1.Among the 5 lg isotypes, which one has more heavy chain subtypes than the other?

a. IgA
b. IgD
c. IgG
d. IgM
e. IgE

2. Effector cells secrete…. that can kill virus infected cells

a. Granzyme
b. Defensin
c. Ubiquitin
d. Exonuclease
e. Cathelicidins
inflammation
3.The IL1 cytokines play an important role in which of the following? induce
a. Direct killing of infected cell Ill
b. Phagocytosis
c. Clonal expansion
d. Inflammation
e. Antiviral defenses.

4. Which region of secreted lg can perform effector function?

a. FAB region
b. Variable domain
c. Antigen binding site
d. Fc region
e. Hinge protein

5. B cells originate from bone marrow, but where do they get maturation?
a. Mucosal tissue
b. Thymus
c. Spleen
d. Lymph nodes
e. Bone marrow

6. Which of the following is not a professional APCs?

a. B cell
b. DC
c. Macrophages
d. FDC
e. Mast cell

7.Some receptors are expressed at a late stage, once the infection has gone or almost gone.
What is their role ( for example , CTLA4, and PD-1).
 a. Increase of T cells activation
b. Inhibition of T activation
c. Control of the cell cycle
d. Increase of cytotoxic granule
e. Induction of information

8. From which of the following stem cell types do all leukocytes originate?
a. Common myeloid progenitor
b. Mesenchymal stem cell
c. Common lymphoid progenitor
d. Haematopoietic stem cells
e. Mast cell

9. APC cells are called professional APCs cells because they perform which of the following
functions?
a. Present antigen to CD8+ T cells
b. Perform phagocytosis
c. Digest any substance
d. Opsonized microbes
e. Present antigen to CD4+ T cells

10. T cell activation can be completely performed by the co stimulation receptor called how?
a. CD28
b. CD40
c. TCR
d. IL2 R
e. Lectin receptor

11. Why are red blood cells categorized as non nucleated cells?
a. Have no cell nucleus
b. Not raise to other leukocytes
c. Look red colour
d. Have no effector functions
e. Not display microbial antigen

12. Which of the following major innate immune receptors plays a role in signal transduction
upon binding to extracellular PAMPs?
a. C-type lectin receptor
b. Toll-like receptor
c. NoD- like receptors
d. RIG like receptors
e. Cytosolic DNA sensor.
13.The fusion of immunized B cells with a myeloma line generate which cells that can produce
monoclonal abs?
a. Hybridoma cells
b. Activated B cells
c. Myeloid progenitor cells
d. HSC
e. Plasma cells induction
induction ofinflammation a 121 inflammation
Ca
14. What is the role of C3a fragments during complement system activation?
Cz of
a. Enhancement of apoptosis
b. Induction of inflammation
c. Direct killing of microbes
d. Degranulation
e. Enhancement of phagocytosis

15. Why CD8+ T cell numbers expand more than CD4+ T cell numbers during an infection?
a. To provide more cytokine
b. To activate APCs
c. To kill extracellular bacteria
d. To induce inflammation
e. To kill infected cells

16.Which of the following cytokines enhances the phagocytic activity of macrophages?

a. IFN-y = IFN-gamma
b. IL-1
c. TNF-α
d. TGF-β
e. IL-4

17. What is the role of IL-2 in T cell development and activation?

a. VDJ recombination
b. Adhesion
c. Proliferation & survival
d. Migration to infected site
e. T cell maturation

18. Which of the following enzymes play a role in somatic recombination?

a. Protease
b. VDJ recombinase
c. Helicase
d. Ubiquitin
e. Caspase I
19. Innate cells provide a frontline defense against infections. Which of the following is not
considered an innate immune cell?
a. NK cell
b. Neutrophil
c. Regulatory Th cell
d. Basophil
e. Intraepithelial T cell

20. Which of the following is the structural composition of MHC class II?
a. α chain + β chain
b. α chain+ β2m protein
c. Heavy chain + light chain
d. Igα + Igβ
e. CD3 + Z protein

21. Which peripheral lymphoid lymphoid tissue has mostly lymphocytes?

a. Spleen
b. Lymph nodes
c. Pancreas
d. Skin
e. Liver
Mac I
22. All nucleated cells can present antigen to CD8+ cells because they express which of the
following?
a. MHC-class II
b. C-type lectin receptor
c. C3 receptor
d. IFN receptor
e. MHC-class I

