Plants of Central Asia Plant Collection from

China and Mongolia Vol 9 Salicaceae Polygonaceae

1st Edition V I Grubov (Editor) pdf download

https://ebookgate.com/product/plants-of-central-asia-plant-
collection-from-china-and-mongolia-vol-9-salicaceae-
polygonaceae-1st-edition-v-i-grubov-editor/

Get the full ebook with Bonus Features for a Better Reading Experience on ebookgate.com
Plants of Central Asia
Volum e 9
Q Taylor & Francis
~ Taylor & Francis Group
http://taylora ndfra ncis.com
Plants of Central Asia
Plant Collections from China and Mongolia

[Editor-in-Chief: V.I. Grubov)

Volume 9

Salicaceae—Polygonaceae

A.E. Borodina, V.I. Grubov,

I.A. Grudzinskaja and
J.L. Menitsky

Science Publishers, Inc.

Enfield (NH), USA Plymouth, UK
 ACADEMIA SCIENTIARUM URSS
INSTITUTUM BOTANICUM nomine V.L. KOMAROVII
PLANTAE ASIAE CENTRALIS
(secus materies Instituti botanici nomine VL. Komarovii)
Fasciculus 9
SALICACEAE-POLYGONACEAE
Conficerunt : A.E. Borodina, V.I. Grubov, I.A. Grudzinskaja
etJ.L. Menitsky

SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, Inc.

Post Office Box 699
Enfield, New Hampshire 03748
United States of America

Internet site: http://www.scipub.net

ISBN 13: 978-1-57808-121-9 (hbk) (Volume)

ISBN 13: 978-1-57808-062-5 (Set)

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Rasteniia Tsentral'nor Azii. English

Plants of Central Asia: plant collections from China
and Mongolia
/ [editor-in-chief, V.I. Grubov].
p. cm.
Research based on the collections of the V.L.
Komarov Botanical Institute.
Includes bibliographical references.
Contents: v. 9. Salicaceae-Polygonaceae
ISBN 1-57808-121-1 (vol. 9)
1. Botany--Asia, Central. I. Grubov, V. I. II.
Botanicheskii institut im. V.L. Komarova. III. Title.
QK374, R23613 2002
581.958--dc21 99-36729
CIP
© 2005, Copyright reserved
Translation of: Rasteniya Tsentral' noi Asii, vol. 9, 1989;
Nauka Publishers, Leningrad.

Published by Science Publishers, Inc., USA

 ANNOTATION

Treats families Salicaceae—Polygonaceae and opens with a description of

the families of Dicotyledoneae. Keys for the identification of genera and
species in each family and nomenclature and information on habitat and
geographic distribution of each species are given. The largest taxonomic
groups treated in this volume are the family Polygonaceae and genus Salix.

V.I. Grubov
—Editor-in-Chief and volume Editor

Reviewers
V.V. Pis'yaukova and N.N. Tzvelev
Q Taylor & Francis
~ Taylor & Francis Group
http://taylora ndfra ncis.com
 PREFACE

