KENDRIYA VIDYLAYA NO.
2
DELHICANTT
2019 2020
PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
SUBMITTED BY:- ASHISH KUMAR
CLASS :- XII "A"
SUBMITTED TO:-MR. C.S. JHA
CERTIFICATE
This is hereby to certify that, the original and genuine
investigation work has been carried out to investigate
about the subject matter and the related data collection
and investigation has been completed solely, sincerely
and satisfactorily by ASHISH KUMAR of class XII-A
Kendriya Vidyalaya No.2 Delhi Cantt, regarding his
project titled "RECTIFIER", under the guidance of
Mr. C.S. JHA, PGT(Physics) during the academic year
2019-2020
Mr. C.S. JHA EXTERNAL EXAMINER
PGT (Physics)
AKCNOWLEDGEMENT
It would be my utmost pleasure to express my sincere
thanks to My Physics Teacher Mr. C.S. JHA in providing
a helping hand in this project. Their valuable guidance
support and supervision all through this project titled
RECTIFIER", are responsible for attaining its present
form. This project also bears an imprint of many other
people. I sincerely thank to my project guide and
Mr. Prem Pal (Lab Attendant) for guidance and
encouragement in carrying out this project work.
ASHISH KUMAR
Kendriya Vidyalaya No. 2
Delhi Cantt
AIM
To construct a Full Wave Bridge rectifier and show
that the (AC) alternating current is rectified into a
direct current (DC).
The ainm is to -
1. Understand Rectification.
2. Explain center tapped full
wave rectification.
3. Explain Bridge Full
Wave Rectification.
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. THEORY
3. MATERIALS REQUIRED
4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
5. PROCEDURE
6. WORKING
7. OBSERVATIONS &
RESULT
8, CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAHY
INTRODUCTION
A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating
current (AC), which periodically reverses direction, to direct
current (DC), which flows in only one direction. The process is
known as rectification. Rectification produces a type of DC
that encompasses active voltages and currents, which are then
adjusted into a type of constant voltage DC, although this
varies depending on the current's end-use. The current is
allowed to flow uninterrupted in one direction, and no current
isallowed to flow in the opposite direction.
Physically, rectifiers take a number of forms, including
vaccum tube diodes, mercury-arc valves, copper and selenium
oxide rectifiers, semiconductor diodes, silicon-controlled
rectifiers and other silicon-based semiconductor switches.
Rectifier circuits may be single-phase or multi-phase. Most
low power rectifiers for domestic equipment are single-phase,
but three-phase rectification is very important for industrial
applications and for the transmission of energy as DC.
THEORY
positive or negative hal:
rectification, either the
In half wave while the other half is blocked.
passed,
of the AC wave is input waveform reaches the
Because only one half
of the
if used for power transfer.
inefficient
output, it is very half-wave, but
exactly the same as the
A full-wave rectifier is through the load during the entire
current
allows unidirectional half the cycle in the half
opposed to only
sinusoidal cycle (as the whole of the input
converts
wave). A full-wave rectifier (positive or negative) at
of constant polarity
waveform to one rectifier example and
our half wave
its output. Let us see that this rectifier circuit
deduce the circuit. So, we have seen
two sources which have a phase difference along
consists of
When V1 is positive, V2 is negative. Hence
with two diodes.
be a short and the bottom diode will be an
the top diode will
the other hand, when Vsl is negative, Vs2 is positive.
open. On diode will be an
Hence the bottom diode willbe on and the top
open circuit.
A full-wave rectifier can be constructed using Center-Tapped
transformer - which give us two shifted sinusoids so that
exactly one of the waveforms is positive at one time and two
diodes. As compared to the half wave rectifier we use two
diodes instead of one,one of the two diodes remains in
conduction in both of the half cycles. At any point in time,
only one of the diodes is forward biased. This allows for
continuous conduction through load.
)
MATERIALS REQUIRED
Connecting Wires
A Plug
Single lead wire - 2m
Three Nuts & Bolts 2-3 cm length
Circuit board
A Transformer (12 V)
A Resistor
p-n junction diode (4 nos)
A LED
Insulation Tape, Blades, Soldering Wax,
Paper
Soldering Iron, Soldering Lead & Sand
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Circuit diagram of afull wave rectifier:
00 Vsm
’A
Ac(v) Oyolit
Vsm
Load
PROCEDURE
Take the transformer and attach it to one end of the
circuit board. Attach the plug with the wire of
desired length and connect it to the transformer AC.
Now, take four diodes and connect the 4 diodes into
loop. Connect the anode of diode Dl to the anode
a
of D2.
Connect the cathode of D2 to anode of D3 connect
the cathode of D3to anode of D4 and connect the
anode of D4 to cathode of DI. The output of
transformers should be connected to A and C.
Now,
two capacitor and connect its -ve terminal to
take
connect both
negative and +ve terminal to +ve. And
capacitors to B
and D. Connect a resistor and a
the
from the
LED to the capacitor. Attach wire
device.
capacitors and connect it to the output
WORKING
When the AC is supplied to the transformer, it step
the 240V main supply to 12V. It has a capability of down
delivering 700mA. The 12 volts AC appearing across the
secondary is the RMS value. The four diodes labelled D1
to D4 are arranged in series pairs" with only
two
conducting current during each half cycle. The fourdiodes
diodes labelled D1 to D4 are arranged in series
with only two diodes conducting current during pairs"
each half
cycle. During the positive half cycle of the supply,
DI and D2 conduct in series while diodes D3 diodes
reverse biased and the current flows through the and D4 are
shown below. load as
The Positive Half-cycle
220 V D
12vTnansfoUner
During the negative half cycle of the supply, diodes D3
and D4 conduct in series, but diodes D1 and D2switch
"OFF" as they are now reverse biased. The current
flowing through the load is the same direction as before.
The Negative Half-cycle
220 V
D ADiode Resistotr
AC In
D
1av ranjomer Gpacilo
In subsequent Half cycles of the AC Current the above
process are repeated. In both the half cycles it is clear that
current flows through the resistor in only one direction.
Even though the voltage across load is unidirectional it
will still contains a few AC components. This is filtered
and made smooth using a capacitor, which filters 99% of
the AC current. A resistor is then used to adjust the output
voltage. Capacitor also nearly filters all AC components
from supply and resistance is adjusted for the required
output. As this is a simple circuit, two capacitors and one
resistor are being used. The output Direct Current and
voltage light up the LED and other source connected with
it.
OBSERVATION AND RESULT
On connecting a voltmeter to the output of bridge
circuit 12V current is coming.
INPUT VOLTAGE
OUTPUT VOLTAOE
V
RE
CONCLUSION
Rectifiers are found in all power supplies that
operate from an ac voltage source. Also the rectifier
is used as a power supply unit. The rectifier converts
the ac input voltage to a pulsating dc voltage. The
filter eliminates the fluctuations in the rectified
voltage and produces a relatively smooth dc voltage.
The regulator is a circuit that maintains a constant
voltage for variations in the input line voltage or in
the load.
Working of A Rectifier :
N VouT
VAC
BIBLIOGRAPHY
" Physics lab manual
Wikipedia
Pwww.g00gle.com
www.olabs.edu.in
