 547 can be represented in the following way: : 600 7* 10° units aes 4°10 tens - 40 5* 10? hundreds = +500 Example 4 N The place value depends on the position of a digit in the number. Each position represents a specific power of base (10). The place value of each digit increases ten folds as you move from right to left. In the example given, 5, 4, and 7 are the face values and their place values are hundreds, tens, and units, respectively. Now, let us discuss the various types of number systems that are used in a computer.» Binary Number System The binary number system consists of only two digits, i.e., 0 (zero) uses two digits, it has the base 2. All digital computers use this number system input data from the decimal format into its binary equivalent. and 1 (one). Since this system and convert the Importance of Binary Code ‘A computer understands only the binary codes. Therefore, the data that is entered into a computer is converted into its binary equivalent. It further converts the binary codes into their decimal equivalents for the output. Conversion of Decimal to Binary Number System Let us learn how to convert a decimal number into its binary equivalent by following the given steps: P Divide the given decimal number with the base 2. > Write down the quotient below the number and the remainder to the right. > Repeat the previous step until the quotient becomes zero. Example t: Example 2: 2 [25 2 |s21 2 [12 [1—> Least significant Digit 2 [160 | 1—> Least significant Digit 2 [6 [o 2 [so [o 2 [3 [o 2 [40 [o 2fa [i 2 {20 [0 oak lost Significant Digit on 0 | 1—> Most significant Digit 2 {10 [0 2|5 [0 Thus, (25),, = (11001), 2f2 [2 ae ee 0 | 1—> Most Significant Digit The base of the number is given as ‘Thus, (321),, = (101000001), a subscript. Remainders that are obtained in each step are written in reverse order, i.e,, the least significant digitis placed at the top and the most significant digit at the bottom, to form the binary equivalent of the decimal number. Conversion of Binary to Decimal Number System To convert a binary number into decimal number, follow the given steps: > Starting from the extreme right binary digit, multiply each digit with its place value raised to the power of 2. 0Aryabhata was India’s greatest mathematician, and astronomer. He introduced the concept of 0 (zero) without which modem computer technology would have been non-existent. RSI Base or Radix of a Number System is the number of digits used init. For example, the decimal number system uses 10 digits, so its base 1510. German mathematician, is credited with the invention of the modem Binary number system. What is the face value and the place value of |, each of the digits in the |. number 4937 > Inc se the power, one-by-one, keeping the base fixed as > Sum up all the products to get the decimal number. Example t: Example 2: (1010), (001, 0x2=0 1x2—] 1x2=2 0x29 Ox2=0 > 0x2=9 1x2=8 1xBeg ¢ * Thus, (1010), = (10), Thus, (1000), = (9), | a Examples Example 3: (110001001), = 1 «294127 +0x 2640 «240x241 x2 +0 2240x241 2° = 256 + 128+0+0+0+8+0+041 =393, Thus, (110001001), = (393),, > Octal Number System The Octal number system (Oct) consists of 8 digits, 0 to 7, with the base 8. Reason behind development of this system was to make binary more compact. It takes binary digits ina group of three instead of four. The base system of eight comes from the decimal number system only. Conversion of Octal to Decimal Number System The procedure of octal to decimal conversion is similar to binary to decimal conversion. However, the only difference is the change of base. So, if you want to convert any octal number to decimal number, you have to start multiplying the digits of the number from the right-hand side with the increasing power of 8, starting from 0. After multiplication, sum up all the products, (345), = (3 * 8) + (4 « 81) + (5 x BY) rea =192+3245 Example Thus, (345), = (229)>> Hexadecimal Number System This number system consists of 16 digits: 0-9 and the letters A-F, where A 10to 15 with the base 16, This number system is also known as Hex, where Hex alled the Hexadecimal. represents digits and Decimal=10, soit Hex elf ff | 2}a}as [ Conversion of Hexadecimal to Decimal Number System Decimal Value 0 ha The procedure of converting hexadecimal to decimal is similar to the methods shown above. However, the only difference is the change of base. To convert hexadecimal number to decimal, multiply the number with base 16. (BB), 3 x 16!) + (11 « 169) 8 +11 Bbits = 1 byte mh Example Thus, (3B), = (59), » Computer Arithmetic ‘Asa computer understands only binary code, the data input by the user is converted into binary code for processing. This processing may involve various kinds of arithmetic operations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, etc., on binary numbers. Let us discuss a few of them in detail. Binary Addition The technique used to add binary numbers is very easy and simple. This is performed in the same way as you perform addition with decimal numbers. The following table illustrates the addition of two binary digits: Binary Addition 5 ret Mayon Baers bas | Most computer 0 | 0+0=0 operations use the byte } jt ora multiple of the byte 1 o+t-1 | (6, 24, 32, 64 bits, ete) —____| _ ‘Hexadecimal makes it - easier to write these large ew | ee binary numbers. 1 | 1+1=0and carry 1Example 1: Example 2: Compute (1000),+ (111), Compute (11111),+ (1011), oe. 1000 1111 Carryover 1 +0111 111it Exar wii +01011 101010 Note\ While adding 1 +1, the output will be 10, where 0 is written under the same column and car TY 0 1s shifted to the next position. i Binary Subtraction ‘The rules given in the table must be followed to perform binary subtraction: Binary Subtraction! Example 1: Example 2: Compute (1100),~ (11), Compute (1111),- (1010), ‘hein Borrowed! Bored S09 Ss 2 1iai Balance Balance Naber ioe ~~ t Examples pee 1 1 0 0 ? ord) - 0 0 115 10 071 jote\ The number is borrowed from the left digit when 1 is subtracted from 0 (10 -1=1). | RECAP Now you know... > The decimal number system consists of ten digits, i.e,,0 to 9 with the base 10. > The right-most digit of a binary number is called the least significant digit, whereas the left-most digit is called the most significant digit. > The binary number system consists of two digits, i.e., 0 and 1 and has the base 2. > The octal number system consists of 8 digits and has the base 8. > The hexadecimal number system consists of 16 digits and has the base 16. «*)A, Fill in the blanks, ‘The base of a binary number system is 1 number system is 10. ofa 2, The wow digits. ‘The octal number system consists of .. number system is understood by the computer system. number system uses digits 0-9 and the letters A-F. Hints © Binary © Hexadecimal e2 o8 B, State True or False. You cannot perform arithmetic operations on binary numbers. A digit is borrowed when 1 is subtracted from 0. CO 256 is a decimal number. (aa) O =) O ‘The place value depends on the position of the digit in the number. To convert hexadecimal to decimal, you multiply the number with an increasing power of 8. C. Select the correct option. 1. The data that is entered into a computer is converted into its . soe equivalent. c. Hexadecimal a. Binary b. Decimal 2. The Most Significant Digit (MSD) in the number 1024 is al b.0 a4 3, In the Hexadecimal number system, the letters A-F represent digits a. 10-16 b. 10-15 9-15 4, In Binary addition, 1 +0 equals to a0 b.1 2 5. To convert a decimal number into binary number, divide the number by ef b8 10 CS)D. Answer the following questions, 1. What is a number system? Name the different types of number systems. 2. What are the steps to convert a decimal number toa binary number? 3. Differentiate between LSD and MSD with the help of an example. * What is the importance of the binary number system? 5. What is hexadecimal number system?