23. Among the following Ig isotypes, which one remains on the cell surface of activated B cells?
a. IgA1
b. IgA2
c. IgE
d. IgG
e. IgD

24. Which of the following represents a passive immunization?

a. Serum antibody transfer
b. Infection with virus
c. Vaccinate with kill virus
d. Infect with bacteria
e. Vaccinate with weak bacteria
25.Which of the following are the precursor cells of monocytes?
a. Platelet
b. Nucleated cell
c. Hematopoietic stem cell
d. Common lymphoid progenitor
e. Common myeloid progenitor

26. Dendritic cells migrate to the T cell zone but not to the B cell zone in lymph nodes because
they express which of the following?
a. IL-2R
b. IFN receptor
c. CD28
d. CCR7
e. CD40
BCR
27. What is the antigen recognition receptor of B cells?
a. IL-2R
b. TLRs
c. CD28
d. BCR
e. NOD-like receptor

28. is the ligand for the CD28 receptor expressed on lymphocytes?

a. CD40
BH B 72
b. IL-1
c. B7-1
d. IFN-α
e. PD-L1

29.Which protein complex degrades ubiquitinated proteins?

a. Keratin
b. Proteasome
c. Invariant chain
d. Lysosomal protease
e. Phagocyte oxidase

30. How do NK cells in an innate immune response kill virus-infected cells?

a. By phagocytosis
b. By cytotoxic granules
c. By lysosomal enzymes
d. By ubiquitination
e. By activation of MP

31.Among these receptor proteins, which one does not have a signaling domain?
 a. CD3
b. Zeta protein
c. CD8
d. CD4
e. TCR

32. If the host gets infected with fungi, which T cells subset will CD4+T cells differentiate to?
a. Th-1 cells
b. Th-2 cells
c. Th-17 cells
d. Tfh cells
e. Regulatory T cells

33. What is the major cytokine produced by Th-17 cells?

a. IL-4
b. IL-13
c. IL-22
d. IFN-α
e. TGF-β

34. Which cytokine is required for CD4+ T cells to differentiate into Th-1 cells?
a. IL-1
b. IL-2 024 T The
c. IL-3
ELIZ
d. IFN-α
e. IL-12

35. Innate cells provide a frontline defense against infections. Which of the following is NOT
considered an immune cell?
a. NK cell
b. Neutrophil
c. Regulatory Th cell
d. Basophil
e. Intraepithelial T cell

36. Which T lymphocytes that do NOT differentiate from CD4+ T cells?

a. Th-17 cells
b. Regulatory T cells
c. Th-2 cells
d. Cytotoxic T cells
e. Tfh cells.

37. The role of alternative activated macrophage (M2) is …….

a. Anti-inflammation

anti inflammation
 b. Phagocytosis
c. Degranulation
d. M1 activation
e. Ingestion of microbe

38. Among these cytokines, which one plays a critical role in the activation of Eosinophil in
mediated-killing of parasites?
a. IFN-y
b. IL-5
c. IL-10
d. IL-17
e. IL-1
sell CD40
39.To fully activate naive B cells, it is required the activation of… naive B
a. CD40
b. CD28 040
c. IL-2R
d. Lectin receptor
e. IFN receptor
BCR
RW
Igp
40. What are the structural complex of membrane Ig? Igt
a. BCR + Ig alpha + Ig Beta
b. TCR + CD3 + Ȣ
c. Alpha chain + Beta 2 m
d. alpha chain + beta chain
e. TCR + CD4 or CD8

41. Which cytokines play a role in T cell survival and proliferation?

a. IL-1
b. IL-2
c. IL-4
d. IL-22
e. IFN-gamma

42. What type of molecular sustains that restrict MHC molecules recognition by TCRs?
a. Antibiotics
b. Lipids
c. Polysaccharides
d. Small molecules
e. Peptides

43. Which organ of the peripheral lymphoid organs concentrate high number of lymphocytes?
a. Spleen
b. Lymph nodes
 c. Bone marro
d. Intestines
e. Liver lotion
C type
44. Which pathogen recognition receptor that capture microbial pathogen?
a. Toll-like receptor
b. C type lection receptor
c. NOD-like receptor
d. RIG-like receptor
e. Cystosolic DNA sensor

