INSTITUT D’ENSEIGNEMENT SUPÉRIEUR DE RUHENGERI

Accredited by Ministerial Order N° 005/2010/MINEDUC of 16 June 2010

FACULTY OF APPLIED FUNDAMENTAL SCIENCES

Scientia et Lux
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

ARCHITECTURAL AND
STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF G+4
MODERN RUHENGERI REFERRAL
HOSPITAL
CASE STUDY: MUHOZA SECTOR,
MUSANZE DISTRICT

A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements

for the award of Bachelor’s Degree with honors in Civil
Engineering
By: Sophie IMANISHIMWE

Reg N0: 18/12627

Supervisor: Eng. Jean d’Amour DUSABIMANA

B.P. 155
Ruhengeri
Rwanda

Musanze, January 2022 T : (+250) 788 90 30 30

: (+250) 788 90 30 32
W : www.ines.ac.rw
E : [email protected]

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 DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY

I, IMANISHIMWE Sophie do hereby declare that the work presented in this dissertation
is my own contribution to be the best of my knowledge. The same work has never been
submitted to any other University or Institution. I, therefore declare that this work is my
own for the partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in
civil engineering department at INES-Ruhengeri.

The candidate name: IMANISHIMWE Sophie

Candidate Signature: …………………………………………...........

Date of submission: ………/…………/……….

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 APPROVAL

This is to certify that this dissertation work entitled “Architectural and structural design of
G+4 modern Ruhengeri referral hospital is an original study conducted by
IMANISHIMWE Sophie and has been submitted with the approval of supervisor under
his guidance.

The supervisor’s name: Eng. DUSABIMANA Jean D’ Amour

Signature of the supervisor: …………………………….......

Date of submission: ...…………/………. /…………

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 DEDICATION

This Dissertation is dedicated to:

The Almighty God who enable me

during my activities

My parents who encouraged me in all

my studies

My brothers, Sisters and relatives

Fawe Rwanda though master card

foundation for their support

Fellow Friends and Colleagues

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to my almighty God Eternal one for his
endless kindness and for his protection and guidance from the first step of my studies.

I want to express my gratitude and deepest appreciation to my project supervisor Eng.

DUSABIMANA Jean d’Amour and all my classmates especially those who never
stopped giving the reasons to keep working hard.

I would like to thank the entire administration of INES-RUHENGERI institute and its
academic staff particularly those who have been my lectures in the department of civil
engineering for their advance preparations and explanations in the courses that they
lectured which helped me to build the skills and knowledge in civil engineering.

I am forever grateful to my family and Fawe Rwanda for sponsoring all my studies; they
cared and invested the most in everything that matter to me.

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 ABSTRACT

This study entitled” architectural and structural design of modern Ruhengeri referral
hospital in Musanze district, Muhoza sector on the land of existing Ruhengeri referral
hospital. The idea of this study comes due to inadequate of current Ruhengeri referral
hospital in terms facility's age and small size, the lack of proper infrastructure, number of
patients it serve as well as medical equipment which was not proportional to the number
of patients it serves. To achieve efficiently this project’s objectives, some methods have
been used like ArchiCAD 20 for architectural drawings different elevations, sections,
perspectives and Artlantis for rendering images. ArcGIS software was used to produce
the maps and Google Earth software was used to calculate the areas of available and
required land for construction site. Structural design was done referring to the
international standards using some codes of practice namely, Eurocode, Rwandan
building code, IS 456:2000, BS8110. Etas have been used for the design of beam, slabs,
columns, and prokon for foundation, then the design provides the size of bars and spacing
to be sure that the structure is safe. Center line method for getting the cost of the project
have been used. The design results showed that steel reinforcements in the slab were in
two ways direction. In short and long direction steel bars of 10 mm diameter at spacing
of 200mm (D10@200) were provided. For critical beam, the steel bars were 4 D20 at the
top, 4 D12 at the bottom. For critical column the steel reinforcement were 8D25. To
ensure the building stability on the soil the total load from the superstructure were
compared with the used soil bearing capacity which was 300KN/m2. The results showed
that the soil would be able to carry the road from the structure. The bills of quantities and
cost estimation were carried out ant the total cost of the project are 3,550,924,630
Rwandan francs (rwf).

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY.............................................................................ii
APPROVAL.......................................................................................................................iii
DEDICATION....................................................................................................................iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................................v
ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................vi
LIST OF FIGURES.............................................................................................................x
LIST OF TABLES.............................................................................................................xi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS............................................................xii
LIST OF APPENDICES.................................................................................................xiii
CHAPTER I: GENERAL INTRODUCTION..................................................................1
1.1 Background of the study..................................................................................................1
1.2. Problem statement..........................................................................................................2
1.3. Objectives of this study..................................................................................................2
1.3.1. General objective.........................................................................................................2
1.3.2. Specific objectives.......................................................................................................2
1.4. Choice of the study.........................................................................................................3
1.5. Significance of the study................................................................................................3
1.6. Study delimitation..........................................................................................................3
1.7. Organization of the study...............................................................................................4
CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW.........................................................................5
2.1. Introduction....................................................................................................................5
2.2. Architectural drawing.....................................................................................................5
2.2.1. Architectural design process.......................................................................................6
2.2.2. Principles of architecture.............................................................................................6
2.3 Structural design..............................................................................................................7
2.3.1. Structural design elements...........................................................................................7
2.4. Structural construction materials..................................................................................11
2.4.1 Reinforced concrete....................................................................................................11
2.4.2 Concrete......................................................................................................................11

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2.4.3. Properties of reinforcedsssss concrete.......................................................................12
2.4.4. Reinforcement...........................................................................................................14
2.5. Limit state design.........................................................................................................14
2.5.1. Criteria for safe design: limit states...........................................................................15
2.5.2. Characteristic and design load...................................................................................15
2.5.3. Design loads..............................................................................................................16
2.5.4. Detailed Reinforced Concrete Design.......................................................................18
2.6. Estimating and costing.................................................................................................21
2.6.1. Roles of estimating and costing.................................................................................21
2.6.2. Requirements for preparing an estimate....................................................................22
2.6.3. Methods of taking out estimate.................................................................................22
CHAPTER III: MATERIALS AND METHODS..........................................................23
3.1. Description of the area and Location of the site...........................................................24
3.1.1. Description of the area..............................................................................................24
3.1.2. Map production.........................................................................................................24
3.2. Architectural design.....................................................................................................25
3.3. Structural design...........................................................................................................25
3.3.1. Structural design information....................................................................................25
3.3.2. Design of slabs..........................................................................................................26
3.3.3. Design of beam..........................................................................................................27
3.3.4. Design of column......................................................................................................30
3.3.5. Foundation design.....................................................................................................31
3.3.6. Design of stair...........................................................................................................32
3.3.7. Design of ramp..........................................................................................................33
3.4. Costing and estimating.................................................................................................34
CHAPTER IV: RESULT AND DISCUSSION...............................................................34
4.2 Structural design elements.............................................................................................36
4.2.1 Introduction................................................................................................................36
4.3. Structural analysis........................................................................................................37
4.3.1. Analysis and design of floor slabs.............................................................................37
4.3.2. Design of beam..........................................................................................................40

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4.3.3. Design of critical column..........................................................................................44
4.3.4. Shear wall design.......................................................................................................50
4.3.5. Stair design................................................................................................................52
4.3.6. Ramp design..............................................................................................................54
4.3.8. Design of critical Footing by using prokon...............................................................56
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.................................60
5.1 Conclusion.....................................................................................................................60
5.2. Recommendations........................................................................................................60
REFERENCES..................................................................................................................61
APPENDICES...................................................................................................................66

LIST OF FIGURES

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Figure 1: Cross section of stair..........................................................................................10
Figure 2: Stress-Strain curves for reinforcing bars...........................................................14
Figure 3: Political Map of Musanze district highlighting Muhoza Sector........................24
Figure 4: Location of the site............................................................................................25
Figure 5: The perspective view of the designed building.................................................35
Figure 6: Ground floor plan of proposed building............................................................36
Figure 7: structure model..................................................................................................37
Figure 8: Resultant deflection of the slab and story displacement....................................40
Figure 9: 3D load on beam................................................................................................42
Figure 10: Beam section....................................................................................................43
Figure 11: axial load on column.......................................................................................44
Figure 12: column section.................................................................................................46
Figure 13: Column section (25*30)..................................................................................47
Figure 14: Column section (20*20)..................................................................................49
Figure 15: shear wall on lift...............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 16: Steel arrangement in stair................................................................................54
Figure 17: maximum axial load........................................................................................56
Figure 18: Footing section.................................................................................................59

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: shows Strength, classes of concrete....................................................................12

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Table 2: Bending moment coefficients, βsx and βsy, for 2-way slabs..............................19
Table 3: Shear force coefficients, βvx and βvy, for restrained slabs.................................19
Table 4: Design information..............................................................................................25
Table 5: Form and area of links in beam according to BS 8110.......................................30
Table 6: Methods used in bill of quantinty........................................................................34
Table 7: Beam Element Details.........................................................................................42
Table 8: Section Properties................................................................................................42
Table 9: Material Properties..............................................................................................42
Table 10: Design Moment and Flexural Reinforcement for Moment, M3........................42
Table 11: Shear Force and Reinforcement for Shear, V2..................................................43
Table 12: Column Element Details (30*30)......................................................................44
Table 13: Section Properties..............................................................................................44
Table 14: Material Properties............................................................................................45
Table 15: Axial Force and Biaxial Moment Design For N , M2 , M3................................45
Table 16: Shear Design for V2 , V3....................................................................................45
Table 17: Column Element Details (25*30)......................................................................46
Table 18: Section Properties..............................................................................................46
Table 19: Axial Force and Biaxial Moment Design For N , M2 , M3................................46
Table 20: Shear Design for V2 , V3....................................................................................47
Table 21: Column Element Details (20*20)......................................................................47
Table 22: Material Properties............................................................................................47
Table 23: Axial Force and Biaxial Moment Design For N , M2 , M3................................48
Table 24: Shear Design for V2 , V3....................................................................................48
Table 25: Input: (for footing in prokon software).............................................................57
Table 26: Design of footing...............................................................................................58
Table 27: shows how the reinforcements are arranged and their dimension as it is
designed..............................................................................................................................58
Table 28: Summary of bills of quantities..........................................................................59

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 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

As: Cross sectional area of tensile reinforcement

As’: Cross sectional area of compression reinforcement
Asv: Area of steel in links
B: Effective breadth
Bf: Width of flange in a beam
Bw: Width of web in a beam
D.L: Dead load
Df: Depth of foundation
F.S: Safety factor
Fcu: Characteristic yield strength of concrete
Fvy: Shear force
Fy: Characteristic yield strength of steel
G: Going
Hf: Depth of the slab
Ho: Effective depth of the cross section
L.L: Live load
Lx: The length of the shorter side
Ly: The length of the longer side
M+X: Design moment from the bottom at the shorter side
M+Y: Design moment from the bottom at the longer side
M-X: Design moment from the top at the shorter side
M-Y: Design moment from the top at the longer side
Nf: Load transmitted by column into foundation
P: Total distributed load
R: Rise
Rb: Design concrete compression strength
Rs: Design steel tensile strength
T: Thickness
D: Diameter of steel reinforcement

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 LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix A: sectional areas of groups of bars (mm2)

Appendix B: coefficients related to the design of members subjected to bending moment
Appendix C: Coefficients related to the design of slabs
Appendix D: Values of Asv/Sv
Appendix E: Bill of quantity
Appendix F: Perspective view
Appendix G: Master plan

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 CHAPTER I: GENERAL INTRODUCTION

This chapter gives the general introduction for this study. It lays out the background of
this study and defines the problem the study intends to solve. It continues by describing
the research objectives and reason why this study was chosen, study delimitation and its
significance. It ends by showing the organization of the study

1.1 Background of the study

The Rwandan government established the Vision 2050 millennium development goals to
improve the lives of all Rwandans by providing necessary services, one of which is the
capacity building of its population. This is why Rwanda considers its people to be its
most valuable resource. Healthier living or a higher standard of living is the first and most
important factor in a country's growth, since when people live a healthy lifestyle, their
economic activities are more successful, and their life expectancy rises (Manirakiza et al.,
2019).

