English for islamic studies

Zaida syakira 240203042

mailto:[email protected]

English Education Department

Teachers Training and Education Faculty
Ar-Raniry State Islamic University

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION..................................................................................1
A. Background.........................................................................................................1
B. Research formulation..........................................................................................1
C. Research objective...............................................................................................1
CHAPTER IIDISCUSSION........................................................................................3
A. Definition of Islam..............................................................................................3
B. The Five Pillars of Islam.....................................................................................4
C. The Function of Prayer in Muslim Life..............................................................5
D. The Function of The Mosque..............................................................................6
E. The Position of Women in Islam.........................................................................8
F. Vocabulary About Islam A-Z............................................................................10
CHAPTER IIICONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION.............................................11
A. Conclusion........................................................................................................11
B. Suggestion.........................................................................................................11
BIBLIOGRAPHY.......................................................................................................13
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background

Islam is more than just a religion—it is a complete way of life that

encompasses spiritual, social, legal, and moral dimensions. With over 1.9 billion
adherents, it is the second-largest religion in the world. Despite its global presence,
Islam is often misunderstood, particularly in Western contexts. This paper aims to
introduce the basic concepts, practices, and values of Islam to foster understanding
and appreciation.

B. Research formulation

In order to gain a clearer and more structured understanding of Islam, the following
research questions are formulated:
1. What is the true meaning and definition of Islam as a religion and a way of life?
2. What are the Five Pillars of Islam, and how do they shape the daily lives of
Muslims?
3. What is the function of prayer (Salah) in the spiritual and social life of a Muslim?
4. What role does the mosque play in the religious, educational, and social aspects of
Muslim communities?
5. What is the position and role of women in Islam according to Islamic teachings and
texts?
6. What are the basic vocabulary terms in Islam from A to Z, and what do they mean?

C. Research objective

The objectives of this research are as follows:

1. To explain the meaning and comprehensive definition of Islam as both a religion
and a way of life that guides its followers in all aspects of existence.

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2. To identify and elaborate the Five Pillars of Islam and analyze their roles in
shaping the spiritual and social practices of Muslims.
3. To examine the function of prayer (Salah) in the life of Muslims, highlighting its
spiritual, psychological, and communal impact.
4. To analyze the multifunctional role of the mosque in Muslim society, including
worship, education, and community development.
5. To explore the position of women in Islam, clarifying their rights, responsibilities,
and the misconceptions often associated with their roles.
6. To provide a glossary of Islamic vocabulary from A to Z to enhance readers’
understanding of basic and essential Islamic terms.

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 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

A. Definition of Islam

Islam is derived from the Arabic root word “S-L-M”, which carries meanings
of peace, safety, and submission. As a term, Islam means “submission to the will of
Allah (God)”, and it implies that true peace in both this world and the hereafter can
only be attained by surrendering completely to God’s commandments. According to
Islamic belief, Allah is the one and only God, the Creator and Sustainer of all that
exists. He is eternal, merciful, and just. The concept of Tawheed—the absolute
oneness and uniqueness of Allah—is the central foundation of Islam.

Islam is not a new religion but a continuation and completion of the divine
message brought by earlier prophets such as Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, and
Jesus (peace be upon them all). The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) is
regarded as the final prophet, sent to deliver the last and universal revelation—the
Qur’an. Islam is not limited to rituals or beliefs; rather, it is a complete way of life
(din) that governs both private and public behavior, offering guidance in areas such as
worship, morality, social justice, law, economics, and interpersonal relations. Sources
of Islamic teachings include:
a. The Qur’an – the holy book revealed to Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)
b. he Sunnah – the sayings, actions, and approvals of the Prophet Muhammad
(PBUH)
c. Ijma’ – consensus of Islamic scholars
d. Qiyas – analogical reasoning
Thus, Islam is more than just faith; it is a comprehensive system that shapes every aspect
of a Muslim’s life with the goal of achieving justice, compassion, and closeness to
God.

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B. The Five Pillars of Islam

The Five Pillars of Islam are the basic acts of worship that form the foundation
of a Muslim's faith and practice. They are considered obligations for all Muslims and
represent the core framework of a righteous life according to Islamic teachings. These
pillars help Muslims maintain a close relationship with Allah and live in harmony
with society.