45. What Ig isotype function in elimination of parasite like helminth?

a. IgA
b. IgD
c. IgE
d. IgG
e. IgM

46.Which region on Ig contribute to the effector function that bind to receptor or complement
protein?
a. Antigen-binding site
b. Fab region
c. Fc region
d. Variable region
e. Light chain region

47. What molecule sustainably express and inhibit activation in exhausted T cells?
a. CTLA-4
b. CD28
c. CD40L
d. IL-2R
e. CD69

48. What Ig isotype are highly abundant in heavy chain subtype and concentration in serum?
a. IgA
b. IgD
c. IgE
d. IgG
e. IgM

49. How subset Th cells activate B cells to produce IgE against helminth?
a. Through secretion of IFN-Ȝ
b. Through secretion of IL-4
c. Through secretion of IL-5
 d. Through secretion of IL-13
e. Through secretion of IL-17

50. Which antibiotic peptide defense against the entering microbe at the epithelium barrier?
a. Canthelicidin
b. Perforin
c. Gramzyme
d. Ubiquitin
e. Selectin

51. Which ligand increase the expression of costimulators in APCs?

a. CD40L
cool
b. IFN-Ȝ
c. TCRs
d. Lipopolysaccharides
e. Mannose binding lectin

52. How infected cells activate their antiviral defense?

a. By recognition TNF
b. By recognition CD40L
c. By recognition IFN-Gamma
d. By recognition IFN-beta
e. by recognition IL-2

53.What are the function of IL-10 and TGF-beta secreted from M2 macrophage in immune
reaction?
a. Enhance Phagocytosis
b. inflammation
c. Neutrophil response
d. Increased epithelial integrity
e. Anti-inflammation

54. Which enzyme remove the nucleotides from somatic gene in the junctional diversity
recombination?
a. VDJ recombinase
b. Ligase
c. Exonuclease
d. Tdt (transferase)
e. Rnase

55. Which complement protein act as the opsonin and bind to microbe?
a. Factor B protein
b. C2 protein
c. C3 protein
 d. C4 protein
e. C5 protein

56. What are the structural complexes of T cell receptors?

a. BCR + Ig alpha + Ig Beta
b. TCR + CD3 + Zeta
c. Alpha chain + Beta 2 m
d. alpha chain + beta chain
e. TCR + CD4 or CD8

57. Which enzyme tag and transports the cytosolic protein into the proteasome?
a. Tapasin
b. Chaperone
c. HLA-DM
d. Ubiquitin
e. Invariant chain protein
MACH L B
58. Which receptor consists of alpha chain and beta chain with variable and constant domains?
a. BCR
b. TCR
c. class-I MHC
d. class-II MHC
e. IL-2R

59. Which leukocyte cells are the most abundant in the blood circulation?
a. NK cells
b. B cells
c. Macrophages
d. Neutrophils
e. Dendritic cells

60. What is the role of CD28 in T cell activation?

a. Differentiation
b. Migration
c. Costimulation
d. Presentation to APCs
e. Antigen recognition

61. Which T cell subset is involved in innate immunity?

a. regulatory T cell
b. CD8+ T cell
c. Th1 cell
d. Th2 cell
 e. Intraepithelial T cell

62. What is the front line barrier of the immune system?

a. Lymphocytes
b. Phagocytes
c. Epithelial and mucosal fluid
d. APC cells
e. NK cells

63. which receptor consists of alpha chain and beta chain with antigen peptide binding cleft.
a. Class-I MHC
b. TCR
c. Immunoglobulin (Ig)
d. Class-II MHC
e. Toll-like receptor

64. Which receptor activates signal transduction upon recognition to extracellular PAMPs?
a. Toll-like receptor
b. C-type lectin receptor
c. NOD-like receptor
d. RIG-like receptor
e. Cystolic DNA sensor

65 . Which protein does not belong to antigen recognition receptor of T cells?

a. CD3 protein
b. Zeta protein
c. CD4 or CD8
d. TCR
e. Ig alpha or lg beta

66. Which subset T cell migrate to and activate B cell to produce antibodies?
a. Th1 cell
b. Th2 cell
c. Th17 cell
TIE Ball
d. Tfh cell
e. Regulatory T help cell
The
67. Which cytokine differentiate proliferated Th cells into subset Th1 cells? That22
a. IL-1 M
b. IL-4
c. IL-6
d. IL-22
e. IL-23
68. What is the costimulation receptor of CD4+ T help cells?
a. Toll-like receptor
b. CD28
c. CD40L
d. TCRs
e. IL-2R