A hospital is a health care institution providing patient treatment with specialized medical
and nursing staff and medical equipment. Hospitals offer a variety of services that mainly
cover inpatient procedures that require overnight stays or outpatient operations that
require anesthesia or use of expensive diagnostic and surgical equipment. Most hospitals
provide emergency care for traumas and other serious conditions. Emergency room staffs
are prepared to provide triage and stabilize patients until they can be moved to a room or
treated and released. Hospital services cover a range of medical offerings from basic
health care necessities or training and research for major medical school centers to
services designed by an industry-owned network of such institutions as health
maintenance organizations (Bulakh, 2019).

Hospital architecture design is becoming increasingly important as society develops and

progresses. In order to make the hospital more practical, the principles of economy,
sustainability, and beauty have become common place in hospital architecture design.
Modern medicine believes that the patient's mental activity contributes significantly to the
disease's progression. It can provide a relaxing and friendly environment for patients,

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reducing stress, increasing confidence, and so promoting treatment. Some designers are
unfamiliar with hospital construction requirements, while others are well enough in them.
They do not use new material in the operation mode or throughout the design process
(Haux, 2006).

1.2. Problem statement

Ruhengeri Hospital is a referral facility as well as the only district hospital in musanze, it
supposed to serve population of nearly 400,000 people through 16 health centers. In terms
of accommodation facilities, this hospital receives between 5,800 and 6,000 patients, this
Hospital was currently serving approximately 1,500 inpatients with 328 beds. However,
due to the lack of capacity, a significant number of beds are not given any service. The
government gave this hospital referral status in 2014, but several health services remain
unavailable due to the facility's age and small size, the lack of proper infrastructure and
medical equipment. As a result, it was critical to improve service quality by
reconstructing and this would improve the health and well-being of the population in the
Musanze District.

The hospital was too old, having been built in 1939 during colonial era, which causes
patient congestion, particularly in the maternity, pediatric, and intensive care units. The
facility was in poor condition, particularly in the part of patients' rooms and doctors'
offices, a circumstance that many people complained about. The reconstruction of
modern Ruhengeri Referral Hospital would contribute to the achievement of national
goals in terms of reducing maternal and infant mortality, treating and preventing
communicable and non-communicable diseases, and providing health security.

1.3. Objectives of this study

1.3.1. General objective

General objective of this study was to carry out architectural and structural design of
modern Ruhengeri referral hospital in musanze district.

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1.3.2. Specific objectives

The specific objectives of this study were:

1. To provide the detailed architectural plan of building,

2. To design the structural element of building

3. To estimate the cost of building

1.4. Choice of the study

The influence of hospitals in the development of a country inspired this idea, because
welfare is an essential key term in any country's development of its population. As
people's living standards improve, so does the economy and infrastructure. According to
estimates, several billion people in many developing countries around the world do not
have a high life expectancy, due to the inability to obtain health services at any time they
desire, like Ruhengeri Hospital, which did not provide all service life needed due to the
facility's age and small size.

1.5. Significance of the study

The researchers were the first to benefit, as they gained new skills in developing
knowledge in the areas of building structure design and analyzing various structures using
various software. This project also served as a reference document for other students who
may need it as a secondary source for conducting related studies in the same field. The
socio-economic benefits of this project would include aiding the growth of Musanze
district by creating a large number of jobs that could be produced if it was put into action
rather than being trapped in these papers.

1.6. Study delimitation

The construction project of modern hospital requires complex and wide study in various
domains such as: architectural design, structural design, geotechnical studies, electrical
installation, plumbing installation, waste water treatment store, design of septic tank. As
the aim of this study was to provide architectural and structural design of modern
hospital, based on dead load, live load, the analysis would be done with different

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materials, different sizes and different load combination. The deflection and displacement
was calculated, the size of steel materials needed for stability purpose was calculated and
the budget of all project would be estimated. Due to limited time and financial issues,
This project limited on electrical installation, plumbing installation, waste water treatment
plant, and design of septic tank, thus any from my colleague who can be interested for to
continue this project he/she can be focused on that limited.

1.7. Organization of the study

This study consists of five chapters, Chapter one provides the general introduction of the
whole study where the background, problem statement, objectives of the research,
significance of the study, study delimitation. Chapter two contains the literature review of
the existing theories and concepts related to the topic of the study. Chapter three was
concern the materials and methods used to achieve the research objectives. Chapter four
present the result and discussions from software analysis and cost analysis and finally,
chapter five would provide conclusions and recommendations based on the findings
which would be obtained from field data collection, analysis findings, and also cost
analysis of the project.

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 CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter focuses on the theoretical aspects leading to the implementation of the
hospital design. Typically, this involves the historical background of the theories
published in the research literature related to the hospital design and the questions or
ambiguities arose in these theoretical works. The purpose of this literature review is to
present concepts, definitions, theoretical framework/related theories and related studies
that are necessary for the design and concept of hospital.

2.1. Introduction

Hospitals are the most complex of building types. Each hospital is comprised of a wide
range of services and functional units. These include diagnostic and treatment functions,
such as clinical laboratories, imaging, emergency rooms, and surgery; hospitality
functions, such as food service and housekeeping; and the fundamental inpatient care or
bed-related function. This diversity is reflected in the breadth and specificity of
regulations, codes, and oversight that govern hospital construction and operations (Logan
et al., 2010).

Hospitals can be compared and classed in a variety of ways, including by ownership and
control, service type, length of stay, size, and facilities and administration. The general
hospital, specialist hospital, short-stay hospital, and long-term-care facility are all
examples. Hospitals can be compared based on how many beds they have. Modern
hospitals rarely have more than 800 beds, and even if some integrated health centers do,
they sometimes have many geographic locations with several hundred beds each. In the
early twenty-first century, it was assumed that an 800-bed facility was the maximum unit
that could be managed properly (Gupta, 2007).

2.2. Architectural drawing

Modern hospital buildings are designed to minimize the effort of medical personnel and
the possibility of contamination while maximizing the efficiency of the whole system.
Travel time for personnel within the hospital and the transportation of patients between
units is facilitated and minimized. The building also should be built to accommodate

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heavy departments such as radiology and operating rooms while space for special wiring,
plumbing, and waste disposal must be allowed for in the design (McGuire & Schiffer,
1983).

A technical drawing of a building (or building project) that falls under the concept of
architecture is known as an architectural drawing or architect's drawing. Architects and
others use architectural drawings for a variety of reasons, including developing a design
idea into a coherent proposal, communicating ideas and concepts, convincing clients of a
design's benefits, assisting a building contractor in constructing it based on design
purpose, as a record of the design and planned development, or making a record of an
existing building (McGuire & Schiffer, 1983).

2.2.1. Architectural design process

The result of the architectural design was always a drawing that represented the designed
building from various angles. From the top, sides, and a perspective view, all of which are
combined to represent it in three dimensions. The following is a drawing of the graphic:
Layouts for a multi-story building include floor plans, foundation designs, and roof plans.
The purpose of these designs is to show the layout of the floors as well as the location of
the bean, column door, windows, and walls. Elevations are used to describe the type of
the covering, windows, and the structure's physical appearance. There are four views:
front, back, right, and left. Sections are cut through a structural frame from the roof to the
foundation to show internal or hidden structural parts such as stairways and lift shafts, as
well as columns, beams, and slabs. Perspective is a drawing technique that aims to show
at least three different views of a building in a single drawing (Imrie & Street, 2011).

2.2.2. Principles of architecture

The following principles should guide architects while designing a building:

The building should be designed to fulfill the client's requirements, The design should be
able to be built using standard procedures and with readily accessible labor and
equipment in a reasonable amount of time, For a period of time specified by the client, the
building must be able to withstand the elements and normal use, The building should be

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visually attractive both inside and out, Under normal use, no part of the building should
represent a risk to the health or health of its occupants, and the facility should provide for
ensuring safety or safety in the event of an emergency, The building should be designed
in such a manner that it has as little negative impact on the environment as possible, The
building's operation should use the least amount of energy possible while still allowing
the structure to function, The total cost of construction, operation, maintenance, repair,
and projected future changes should not exceed the client's budget (Imrie & Street, 2011).

2.3 Structural design

Structural design is an art and science of understanding the behavior of structural

members subjected to loads and designing them with economy and elegance to give a
safe, Serviceable and durable structure, Structural design is the methodical investigation
of the stability, strength and rigidity of structures. The basic objective in structure
analysis and design is to produce a structure capable of resisting all applied loads without
failure its intended life. The primary purpose of a structure is to transmit or support loads.
If the structure is improperly designed or fabricated or if the actual applied loads exceed
the design specification, the device will probably fail to perform its intended function,
with possible series consequences (Barthelemy& Haftka, 1993).

The principle element of reinforced concrete building frame consists of: Slab to cover
large area, Beams to support slab and walls and Columns to support beams. Footing to
distribute concentrated column load over a large of the supporting soil such that the
bearing capacity of the soil is not exceeded. In a framed structure loading is transferred
from slab to beam, from beam to column and then to the foundation and soil below it. By
using etabs software, ETABS is an engineering software product that caters to multi-story
building analysis and design. Modelling tools and templates, code-based load
prescriptions, analysis methods and solution techniques, all coordinate with the grid-like
geometry unique to this class of structure (Barthelemy& Haftka, 1993).

2.3.1. Structural design elements

The complete building structure can be broken down into the following elements:

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Slabs: Horizontal plate elements carrying lateral loads. They may be simply supported or
continuous over one or more supports and are classified according to the method of
support as follows: Spanning one way between beams or walls, Spanning two ways
between the support beams or walls, and Flat slabs carried on columns and edge beams or
walls (Arya, 2009).

Beams: horizontal members carrying lateral loads transmit to the column. They are singly
reinforced concrete beams; these are rectangular beams which should be reinforced in the
tension zone, doubly reinforced concrete beams, if the concrete alone cannot resist the
applied moment in compression, can be provided in the compression zone and the design
flanged beams, these flanged beams occur where beams are cast integral with and support
a continuous floor slab and they are divided into two types: T-beam and L-beam (Arya,
2009).

Columns: Columns are vertical or inclined compression members used for transferring
superstructure load to the foundation. The structural design of reinforced concrete
columns involves the provision of adequate compression reinforcement and member size
to guaranty the stability of the structure. In typical cases, columns are usually rectangular,
square, or circular in shape. Other sections such as elliptical, octagonal are also possible
(Arya, Design of structural element, 2009).

Types of columns

The columns are classified into two types; short column and long column

Short column: when the ratio of effective length of column to it is least lateral dimension
does not exceed: 14.3: for rectangular shapes, 12.4: for circular shapes and 12.7: for
octagonal shapes is termed short column. Long column when the ratio of effective length
to its lateral dimension exceeds: 14.3: for rectangular shapes, 12.4: for circular shapes,
12.7: for octagonal shapes is termed long column.

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Failure of column

Crushing: is the mode of failure for the short column and this increase cracks, Buckling:
is the mode of failure of long column (bending). The buckling capacity is the capacity of
the element to withstand the propensity to buckle. Its capacity depends upon its geometry,
material, and the effective length of the column, which depends upon the restraint
conditions at the top and bottom of the column.

Wall: A wall is a structure that defines an area, carries a load; provides security, shelter,
or soundproofing; or is decorative or vertical plate elements resisting vertical, lateral or
in-planeloads. Walls can be classified as internal non-load bearing walls: they may be of
hallow block or light movable partitions that divide space only, external curtain walls:
these carry self-weight and lateral wind loads, external and internal infill walls in framed
structures: these may be designed to provide stability to the building but do not carry
vertical building loads; the external walls would also carry lateral wind loads (Kurtze &
Watters, 1959).

Stair: Stairs must be provided in almost all buildings, either low-rise or high-rise
buildings, even if adequate numbers of elevators are provided. Stairs consist of rises, runs
(or treads), and landings. The total steps and landings are called a staircase. The rise is
defined as the vertical distance between two steps, and the run is the depth of the step.
The landing is the horizontal part of the staircase without rise. There are several types of
stairs in construction design to provide access to different floor levels of the building.
Building has stairs so that people can gain access to the upper floors. Stairs should be
designed so that they are convenient for the majority of people use (Roys, 2001).