1. Shahada (Declaration of Faith)

The Shahada is the Islamic testimony of faith:
“Ashhadu alla ilaha illallah, wa ashhadu anna Muhammadan rasulullah”
(“I bear witness that there is no god but Allah, and I bear witness that Muhammad is
the messenger of Allah.”)
This simple but profound statement affirms the belief in the oneness of God and the
finality of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). Saying it with sincerity is what makes a
person a Muslim. It defines the theological foundation of Islam: monotheism
(Tawheed) and prophethood.

2. Salah (Prayer)
Muslims are required to perform five daily prayers:
 Fajr – before sunrise
 Dhuhr – after midday
 Asr – mid-afternoon
 Maghrib – just after sunset
 Isha – night
These prayers serve as a direct link between the worshipper and Allah. They help
reinforce discipline, humility, and spirituality, and are performed facing the Kaaba in
Mecca. Each prayer consists of verses from the Qur'an and specific physical
movements that symbolize submission to God.

3. Zakat (Charity)
Zakat is an annual obligatory charity, usually 2.5% of one’s savings, given to the poor
and needy. It is meant to purify one’s wealth and soul, reduce economic inequality,

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and promote social responsibility. Unlike voluntary charity (sadaqah), zakat is a duty
that helps create a more just and caring society.

4. Sawm (Fasting during Ramadan)

Muslims fast from dawn until sunset during the month of Ramadan, the ninth month
of the Islamic lunar calendar. This includes abstaining from food, drink, sexual
relations, and sinful behavior. The purpose of fasting is to develop taqwa (God-
consciousness), gratitude, empathy for the less fortunate, and spiritual discipline.

5. Hajj (Pilgrimage to Mecca)

Hajj is a pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca, required once in a lifetime for those
who are physically and financially able. It takes place during the month of Dhul-
Hijjah and includes a series of rituals commemorating the trials of Prophet Ibrahim
(Abraham) and his family. Hajj symbolizes unity, humility, and submission to Allah.

C. The Function of Prayer in Muslim Life

Prayer (Salah) holds a central and sacred role in the daily life of every
practicing Muslim. It is not merely a ritualistic obligation, but a spiritual, moral,
psychological, and social exercise that deeply connects the believer to Allah.
Performed five times a day, prayer serves as a constant reminder of God’s presence
and a compass that guides one’s actions, values, and decisions.

1. Spiritual Connection
Prayer strengthens a Muslim’s relationship with Allah. It is an act of worship that
reflects submission, gratitude, and devotion. By standing, bowing, and prostrating
before Allah, the worshipper expresses humility and acknowledges their dependence
on the Creator. The Qur’an describes prayer as a tool to "remember Allah" (Qur'an
20:14) and to draw closer to Him.

2. Source of Peace and Patience

Salah provides inner peace and tranquility in the midst of daily struggles and stress. It
allows the individual to disconnect from worldly concerns and reconnect with the

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divine. The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) referred to prayer as “the comfort of my
eyes”, illustrating how it brought him spiritual relief. The Qur’an also states:
“Indeed, prayer prohibits immorality and wrongdoing, and the remembrance of Allah
is greater.” (Qur’an 29:45)

3. Moral and Ethical Discipline

Prayer fosters personal discipline and ethical awareness. A Muslim who prays
regularly is more likely to be conscious of their behavior throughout the day. The
structured timing of prayer also instills time management and responsibility. It acts as
a spiritual checkpoint that reminds Muslims to stay away from sin and act with
honesty, kindness, and integrity.

4. Social Unity and Brotherhood

While prayer can be performed individually, congregational prayer (especially the
Friday prayer) brings Muslims together, regardless of race, class, or status. Standing
shoulder to shoulder in rows symbolizes equality and unity, promoting a strong sense
of brotherhood and community among believers.

5. Psychological Benefits
Prayer has been shown to reduce anxiety and stress by providing moments of
mindfulness, reflection, and serenity. The repetitive nature of the movements,
combined with deep breathing and spiritual focus, has a calming effect on the mind
and body.

In essence, prayer is not just a duty—it is a divine gift that nurtures the soul, improves
character, and builds social cohesion.