69. Which membrane molecule does not involve in migration T cell?

MHC I L AS
a. CXCR3
b. Selectin
c. LFA-1
MACE take
d. CCR7
e. CXCR5

70.which receptor consists of alpha chain and beta 2 m protein?

a. Immunoglobulin (Ig)
b. Class-I MHC

In
c. TCR
d. Class-II MHC
e. Toll-like receptor th
71. What subset of Th cell enhances eosinophils activation and killing of parasites?
a. Th1 cell T A
b. Th2 cell
c. Th17 cell
d. Regulatory Th cell
e. Tfh cell

72. What is the role of IL-2R in T cells?

a. Surving
b. Migration
c. Recognition
d. Activation
e. Secretion

73. What is the molecular sustain that promotes activated T cells exit from peripheral lymphoid
organs?
a. CXCL5
b. CCR7L
c. Intergrin
d. Sphingosine 1-phosphate
e. ICAM-1
74. Which receptor expresses lately in T cell-mediated immune response to inhibit immune
response?
a. CTLA-4
b. CD28
c. IL-2R
d. CD69
e. CD40L

75. What is the main effector function of NK cells in innate immune defense?
a. Kill infiltrated microbes from epithelial barrier
b. Antigen capture and display
c. Endocytosis
d. Clear cell-free antigen
e. Kill virus-infected cells

76. How do CD8+, CTLs kill cells infected with viruses? andperksin
though gramzyne
a. Through IFN- alpha
b. Through lysosomal protease
c. Through antimicrobial peptides
d. Through membrane attack complex
e. Through granzyme and perforin

77. What are the two membrane Ig(s) expressed on maturated and selected B cells?
a. IgD, IgE
b. IgM, IgA
c. IgM, IgE
d. IgM, IgD
e. IgG, IgD

78. How activated DCs choose to migrate to the T cell zone but not the B cell zone?
a. DCs express CXCR5
b. DC express B7
c. DC express CCRF
d. DC express IL-12
e. DC express class-II MHC

79. Some virus infected cells can invade CD8+ T cell defense by inhibiting antigen displaying on
MHC molecule. Then, what cells are effectively in this case?
a. CD4+ T cells
b. NK cells
c. B cells
d. Macrophages
e. Mast cells
80. Which cytokines activate macrophages?
a. IL-1
b. TNF
c. IFN- beta
d. IFN - gamma
e. IFN- alpha

81.Which receptor does not involve phagocytosis?

a. Mannose receptor
b. Toll-like receptor
c. Complement receptor
d. C-type lectin
e. Nod-receptors

82. Where does B cell maturation occur?

a. Spleen
b. Bone marrow
c. Lymph nodes
d. Mucosal Tissue
e. Thymus

Cs
83. Which complement protein induce direct killing of microbe?
a. C2
b. C3
c. C4
d. C5
e. C3a

84. . Which immune cell type does not derive from bone marrow? DC
a. B lymphocyte
b. NK cell
c. Follicular dendritic cell
d. Macrophage

85. Where are the mucosal tissues located?

a. Peyer's patch
b. Thymus
c. Lymph node
d. Spleen
e. Bone marrow

86. Which cytokine increases firm adhesion on phagocyte and endothelial cells?
a. Defensins
b. Selectin
 c. Cathelicidins
d. Integrin
e. Keratin

87. Which immune cell type does not perform antigen presentation function?
a. Macrophage
b. Dendritic cell
c. B lymphocyte
d. Neutrophil

88. Which feature does not belong to the innate immune system?
a. Response to diverse microbial molecules
b. Induce inflammation
c. Block virus replication
d. Involve in complement system.
23
89.A complement protein is known as the central component in the system
a. C2 protein
b. C3 protein
c. C4 protein
d. C5 Protein
e. Factor B protein

90. Which fragment completement protein play role induction of inflammation

a. CAb
b. CZa
c. C5b
d. MBL
ILI A Csa
e. C3a

91. Endosomal Toll-like receptors can recognize their target molecules like
a. Nucleic acids
b. Glycolipids
c. Glycoproteins
d. Flagellin
e. Peptidoglycan