Volume 9 of "Plants of Central Asia" covers families at the beginning

of system D icotyledoneae— A rchichlam ydeae, from Salicaceae to
Polygonaceae—a total of 11 families. Of these, only 2 are relatively large:
Polygonaceae with 106 species and Salicaceae with 75 species. This vol­
ume covers in all 230 species inhabiting Central Asia outside the USSR*.
Two more species (poplar) have been included tentatively as their report in
this region is likely. Those inhabiting the Soviet part of Central Asia will
add 60-70 more species, two-thirds of these belonging to Calligonum. (As
the taxonomy of Calligonum is very complex and the independent status of
many of its species is doubtful, their numbers can be ascertained only
approximately.) Thus, the total number of species of the families covered
here in the whole of Central Asia is about 300. The largest genera are: Salix
60 species (plus 2 species in the Soviet part of Central Asia) and Polygonum
47 species (9 more in the USSR). Genus Calligonum in Kazakhstan has
about 50 species, with only 15 species in Central Asia outside the USSR; of
these, only 5 are endemic. In general, endemism in the families under con­
sideration in the territory is not significant at only 15 species, or about 7%;
it rises to 9% with the addition of 6 subendemics. These families are not
characteristic of Central Asian flora, being essentially escapes from boreal
and East Asian subprovinces although many of their genera play promi­
nent role in coenosis and environment of the region. Primarily, these are
trees and shrubs of genera Ulmus, Populus, Salix and Betula and shrubs of
genera Atraphaxis and Calligonum. Among them, dwarf elm Umus pumila
and poplar Populus diversifolia emerge prominently They are the most strik­
ing and pleasing objects in deserts. Dwarf elm usually grows along large
gullies (temporary reservoirs), forms groves and characteristic gallery-like
groves while poplar Populus diversifolia forms groves and entire oases
around springs and in solonchak lowlands with groundwater nearby and,
like P. pruinosa, also forms tugai forests along desert river valleys in Junggar
and Kashgar. Other species of poplar, birch and willow are predominantly
confined to narrow valleys of montane rivers and brooks, gorges and moun­
tain forests. P. laurifolia and P. pilosa, Betula tianschanica and B. microphylla
are particularly widely distributed and form groves and thickets along

* As this book was published in Russia in 1989, the erstwhile abbreviation 'USSR'
has been retained (rather than the current abbreviation 'CIS')— General Editor (of the
English edition).
Vili

gorges and creek valleys. Only the rare species of willow, as for example
Salix ledebouriana, S. turanica, S. tenuijulis, penetrate along rivers and large
gullies into true deserts. Species of goat's-wheat (specially Atraphaxis
pungens, A. bracteata, A. virgata) form desert scrubs along rubble trails of
hills in Mongolia and Junggar while Calligonum (Calligonum mongolicum,
C. litvinovii) represent characteristic features of sandy and sandy-pebbly
Calligonum deserts in Junggar. Many species like oak, large-leaved birches,
hazel, mulberry, hop, Dutchman's-pipe represent relicts of East Asian flora
that have penetrated into Central Asia in the climatically more favourable
Pliocene intervals. Many others, like willow, Altay birch, dock, knotweed,
are inhabitants of alpine regions, evidently Pleistocene remnants of boreal
flora.

The drawings in the Plates presented in this volume have been pre­
pared by N.K, Voronkova (Plates I-V) and O.V. Zaitseva (Plates VI and VII).
Distribution Ranges were plotted by I.B. Tikhmeneva and LA. Grudzinskaja
(Ulmus). O.l! Starikova translated the Chinese references and herbarium
labels.
 CONTENTS

ANNOTATION v
PREFACE (V.I.Grubov) vii
TAXONOMY 1
Special Abbreviations 1-3
Fam. 29. SALICACEAE Mirb. 16
Fam. 30. BETULACEAE S.F. Gray 72
Fam. 31. FAGACEAE Dum. 82
Fam. 32. ULMACEAE Mirb. 82
Fam. 33. MORACEAE LinE 89
Fam. 34. CANNABACEAE Endi. 90
Fam. 35. URTICACEAE Juss. 93
Fam. 36. SANTALACEAE R. Br. 98
Fam. 37. LORANTHACEAE Juss. 102
Fam. 38. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE Juss. 103
Fam. 39. POLYGONACEAE Juss. 103
PLATES I-VII 179-185
DISTRIBUTION MAPS 1-5 186-189
ADDENDA to Vol. 9 190
INDEX OF LATIN NAMES OF PLANTS 191
INDEX OF PLANT ILLUSTRATIONS 199
INDEX OF PLANT DISTRIBUTION RANGES 201
Q Taylor & Francis
~ Taylor & Francis Group
http://taylora ndfra ncis.com
 TAXONOMY