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 Figure 1: Cross section of stair

Shear wall: Steel reinforced concrete shear walls (structural walls) have been a safe,
efficient, and cost-effective way to resist lateral forces in building structures for many
years. They are usually located around elevator and stair openings or between
architectural spaces and are ideally suited to resist lateral forces due to their large in-plane
stiffness and strength. By themselves or in combination with reinforced concrete moment
frames, these time-tested structural elements have an outstanding performance record
when subjected to the effects from wind and earthquakes. Many building codes mandate
the use of such walls to make homes safer and more stable. Architects are obliged to think
about these and other safety features when they design a structure so that they can
accommodate the walls to make the structure sound while also aesthetically pleasing
(Lubell et al., 2000).

Ramp: It can be used to overcome changes in level, either on the inside or outside of a
home, as an alternative to using stairs. A ramp is ideal for people who are having
difficulty negotiating stairs for various reasons (Roys, 2001).

Footing: Footing is a structural element that transfers a building’s weight to the soil using
columns, walls, and lateral loads from earth-retaining structures. All foundations must

41
transmit the building loads to a stable stratum of earth. There are two criteria for stability:
first, the soil under the foundations should be able to receive the imposed load without
more than about 2.5 centimeters (one inch) of settlement and, second, the settlement
should be uniform under the entire building. It is also important that the bottom of the
foundation be below the maximum winter frost level. Maximum frost depth varies with
climate and topography. It can be as deep as 1.5 meters (five feet) in cold continental
climates and is zero in tropical and some subtropical areas (Arya, 2009).

Roof: A roof is the top covering of a building, including all materials and constructions
necessary to support it on the walls of the building or on uprights; it provides protection
against rain, snow, sunlight, extreme of temperature, and wind. So, a roof is a part of the
building envelope. The characteristics of a roof are dependent upon the purpose of the
building that it covers the available roofing materials and the local traditions of
construction and wider concepts of architectural design and practice and may also be
governed by local or national legislation. Roof can either be flat or sloped based on the
location and weather conditions or the purpose of the building (Sheng et al., 2011).

2.4. Structural construction materials

2.4.1 Reinforced concrete

Reinforced concrete is a composite material obtained by combining concrete with steel.

Concrete assisted by the steel, carries the compressive forces, while steel resists tensile
forces. Concrete is a composite material. The characteristics of material in which
reinforced concrete is made are described below, Reinforcing bars are produced in two
grades: hot rolled mild steel bars have yield strength fy of 250N/mm2. Hot rolled or cold
worked high yield steel bars have a yield strength fy of460 N/mm2. Steel fabric is made
from cold drawn steel wires welded to form a mesh; it has a yield strength fy of 460
N/mm2 (Park & Paulay, 1991).

2.4.2 Concrete

Concrete is a mixture of sand, gravel, crushed rock, or other aggregates held together in a
rocklike mass with a paste of cement and water. Sometimes one or more admixtures are

41
added to change certain characteristics of the concrete such as its workability, durability,
and time of hardening. Reinforced concrete is a composite material in which concrete’s
relatively low tensile strength and ductility are counteracted by the inclusion of steel
reinforcement having higher tensile strength or ductility (Park & Paulay, 1991).

Table 1: shows Strength, classes of concrete

Class Fck(N/mm2) Normal lowest class for use as specified

C 16/20 16 Plain concrete
C 20/25 20 Reinforced concrete
C25/30 25
C 28/35 28 Prestressed concrete/ Reinforced concrete subjected to
chlorides
C 30/37 30 Reinforced concrete in foundations
C 32/40 32
C 35/45 35
C 40/50 40
C 45/55 45
C 50/60 50

2.4.3. Properties of reinforcedsssss concrete

Compressive strength: The compressive strength of concrete (fc’) is determined by testing
to failure 28-day-old 6-in, by 12-in. concrete cylinders at a specified rate of loading. For
the 28-day period the cylinders are usually kept under water or in a room with constant
temperature and 100% humidity. Although concretes are available with 28-day ultimate
strengths from 2500 psi up to as high as 10000 to 20000psi, most of the concrete used fall
into the 3000-to 7000-psi ranges (Park & Paulay, 1991).

41
Elastic modulus of elasticity: Concrete has no clear-cut modulus of elasticity. Its values
vary with different concrete strengths, concrete age, type of loading, and the
characteristics and proportions of the cement and aggregate (Park & Paulay, 1991).

Dynamic modulus of elasticity: The dynamic modulus of elasticity, which corresponds to

very small instantaneous strains, is usually obtained by sonic tests. It is generally 20 to
40% higher than the statics modulus. When structures are being an analyzed for seismic
or impact loads, the use of the dynamic modulus seems appropriated (Park & Paulay,
1991).

Poison’s ratio: As a concrete cylinder is subjected to compressive loads, it not only

shortens in length but also expands laterally. The ration of this lateral expansion to the
longitudinal shortening is referred to as Poisson’s ratio. Its values vary from about 0.11
for the height –strength concrete to as high as 0.21 for the weaker –grade concretes, with
average values of about 0.16) (Park & Paulay, 1991).

Shrinkage: When the material for concrete are mixed together, the paste consisting of
cement and water fills the voids between the aggregate and bonds the aggregate together.
This mixture needs to sufficiently workability or fluid so that it can be made to flow in
between the reinforcing bars and all through the forms. To achieve this desired
workability, considerable more water (perhap twice as much) is used than is necessary for
the cement and water to react together (called hydration) (Park & Paulay, 1991).

Creep: Under sustained compressive loads, concrete will continue to deform for long
periods of time. After the initial deformation occurs, the additional deformation is called
creep. The amount of creep is largely dependent on the amount of stress. It is almost
directly proportional to stress as long as the sustained stress is not greater than about one-
half of f’c. Beyond this level, creep will increase rapidly (Park & Paulay, 1991).

Tensile strength: The tensile strength of concrete varies from about 8 to 15% of its
compressive strength. A major reason for this small strength is the fact that concrete is
filled with fine cracks. The cracks have little effect when concrete is subjected to

41
compression loads because the loads cause the cracks to close and permit compression
transfer. Obviously, this is not the case for tensile loads (Park & Paulay, 1991).

2.4.4. Reinforcement

The stress-strain curves for reinforcing bars are shown in figure below the hot rolled bars
have a definite yield point. A defined proof stress is recorded for the cold worked bars.
The value of young’s modulus e is 200 KN/mm2. The behavior in tension and
compression is taken to be the same. Mild steel bars are produced as smooth round bars.
High yield bars are produced as deformed bars in two types defined in the code to
increase bond stress (Kaelbling et al., 1996).

Figure 2: Stress-Strain curves for reinforcing bars

2.5. Limit state design

The limit state design can be thought of as a combination of the allowable and load factor
methods. The limit state approach is now used in the majority of modern structural codes
of practice. Limit state codes include BS 8110 for concrete, BS 5950 for structural
steelwork, BS 5400 for bridges, and BS 5628 for masonry. The design of an engineering
structure must ensure that it is safe under the most severe loads, and that deformation of
the members does not detract from the structure's appearance, durability, or performance
under normal working conditions. The limit state method includes the application of
partial safety factors to both the loads and the material strengths. The two principal types

41
of limit state are the ultimate limit state and the serviceability limit state (Kaelbling et al.,
1996).

2.5.1. Criteria for safe design: limit states

One criterion for a safe design is that the structure should not become unfit for use, i.e. it
should not reach a limit state during its design life. This is achieved, in particular, by
designing the structure to ensure that it does not reach two important limit states
(Meyerhof, 1982).

Ultimate limit state (ULS): this limit state is concerned with the safety of the people and
of the structure. This requires that the whole structure or its elements should not collapse,
overturn or buckle when subjected to the design loads.

Serviceability limit states (SLS): this limit state is concerned with comfort of the
occupants: for example, the structure should not suffer from excessive vibration or have
large cracks or deflection so as to alarm the user of the building. Appearance of the
structure. The structure should not become unfit for use due to excessive deflection or
cracking (Meyerhof, 1982).

The main serviceability limit states are as follows:

Deflection: The deformation of the structure should not adversely affect its efficiency or
appearance. Deflection of beams may be calculated, but may tend to be complicated
because of cracking, creep and shrinkage effects

Cracking: Cracking should be kept within reasonable limits by correct detailing. Crack
widths may have calculated, but may tend to be complicated and in normal cases cracking
can be controlled by adhering to detailing rules with regard to bar spacing in zones where
the concrete is in tension

Vibration: The structure should not be under the action of wind loads or movement of the
people to vibrate so much as to make people uncomfortable or in worst cases even to
alarm people (Meyerhof, 1982).

41
2.5.2. Characteristic and design load

Characteristic load

Characteristic load is that value of load which has a 95 percent probability of not being
exceeded during the life time of the structure. In absence of any data, loads given in
various standards shall be assumed as the characteristic loads. However, structures are
subjected to overloading also. Hence, structures should be designed with loads obtained
by multiplying the characteristic loads with suitable factors of safety depending on the
nature of loads or their combinations, and the limit state being considered. These factors
of safety for loads are termed as partial safety factors (γf) for loads (Shen et al., 2019).

2.5.3. Design loads

Design load = 1.4Gk + 1.6Qk

However, it should be appreciated that theoretically the design dead loads can vary
between the characteristic and ultimate values, i.e. 1.0Gk and1.4Gk. Similarly, the design
imposed loads can vary between zero and the ultimate value, i.e. 0.0Qk and 1.6Qk.

The loads acting on a structure are divided into: dead, live, wind, earthquake and snow
loads. For each type of loading there will be characteristic and design values, which must
be estimated. In addition, the designer will have to determine the particular combination
of loading which is likely to produce the most adverse effect on the structure in terms of
bending moments, shear forces and deflections (Chalk & Corotis, 1980).

characteristic strength(fk )
Design strength=
∂ factor of safety (γm)

b) Dead load

Dead loads are all the permanent loads acting on the structure including self-weight,
finishes, fixtures and partitions which can be estimated using the schedule of weights of
building materials given in different codes of practice (Chalk & Corotis, 1980).

Determination of dead load

41
Dead loads shall be calculated from the design or known dimensions of the structures and
the density of the materials used. Weight of all materials of construction incorporated into
the building to be supported permanently by the member includes:

• Weight of Permanent Partitions,

• Weight of Fixed Service Equipment, And

• Net Effect of Prestressing (Chalk & Corotis, 1980).

c) Live loads

These loads are more difficult to determine accurately. For many of them, it is only
possible to make conservative estimates based on standard codes of practice or past
experience. Examples of live loads on buildings are: the weights of its occupants,
furniture, or machinery; the pressure of wind, the weight of snow and of retained earth or
water; and the forces caused by thermal expansion or shrinkage of the concrete (Chalk &
Corotis, 1980).

d) Load combinations and patterns for the ultimate limit state

Various combinations of the characteristic values of permanent load GK, variable load
Qk, and wind load Wk and their partial factors of safety must be considered for the
loading of the structure. The partial factors of safety specified in the code are discussed in
chapter 2, and for the ultimate limit state the loading combinations from the table in the
same chapter are as follows:

Permanent and Live load, 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk, Permanent and wind load, 1.0Gk +
1.5Wk,Permanent, Live and wind load 1.3Gk +1.35Qk + 1.35W (Ellingwood & Culver,
1977).

e) Allowable load and allowable stress, factor of safety

The maximum load that structural member will be allowed to carry under normal
condition of utilization is considerably smaller than ultimate load. This smaller load is
referred to as the allowable load and sometimes as working load or design load. The ratio

41
of the ultimate load to the allowable load is used to define the factor of safety (Arya,
2009).

Ultimate load
Fs= Where FS is factor of safety
Allowable stress

2.5.4. Detailed Reinforced Concrete Design

Design of slabs

Reinforced concrete slabs are used to form a variety of elements in building structures
such as floors, roofs, staircases, foundations and some types of walls. Since these
elements can be modelled as a set of transversely connected beams, it follows that the
design of slabs is similar, in principle, to that for beams. The major difference is that in
slab design the serviceability limit state of deflection is normally critical, rather than the
ultimate limit states of bending and shear (Arya, 2009).

Design of one-way spanning solid slab

One way slab is a slab which is supported by beams on the two opposite sides to carry the
load along one direction. The ratio of longer span (l) to shorter span (b) is equal or greater
than 2, considered as One-way slab because this slab will bend in one direction i.e in the
direction along its shorter span (Arya, 2009).