92. All are Antigen presenting cells (APC) except

a. Macrophage cells
b. Dendritic cells
c. B lymphocytes
d. Langerhans dendritic cells
e. Neutrophils
93. Role of histamine to blood vessel during immune response to infection is
a. Increase blood vessel permeability
b. Increase blood flow
c. Increase vessel integrity
d. Inhibit endothelial cells action
e. Block flow out and in across vessel

94. How many MHC gene that are found in MHC gene loci on chromosome 6?
a. 3
b. 4
c. 5
d. 6
e. 7

95. All cells are nucleated except

a. Platelets
b. Eosinophils
c. NK cells
d. Epithelial cells
e. Erythrocytes

96.Which protein complex degrades ubiquitinated proteins?

a. Keratin
b. Proteasome
c. Phagocyte oxidase
d. iNOS
e. Defensin

97. Activated dendritic cells lost adhesion and begin to express a receptor type called
a. Toll-like receptor
b. NOD-like receptor
c. CCR5 receptor
d. TNF receptor
e. CCR7 receptor

99. Two cytokines that play role in inflammation induction are

a. TNF and IL-1
b. IL-12 and IL-10 TNF all A Cs
c. IFN-alpha and IFN-beta
d. TGF-beta and IL-16
e. IL-4 and IL-5

100. Cytokine that enhances antiviral defend is

a. IL-1
 b. IFN-alpha
c.
d.
TNF
IL-12
od
helper

at
e. TGF-beta

101. Which lymphocytes play role in Cell-mediated immunity?

a. T helper cells
b. Intraepithelial lymphocytes
c. NKT cells
d. Marginal zone lymphocytes
e. Innate lymphoid cells (ILC)

102. Among which one cell type is not functioning in Immune response
a. Platelets
b. Eosinophils
c. .NK cells
d. Epithelial cells
e. lymphocytes

103.Cell that mediated Humoral immunity is

a. B lymphocytes
b. NK cells
c. T lymphocytes
d. Regulatory T cells
e. Mast cells

104. Cytokine that enhances phagocytosis activity is

a. IL-1
b. TNF-alpha
c. IFN-gamma
d. IL-12
e. TGF-beta

105. Which receptor that Initiate inflammasome response?

a. Toll-like receptor
b. RIG-like receptor
c. Lectin receptor
d. NOD-like receptor
e. Cytosolic DNA sensor (CDS)

106. Main function of NK cells is

a. Kill virus-infected cells
b. Phagocytosis
c. Direct kill extracellular microbes
 d. Mediate killing by producing antibodies
e. Induce inflammation

107. All are function of complement system except:

a. Induce inflammation
b. Direct kill microbes
c. Enhance phagocytosis
d. Opsonization of microbes
e. Initiate tissue repair

108. Which immune cell type are most abundant in the blood circulation?
a. Macrophages
b. Neutrophils
c. Basophils
d. Monocytes
e. Eosinophils

109. MHC class II molecules are increased when activated by a cytokine called
a. IFN-gamma
b. TNF-alpha
c. IL-1
d. TGF-beta
e. IL-12

110. Some antibiotic peptides are found in mucosal epithelial barrier such as
a. Ubiquitin
b. Granzyme B
c. Perforin
d. Cathelicidin
e. Strepiomycin

111.Cells that do not contain granules are

a. Neutrophils
b. Eosinophils
c. NK cells
d. Mast cells
e. Platelets

112. What is the structure of MHC class I molecule compost of?

a. TCR, CD3 and Zeta
b. BCR, Iga and Igß protein
c. a-chain and ß-chain
d. a-chain and B2m
e. LRR, transmembrane, and signaling domain
113. An example of active immunity
a. Get infection with microbe
b. Administrate with monoclonal antibodies
c. Administrate with mixture of antibodies
d. Material antibody to baby
e. Transfer blood plasma

114. All are pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) except

a. Toll-like receptor
b. Interferon receptor
c. Lectin receptor
d. NOD-like receptor
e. Cytosolic DNA sensor (CDS)

115. Cell that are considered to be granulocytes if they contain

a. Risible granules + Polymorphonuclear
b. Invisible granules + Monomorphonuclear
c. Viable granules + Monomorphonuclear
d. Viable granules + Polymorphonuclear
e. No granules + Polymorphonuclear

