J. Fixed Point Theory Appl.

DOI 10.1007/s11784-017-0416-2 Journal of Fixed Point Theory

c Springer International Publishing 2017 and Applications

A note on the paper: “Nonlinear integral

equations with new admissibility types
in b-metric spaces”
Stojan Radenović, Tatjana Došenović, Vildan Ozturk
and Ćemal Dolićanin

Abstract. In this paper we consider, discuss and slightly complement

recent fixed point results for mappings in b-metric spaces established
by Sintunavarat (J Fixed Point Theory Appl 18:397–416, 2016). Thus,
all our results are with shorter proofs. In addition, an application to
integral equations is given to illustrate the usability of our approach.
Mathematics Subject Classification. 47H10, 54H25.
Keywords. Admissibility types, b-Metric spaces, b-Complete, b-Cauchy,
αs,ε -Contraction.

1. Introduction and preliminaries

Let X be a (nonempty) set and s ≥ 1 be a given real number. A function
d : X × X → [0, ∞) is called a b-metric on X if for all x, y, z ∈ X, it
satisfies d (x, y) = 0 if and only if x = y; d (x, y) = d (y, x) and d (x, z) ≤
s [d (x, y) + d (y, z)] . In this case, the pair (X, d) is called a b-metric space or
metric type space. Obviously, if s = 1 b-metric space is usual metric space.
Further, for more notions such as b-convergence, b-completeness, b-Cauchy
sequence in the framework of b-metric spaces, the reader is referred to [1–
3,5–21,23,26].
On the other hand, Khan et al. [15] introduced the concept of an altering
distance function, which is a control function that alters distance between two
points in a metric space (also see [22]); that is, a function ϕ : [0, ∞) → [0, ∞)
is called an altering distance function if the following properties hold:
(1) ϕ is continuous and nondecreasing;
(2) ϕ (t) = 0 if and only if t = 0.
 S. Radenović et al.

Recently Sintunavarat in [26] introduced A (X, α) and As (X, α) as two

kinds of α-admissible mapping as follows:
A (X, α) = {f : X → X : f is an α-admissible mapping} (1)
and with coefficient s
As (X, α) = {f : X → X : f is an α-admissible mapping type S} . (2)
Otherwise, from [25] it is well known the notion of α-admissible mapping as
the following.

Definition 1.1. [25] Let X be a nonempty set and let α : X × X → [0, ∞)

be a given mapping. A mapping f : X → X is said to be an α-admissible
mapping if the following condition holds:
x, y ∈ X with α (x, y) ≥ 1 ⇒ α (f x, f y) ≥ 1. (3)
In [26] Sintunavarat introduced the following:

Definition 1.2. Let X be a nonempty set, and let s be a given real number
such that s ≥ 1 and let α : X × X → [0, ∞) be a given mapping. A mapping
f : X → X is said to be an α-admissible mapping type S if the following
condition holds:
x, y ∈ X with α (x, y) ≥ s ⇒ α (f x, f y) ≥ s. (4)

The author of [26] also introduced the following two notions.

Definition 1.3. [26, Definition 2.5] Let X be a nonempty set and let α :
X × X → [0, ∞) be a given mapping. A mapping f : X → X is said to be a
weak α-admissible mapping type S if the following condition holds:
x ∈ X with α (x, f x) ≥ 1 ⇒ α (f x, f f x) ≥ 1. (5)

Definition 1.4. [26, Definition 2.6] Let X be a nonempty set and let α :
X × X → [0, ∞) be a given mapping. A mapping f : X → X is said to be a
weak α-admissible mapping type S if the following condition holds:
x ∈ X with α (x, f x) ≥ s ⇒ α (f x, f f x) ≥ s. (6)
For these two sets of the mappings we use the following symbols:
WA (X, α) := {f : X → X : f is a weak α-admissible mapping}
and
WAs (X, α) := {f : X → X : f is a weak α-admissible mapping type S} .
It is obvious that A (X, α) ⊆ WA (X, α) and As (X, α) ⊆ WAs (X, α) .