Due to the huge difference in lengths, the load is not transferred to the shorter beams.
Main reinforcement is provided in shorter span and distribution reinforcement in a longer
span

41
Design of two-way spanning solid slab

Two way slab is a slab supported by beams on all the four sides and the loads are carried
by the supports along with both directions, it is known as two way slab. In two-way slab,
the ratio of longer span (l) to shorter span (b) is less than 2. Design codes like BS 8110
have established coefficients to use for determining the bending moments (Arya, 2009)

In two way slabs, the load will be carried in both the directions. So, the main
reinforcement is provided in both directions for two way slabs.

Table 2: Bending moment coefficients, βsx and βsy, for 2-way slabs

41
 Table 3: Shear force coefficients, βvx and βvy, for restrained slabs

1. Beam design

Having calculated the design bending moment and shear force, all that now remains to be
done is to assess the size and strength of beam required. Generally, the ultimate limit state
of bending will be critical for medium-span beams which are moderately loaded and
shear for short-span beams which are heavily loaded. For long-span beams the
serviceability limit state of deflection may well be critical. Irrespective of the actual
critical limit state, once a preliminary assessment of the size and strength of beam needed
has been made, it must be checked for the remaining limit states that may influence its
long-term integrit (Arya, 2009).

2. Column design

Generally, column design is relatively straightforward. The design process simply

involves making sure that the design load does not exceed the load capacity of the
column,

i.e.Load capacity ≥ design axial load

Where the column is required to resist a predominantly axial load, its load capacity is
given by Load capacity = design stress × area of column cross-section (Arya, 2009).

The design stresses are related to the slenderness ratio of the column, which is found
to be a function of the following factors:

41
 Geometric properties of the column cross-section, e.g. lateral dimension of column,
radius of gyration; Length of column; Support conditions. The radius of gyration, r, is a
sectional property which provides a measure of the column’s ability to resist buckling. It
is given by r = (I/A)1/2. Generally, the higher the slenderness ratio,mthe greater the
tendency for buckling and hence the lower the load capacity of the column (Arya, 2009).

3. Foundation design

Foundation failure may arise as a result of (a) allowable bearing capacity of the soil being
exceeded, or (b) bending and/or shear failure of the base. The first condition allows the
plan-area of the base to be calculated, being equal to the design load divided by the
bearing capacity of the soil, i.e. Ground pressure = design load /plan area < bearing
capacity of soil

Since the settlement of the structure occurs during its working life, the design loadings to
be considered when calculating the size of the base should be taken as those for the
serviceability limit state (i.e. 1.0Gk + 1.0Qk). The calculations to determine the thickness
of the base and the bending and shear reinforcement should, however, be based on
ultimate loads (i.e. l.4Gk + 1.6Qk) (Arya, 2009).

2.6. Estimating and costing

Estimating is the technique of calculating or computing the various quantities and
expected expenditure to be incurred on a particular work or project. A cost estimate is a
compilation of many elements, an approximation of the probable quantity and unit cost of
each of the elements. It has uncertainty and risk associated with its elements and it is used
as a basis for making financial decisions (Stewart et al., 1995).

2.6.1. Roles of estimating and costing

Estimating and costing play a great role in designing and implementation of the proposed
project and the following are the main roles of estimating and costing:

It is used to avoid project cost overrun and also avoid excessive cost underrun. Cost
underrun leads to shortage of funding to deliver the project, while cost overrun leaves

41
unused funds that could have been used to deliver other important projects, it gives an
idea of the cost of the work and hence its feasibility can be determined, it gives an idea of
time required for the completion of the work Programming, it is required to invite the
tenders and the quotations (prices) and to arrange contract; it is required to control the
expenditure during the execution of work (basis for cash flow requirements over time), it
is used in making financial decisions; it is a basis for projecting fund (Stewart et al.,
1995).

2.6.2. Requirements for preparing an estimate

There are several requirements when preparing the Bill of quantity of a proposed project,
some of them are mentioned in this section, namely; Drawings like plans, elevations,
sections, etc. (drawings must be clear and with complete dimensions); Detailed
specifications about workmanship & properties of materials (detailed description of the
various items of work laying down the quantities and qualities of materials, their
proportions, and the method of preparation workmanship and execution of the work); The
Standard schedule of rates of the current year. The cost estimator must research costs,
compare costs, and use professional judgment to prepare a quality cost estimate (Stewart
et al., 1995).

2.6.3. Methods of taking out estimate

The calculations of quantities of materials can be done using various methods of

estimates. The application of an individual method depends upon the design and shape of
the building. The different methods are, Centre line method, Crossing method, Out to out
and in to in method, Bay method, Service unit method.

Centre line method: This method is suitable only if the offsets are symmetrical and the
building is more or less rectangular in shape. The centre line of the building is determined
carefully after doing deductions for repeated measurements. This centre line acts as
length for the complete calculations of the estimate. If the deduction is not cared for the
results of estimates may be wrong. All the walls should have the same section.

41
Crossing method: In this method, lengths and breadths of the masonry walls at plinth
level are taken (internal dimension of the room + thickness of the walls) for calculating
quantities. The symmetrical offsets are a must as in the case of centerline method.

Bay method: This method is useful and is generally followed in case of building having
several bays. The cost of the one class room is worked out and then multiplied by the
number of bays in that building. The extra cost of the end walls and difference in framing.
If there is any, should be made, so as to arrive at the correct cost.

Service unit method: This method is followed in cases such as school building where
there are so many class rooms. The cost of one class room us worked out and then
multiplied by the number of class rooms to be constructed. In case of Hospitals, the
service unit is a bed, in case of Water Tank, it is a litre and in case of Cinema Hall, the
service unit is a seat (Stewart et al., 1995).

41
 CHAPTER III: MATERIALS AND METHODS

This chapter explains the various strategies that were used to carry out this study
successfully. It started by describing the case study and study area. This chapter describes
the architectural and structural design procedures used. In this chapter, the methods for
conducting the proposed building's cost estimation are also discussed.

3.1. Description of the area and Location of the site

3.1.1. Description of the area

Musanze district is divided into 15 sectors (imirenge): Busogo, Cyuve, Gacaca, Gashaki,
Gataraga, Kimonyi, Kinigi, Muhoza, Muko, Musanze, Nkotsi, Nyange, Remera, Rwaza
and Shingiro. These sectors are split into 68 cells (with an average of 5 cells per Sectors)
and 432 villages (average of 29 villages per sector). Muhoza is the most populated sector
with 51,878 residents, followed by Cyuve with 39,091 residents and Musanze with
31,864 residents. They represent 14.1%, 10.6% and 8.7% of the total population of the
district, respectively. The least populated sectors are Nkotsi (13,546 inhabitants) and
Gashaki (13,648 inhabitants). They represent 3.7% of the total resident population of
Musanze district, each (NISR, 2010).

Figure 3: Political Map of Musanze district highlighting Muhoza Sector

41
3.1.2. Map production

The map used to locate the case study for this project and orthophoto used to show the
proposed site for Ruhengeri referral hospital were produced by using ArcMap 10.3
software. The orthophotos showing the available and required area were produced by
using Google Earth Software.

Figure 4: Location of the site

3.2. Architectural design

The architectural design of this building was done based on the standards specified in the
Rwanda building code. The design was done using building information modelling (BIM)
software known as ArchiCAD20. This software was used to the preparation of
architectural drawings including floor plans, elevations and sections and also the 3d
model was exported from the software and imported into another software known as
Artlantis for 3d rendering to obtain photorealistic images of the proposed building.

3.3. Structural design

After the preparation of architectural drawings, Structural plans were prepared. The
proposed structural plan for the building was composed of reinforced concrete columns,
beams, slabs and stair. The structural design of this frame was done using a structural

41
design software known as Etabs and prokon where a structural model was drawn
according to the structural plans.

3.3.1. Structural design information

Table 4: Design information

The structural use of Concrete Relevant Building

British Standard (BS 8110-1997) Regulations and
Euro code 2 -1992 Design Code
Hospital building Intended use of the building

Stairs: –Imposed: 3kN/m2 General loading conditions

Bed room in hospital: 2KN/m

Allowable bearing pressure assumed to 300kN/ m2 Subsoil conditions

Reinforcement: -Characteristic strength: Material data

ƒy = 460 Mpa
for stirrups ƒYV = 250 Mpa
Self-weight of Reinforced concrete = Other relevant information
24kN/ m3
Self-weight of masonry= 18kN/ m3
Self-weight of Finishes = 20 KN/ m3
For dead load: 1.4 Partial safety factor
For live load: 1.6

3.3.2. Design of slabs

According to BS 8110, the following procedures were used for the design of slabs:

Determining a suitable depth of slab, Calculating the main and secondary reinforcement
areas, Checking critical shear stresses, Check detailing requirements. The thickness of the
slab should be between lx/40 to lx/25 where lx is the shorter side of the biggest panel.

41
Load on slab

The effective height (ho) = thickness of the slab (hf) – concrete cover on the slab.

Self-weight = safety factor (1.4) *thickness of slab*1m*1m*unit weight of reinforced

concrete.

Finishes = safety factor (1.4) * thickness of finishes.

Live load= safety factor (1.6)* weight of building for general use.

Live load

Live load= safety factor (1.6)* weight of building for general use.

For the calculation of the bending moment, first of all it is required to know if the slab is
one way or two ways slab: for two way slab we have λ=ly/lx < 2 (4)

For one way slab we have λ=ly/lx > 2, where λ= ration of long side and short side ly=long
side lx short side.

Bending moments

Mx = αsx * P * lx2

My = αsy * P * lx2

Where: Mx = moment along short side, My = moment at the long side,

αsx, αsy = coefficient related to the design of slabs, P = total load on the slab, lx = short
side of slab.

Required steel reinforcement

Mmax
As =
0.87 fyz

Where As: total cross section of steel reinforcement.

41
3.3.3. Design of beam

The most loaded beam should be considered when designing the beam. The most heavily
loaded beam is one with a huge influence area. One most loaded transverse edge beam,
one most loaded transverse interior beam, one most loaded longitudinal edge beam, and
one most loaded longitudinal interior beam are all designed in this context. Beams can be
designed to be single-or double-reinforced. When the design moment M is more than the
ultimate moment capacity Mu, doubly reinforced beams are designed, as opposed to
singly reinforced beams.

Computation of the depth of the beam

The total height of the beam should be:

Lmax Lmax
to
15 8

Where: Lmax: is the largest span between two consecutive beams

Computation of web of flange of the beam (bw)

The breath of the web should be:

b
0.5 ≤ ≤1
h

Computation of width flange of beam (bf) is minimum between

12hf+b
1
Bf=≤ of the beam span
3

half of the distance between beams

Where; Bf: is the width flange of the beam

hf: thickness of the slab

Consider the small value to be the width flange of the beam.

41
Load on beam

Self-weight= safety factor*breadth of the web*total height of the beam*1m*unit-weight

of reinforced concrete, Cement plaster on the beam= safety factor*thickness of
plaster*both two sides of the beam*unit weight of concrete, Permanent load from the
slab= (self-weight of the slab + finishes of the slab) *weight of building for general use,
Wall= safety factor*thickness of the wall*height of the wall*1m*unit weight of masonry,
Plaster on the wall= self-weight*thickness of the plaster* height of the wall * 1m * unit
weight of concrete * 2 (two sides of wall), Live load from the slab= live load of the slab
*weight of building for general use.