116. All leukocytes are differentiated from the Stem cells that called
a. Stromal cells
b. Mast cells
c. Mesenchymal stem cells
d. Hematopoletic stem cells
e. Adipocytes

117. Apoptosis means

a. Uptake and kill microbes in phagocytes
b. Tag a protein for degradation
c. Degranulation
d. Antigen processing and displaying
e. Programing cell death

118.Among which an innate Immune cell type play role in activating adaptive immunity response
a. NK cells
b. Mast cells
c. Dendritic cells
d. Neutrophils
e. Eosinophils

119. Role of MHC class molecules is

 a. Display Lipid to T lymphocytes
b. Display antigen peptide to T lymphocytes
c. Capture microbial antigen
d. Activate T lymphocytes
e. Survival signaling in APC

120. How antigens are uptake into phagosome of APC?

a. By Toll-like receptor
b. By NOD-like receptor
c. By C-type lectin receptor
d. Through infection
e. Through adhesion molecules

121. Precursor cells of Macrophages is

a. NK cells
b. Stromal cells
c. Monocytes
d. Mast cells
e. Lymphoid cells

122. Role of Phagocyte oxidase in phagocytosis is

a. Generate nitric oxide (NO)
b. Degrade proteins
c. Phosphorylate proteins
d. Generate reactive oxygen species (ROS)
e. Enhance adaptive immune response

123. Number of Lymphocytes in healthy adult is around?

a. 100,000.000
b. 1,000.000.000
c. 10,000.000.000
d. 100,000,000,000
e. 1,000.000.000,000

124. Cytotoxic granule of NK cells is

a. Ubiquitin
b. Defensin
c. Keratin
d. Cathelicidin
e. Granzyme B

125. Which lymphoid organ having most lymphocytes?

a. Spleen
b. Skin
 c. Liver
d. Lymph nodes
e. Bone marrow

126. Immature DCs are normally be found in

a. Blood circulation
b. Epithelial tissue
c. Lymph node
d. Spleen
e. Thymus election receptor
ricrobe
capture
127. These Receptors can capture antigen proteins or microbes except
I a
a. Fc receptor
b. Dectin receptor
c. Toll-like receptor
d. Complement receptor
e. Mannose receptor

128. How antigens are uptake into phagosome of APC?

a. By Toll-like receptor
b. By NOD-like receptor
c. By C-type lectin receptor
d. Through infection
e. Through adhesion molecules

129.Role of Phagocyte oxidase in phagocytosis is

a. Generate nitric oxide (NO)
b. Degrade proteins
c. Phosphorylate proteins
d. Generate reactive oxygen species (ROS)
e. Enhance adaptive immune response

130. Effector cells secrete…. that can kill virus infected cells
a. Granzyme
b. Defensin
c. Ubiquitin
d. Exonuclease
e. Cathelicidins

New paper
Chapter 5

1. What are the 2 signaling required to activate a naive T cell?

➔ TCR
➔ CD28
2. What is the growth cytokine for T cell proliferation?
➔ IL-2
3. What is the role of IL-2 and IL-2R during T cell activation?
➔ T cell proliferation
4. Describe the function of TCR, CD3, and Zeta proteins in TCR complex.
➔ TCR: recognize antigen peptide
➔ CD3: induce signals
➔ Zeta protein: induce signals
5. What is the co-stimulation receptor of T cells?
➔ CD28
6. Which ligand activate CD28, co-stimulation receptor of Th cell?
➔ B-71 and B-72 ligands
7. What is the ligand of the PD-1 receptor?
➔ PDL-1 and PDL-2
8. What is the ligand of CTLA-4 receptor of T cell?
➔ B7-1 and B7-2
9. Give at least 2 examples of inhibitory receptors of T cells.
➔ PD-1 and CTLA-4
10. What is the component of the TCR complex?
➔ TCR receptor, Zeta protein and CD3
11. What is the function of adjuvant applied in vaccination?
➔ Activate APC cell to express co-stimulation ligand B-71 and B-72 and
memory
12. Adjuvant applied in vaccination will be recognized by which receptor?
➔ Toll-like receptor TLR and NOD-like receptor NLR
13. What is the role of adhesion molecules?
➔ Stable binding and migration
14. Which receptor expressed on T cells in the late phase of infection?
➔ PDL-1, PDL-2, B7-1, B7-2, PD-1 and CTLA-4.
15. During binding to APCs, T cells will activate APC through an effector molecule
called:
➔ CD40+ ligand
16. During the infection, why antigen-specific clones of CD8+ T cells increase higher in
number than CD4+ T cells?
➔ CD4 secrete cytokines to activate cells
17. List down T cell subsets that are differentiated from naive T cells.
➔ Subsets of CD4: Th1, Th2, Th17, T reg, Tfh
➔ Subsets of CD8: CLT
18. A T cell subset will migrate to follicle tissue to meet B cells, which is this subset?
➔ Tfh
19. What are the 2 types of T Cell memories?
➔ Central memory TCM and effector memory TEM.
Chapter 6