SPECIAL ABBREVIATIONS

Abbreviations of Names of Collectors

Bar. — V.I. Baranov

Chaff. — J. Chaffanjon
Chaney — R.W. Chaney
Ching — R.C. Ching
Chu — C.N.Chu
Czet. — S.S. Czetyrkin
Divn. — D.A. Divnogorskaya
Fedtsch. — B.A. Fedtschenko
Fet. — A.M. Fetisov
Glag. — S.A. Glagolev
Gr.-Grzh. — G.E. Grum-Grzhimailo
Grombch. — B.L. Grombchevski
Grub. — V.I. Grubov
Gub. — I.A. Gubanov
Gur. — N.P. Guricheva
Gus. — V.A. Gusev
Ik.-Gal. — N.P. Ikonnikov-Galitzkij
Isach. — E.A. Isachenko (also known as E.A. Volkova)
Ivan. — A.F. Ivanov
Kal. — A.V. Kalinina
Kam. — R.V. Kamelin
Karam. — Z.V. Karamysheva
Klem. — E.N. Klements
Krasch. — I.M. Krascheninnikov
Kryl. — P.N. Krylov
Kuan — K.C.Kuan
Lad. — V.F. Ladygin
Ladyzh. — M.V. Ladyzhensky [Ladyzhinsky elsewhere]
Lavr. — E.M. Lavrenko
Lis. — V.I. Lisovsky
Litw. — D.I. Litwinow
Lom. — A.M. Lomonossov
Merzb. — G. Merzbacher
2

Mois. V.S. Moiseenko

Nov. V.F. Novitski
Pal. I. V. Palibin
Pavl. N.V. Pavlov
Petr. M.P. Petrov
Pias. P.Ya. Piassezki
Pob. E.G. Pobedimova
Pop. M. G. Popov
Pot. G.N. Potanin
Przew. N. M. Przewalsky
Rachk. E.I. Rachkovskaya
Reg. A. A. Regel
Rhins. J. L. Dutreuil de Rhins
Rob. V.I. Roborowsky
Sap. V.V. Sapozhnikov
Schischk. B. K. Schischkin
Serp. V.M. Serpukhov
Shukh. V.N. Shukhardin
Shum. E.M. Shumakov
Sold. V.V. Soldatov
Tug. A.Ya. Tugarinov
Ulzij. N. Ulzijkhutag
Volk. E.A. Volkova (also known as E.A. Isachenko)
Wang K. S. Wang
Y u n . A. A. Yunatov
Zab. D.K. Zabolotnyi
Zam. B. M. Zamatkinov

Abbreviated Names of Herbaria

A Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA
B Botanisches Museum, Berlin-Dahlem
BM British Museum of Natural History, London
BP Department Botanique du Musée d'Histoire Naturelle
[Botanical Department of the Hungarian History Museum],
Budapest
C Botanical Museum and Herbarium, Copenhagen
E Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh
G Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques, Genève [Geneva]
GH Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, Cambridge, USA
GRM Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Grenoble
HIMC Herbarium of Inner M ongolia University, Huh-hot
[Huhehot elsewhere]
 3

K — The Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Surrey,

London
KFTA — Herbarium of S.M. Kirov Forest Academy, Leningrad
KW — Institute of Botany of the Academy of Sciences of the
Ukrainian SSR, Kiev
L — Rijksherbarium, Leiden
Linn. — The Linnean Society of London, London
UV — City of Liverpool Museums, Liverpool
LIVU — The Hartley Botanical Laboratories, Liverpool
LZ — Sektion Biowissenschaften der Karl-Marx-Universtät,
Bereicht Taxonomie/Ökologie, Leipzig
M — Botanische Staatsammlung, München [Munich]
MAK — Makino Herbarium, Faculty of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan
University, Tokyo
MHA — Main Botanic Garden, Academy of Sciences of the USSR,
Moscow
MW — Herbarium of the Moscow State University, Moscow
NY — The New York Botanical Garden, New York
P — Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Laborataire de
Phanerogamie, Paris
PE — Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica, Peking [Beijing]
S — Naturhistoriska Riksmuseum, Botanical Department,
Stockholm
SAP — Laboratory of Plant Taxonomy and Ecology, Botanical
Institute, Hokkaido University, Sapporo
TO — Insitituto Botanico della Università, Torino [Turin]
U — Botanical Museum and Herbarium, Utrecht
UC — Herbarium of the University of California, Berkeley
UPS — Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Uppsala,
Uppsala
US — National Herbarium, Department of Botany, Smithsonian
Institution, Washington
W — Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien [Vienna]