Design of shear reinforcements for singly reinforced

Design for bending requires the calculation of the maximum design moment (M) and
corresponding ultimate moment of resistance of the section (Mu). Provided M ≤ Mu or K
≤ K′, only tension reinforcement is needed and the area of steel can be calculated as
follow

As= M /0.87fyz

z= d [0.5+√(0.25- k/0.9)]

k= M /fcu bd2

The design of doubly reinforced beams is done when the design moment M is greater
than the ultimate moment capacity Mu if the beam and the depth of the can not be
increased due to architectural requirements. In that case, compression reinforcement will
be required in the beam. The areas of compression and tension reinforcements can be
calculated as follow

' M −M u
A s=
0.87 f y ( d−d ' )

41
 Mu '
A s= + As
0.87 f y

Where As’ = Area of compression reinforcement

As = Area of tension reinforcements

d' = is the depth of compression steel from the compression face

z=d {0.5+ √ (0.25−K ' /0.9)}

K’ = 0.156

Design for shear reinforcement

The design shear force due to ultimate loads, V, must be less than the sum of the shear
resistance of the concrete (Vconc) plus the shear resistance of the links (Vlink), otherwise
failure of the beam may arise. Hence

V ≤ Vconc + Vlink ≤ υcbd + (d/sv) *Asv0.87fyv

Table 5: Form and area of links in beam according to BS 8110

3.3.4. Design of column

Cross-section = length *width

Load on column

Calculation of the dead load

41
Self-weight of the column = safety factor *area of column *height of column *unit
weight, Load from the beam = safety factor *width of the beam *height of the beam
*(length +width of influence area) *unit weight, Masonry walls = safety factor *thickness
of slab *height of slab *(length +width of influence area) *unit weight, Plaster on the wall
= safety factor *thickness of finishes *height of finishes *(length =width of influence
area) *unit weight, Live load, Load on slab= total dead load.

Both concrete and longitudinal reinforcements contribute to the load carrying capacity of
a column. According to BS 8110, the design load carrying capacity Nu of an axially
loaded short column is with a cross-sectional area Ac and steel area Asc as follow.

Nu=0.4fcuAc+0.75fyAsc

After determining the design axial load in the column, the area of reinforcements can be
calculated. For short braced columns supporting an approximately symmetrical
arrangement of beams. These beams must be designed for uniformly distributed imposed
loads and the spans must not differ by more than 15% of the longer span. The ultimate
load is given by

N=0.35 fcu Ac+0.70Asc fy

3.3.5. Foundation design

Steps:

Calculate the plan area of the footing using serviceability loads, Determine the
reinforcement areas required for bending using ultimate loads, Check for punching, face
and transverse shear failures.

N
Plan area of base=
Soil bearing capacity

where N was unfactored axial load

N= 1.0Gk +1.0Qk where Gk was total dead load and Qk was total live load

41
Self- weight of footing = area × h × density of concrete where h was overall depths of
footing,

Bending reinforcement

Total ultimate load (W) = 1.4Gk + 1.6Qk

W
Earth pressure (ps) =
Plan area of base

Ultimate moment

Mu = 0.156fcubd 2

Main steel

As= M /0.87fyz

Z= d (0.5 + √ (0.25-k/0.9))

K = M / fcubd2

Minimum steel area was 0.13% bh

3.3.6. Design of stair

The staircase must be designed in a way that there will be a comfort when one is climbing
it. It is necessary to check for the conformability of the staircase. Check if
550<2R+T<700, where R = riser and T = Tread.

Note: T+1= R

Steps for Design:

Step 1: Calculate the effective length of stairs

Step 2: Calculate the effective depth of the stairs (Check L/d ratio)

Step 3: Calculate loadings on stairs

Step 4: Calculate the Maximum Bending Moment and Shear Force

41
Step 5: Check for depth against bending moment

Step 6: Calculate the required steel bars (As)

Computation of equivalent thickness (h)

dl, rise (H), going (G)

rise
θ=tan-* ( )
going

H dl
h= +
2 cosα

Loads on the stair

Self-weight= safety factor (1.4) * thickness of the equivalent horizontal slab * 1m * 1m *

unit weight of reinforced concrete.

Finishes= safety factor * thickness of finishes.

Live load= safety factor (1.6) * weight of apartment for general use.

Required steel reinforcement in the stair

Mmax
As =
0.87 fyz

Where As: total cross section of steel reinforcement,

3.3.7. Design of ramp

dl is between ( h/20 and h/30 )

Where, h: is the height of column, dl: waist,

he: dl/cosα

Where he: equivalent height, ho: he – concrete clear cover where ho: effective height.

Load on the ramp

41
Self-weight = safety factor (1.4) * thickness of slab * 1m *1m * self-weight of reinforced

Finishes = safety factor (1.4) * 1.5

Live load + safety factor (1.6) * weight of apartment buildings

Calculation of steel reinforcement in the ramp

Mmax
As =
η∗Rs∗ho

Where As: total cross section of steel reinforcement, Rs: design steel tensile stress, ho:
effective height, η: coefficient related to the design of members subjected to bending
moment.

3.4. Costing and estimating

The cost estimation would be determined by taking into account market unit costs in
order to determine the real and current prices of various construction materials. The cost
of reinforced concrete was calculated using all of the materials used in reinforced
concrete.

Table 6: Methods used in bill of quantinty

Item No Description Quantity Unit Rate Amount

of item

41
 CHAPTER IV: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter is composed of presentation of the findings from the study, analysis,
interpretation and discussion of the architectural and structural design of modern building.

4.1. Architectural design

From the architectural design, the outcome was always drawings which show the
designed building in different views. From its top, from all the sides as well as a
perspective view showing it in three dimensions combined together.

This hospital building composed with ground floor plus four stories (G+4). It has 67.95m
to 111.30m with story height of 4 m on ground floor and 4 m on each of the rest of the
floors. In the center of the blocks there is a provided space for entrances, stairs, elevator
and ramp. Ground floor of this hospital holds primary services like reception, emergence
room, radiograph, chiriligie, maternity, neotology, operation room and 1 st floor contain
internal medicine and remaining floors share difference services that provided by this
hospital.

The architectural conceptualization of this building was done by taking into account the
standard room sizes, the shape and size of different spaces was dependent on different
factors including adequate light, proper ventilation, controlled working surface and
storage for stationary, equipment. It also depends on the use of the room and other
articles. In architectural design also the view of building is considered, here there is one
view but their elevations, sections are shown in appendices.

41
Figure 5: The perspective view of the designed building

Figure 6: Ground floor plan of proposed building

41
4.2 Structural design elements

4.2.1 Introduction

The objective of structural design is to find the internal forces and moments from the
whole structure that are in equilibrium with the design loads for the required loading
combination. The distributed loads from the building (dead loads and live loads) are
carried over the spans. The structure should be designed to carry the worst combination of
load (critical loading) that may occur in its design life. Stability against overturning,
sliding and buckling of the structure or part of it due to loading is another issue that is
taken into account while designing any structure.

Figure 7: Structure model

41
4.3. Structural analysis

Structural analysis was done in order to find internal forces in the building frame
members. Internal forces like bending moments and shear forces in beams stairs and
slabs, axial forces in columns were calculated and used to design those members.

4.3.1. Analysis and design of floor slabs

The thickness of the slab to be used is based on the deflection control.

528

421

421 421
Slab thickness: ¿ == 10.52cm to 16.84 cm
40 25

Consider: 15cm as slab thickness

Because in general the range for the thickness of

slab is 12cm ≤ ho ≤ 20cm

528
L/B ratio: =1.25 < 2 (Two-ways slab).
421

Loads on slab:

self-weight: 1.4*0.15*1*1*24 = 5.04 KN/m2

Finishes: 1.4*1.5 = 2.1KN/m2

Live load: 1.6*4 = 6.4KN/m2

Total load: P = 13.54 KN/m2

Bending moment on slab

Mx- = 0.062*13.54*4.212 = 14.87 KN.m (maximum moment on short span)

Mx+ = 0.027*13.54*4.212 = 6.47 KN.m

41
My- = 0.037*13.54*5.282 = 13.97 KN.m (maximum moment on long span)

My+ = 0.016*13.54*5.282 = 6.03KN.m

d= h-cc-d. main bars/2=150-25-10/2-10=110mm

6
M 14.87∗10
K= 2 fcu = 2 =0.024
bd 2000∗110 ∗25

k
Z= d[0.5+√(0.25- )]
0.9

0.024
Z= 110[0.5+√(0.25- )]= 107mm< 0.95*110=104.5mm
0.9

So z= 104.5mm

6
M 14.87∗10
As= = =¿325.62mm2
0.87 Fyz 0.78∗460∗104.5

area of rebar∗1000
Spacing=
area of rebar required
Area of rebar = (102 * 3.14) / 4= 78.5 mm2
Number of rebar= 325.62/78.5=5
78.5∗1000
Spacing= = 241mm ~ 200 mm
325.62

Provided Y10@200 for short span direction

6
13.97∗10
K= 2 =0.023
2000∗1106 ∗25

0.023
Z= 110[0.5+√(0.25- )]=107mm
0.9

Z= 104.5mm

6
13.97∗10
AS= =305.9mm2
0.87∗460∗104.5

41
 area of rebar∗1000
Spacing=
area of rebar required
Area of rebar = (102 * 3.14) / 4= 78.5 mm2
78.5∗1000
Spacing=
305.9
= 256.6 ~ 200 mm for long span
Provided Y10@200 for long span direction

Figure 8: Resultant deflection of the slab and story displacement

Deflection check
Ultimate deflection (Fu) =l/500 (Allowable deflection)
5280
Fu= 500 =9.06cm (Allowable deflection)

Max in short term Deflection= 9.06 cm =90mm (slab thickness of 150mm is suitable)

41
4.3.2. Design of beam

Load determination
Height of story = 4m
The depth of the beam must be subtracted to obtain the height of only masonry (4-
0.5=3.5m)
Wall= 18*0.2*3.5= 12.6KN/m
All the other remaining story have height of 4m. So line load would be referred to as the
previous result of 12.6KN/m
Parapette ( height =1m)
Parapette =18*0.2*1= 3.6 KN/m

REINFORCEMENT DESIGN
The total height of the beam should be:

Lmax Lmax 528 528

to = to = 35.2 to 66cm
15 8 15 8

Height = 50cm

41
Figure 9: Elevation load on beam

Figure 9: 3D load on beam

41
 Table 7: Beam Element Details

Unique Length
Level Element Section ID Combo ID Station Loc LLRF
Name (mm)
BE500*20
3RD B229 2755 DWal18 125 4260 1
0

Table 8: Section Properties

b (mm) h (mm) bf (mm) ds (mm) dct (mm) dcb (mm)

200 500 200 0 45 45

Table 9: Material Properties

Lt.Wt Factor
Ec (MPa) fcu (MPa) fy (MPa) fyv (MPa)
(Unitless)
31000 25 1 460 260

Table 10: Design Moment and Flexural Reinforcement for Moment, M3

Design Design -Moment +Moment Minimum Required

-Moment +Moment Rebar Rebar Rebar Rebar
kN-m kN-m mm² mm² mm² mm²
Top (+2
-204.5247 1245 0 148 1245
Axis)
Bottom (-2
0 438 0 200 438
Axis)

Table 11: Shear Force and Reinforcement for Shear, V2

Shear V Shear Vc / ɣM Shear Vs / ɣM Rebar Asv /S

kN kN kN mm²/m
154.1801 93.1023 61.0778 593.74

Max. Negative moment: -204.5247kNm (required steel bars: 1245mm2),

Provide 4-D20 bars on top ( area provided 1260)

41
Provide 4D12 on bottom (area provided 452)
Rebar Asv/S= 593.74mm2/m
Provide Y8@150

Figure 10: Beam section

Figure 10 above shows the section of beam where 4 D20 are provided at the top because
is where we have maximum moment while 4D12 are provided at the bottom.

4.3.3. Design of critical column

A column is a vertical rigid structure element which carries the axial loads from roof,
beams and slabs, it occurs as a compression member which transmits the applied loads
acting on the structural down to the foundation.