1. What is the cytokine profile of Th1 cells?

➔ IFN-gamma
2. What is the cytokine profile of Th2 cells?
➔ Il-4, IL-5, IL-13
3. What is the cytokine profile of Th17 cells?
➔ IL-17, IL-22
4. Parasite infection will activate naive T cells to differentiate into subset T cells
called?
➔ Th2 cells
5. Fungi infection will activate naive T cells to differentiate into subset T cells called?
➔ Th17 cells
6. Which cytokine will help naive T cells to differentiate into Th1 cells?
➔ IL-12
7. Which cytokine will help naive T cells to differentiate into Th2 cells?
➔ CD28
8. Which cytokine helps monocytes differentiate into M1 macrophage?
➔ IFN-gamma
9. Which cytokine helps monocytes to differentiate into M2 macrophage?
➔ IL-13, IL-4
10. The role of M1 macrophages are:
➔ Produce microbicidal actions (phagocytosis and killing of bacteria and fungi)
➔ Stimulate inflammatory response
11. The roles of M2 macrophages are:
➔ Produce anti inflammatory effects, wound repair via fibrosis.
12. What is a decoy receptor?
➔ Receptor that is able to bind specific growth factors or cytokines efficiently,
but is not structurally able to transduce signals.
➔ It acts as an inhibitor, binding a ligand and keeping it from binding to its
regular receptor.
13. Infection with parasites will help B cells develop to be plasma that will produce an
abundance of antibodies called?
➔ IgE to stimulate mast cell degranulation
➔ IgG: IgG4 (human) and IgG1 (mouse) to stimulate antibody production.
14. Which Ig isotype that functions in the elimination of helminth?
➔ IgG
15. Which target pathogen is mediated by Th2 cells?
➔ Parasite (Helminths)
16. Which receptor that exhausted T cells constantly expresses?
➔ Inhibitory receptors PD-1 and CTLA-4
17. How CD8+ T cells recognize the virus-infected cells and mediate their cytotoxicity?
! Antigen recognition and binding of CTL to target cell
! CTL activation and granule exocytosis:
" Perforin facilitates entry of granzymes into the cytosol (disrupt
plasma membrane)
" Granzymes activate caspases signaling to induce apoptosis
! Activated CTLs also express Fas ligand which can bind to Fas receptor on
target cells and induce apoptosis via caspases activation
Chapter 7