D. The Function of The Mosque

The mosque, known in Arabic as “masjid”, is the central institution in Muslim

life. More than just a place for prayer, it is a space that serves religious, educational,
social, and political functions in the Muslim community. The word masjid comes

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from the root “s-j-d,” meaning “to prostrate,” highlighting the mosque’s primary role
as a place of worship.

1. A House of Worship
The primary role of a mosque is to provide a place for performing the five daily
prayers and especially the Friday congregational prayer (Jumu’ah). Muslims gather in
mosques to stand together in rows, facing the Qiblah (Kaaba in Mecca), led by an
imam. The mosque helps preserve the spiritual identity of the Muslim community by
facilitating collective worship.

2. Center for Religious Learning

From the time of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), mosques have served as centers of
education. The Prophet’s Mosque in Medina was the first Islamic university, where
companions learned the Qur’an, hadith, fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), and Arabic
language. Even today, mosques often provide Qur’an classes, lectures, Islamic
courses, and religious counseling.

3. Community Hub
Mosques foster social unity and brotherhood. They are places where Muslims come
together during festivals (Eid prayers), weddings, funerals, and charitable events.
They provide space for community announcements, social support, and collective
action. Many mosques also have programs for youth, women, and the poor, making
them active centers of social welfare.

4. Moral and Ethical Guidance

The Friday sermon (khutbah) delivered in mosques addresses current issues, giving
moral reminders and guidance based on Islamic values. The imam often acts as a
spiritual leader and adviser for the community, guiding them in ethical decisions and
helping resolve conflicts.

5. Cultural and Political Influence

Historically, mosques have also played a role in cultural identity and political
awareness. During the Prophet’s time and in early Islamic societies, mosques were

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places where leaders consulted the people, made public decisions, and even mobilized
communities in defense and justice.

In summary, the mosque is not only the heart of worship but also the soul of Muslim
community life. It nurtures faith, spreads knowledge, supports the needy, and
strengthens social bonds.

E. The Position of Women in Islam

The position of women in Islam is one of the most discussed and

misunderstood topics in contemporary discourse. Contrary to common
misconceptions, Islam grants women a high and respected status both spiritually and
socially. The religion emphasizes the equality of men and women in dignity,
responsibility, and reward—though it recognizes their natural differences in roles and
physiology.

1. Spiritual Equality
Islamic teachings affirm that men and women are spiritually equal in the sight of
Allah. The Qur’an states:
“Indeed, the most noble of you in the sight of Allah is the most righteous of you.”
(Qur’an 49:13)

Another verse declares:

“Whoever does righteous deeds, whether male or female, while being a believer –
We will surely grant them a good life and reward them according to the best of what
they used to do.”(Qur’an 16:97)

Both men and women are equally accountable for their actions and can achieve
closeness to Allah through worship, charity, fasting, and good conduct.

2. Educational Rights
The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) said:
“Seeking knowledge is an obligation upon every Muslim.” (Hadith by Ibn Majah)

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This includes both men and women. Islamic history is filled with examples of
educated Muslim women such as Aisha bint Abi Bakr, one of the greatest scholars of
hadith, and Fatima al-Fihri, who founded the world’s first university in Fez, Morocco.

3. Legal and Financial Rights

Women in Islam have the right to:
a. Own property and wealth.
b. Earn money and conduct business.
c. Inherit from family members.
d. Receive a dowry (mahr) in marriage that remains solely theirs.
e. Keep their own identity and surname after marriage.
Islam granted these rights over 1,400 years ago, long before many modern societies
recognized them.

4. Role in Family and Society

In the family, women are honored as mothers, daughters, wives, and sisters. The
Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) said:
“Paradise lies at the feet of mothers.”

As wives, women are to be treated with kindness and respect. The Qur’an commands:
“Live with them (your wives) in kindness.” (Qur’an 4:19)

Women can also work, lead, and contribute to society as long as they uphold Islamic
principles of modesty and morality.

5. Misconceptions and Cultural Practices

Many oppressive practices against women that are wrongly attributed to Islam—such
as forced marriage, female genital mutilation, or extreme restrictions—are actually the
result of local customs and ignorance, not Islamic teachings. Islam promotes dignity,
honor, and protection for women, not repression.