41
 Figure 11: axial load on column

Table 12: Column Element Details (30*30)

Unique Length
Level Element Section ID Combo ID Station Loc LLRF
Name (mm)
GROUN COLUM
C22 287 DCon20 0 1500 0.612
D 30*30

Table 13: Section Properties

Cover (Torsion)
b (mm) h (mm) dc (mm)
(mm)
300 300 45 15

41
 Table 14: Material Properties

Lt.Wt Factor
Ec (MPa) fcu (MPa) fy (MPa) fyv (MPa)
(Unitless)
31000 25 1 460 260

Table 15: Axial Force and Biaxial Moment Design For N , M2 , M3

Minimum Minimum Rebar

Design N Design M2 Design M3 Rebar %
M2 M3 Area
kN kN-m kN-m %
kN-m kN-m mm²
1761.1038 -7.585 -55.7265 26.4166 26.4166 3613 4.01

Table 16: Shear Design for V2 , V3

Shear V Shear Vc / ɣM Shear Vs / ɣM Rebar Asv /s

Kn kN kN mm²/m
Major, V2 42.1823 306.0023 30.6002 530.77
Minor, V3 8.7539 306.0023 30.6002 530.77

Rebar area= 3613mm2

Use 8D25bars (provided area= 3930mm2)
Rebar Asv/s=530.77mm2/m
Use D8@150mm

Figure 12: column section

41
 Table 17: Column Element Details (25*30)

Unique Length
Level Element Section ID Combo ID Station Loc LLRF
Name (mm)
GROUN CALUMN
C200 3325 DCon20 0 1500 0.589
D 25*30

Table 18: Section Properties

Cover (Torsion)
b (mm) h (mm) dc (mm)
(mm)
300 250 45 15

Table 19: Axial Force and Biaxial Moment Design For N , M2 , M3

Minimum Minimum Rebar

Design N Design M2 Design M3 Rebar %
M2 M3 Area
kN kN-m kN-m %
kN-m kN-m mm²
624.6032 -3.6803 -42.1464 9.369 7.8075 1333 1.78

Table 20: Shear Design for V2 , V3

Shear V Shear Vc / ɣM Shear Vs / ɣM Rebar Asv /s

kN kN kN mm²/m
Major, V2 49.5735 174.539 24.6002 333.59
Minor, V3 7.8553 201.0777 25.5002 277.99

Rebar area= 1333mm2

Use 8D16bars (provided area=1406 mm2)

41
 Rebar Asv/s=333.59mm2/m
Use D8@300mm

Figure 13: Column section (25*30)

Table 21: Column Element Details (20*20)

Unique Length
Level Element Section ID Combo ID Station Loc LLRF
Name (mm)
GROUN CALUMN
C274 4355 DWal20 0 1500 1
D 20*20

Table 22: Material Properties

Lt.Wt Factor
Ec (MPa) fcu (MPa) fy (MPa) fyv (MPa)
(Unitless)
31000 25 1 413.69 413.69

Table 23: Axial Force and Biaxial Moment Design For N , M2 , M3

41
 Minimum Minimum Rebar
Design N Design M2 Design M3 Rebar %
M2 M3 Area
kN kN-m kN-m %
kN-m kN-m mm²
606.1451 6.9948 -33.3749 9.0922 7.5768 814 1.09

Table 24: Shear Design for V2 , V3

Shear V Shear Vc / ɣM Shear Vs / ɣM Rebar Asv /s

kN kN kN mm²/m
Major, V2 37.3055 152.1852 24.6002 333.59
Minor, V3 8.5742 171.8189 25.5002 277.99

Rebar area= 814mm2

Use 6D14 bars (provided area= 923mm2)

Rebar Asv/s=333.59mm2/m

Use D8@300mm

Figure 14: Column section (20*20)

41
4.3.4. Shear wall design

41
Figure15: Shear wall design

Table25: Pier Details

41
 Centroid X Centroid Y Length Thickness
Story ID Pier ID LLRF
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
Basemen
P3 2955 27000 2710 200 0.823
t

Table26: Material Properties

Lt.Wt Factor
Ec (MPa) fcu (MPa) fy (MPa) fys (MPa)
(Unitless)
31000 25 1 460 460

Table27: Pier Leg Location, Length and Thickness

Station Left X1 Left Y1 Right X2 Right Y2 Length Thickness

ID
Location Mm mm mm mm Mm mm
Top Leg 1 1600 27000 4310 27000 2710 200
Bottom Leg 1 1600 27000 4310 27000 2710 200

Table28: Flexural Design for N, M2 and M3

Required
Station Required Current Flexural N M2 M3 Pier Ag
Rebar Area
Location Reinf Ratio Reinf Ratio Combo kN kN-m kN-m mm²
(mm²)
Top 1355 0.0025 0.0022 DWal4 908.6269 18.1725 0.3763 542000
Bottom 1355 0.0025 0.0022 DWal4 1011.5457 -20.2309-48.7536542000

Station Rebar N M V Vc Vtotal

ID Shear Combo
Location mm²/m kN kN-m kN kN kN
Top Leg 1 200 DWal4 908.6269 0.3555 13.1535 359.2702 532.7102
Bottom Leg 1 200 DWal4 1011.5457 45.7675 11.6463 375.8026 549.2426

Provide D12@150 for vertical reinforcement and D12@150 for horizontal

reinforcement

41
4.3.5. Stair design

A stair is a set of steps leading from one floor to another, typically inside the building.
The room or enclosure of the building in which the stair is located is known as staircase.
The opening or space occupied by the stair is known as a stairway

Assume R= 150~175mm and T=200 ~250mm

H 400 cm
h= = =200cm, h: is a half of floor
2 2

H1: thickness of slab, H1=15-2.5=12.5cm

Staircase layer

H H
≤ DL ≤
30 20

Where DL is the effective depth of the stair, H is the height of the stair.

⇒13.33cm ≤ DL ≤ 20cm
400 400
≤ DL ≤
30 20

Taken DL=15.5cm

Height of Riser (h) =15cm

No of Riser= 4m /0.15m = 26
No of risers per flight= 26/2= 13

No of Tread per flight= 13-1= 12

Then, let tread (T)=250 mm
Total going (G)= 12 * 0.25 (tread length) = 3m

⇒α= arc tan (0.634) =36.870

H h 155
Tanα= = = =0.75
L L 200

Thickness of the equivalent horizontal slab is:

41
 Dl 2 15.5 2
H= + H1 = + *12.5 = 27.7cm; h=0.277m
cosα 3 cos 36.87 3

H1: effective height of slab

Effective height (ho) = effective thickness –concrete cover= 27.7cm-2.5cm=25.2cm

Loads on the stairs

self-weight=1.4*0.277*1*1*24=9.3072KN/m

Finishes= 1.4*1.5=2.1KN/m

Live load =1.6*3=6.4KN/m

Total load (W)=17.8072KN/m

Moment calculation

The slope length of stairs

(L)= √ (Span2 +R2)

(L)= √ 4 2+ 1.552=4.29m
2
M =WL /8
2
M =17.8072∗4.29 /8 = 40.96KNm
Required steel reinforcement in the stair

For stair that is fixed at both end: then L/d=30

d= 4290/30 = 143 mm, assume: d=150 mm, using bar size of 12 mm

Waist thickness (D)= d+12/2+20mm (cover): 150+12/2+15= 176mm,

Use: 180mm (depth of waist slab or landing slab depth)

Effective depth (d): 180-12/2-20= 154mm.

K=40.96*10^6/25*1000*1542 =0.068

Z=154(0.5+√(0.25-0.068/0.9)=141mm

41
As= 40.96*106/ 0.78*450*141=827.62mm2

Asmin= 0.13*1000*180/100=234mm2

Provide D12@150

Figure 15: Steel arrangement in stair

4.3.6. Ramp design

Dl=400(1/20, 1/30)

Dl= 400/20= 20cm and 400/30= 13.3cm the average between these two distances gives us
the value of dl= 15cm.

For the ramp h is zero because it hasn’t risers but only going.

α = arctan (1.55/8.5) = 10.33o

The ramp that will be designed is supported by two inclined parallel beams supported by
two parallel columns and between these columns there is another small beam that
connects them.

41
We have to design one part of ramp because all two parts are similar

DL dl 15
Hl= = = =15.247cm
cosα cosα cos 10.33

Load on ramp

ho= hl-concrete clear cover =15.247-2.5=12.747cm

Dead loads= 1.4*0.277*1*1*24=9.3072KN/m

Load from finishes=1.4*1.5=2.1KN/m

Live load=1.6*3=6.4KN/m

Total loads=11.4072+6.4=17.8072KN/m

The total distributed load that is applied on the slab of the ramp including permanent load
calculated based on the ramp thickness, finishes and live load in total it is 17.8072KN/m
Moment calculation

The slope length of stairs

(L)= √ (Span2 +R2)

(L)= √ 8.52 +1.552=8.64

2
M =FL /8

2
M =17.8072∗8.64 /8 =166.16KNm

Required steel reinforcement in the ramp

Ho=h-2.5=27.7-2.5=25.2cm

166.∗1000
AS= = 166mm2
0.990∗25.2∗40

Provide D12@250

41
4.3.8. Design of critical Footing by using prokon

Throughout all structural elements the foundation is the one to transfer the loads from the
whole super structure to the soil. The soil characteristics is inspected to identify the soil
bearing capacity which must not be exceeded when designing the foundation of the most
loaded column of a structure. When designing loads and moments transmitted to the
foundation were taken into account, soil bearing pressure to determine the foundation
geometric parameters.

Figure 16: maximum axial load

The ultimate design load for the critical column base was 3015.4988KN.

Foundation base area:

Load Total loading= 3015.4988KN

Serviceability load

41
Design axial load (N) = 1.0Gk + 1.0Qk = 1*1659.7601KN +1*432.3967 KN=2092.1568
KN

N 2092.1568
Plan area of base= = =6.97 m2
bearing capacity of soil 300

Hence provide a 2.8 m square base (plan area = 6.97m2)

Self-weight of footing

Assume the overall depth of footing (h) = 500 mm

Self-weight of footing

Assume the overall depth of footing (h) = 500 mm

Self-weight of footing = area × h × density of concrete

=24 × 0.5 × 6.97= 83.64 KN

Total ultimate load (W) = 1.4Gk + 1.6Qk = 3015.4988KN

By inserting data in PROKON design continued as follow

Table 25: Input: (for footing in prokon software)

41
 Table 26: Design of footing

Table 27: shows how the reinforcements are arranged and their dimension as it is
designed.

41
 Figure 17: Footing section

4.4. Bill of quantity

Table 28: Summary of bills of quantities

No Names Sub/total cost estimation (Rwandan francs

41
 (RWF)

1 Ground floor 669,886,020

2 First floor 585525320

3 Second floor 585525320

4 Third floor 585525320

5 Fourth floor 801651320

Total cost 3,198,987,485

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusion

The objective of performing this project which was architectural and structural design of
modern Ruhengeri referral hospital have been achieved, as the design of architectural
drawing has been provided using Archicad 20 and the design of structural elements were
designed and calculated using ETABS and prokon for foundation and British standard has
been used, the map of the site has been done using arc GIS and at the end the cost of the
whole project has been estimated. The analysis of every structural member begins with
the evaluation of all loads that are waiting to be carried by the structure including its self-
weight. The structural design of the hospital has shown that the design steel
reinforcement to be arranged in the slab of the biggest panel was ϕ10/m along short span
and ϕ10/m along long span, while for critical beam the design steel reinforcements was
4D20 at the top and4D12 at bottom.

5.2. Recommendations

During implementation of this project, the following recommendation needs to be

recognized: INES-Ruhengeri is recommended to give students sufficient project, skills

41
for some software for each course related to the project such as Reinforced Concrete
Design, Steel and Timber Design, Bridge.

As referral hospital serves many patients, so ministry of health in Rwanda are

recommended to replace the existing building because existing one are not on standard
and are not meet with referral hospital facilities.

Other researchers also are recommended to give their contribution on this project by
working on remaining items such as sanitation and electrical installations of the building
and design, septic tank and waste water treatment plant in Ruhengeri referral hospital. It
is recommended to the other students of INES-Ruhengeri and others students from higher
learning universities to use the findings from this research for the further studies.