Class II. DICOTYLEDONEAE

Achlorophyllous (non-green) parasitic plants with scale-like leaves
or without leaves........................................................................ .............. 2.
Green plants, generally with well-developed leaves...................... 4.
Stem erect, generally thick, succulent. Flowers in terminal race­
mose or spicate inflorescence or in spadix............................................3.
Stem filiform or funiform , long, creeping, with haustoria,
4

w ithout leaves. Flow ers in heads or short racem es,

small...............................................101. Cuscutaceae Dum. (Cuscuta L.).
3. Flowers large, in racemose or dense spicate inflorescence, of differ­
ent colour; corolla sympetalous, bilabiate, calyx 2-5-lobed. Fruit-
unilocular capsule. Stem with scale-like leaves, white or yellowish
on rupture.......................................................109. Orobanchaceae Vent.
+ Flowers very small and numerous, in large clavate, densely fleshy
dark-brown spadix, with perianth of 1-5 segments, with 1 stamen
and 1 pistil. Stem thick, w ithout leaves, orange on rup-
ture~^............................... 85. Cynomoriaceae Lindl. (Cynomorium L.)
4. Perianth simple or double, choripetalous, sometimes absent. Flow­
ers usually dioecious: pistils many, few or single; ovary generally
superior, sometimes semi-inferior or inferior.......................................5.
+ Perianth double, symphyllous but sometimes sepals free or petals
and sepals fused only at base; very rarely perianth simple but then
corolla-like. Flowers bisexual, rarely unisexual, but then with dis­
tinct perianth; pistil invariably single; ovary superior or infe­
rior...............................................................................................................69.
5. Flowers very small, rather unattractive, without perianth or with
simple, colourless or green calyciform perianth; corolla-like, then
leaves with scarious ochrea at base surrounding stem................... 6.
+ Flowers with double perianth, with distinct calyx and corolla; if
perianth simple, corolla-like and leaves without ochrea at
base.............................................................................................................24.
6. Flowers without perianth, dioecious, covered with bracts in the
form of sterile scales and aggregated (at least staminate ones) in
catkin. Trees, shrubs and dwarf shrubs..................................................7.
+ Flowers with or without perianth sotilary or in inflorescences but
not in catkins............................................................................................. 10.
7. Fruit—nut or small winged nutlet. Sterile scales of catkin
cartilaginous or woody, or even pistillate flowers in clusters
sorrounded by woody involucre............................................................. 8.
+ Fruit—capsule with numerous downy seeds. Sterile scales of cat­
kin soft, herbaceous or scarious...............................29. Salicaceae Mirb.
8. Fruit—large wingless nut. Pistillate flowers in clusters surrounded
by leaf-like bracts. Sterile scales of staminate catkins herbaceous or
membranous............................................................................................... 9.
+ Fruit—small winged nutlet. Staminate and pistillate flowers in
dense catkins; their sterile scales cartilaginous, lobed..............
............................................................................... 30. Betulaceae S.F. Gray
9. Staminate catkins interrupted, green. Each pistillate inflorescence
surrounded by numerous small bracts, concrescent and turning
woody in fruit, forming dish-shaped cupule in which the nut is
 5

placed, i.e., acorn................................. 31. Fagaceae Dum. (Quercus L.).