1. How are B cells activated?

➔ Naive B cells are activated by 2 signals:
a. antigen recognition signal
b. signals from Th cells or stimuli.
2. Which complement activation pathway is initiated by antibodies?
➔ The classical pathway
3. Under the T-dependent activation, B cells will be differentiated to?
➔ Follicular B cells
4. As a result of T-independent activation, B cells will be committed to be?
➔ Marginal Zone B cells
➔ B1 cells
5. Give examples of B cell subsets?
➔ Follicular B cells
➔ Marginal Zone B cells
➔ B1 cells
6. Among the B cell subsets, which one undergoes T-dependent activation?
➔ Follicular B cells
7. Which B cell subsets produce natural antibody IgM?
➔ B1 cell
8. The germinal center GC of follicular tissues is the site where B cells get?
➔ GCs are the sites within secondary lymphoid organs where B cells
proliferate, differentiate, and mutate their antibodies genes during
microbial infection.
9. Which B cell subset function in somatic hypermutation?
➔ Follicular B cell
10.Which enzyme plays a key role in the Ig H-chain switching?
➔ Enzyme activation-induced deaminase AID
11.What is the action mechanism of activation-induced deaminase AID in H-chain
switching?
➔ AID is activated by CD40L to alter DNA cytosine into uracil in the switch
regions, then cleaves by other enzymes and joined to downstream switch
regions.
12.What is the main purpose of isotype switch antibody?
➔ Generate a more specific antibody to respond to the antigen
➔ Enable a more effective response to the microbe.
13.What cells play roles in the selection of the specific-Ig producing B cells in GC?
➔ Tfh cells (follicular helper T cell)
➔ FDCs (follicular dendritic cells)
14.What is the purpose of selection of specific Ig-producing B cells by Tfh and FDC
cells?
➔ To survive, proliferate, and differentiate into long-lived plasma/memory
cells.
15.Give examples of non-antigen peptides.
➔ Lipids
➔ Carbohydrate
➔ polysaccharides
16.Tfh cells can migrate to follicular tissue because of?
➔ Activated T cells reduce expression of the chemokine receptor CCR7, which
recognizes chemokines produced in T cell zones, and increase expression of
the chemokine receptor CXCR5, which promotes migration into B cell
follicles.
17.Which cytokine helps naive B cells differentiated to be IgG producing B cells?
➔ IFN-gamma in mice
➔ IL-10 and others (IL-4 and TGF-beta) in human
18.Which cytokine helps naive B cells differentiated to be IgE producing B cells?
➔ IL-4 (produced by Tfh cell)
➔ IL-5 (activated by Th2 cell for the parasite elimination function of IgE)
19.Which cytokine helps naive B cells differentiated to be IgA producing B cells?
➔ TGF-beta, BAFF, and others
20.Among the 5 Ig isotypes, which one does NOT switch its H-chain to be another Ig
isotype?
➔ IgM
21.Which Ig isotype will be produced by T-independent activation of B cells?
➔ IgM
22.What is affinity maturation of antibodies?
➔ The process by which the affinity of antibodies produced in response to a
protein antigen increases with prolonged or repeated exposure to that
antigen.
23.Which antibodies play a major role in mucosal immunity?
➔ IgA
24.What is antibody feedback?
➔ A process of terminating B cell activation via binding of inhibitory
FcgammaR2B express on B cells and antibody-antigen complex
Chapter 8

1. List down at least 6 examples of the function of antibodies.

➔ Neutralization of microbes and toxins
➔ Opsonization & phagocytosis of microbes
➔ Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
➔ Lysis of microbes
➔ Phagocytosis of microbes opsonized with complement fragments
➔ Inflammation
2. How can IgG survive longer compared to the other Ig isotypes?
➔ IgG binds to FcRn => become FcERn-IgG complex which get recycle back to
the cell surface.
3. How IgA are transported across the epithelial barrier to the lumen?
➔ IgA transported through the epithelium is carried out by a special Fc
receptor “the poly-Ig receptor”, which is expressed on the surface of
epithelial cells.
4. Which NK receptor is involved in antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity ADCC?
➔ FcgammaR3 (CD16)
5. The protein that plays a key role in the complement activation is:
➔ C3
6. What is the purpose of making membrane attack complex MAC in complement
activation?
➔ Osmotic lysis of microbe
7. How do neonates protect themselves from the infection?
➔ During pregnancy, material IgG binds to the neonatal FcRn expressed in the
placenta, and is actively transported into the fetal circulation.
➔ After birth, infants ingest maternal antibodies from their mother’s
colostrum and milk. Ingested IgA antibodies provide mucosal immune
protection to the neonate.
8. How IgA could protect itself from being degraded by the protease enzyme in the
mucosal fluid?
➔ Bound poly-Ig receptor (the secretory component).
9. What is the function of C3a and C5a in the complement activation?
➔ Induce inflammation
10.Which complement pathway requires involvement of an antibody?
➔ The classical pathway
11.What is the subunit vaccine?
➔ Conjugate vaccine; combines a weak antigen with a strong antigen as a
carrier so that the immune system has a stronger response to the weak
antigen
12.What is a synthetic vaccine?
➔ Synthetic vaccine composed of recombinant DNA-derived antigens. For
example, Hepatitis B virus and herpes simplex virus vaccine.
13.What is a DNA vaccine?
➔ DNA vaccine is a type of vaccine that transfects a specific antigen-coding
DNA sequence into the cell of an organism as a mechanism to induce an
immune response.