Recently, the author of [26] introduced and proved the following:

Definition 1.5. [26, Definition 2.8] Let (X, d) be a b-metric space with coef-
ficient s ≥ 1, let α : X × X → [0, ∞) be a given mapping and let
ψ, ϕ : [0, ∞) → [0, ∞) be two altering distance functions. Then a mapping
 Nonlinear integral equations. . .

f : X → X is an (α, ψ, ϕ)s -contraction mapping if the following condition

holds:
 
x, y ∈ X with α (x, y) ≥ s ⇒ ψ s3 d (f x, f y) ≤ ψ (Ms (x, y))−ϕ (Ms (x, y)) ,
(7)
where
 
d (x, f y) + d (y, f x)
Ms (x, y) := max d (x, y) , d (x, f x) , d (y, f y) , .
2s
By Ωs (X, α, ψ, ϕ)is denoted the collection of all (α, ψ, ϕ)s -contraction map-
pings on a b-metric space (X, d) with coefficient s ≥ 1.
Theorem 1.6. [26, Theorem 2.10] Let (X, d) be a b-complete b-metric space
with coefficient s ≥ 1, let ψ, ϕ : [0, ∞) → [0, ∞) be two altering distance
functions and let α : X × X → [0, ∞) and f : X → X be given mappings.
Suppose that the following conditions hold:
(S1 ) f ∈ Ωs (X, α, ψ, ϕ) ∩ WAs (X, α) ;
(S2 ) there exists x0 ∈ X such that α (x0 , f x0 ) ≥ s;
(S3 ) α has a transitive property type S, that is, for x, y, z ∈ X,
α (x, y) ≥ s and α (y, z) ≥ s ⇒ α (x, z) ≥ s;
(S4 ) f is b-continuous.
Then F ix (f ) = ∅.
Theorem 1.7. [26, Theorem 2.11] Let (X, d) be a b-complete b-metric space
with coefficient s ≥ 1, let ψ, ϕ : [0, ∞) → [0, ∞) be two altering distance
functions and let α : X × X → [0, ∞) and f : X → X be two given mappings.
Suppose that the following conditions hold:
(S1 ) f ∈ Ωs (X, α, ψ, ϕ) ∩ WAs (X, α) ;
(S2 ) there exists x0 ∈ X such that α (x0 , f x0 ) ≥ s;
(S3 ) α has a transitive property type S;
(S4 ) X is αs -regular, that is, if {xn } is a sequence in X such that
α (xn , xn+1 ) ≥ s
for all n ∈ N and xn → x as n → ∞, then α (xn , x) ≥ s for all n ∈ N.
Then F ix (f ) = ∅.
For the proofs of previous results, author of [26] used the following
crucial lemma:
Lemma 1.8. ([1], see also [26, Lemma 1.9].) Let (X, d) be a b-metric space with
coefficient s ≥ 1 and let {xn } and {yn } be b-convergent to points x, y ∈ X,
respectively. Then, we have
1
d (x, y) ≤ lim inf d (xn , yn ) ≤ lim supd (xn , yn ) ≤ s2 d (x, y) .
s2 n→∞ n→∞
In particular, if x = y, then we have limn→∞ d (xn , yn ) = 0. Moreover, for
each z ∈ X, we have
1
d (x, z) ≤ lim inf d (xn , z) ≤ lim supd (xn , z) ≤ sd (x, z) .
s n→∞ n→∞
 S. Radenović et al.