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41
APPENDICES

41
Appendix A: sectional areas of groups of bars (mm2)

41
Appendix B: coefficients related to the design of members subjected to bending moment

Ξ ⍺m = M ɳ Ξ ⍺m = M ɳ

Rb*.b*h2 Rb*.b*h2
0.01 0.010 0.995 0.37 0.302 0.815
0.02 0.020 0.990 0.38 0.308 0.810
0.03 0.030 0.985 0.39 0.314 0.805
0.04 0.039 0.980 0.40 0.320 0.800
0.05 0.049 0.975 0.41 0.326 0.795
0.06 0.058 0.970 0.42 0.332 0.790
0.07 0.068 0.965 0.43 0.338 0.785
0.08 0.077 0.960 0.44 0.343 0.780
0.09 0.086 0.955 0.45 0.349 0.775
0.10 0.095 0.950 0.46 0.354 0.770
0.11 0.104 0.945 0.47 0.360 0.765
0.12 0.113 0.940 0.48 0.365 0.760
0.13 0.122 0.935 0.49 0.370 0.755
0.14 0.130 0.930 0.50 0.375 0.750
0.15 0.139 0.925 0.51 0.380 0.745
0.16 0.147 0.920 0.52 0.385 0.740
0.17 0.156 0.915 0.53 0.390 0.735
0.18 0.164 0.910 0.54 0.394 0.730
0.19 0.172 0.905 0.55 0.399 0.725
0.20 0.180 0.900 0.56 0.403 0.720
0.21 0.188 0.895 0.57 0.408 0.715
0.22 0.196 0.890 0.58 0.412 0.710
0.23 0.204 0.885 0.59 0.416 0.705
0.24 0.211 0.880 0.60 0.420 0.700
0.25 0.219 0.875 0.61 0.424 0.695
0.26 0.226 0.870 0.62 0.428 0.690
0.27 0.234 0.865 0.63 0.432 0.685
0.28 0.241 0.860 0.64 0.435 0.680
0.29 0.248 0.855 0.65 0.439 0.675
0.30 0.255 0.850 0.66 0.442 0.670
0.31 0.262 0.845 0.67 0.446 0.665
0.32 0.269 0.840 0.68 0.449 0.660
0.33 0.276 0.835 0.69 0.452 0.655
0.34 0.282 0.830 0.70 0.455 0.650
0.35 0.289 0.825
0.36 0.295 0.820

41
Appendix C: Coefficients related to the design of slabs

Msx=⍺sx*ɳ*lx2
May= ⍺sy* ɳ*lx2

41
 Fixed side
Pined side
Long side

Short side

Appendix D: Values of Asv/Sv

Appendix F: Bill of quantity

STOREY 1: GROUND FLOOR

COD DESCRIPTION OF UNIT QUANTIT U.P. T.P.
E WORKS / Y
ACTIVITIES
I PRELIMINARY
WORK
1 Demolition and ls 1 6000000 8000000
evacuation of existing
building
2 Site installation ls 1 16300000 16300000
3 Earthworks m³ 1608.6 3000 4825815

41
 S/TOTAL 29125815
II FOUNDATION
EXCAVATION
1 Trench excavation m³ 427.68 2000 855360
2 excavation for footing m³ 53.67 2000 107340
(pad foundation
3 bases concrete m³ 83.09 15000 1246350
4 foundation in masonry m³ 269.55 20000 5391000
stone joined by cement
mortar
5 Cap on foundation m³ 443.44 7000 3104080
6 damp proof m³ 280.79 2000 886880
7 Back filling m³ 158.13 2000 316260
S/TOTAL 11109070
III REINFORCED
CONCRETE
1 Reinforced concrete for m3 66.56 7000 465920
blinding concrete
2 Reinforced concrete for m³ 24.86 380000 6960800
footings
3 Reinforced concrete for m³ 53.67 380000 15027600
sub column
4 Reinforced concrete for m³ 101.91 380000 28534800
beam
5 Reinforced concrete for m³ 51.22 380000 14341600
column
6 Reinforced concrete for m³ 700.43 380000 196120400
slabs
7 Reinforced concrete for m³ 7 380000 1960000
stairs
8 Reinforced concrete m³ 4.42 380000 12376600

41
 ramp
S/TOTAL 275787720
IV Masonry
1 Elevation masonry with m³ 738.57 58000 42837060
backed brick. Wall
thickness=20cm related
to cement mortar, dosed
at 250kg/m3
S/TOTAL 42837060
V FURNITURE
1 Wooden door with pcs 6 120000 720000
glass transom (75x330)
2 Interior wooden door pcs 2 70000 140000
with frames(90x330)
3 Interior wooden door pcs 2 150000 300000
with frames(300x330)
4 Metallic door pcs 1 220000 220000
(250x330)
5 Metallic door pcs 1 210000 210000
(230x330)
6 Metallic door pcs 3 165000 495000
(130x240)
7 Metallic door pcs 1 170000 170000
(140x240)
8 Metallic door pcs 2 180000 360000
(180x240)
9 Metallic door pcs 1 205000 205000
(300x210)
10 Metallic door pcs 1 195000 195000
(208x210)

41
11 Metallic door pcs 1 200000 200000
(350x210)
12 Metallic door pcs 1 215000 215000
(397x210)
13 Metallic door pcs 1 250000 250000
(481x210)
14 Metallic door pcs 1 245000 245000
(270x240)
15 Metallic door pcs 3 190000 190000
(180x330)
16 Metallic door pcs 1 180000 180000
(210x210)
17 Metallic door pcs 3 230000 690000
(400x210)
18 Metallic door pcs 2 255000 510000
(400x319)
19 Metallic door pcs 1 265000 265000
(500x319)
20 Metallic door pcs 1 175000 175000
(150x210)
21 Metallic door pcs 1 170000 170000
(120x240)
22 Metallic door pcs 1 175000 175000
(257x210)
23 Metallic door pcs 1 215000 215000
(400x250)
24 Metallic door pcs 1 130000 130000
(127x240)
25 Curved window 20 pcs 1 200000 200000
(482x137)
26 Curved Window 20 pcs 1 65000 65000

41
 (100x139)
27 Curved Window 20 pcs 1 120000 120000
(192x139)
28 Single-Hung Triple pcs 4 140000 560000
Window 20 (280x290)
29 Single-Hung Triple pcs 1 155000 155000
Window 20 (320x290)
30 Single-Hung Triple pcs 1 190000 190000
Window 20
(400x290)
31 Single-Hung Triple pcs 1 210000 210000
Window 20
(500x290)
32 Ventilation window pcs 50 35000 1750000
(50x30)
S/total 9875000
VI PLASTERING
1 Hardcore filling to m² 465.79 25000.00 11644750
under walkways and
ground floor slab.
2 Sand and cement m² 4657.97 2500 11644925
mortar rendering to
walkways and ground
floor slab.
3 Sand and cement m² 4669.54 2500 11673850
mortar rendering to slab
soffit. (ceiling)
4 Plastering internal & m² 4232.37 2500 10580925
external wall and beams
5 Tiles in the toilet m² 470.28 15,000 7054200

41
6 Tiles on the slab m² 4232.52 20,000 84650400
S/TOTAL 125575200
VII PAINTING
1 painting of, column, m² 767.4 3,500 2659900
and beam (double side)
2 Painting interior & m² 3721.07 2000 7442140
exterior wall
3 Painting of door and m² 890 2,250 2002500
window
S/TOTAL 12104540
SANITARY DETAILS
1 Wash hand basin pcs 32 75,000 2,400,000
2 Toilet pcs 32 140,000 4,480,000
3 Shower pcs 32 85,000 2,720,000
S/total 9,600,000
X ELECTRICAL
INSTALLATION
1 Electrical cables and FF 1 5500000 5,500,000
conduits
2 Socket pcs 130 1,500 195,000
3 Lamps pcs 130 1,000 130,000
S/total VII 5,825,000
XII CEILING
1 wooden ceiling m² 4669.54 20,000 93390800
XIII RAILS
1 Rail grassed frame m 162 65,000 10530000
GROUND FLOOR 640760205.00
TOTAL
STORY 2
I REINFORCED

41
 CONCRETE
1 Reinforced concrete for m³ 101.91 380000 28534800
beam
2 Reinforced concrete for m³ 51.22 380000 14341600
column
3 Reinforced concrete for m³ 700.43 380000 196120400
slabs
4 Reinforced concrete for m³ 7 380000 1960000
stairs
5 Reinforced concrete m³ 4.42 380000 12376600
ramp
S/TOTAL 275787720
II Masonry
1 Elevation masonry with m³ 738.57 58000 42837060
backed brick. Wall
thickness=20cm related
to cement mortar, dosed
at 250kg/m3
S/TOTAL 42837060
III FURNITURE
1 Wooden door with pcs 6 120000 720000
glass transom (75x330)
2 Interior wooden door pcs 2 70000 140000
with frames(90x330)
3 Interior wooden door pcs 2 150000 300000
with frames(300x330)
4 Metallic door pcs 1 220000 220000
(250x330)
5 Metallic door pcs 1 210000 210000
(230x330)

41
6 Metallic door pcs 3 165000 495000
(130x240)
7 Metallic door pcs 1 170000 170000
(140x240)
8 Metallic door pcs 2 180000 360000
(180x240)
9 Metallic door pcs 1 205000 205000
(300x210)
10 Metallic door pcs 1 195000 195000
(208x210)
11 Metallic door pcs 1 200000 200000
(350x210)
12 Metallic door pcs 1 215000 215000
(397x210)
13 Metallic door pcs 1 250000 250000
(481x210)
14 Metallic door pcs 1 245000 245000
(270x240)
15 Metallic door pcs 3 190000 190000
(180x330)
16 Metallic door pcs 1 180000 180000
(210x210)
17 Metallic door pcs 3 230000 690000
(400x210)
18 Metallic door pcs 2 255000 510000
(400x319)
19 Metallic door pcs 1 265000 265000
(500x319)
20 Metallic door pcs 1 175000 175000
(150x210)
21 Metallic door pcs 1 170000 170000

41
 (120x240)
22 Metallic door pcs 1 175000 175000
(257x210)
23 Metallic door pcs 1 215000 215000
(400x250)
24 Metallic door pcs 1 130000 130000
(127x240)
25 Curved window 20 pcs 1 200000 200000
(482x137)
26 Curved Window 20 pcs 1 65000 65000
(100x139)
27 Curved Window 20 pcs 1 120000 120000
(192x139)
28 Single-Hung Triple pcs 4 140000 560000
Window 20 (280x290)
29 Single-Hung Triple pcs 1 155000 155000
Window 20 (320x290)
30 Single-Hung Triple pcs 1 190000 190000
Window 20
(400x290)
31 Single-Hung Triple pcs 1 210000 210000
Window 20
(500x290)
32 Ventilation window pcs 50 35000 1750000
(50x30)
S/total 9875000
IV PLASTERING
1 Hardcore filling to m² 465.79 25000.00 11644750
under walkways and
ground floor slab.

41
2 Sand and cement m² 4657.97 2500 11644925
mortar rendering to
walkways and ground
floor slab.
3 Sand and cement m² 4669.54 2500 11673850
mortar rendering to slab
soffit. (ceiling)
4 Plastering internal & m² 4232.37 2500 10580925
external wall and beams
5 Tiles in the toilet m² 470.28 15,000 7054200
6 Tiles on the slab m² 4232.52 20,000 84650400
S/TOTAL 125575200
V PAINTING
1 painting of, column, m² 767.4 3,500 2659900
and beam (double side)
2 Painting interior & m² 3721.07 2000 7442140
exterior wall
3 Painting of door and m² 890 2,250 2002500
window
S/TOTAL 12104540
VI SANITARY DETAILS
1 Wash hand basin pcs 32 75,000 2,400,000
2 Toilet pcs 32 140,000 4,480,000
3 Shower pcs 32 85,000 2,720,000
S/total 9,600,000
VII ELECTRICAL
INSTALLATION
1 Electrical cables and FF 1 5500000 5,500,000
conduits
2 Socket pcs 130 1,500 195,000

41
3 Lamps pcs 130 1,000 130,000
S/total VII 5,825,000
VIII CEILING
1 wooden ceiling m² 4669.54 20,000 93390800
IX RAILS
1 Rail grassed frame m 162 65,000 10530000
STORY 2 TOTAL 585525320
STORY 3
I REINFORCED
CONCRETE
1 Reinforced concrete for m³ 101.91 380000 28534800
beam
2 Reinforced concrete for m³ 51.22 380000 14341600
column
3 Reinforced concrete for m³ 700.43 380000 196120400
slabs
4 Reinforced concrete for m³ 7 380000 1960000
stairs
5 Reinforced concrete m³ 4.42 380000 12376600
ramp
S/TOTAL 275787720
II Masonry
1 Elevation masonry with m³ 738.57 58000 42837060
backed brick. Wall
thickness=20cm related
to cement mortar, dosed
at 250kg/m3
S/TOTAL 42837060
III FURNITURE
1 Wooden door with pcs 6 120000 720000