+ Staminate catkins dense. Nut enclosed in trifoliate or trilobate her­
baceous involucre............................................. 30. Betulaceae S.F. Gray
10(6). Submerged aquatic plants or semisubmerged coastal-aquatic
plants......................................................................................................... 11.
+ Terrestrial plants...................................................................................... 13.
++ Plants parasiting on branches of trees, with dichotomously
branched stems and m ucilaginous axillary baccate fruits
............................................................. 37. Loranthaceae Juss. (Viscum L.).
11. Leaves entire. Flowers without perianth, with 1 pistil and 1 sta­
men........................................................................................................... 12.
+ Leaves in whorls, dichotomously split into linear dentate lobes.
Flowers dioecious; perianth segments 8-12, pistil 1, stamens 10-16.
Fruit—nut with long spines...................................................................
..................................46.Ceratophyllaceae S.F. Gray (Ceratophyllum L.).
12. Leaves in whorls. Flowers bisexual. Fruit—nut.............................
........................................................ 84. Hippuridaceae Link (Hippuris L.).
+ Leaves opposite. Flowers dioecious. Fruit—winged many-seeded
capsule................................... 64. Callitrichaceae Link (Callitriche L.).
13. Trees or large shrubs; leaves either dentate or entire and then sil­
very due to dense stellate hairs. Perianth simple........................... 14.
+ Herbs and subshrubs; if shrubs or tree-like, without leaves or leaves
entire and glabrous. Perianth simple or absent............................... 16.
14. Flowers bisexual and staminate, in clusters, drooping on long
pedicels, or bisexual, solitary Fruit—nut with broad disc-shaped
slender wing or somewhat dry drupe. Trees with asymmetrical
oval dentate green leaves........................................ 32. Ulmaceae Mirb.
+ Flowers unisexual. Fruit succulent.......................................................15.
15. Flowers in cylindrical short catkins, pistillate with coloured, fleshy
accrescent perianth; forming compound fruit—false berry. Leaves
green, dentate and often lobed, with stipules. Trees..........................
..................................................... ................33. Moraceae Link {Morus L.)
+ Flowers solitary or only staminate in short spikes. Fruit—succu­
lent or fleshy oval drupe. Trees or shrubs with spines and silvery,
linear or lanceolate, entire leaves without stipules...................
.................................................................................. 79. Elaeagnaceae Juss.
16. Ovary 3-locular, with 3 stigmas. Fruit—3-valved capsule...............17.
+ Ovary unilocular. Fruit— 1-seeded nut or, rarely, capsule circum-
scissile........................................................................................................ 18.
17. Flowers unisexual and plants either monoecious or dioecious. In
the first case, flowers without perianth; staminate flowers with
single stamen together with glabrous pistillate flower surrounded
by thick calyciform 4-segmented involucre forming a characteristic
6

inflorescence, cyathium, resembling a distinct flower; cyathia usu­

ally gathered in umbels, more rarely single. In the second case,
flowers with small green perianth, in fertile few-flowered heads;
staminate flowers with 5 stamens................63. Euphorbiaceae Juss.
+ Flowers bisexual, pentamerous, in dichasial inflorescence. Leaves
linear, succulent, in radical rosette and in whorls on stem. Stems
slender, dichotomously branched..............................................................
......................................................... 42. Aizoaceae Rudolphi (Mollugo L.).
18. Perianth symphyllous, with tube and 4-5-lobed limb; stamens fixed
in throat of its tube, opposite perianth lobes. Fruit—nut, covered
by lower part of perianth or by perianth remnant..............................19.
+ Perianth choriphyllous, ovary superior................................................20.
19. Perianth tubular, with short 4-lobed limb; stamens 4; ovary supe­
rior. Lower part of nut covered by persistent lower part of peri­
anth. Annual................78. Thymeiaeaceae Juss. (Diarthron Turcz.).
+ Perianth funnel-shaped, with 5-lobed limb; stamens 5; ovary infe­
rior. Nut with persistent perianth at tip. Perennial........................
............................................................ 36. Santalaceae R. Br. (Thesium L.).
20. Perianth coloured, petaloid, 3-6-lobed; styles 2-4. Leaves generally
with amplexicaulous stipules forming ochrea above nodes or plant
even without leaves, i.e., shrubs with green annual shoots........
................................................................................. 39. Polygonaceae Juss.
+ Perianth green, herbaceous or scarious, colourless; styles 1-3. Stems
without ochrea..........................................................................................21
21. Perianth green, herbaceous. Fruit nut.................................................. 22
+ Perianth colourless with scarious free segments. Fruit—slender
membranous capsule, circumscissile......................................................
................................................. 41. Amaranthaceae Juss. (Amaranthus L.).
22. Fruit—glabrous nut, without hard or scarious pericarp. Perianth
of staminate flowers with free segments, not enlarged; inflores­
cence axillary.............................................................................................23.
+ Fruit with scarious, hard or fleshy pericarp. Perianth in fruits usu­
ally enlarged, forming wing-like, spine- or hook-shaped append­
ages, sometimes concrescent......................40. Chenopodiaceae Vent.
23. Pistillate flowers without perianth or with undivided perianth
growing on 1 side in fruits; in spicate or capitate inflorescences;
stigmas 2; staminate flowers in panicles with 5-lobed perianth.
Leaves palmatipartite or palmately lobed.............................................
................................................................................ 34. Cannabaceae Endl.
+ Pistillate and staminate flowers with 3- or 4-lobed perianth; stamens
3 or 4; stigma penicillate. Inflorescence spicate, racemose or cymose.
Leaves usually simple, undivided, rarely palmatisect, often with
stinging hairs.............................................................. 35. Urticaceae Juss.
 7

