MAE 450-01, FA 2022
INTRODUCTION TO HEAT & MASS TRANSFER
Lecture 3
Energy Balance in Heat Transfer
Dr. Guangsheng Zhang
The University of Alabama in Huntsville
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Conduction: in a solid or a stationary fluid (gas or liquid) due to the random
motion of its constituent atoms, molecules and /or electrons. More details in
Chapters 2 to 5.
Convection: due to the combined influence of bulk random motion for fluid flow
over a surface. More details in Chapters 6 to 11.
Radiation: energy that is emitted by matter due to changes in the electron
configurations of its atoms or molecules and is transported as electromagnetic
waves (or photons). More details in Chapters 12 and 13.
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How to quantify heat transfer?
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FIGURE 1.5 Convection heat transfer processes.
(a) Forced convection. (b) Natural convection.
(c) Boiling. (d) Condensation. 7
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EXAMPLE 1.4 A long conducting rod of diameter D and electrical resistance per unit length
𝑹′𝒆 is initially in thermal equilibrium with the ambient air and its surroundings. This equilibrium
is disturbed when an electrical current I is passed through the rod. Develop an equation that
could be used to compute the variation of the rod temperature with time during the passage of
the current.
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EXAMPLE 1.4 A long conducting rod of diameter D and electrical resistance per unit length
𝑹′𝒆 is initially in thermal equilibrium with the ambient air and its surroundings. This equilibrium
is disturbed when an electrical current I is passed through the rod. Develop an equation that
could be used to compute the variation of the rod temperature with time during the passage of
the current.
Known: Temperature of a rod of prescribed diameter and electrical resistance changes with time due to
passage of an electrical current.
Find: Equation that governs temperature change with time for the rod.
Schematic:
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EXAMPLE 1.6 Humans are able to control their rates of heat production and heat loss to maintain a nearly constant
core temperature of Tc = 37°C under a wide range of environmental conditions. This process is called
thermoregulation. From the perspective of calculating heat transfer between a human body and its surroundings, we
focus on a layer of skin and fat, with its outer surface exposed to the environment and its inner surface at a
temperature slightly less than the core temperature, Ti = 35°C = 308 K. Consider a person with a skin/fat layer of
thickness L = 3 mm and effective thermal conductivity k = 0.3 W/m·K. The person has a surface area A =1.8 m2 and is
dressed in a bathing suit. The emissivity of the skin is ε = 0.95.
1. When the person is in still air at T∞ = 297 K, what is the skin surface temperature and rate of heat loss to the
environment? Convection heat transfer to the air is characterized by a free convection coefficient of h = 2 W/m2 · K.
2. When the person is in water at T∞ = 297 K, what is the skin surface temperature and rate of heat loss? Heat transfer
to the water is characterized by a convection coefficient of h = 200 W/m2·K.
Known: Inner surface temperature of a skin/fat layer of known thickness, thermal conductivity, emissivity, and
surface area. Ambient conditions.
Find: Skin surface temperature and rate of heat loss for the person in air and the person in water.
Schematic:
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Assumptions:
1. Steady-state conditions.
2. One-dimensional heat transfer by conduction through the skin/fat layer.
3. Thermal conductivity is uniform.
4. In part 1, radiation exchange between the skin surface and the surroundings is
between a small surface and a large enclosure at the air temperature.
5. Liquid water is opaque to thermal radiation.
6. Bathing suit has no effect on heat loss from body.
7. Solar radiation is negligible.
8. Body is completely immersed in water in part 2.
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