41
 glass transom (75x330)
2 Interior wooden door pcs 2 70000 140000
with frames(90x330)
3 Interior wooden door pcs 2 150000 300000
with frames(300x330)
4 Metallic door pcs 1 220000 220000
(250x330)
5 Metallic door pcs 1 210000 210000
(230x330)
6 Metallic door pcs 3 165000 495000
(130x240)
7 Metallic door pcs 1 170000 170000
(140x240)
8 Metallic door pcs 2 180000 360000
(180x240)
9 Metallic door pcs 1 205000 205000
(300x210)
10 Metallic door pcs 1 195000 195000
(208x210)
11 Metallic door pcs 1 200000 200000
(350x210)
12 Metallic door pcs 1 215000 215000
(397x210)
13 Metallic door pcs 1 250000 250000
(481x210)
14 Metallic door pcs 1 245000 245000
(270x240)
15 Metallic door pcs 3 190000 190000
(180x330)
16 Metallic door pcs 1 180000 180000

41
 (210x210)
17 Metallic door pcs 3 230000 690000
(400x210)
18 Metallic door pcs 2 255000 510000
(400x319)
19 Metallic door pcs 1 265000 265000
(500x319)
20 Metallic door pcs 1 175000 175000
(150x210)
21 Metallic door pcs 1 170000 170000
(120x240)
22 Metallic door pcs 1 175000 175000
(257x210)
23 Metallic door pcs 1 215000 215000
(400x250)
24 Metallic door pcs 1 130000 130000
(127x240)
25 Curved window 20 pcs 1 200000 200000
(482x137)
26 Curved Window 20 pcs 1 65000 65000
(100x139)
27 Curved Window 20 pcs 1 120000 120000
(192x139)
28 Single-Hung Triple pcs 4 140000 560000
Window 20 (280x290)
29 Single-Hung Triple pcs 1 155000 155000
Window 20 (320x290)
30 Single-Hung Triple pcs 1 190000 190000
Window 20
(400x290)
31 Single-Hung Triple pcs 1 210000 210000

41
 Window 20
(500x290)
32 Ventilation window pcs 50 35000 1750000
(50x30)
S/total 9875000
IV PLASTERING
1 Hardcore filling to m² 465.79 25000.00 11644750
under walkways and
ground floor slab.
2 Sand and cement m² 4657.97 2500 11644925
mortar rendering to
walkways and ground
floor slab.
3 Sand and cement m² 4669.54 2500 11673850
mortar rendering to slab
soffit. (ceiling)
4 Plastering internal & m² 4232.37 2500 10580925
external wall and beams
5 Tiles in the toilet m² 470.28 15,000 7054200
6 Tiles on the slab m² 4232.52 20,000 84650400
S/TOTAL 125575200
V PAINTING
1 painting of, column, m² 767.4 3,500 2659900
and beam (double side)
2 Painting interior & m² 3721.07 2000 7442140
exterior wall
3 Painting of door and m² 890 2,250 2002500
window
S/TOTAL 12104540
VI SANITARY DETAILS

41
1 Wash hand basin pcs 32 75,000 2,400,000
2 Toilet pcs 32 140,000 4,480,000
3 Shower pcs 32 85,000 2,720,000
S/total 9,600,000
VII ELECTRICAL
INSTALLATION
1 Electrical cables and FF 1 5500000 5,500,000
conduits
2 Socket pcs 130 1,500 195,000
3 Lamps pcs 130 1,000 130,000
S/total VII 5,825,000
VIII CEILING
1 wooden ceiling m² 4669.54 20,000 93390800
IX RAILS
1 Rail grassed frame m 162 65,000 10530000
STORY 3 TOTAL 585525320
STORY 4
I REINFORCED
CONCRETE
1 Reinforced concrete for m³ 101.91 380000 28534800
beam
2 Reinforced concrete for m³ 51.22 380000 14341600
column
3 Reinforced concrete for m³ 700.43 380000 196120400
slabs
4 Reinforced concrete for m³ 7 380000 1960000
stairs
5 Reinforced concrete m³ 4.42 380000 12376600
ramp
S/TOTAL 275787720

41
II Masonry
1 Elevation masonry with m³ 738.57 58000 42837060
backed brick. Wall
thickness=20cm related
to cement mortar, dosed
at 250kg/m3
S/TOTAL 42837060
III FURNITURE
1 Wooden door with pcs 6 120000 720000
glass transom (75x330)
2 Interior wooden door pcs 2 70000 140000
with frames(90x330)
3 Interior wooden door pcs 2 150000 300000
with frames(300x330)
4 Metallic door pcs 1 220000 220000
(250x330)
5 Metallic door pcs 1 210000 210000
(230x330)
6 Metallic door pcs 3 165000 495000
(130x240)
7 Metallic door pcs 1 170000 170000
(140x240)
8 Metallic door pcs 2 180000 360000
(180x240)
9 Metallic door pcs 1 205000 205000
(300x210)
10 Metallic door pcs 1 195000 195000
(208x210)
11 Metallic door pcs 1 200000 200000
(350x210)
12 Metallic door pcs 1 215000 215000

41
 (397x210)
13 Metallic door pcs 1 250000 250000
(481x210)
14 Metallic door pcs 1 245000 245000
(270x240)
15 Metallic door pcs 3 190000 190000
(180x330)
16 Metallic door pcs 1 180000 180000
(210x210)
17 Metallic door pcs 3 230000 690000
(400x210)
18 Metallic door pcs 2 255000 510000
(400x319)
19 Metallic door pcs 1 265000 265000
(500x319)
20 Metallic door pcs 1 175000 175000
(150x210)
21 Metallic door pcs 1 170000 170000
(120x240)
22 Metallic door pcs 1 175000 175000
(257x210)
23 Metallic door pcs 1 215000 215000
(400x250)
24 Metallic door pcs 1 130000 130000
(127x240)
25 Curved window 20 pcs 1 200000 200000
(482x137)
26 Curved Window 20 pcs 1 65000 65000
(100x139)
27 Curved Window 20 pcs 1 120000 120000

41
 (192x139)
28 Single-Hung Triple pcs 4 140000 560000
Window 20 (280x290)
29 Single-Hung Triple pcs 1 155000 155000
Window 20 (320x290)
30 Single-Hung Triple pcs 1 190000 190000
Window 20
(400x290)
31 Single-Hung Triple pcs 1 210000 210000
Window 20
(500x290)
32 Ventilation window pcs 50 35000 1750000
(50x30)
S/total 9875000
IV PLASTERING
1 Hardcore filling to m² 465.79 25000.00 11644750
under walkways and
ground floor slab.
2 Sand and cement m² 4657.97 2500 11644925
mortar rendering to
walkways and ground
floor slab.
3 Sand and cement m² 4669.54 2500 11673850
mortar rendering to slab
soffit. (ceiling)
4 Plastering internal & m² 4232.37 2500 10580925
external wall and beams
5 Tiles in the toilet m² 470.28 15,000 7054200
6 Tiles on the slab m² 4232.52 20,000 84650400
S/TOTAL 125575200

41
V PAINTING
1 painting of, column, m² 767.4 3,500 2659900
and beam (double side)
2 Painting interior & m² 3721.07 2000 7442140
exterior wall
3 Painting of door and m² 890 2,250 2002500
window
S/TOTAL 12104540
VI SANITARY DETAILS
1 Wash hand basin pcs 32 75,000 2,400,000
2 Toilet pcs 32 140,000 4,480,000
3 Shower pcs 32 85,000 2,720,000
S/total 9,600,000
VII ELECTRICAL
INSTALLATION
1 Electrical cables and FF 1 5500000 5,500,000
conduits
2 Socket pcs 130 1,500 195,000
3 Lamps pcs 130 1,000 130,000
S/total VII 5,825,000
VIII CEILING
1 wooden ceiling m² 4669.54 20,000 93390800
IX RAILS
1 Rail grassed frame m 162 65,000 10530000
STORY 4 TOTAL 585525320
STORY 5
I REINFORCED
CONCRETE
1 Reinforced concrete for m³ 101.91 380000 28534800
beam

41
2 Reinforced concrete for m³ 51.22 380000 14341600
column
3 Reinforced concrete for m³ 700.43 380000 196120400
slabs
4 Reinforced concrete for m³ 7 380000 1960000
stairs
5 Reinforced concrete m³ 4.42 380000 12376600
ramp
S/TOTAL 275787720
II Masonry
1 Elevation masonry with m³ 738.57 58000 42837060
backed brick. Wall
thickness=20cm related
to cement mortar, dosed
at 250kg/m3
S/TOTAL 42837060
III FURNITURE
1 Wooden door with pcs 6 120000 720000
glass transom (75x330)
2 Interior wooden door pcs 2 70000 140000
with frames(90x330)
3 Interior wooden door pcs 2 150000 300000
with frames(300x330)
4 Metallic door pcs 1 220000 220000
(250x330)
5 Metallic door pcs 1 210000 210000
(230x330)
6 Metallic door pcs 3 165000 495000
(130x240)
7 Metallic door pcs 1 170000 170000

41
 (140x240)
8 Metallic door pcs 2 180000 360000
(180x240)
9 Metallic door pcs 1 205000 205000
(300x210)
10 Metallic door pcs 1 195000 195000
(208x210)
11 Metallic door pcs 1 200000 200000
(350x210)
12 Metallic door pcs 1 215000 215000
(397x210)
13 Metallic door pcs 1 250000 250000
(481x210)
14 Metallic door pcs 1 245000 245000
(270x240)
15 Metallic door pcs 3 190000 190000
(180x330)
16 Metallic door pcs 1 180000 180000
(210x210)
17 Metallic door pcs 3 230000 690000
(400x210)
18 Metallic door pcs 2 255000 510000
(400x319)
19 Metallic door pcs 1 265000 265000
(500x319)
20 Metallic door pcs 1 175000 175000
(150x210)
21 Metallic door pcs 1 170000 170000
(120x240)
22 Metallic door pcs 1 175000 175000

41
 (257x210)
23 Metallic door pcs 1 215000 215000
(400x250)
24 Metallic door pcs 1 130000 130000
(127x240)
25 Curved window 20 pcs 1 200000 200000
(482x137)
26 Curved Window 20 pcs 1 65000 65000
(100x139)
27 Curved Window 20 pcs 1 120000 120000
(192x139)
28 Single-Hung Triple pcs 4 140000 560000
Window 20 (280x290)
29 Single-Hung Triple pcs 1 155000 155000
Window 20 (320x290)
30 Single-Hung Triple pcs 1 190000 190000
Window 20
(400x290)
31 Single-Hung Triple pcs 1 210000 210000
Window 20
(500x290)
32 Ventilation window pcs 50 35000 1750000
(50x30)
S/total 9875000
IV PLASTERING
1 Hardcore filling to m² 465.79 25000.00 11644750
under walkways and
ground floor slab.
2 Sand and cement m² 4657.97 2500 11644925
mortar rendering to

41
 walkways and ground
floor slab.
3 Sand and cement m² 4669.54 2500 11673850
mortar rendering to slab
soffit. (ceiling)
4 Plastering internal & m² 4232.37 2500 10580925
external wall and beams
5 Tiles in the toilet m² 470.28 15,000 7054200
6 Tiles on the slab m² 4232.52 20,000 84650400
S/TOTAL 125575200
V PAINTING
1 painting of, column, m² 767.4 3,500 2659900
and beam (double side)
2 Painting interior & m² 3721.07 2000 7442140
exterior wall
3 Painting of door and m² 890 2,250 2002500
window
S/TOTAL 12104540
VI SANITARY DETAILS
1 Wash hand basin pcs 32 75,000 2,400,000
2 Toilet pcs 32 140,000 4,480,000
3 Shower pcs 32 85,000 2,720,000
S/total 9,600,000
VII ELECTRICAL
INSTALLATION
1 Electrical cables and FF 1 5500000 5,500,000
conduits
2 Socket pcs 130 1,500 195,000
3 Lamps pcs 130 1,000 130,000
S/total VII 5,825,000

41
VIII CEILING
1 wooden ceiling m² 4669.54 20,000 93390800
IX RAILS
1 Rail grassed frame m 162 65,000 10530000
X PARRAPET WALL
Bricks parrapet wall m³ 70.64 75000 5298000
XI ROOF
concrete roof m³ 702.76 300000 210828000
STORY 5 TOAL 801651320
TOTAL 3,228,113,300
UNEXPECTED 10% 322,811,330
GENERAL TOTAL 3,550,924,630

41
Appendix F: Perspective view

41
Appendix G: Master plan

41