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F. Vocabulary About Islam A-Z

A: Ayah – A verse of the Qur'an

B: Barakah – Blessing or divine grace.
C: Caliph – The successors or spiritual leader after the Prophet Muhammad SAW
after his death.
D: Du'a – Is a supplication (invocation); a calling to Allah.
E: Eid – Is a Muslim festivity, a celebration, a get together of families and
communities.
F: Fard – Meaning obligatory.
G: Gabriel – The angel who brought revelations to the prophets, especially
Muhammad SAW.
H: Hajj – Is the pilgrimage to Mecca. Obligatory for Muslims who are able once in
lifetime.
I: Ijtihad – Independent reasoning used by scholars to interpret Islamic law.
J: Jumu’ah – Friday; the weekly congregational prayer.
K: Khutbah – The sermon delivered during the Friday prayer.
L: Lailah – Nights; as in laylat al-qadr the night of power.
M: Mosque – A place of worship for Muslims.
N: Nafil – Optional or supererogatory acts of worship.
O: Obedience – Submission and loyalty to Allah’s commands.
P: Patience – A virtue of enduring hardship and maintaining faith.
Q: Qadar – Divine decree or predestination.
R: Riba – Usury or interest, which is prohibited in Islam.
S: Sunnah – The practices, sayings, and approvals of the Prophet Muhammad SAW.
T: Taqwa – God-consciousness; being aware of Allah in all actions.
V: Victory (Nasr) – Help or success granted by Allah.
W: Wahy – Divine revelation sent to the prophets.
Y: Yaum – Day; used in yaum al-din (Day of Judgement).
Z: Zulm – Injustice or oppression; strongly condemned in Islam.

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 CHAPTER III

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

Islam is a complete and comprehensive religion that provides guidance for

every aspect of human life—spiritual, social, moral, and intellectual. This paper has
explored the fundamental aspects of Islam, beginning with its definition as a religion
of submission to the will of Allah and peace through that submission. The Five Pillars
of Islam—Shahada, Salah, Zakat, Sawm, and Hajj—form the framework of Muslim
practice and devotion.

Prayer (Salah) plays a vital role in the spiritual life of Muslims, serving as a
direct connection with Allah and instilling discipline, morality, and peace. The
mosque, as a central institution, not only functions as a place of worship but also as a
center for education, community service, and ethical guidance. The position of
women in Islam has been clarified as one of dignity, equality, and respect. Islam
grants women spiritual, legal, educational, and economic rights—many of which were
revolutionary at the time of revelation and continue to offer empowerment today.

Finally, a vocabulary list from A to Z has been provided to enrich readers'

understanding of key Islamic terms and concepts.

B. Suggestion

1. Further Study: Readers are encouraged to study Islam more deeply by exploring the
Qur’an, Hadith, and classical Islamic scholarship to gain a more complete
understanding.
2. Promote Dialogue: Interfaith and intercultural dialogues can help dispel myths and
promote peaceful coexistence between Muslims and people of other faiths.
3. Practice with Understanding: Muslims are encouraged not only to perform rituals
but to understand the deeper wisdom and ethics behind Islamic teachings.

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4. Educate Others: Sharing accurate information about Islam with non-Muslims is
essential in combating stereotypes and promoting tolerance.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Al-Qur’an Al-Karim.

Al-Bukhari, Imam. Sahih al-Bukhari. Various editions.

Al-Misri, Ahmad ibn Naqib. The Reliance of the Traveller. Amana Publications, 1991.

Esposito, John L. Islam: The Straight Path. Oxford University Press, 2005.

Khan, M. M. & Al-Hilali, M. Taqi-ud-Din. Interpretation of the Meanings of The

Noble Qur’an. Dar-us-Salam, 1996.

Mawdudi, Abul A'la. Towards Understanding Islam. Islamic Foundation, UK.

Nasr, Seyyed Hossein. Islam: Religion, History, and Civilization. HarperOne,

2003. Ramadan, Tariq. In the Footsteps of the Prophet. Oxford University Press,

2007.

Yusuf al-Qaradawi. The Status of Women in Islam. International Islamic Federation of

Student Organizations.

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