2. Main results
First, we introduce the following:
Definition 2.1. Let (X, d) be a b-metric space with coefficient s ≥ 1, let
α : X × X → [0, ∞) be a given mapping. We say that a mapping f : X → X
is an αs,ε -contraction mapping where ε > 1, if the following condition holds:
x, y ∈ X with α (x, y) ≥ s ⇒ s ε d (f x, f y) ≤ Ms (x, y) . (8)
In this section, we consider, generalize and improve the above results,
namely we announce the following new result.
Theorem 2.2. Let (X, d) be b-complete b-metric space with coefficient s > 1,
let α : X × X → [0, ∞) be a given mapping and f : X → X be an αs,ε -
contraction mapping, where ε > 1. Suppose that the following conditions
hold:
(s1 ) f ∈ WAs (X, α) ;
(s2 ) there exists x0 ∈ X such that α (x0 , f x0 ) ≥ s;
(s3 ) f is b-continuous.
Then F ix (f ) = ∅.
Proof. According to the given condition (s2 ), there exists x0 ∈ X such that
α (x0 , f x0 ) ≥ s. Further, we define Picard iteration sequence {xn } with
xn+1 = f xn for all n = 0, 1, 2, ....If there is n ∈ {0, 1, 2, ...} so that xn = xn+1 ,
then we obtain that xn ∈ F ix (f ) and hence the result holds. Therefore, we
assume that xn = xn+1 for all n ∈ {0, 1, 2, ...} . Hence, let d (xn , xn+1 ) > 0
for all n ∈ {0, 1, 2, ...} . Here we show that
d (xn , xn+1 ) ≤ λd (xn−1 , xn ) , (9)
1
for some λ ∈ [0, s ). It follows from (s1 ) and α (x0 , f x0 ) ≥ s that
α (xn , xn+1 ) ≥ s for all n ∈ {0, 1, 2, ...} (the proof is by the mathematical
induction). Now, since α (xn , xn+1 ) ≥ s for all n ∈ {0, 1, 2, . . .} we have by
(8) that
1
d (xn , xn+1 ) = d (f xn−1 , f xn ) ≤ ε Ms (xn−1 , xn )
 s 
1 d (xn−1 , xn+1 )
= ε max d (xn−1 , xn ) , d (xn , xn+1 ) ,
s 2s
1
≤ ε max {d (xn−1 , xn ) , d (xn , xn+1 )}} (10)
s
By (10) as well as by the fact that s ε > 1, the result follows, that is (9) holds,
where λ = s1ε ∈ [0, 1s ).
Now, according to [11, Lemma 3.1] we have that the sequence {xn } is
a Cauchy sequence. Since b-metric space (X, d) is b-complete we have that
d d
xn → x ∈ X, that is (by (s3 )) xn+1 = f xn → f x. Hence, f x = x, that is,
F ix (f ) = ∅. The proof of Theorem 2.2 is complete. 
Theorem 2.3. Let (X, d) be b-complete b-metric space with coefficient s > 1,
let α : X × X → [0, ∞) be a given mapping and f : X → X be an αs,ε -
contraction mapping, where ε > 1. Suppose that the following conditions hold:
 Nonlinear integral equations. . .

(s1 ) f ∈ WAs (X, α) ;

(s2 ) there exists x0 ∈ X such that α (x0 , f x0 ) ≥ s;
(s’3 ) X is αs -regular, that is, if {xn } is a sequence in X such that
d
α (xn , xn+1 ) ≥ s for all n ∈ {1, 2, ...} and xn → x as n → ∞, then
α (xn , x) ≥ s for all n ∈ {1, 2, . . .} .
Then F ix (f ) = ∅.
Proof. Following the lines of the proof of Theorem 2.2 we obtain that {xn }
is a b-Cauchy sequence in the b-complete b-metric space (X, d) . According
d
to the b-completeness of X, there is x ∈ X such that xn → x as n → ∞.
By αs -regularity of X, we have that α (xn , x) ≥ s for all n ∈ {1, 2, . . .} . If
x = f x we get
1
d (x, f x) ≤ d (x, xn+1 ) + d (f xn , f x)
s
1
≤ d (x, xn+1 ) + ε Ms (xn , x) , (11)
s
where
 
d (xn , f x) +d (xn+1 , x)
Ms (xn , x) = max d (xn , x) , d (xn , xn+1 ) , d (x, f x) ,
2s
≤ max {d (xn , x) , d (xn , xn+1 ) , d (x, f x) ,

d (xn , x) + d (x, f x) d (xn+1 , x)
× +
2 2s
 
d (x, f x)
→ max 0, 0, d (x, f x) ,
2
= d (x, f x) .}. (12)
From (11) and (12) we have got s ε ≤ s.
A contradiction. Hence, f x = x, that is, F ix (f ) = ∅. 
Remark 2.4. It is obvious that if s > 1 then Theorem 2.2 and Theorem 2.3
slight complement results of [26]. Moreover, because of ε > 1, our condition is
more general than the counterpart of [26]. Also, our proofs are shorter since
they have noting to do with Lemma 1.9. while the proofs of [26] are strongly
dependent on this lemma.

3. Applications
We will apply the above result to nonlinear integral equations
b
x (t) = g (t) + K (t, r, x (r)) dr (13)
a

where a, b ∈ R, such that a < b, x ∈ C [a, b] (the set of all continuous functions
from [a, b] into R). Here K : [a, b] × [a, b] × R → R and g : [a, b] → R are given
mappings.
 S. Radenović et al.

Theorem 3.1. Consider the nonlinear integral equation (13). Suppose that the
following conditions hold:
(i) K : [a, b] × [a, b] × R → R is continuous and nondecreasing in the third
order;
(ii) for each r, t ∈ [a, b] and x, y ∈ X with x (s) ≤ y (s) for all s ∈ [a, b], we
have
p
|K (t, r, x (r)) − K (t, r, y (r))| ≤ γ (t, r) |x (r) − y (r)| p>1
where γ : [a, b] × [a, b] → [0, ∞) is a continuous function satisfying
⎛ b ⎞

1
sup ⎝ (γ (t, r))p dr⎠ < 2 −p) p−1 for ε > 1;
t∈[a,b] 2ε(p (b − a)
a
b
(iii) there exists x0 ∈ X such that x0 (t) ≤ g (t) + K (t, r, x (r)) dr for all
a
t ∈ [a, b] .
Then the nonlinear integral equation (13) has a solution.
Proof. Let X = C [a, b] and f : X → X be defined by
b
f x (t) = g (t) + K (t, r, x (r)) dr
a

for all x ∈ X and t ∈ [a, b] . Let d : X × X → (0, ∞) given by

p
d (x, y) = sup |x (t) − y (t)|
t∈[a,b]

for all x, y ∈ X. Then (X, d) is b-complete b-metric space with coefficient

s = 2p−1 .
Define the mapping α : X × X → [0, ∞) by
 p−1
2 , x(t) ≤ y(t)
α(x, y) =
τ, otherwise
where 0 < τ < 2p−1 . Since K is nondecreasing in the third order, we
get
f ∈ As (X, α) ⊆ WAs (X, α) .
From (iii), we get α (x0 , f x0 ) ≥ 2p−1 .
Let 1 ≤ p, q < ∞ with p1 + 1q = 1. From the condition (ii),
p
2ε(p−1) |f x (t) − f y (t)|
⎛ b ⎞p

2
≤ 2ε(p −p) ⎝ |K (t, r, x (r)) − K (t, r, y (r))| dr⎠
a
⎡⎛ ⎞ q1 ⎛ b ⎞ p1 ⎤p
b 
2 ⎢ ⎥
≤ 2ε(p −p) ⎣⎝ 1q dr⎠ ⎝ |K (t, r, x (r)) − K (t, r, y (r))| dr⎠ ⎦
p

a a
 Nonlinear integral equations. . .
⎛ ⎞
b
p
ε(p2 −p)
(b − a) ⎝ (γ (t, r)) ((|x (r) − y (r)|) ) dr⎠
p p p
≤2 q

a
⎛ ⎞
b
2 p
≤ 2ε(p −p)
(b − a) ⎝ (γ (t, r)) (d (x, y)) dr⎠
q p p

a
⎛ ⎞
b
2 p
≤ 2ε(p −p)
(b − a) ⎝ (γ (t, r)) (Ms (x, y)) dr⎠
q p p

a
⎛ b ⎞

2 p−1 ⎝
≤ 2ε(p −p) (b − a) (γ (t, r)) dr⎠ (Ms (x, y))
p p

a
p
< (Ms (x, y)) .
Thus, we have
sε d (f x, f y) ≤ Ms (x, y) .
Then all conditions of Theorem 2.2 are satisfied and f has a fixed point. 

Acknowledgements
The second author is thankful to Ministry of Education, Sciences and Tech-
nological Development of Serbia.

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 Nonlinear integral equations. . .

Stojan Radenović
Nonlinear Analysis Research Group
Ton Duc Thang University
Ho Chi Minh City
Vietnam
and
Faculty of Mathematics and Statistics
Ton Duc Thang University
Ho Chi Minh City
Vietnam
e-mail: [email protected]

Tatjana Došenović
Faculty of Technology
University of Novi Sad
Bulevar Cara Lazara 1
Novi Sad
Serbia
e-mail: [email protected]

Vildan Ozturk
Department of Elementary Education, Faculty of Education
Artvin Coruh University
Artvin 08000
Turkey
e-mail: vildan [email protected]

Ćemal Dolićanin
Department of Mathematics
University of Novi Pazar
Novi Pazar
Serbia
e-mail: [email protected]