24(5). Flowers irregular (zygomorphic), with bilateral symmetry...........

.................................................................................................................... 25.
+ Flowers regular (actinomorphic), with radical symmetry................. 30.
25. Perianth with hollow process, lateral spur, long and acute or ob­
tuse, saccate or even with upper hood, high, cylindrical or low,
dome-shaped............................................................................................ 26.
+ Perianth w ithout hollow process in the form of spur or
hood........................................................................................................... 29.
26. Stamens 2 or 5. Pistil 1. Fruit—capsule................................................27.
+ Stamens many. Pistils 3-5. Fruit—follicle..... 47. Ranunculaceae Juss.
27. Spur formed by petal; sepals 2 or 5....................................................... 28.
+ Spur formed by upper petaloid sepal; sepals 3. Petals 5, lateral
ones connate in pairs. Capsule dehiscent on 5 convolute
valves.................................... 68. Balsaminaceae A. Rich. (Impatiens L.).
28. Sepals 2, early shedding; petals 4; spur formed by upper petal;
stamens 2. Capsule dehiscent with 2 valves, silicular............................
................................................... 50. Papaveraceae Juss. (Corydalis Vent.).
+ Sepals, petals and stamens 5 each; spur formed by lower petal,
short, saccate. Capsule dehiscent with 3 valves, globose or ob­
long............. ............................................. 77. Violaceae Batsch {Viola L.).
29(25). Corolla with keel formed by 2 connate lower petals; upper petal
largest, standard, and 2 lateral small ones forming wings. Sta­
mens 10; 9 with filaments fused into tube surrounding pistil and 1
free; rarely, all stamens free. Fruit—pod..........................................
..................................................................................56. Leguminosae Juss.
+ Corolla with keel formed by single lower petal, fimbriate at tip;
wings on keel sides formed by petaloid sepals. Stamens 8, with
filaments fused into tube. Fruit—flattened winged capsule..............
...........................................................62. Polygalaceae R.Br. (Polygala L.).
30(24). Stamens with free filaments...................................................................31.
+ Stamens with filaments fused into tube or into 5 clusters, opposite
sepals.......................................................................................................... 32.
31. Receptacle accrescent forming hypanthium: dish-, cup-shaped,
pyxidate, sometimes flat or even convex, with perianth segments
and stamens inserted along edges; if hypanthium is poorly mani­
fest, a ring of glandular-ciliate staminodes seen. Ovary inferior,
semi-inferior or upper one open. Very rarely, flowers without
petals, but then calyx 4-membered, yellow, white or cervine......... 33.
+ Receptacle not accrescent........................................................................35.
32. Trees. Flowers gathered in cymes with whitish arid wing at base;
sepals deciduous; stamens in clusters. Leaves cordate. Fruit— 1-2-
seeded nut...................................................................... 71. Tiliaceae Juss.
+ Herbs. Flowers solitary, in racemes or in axillary clusters; sepals
8

not deciduous; stamens with filaments fused into tube. Schizo-

carp, dry, spliting into numerous carpels or even 3-5-locular cap­
sule................................................................................72. Malvaceae Juss.
33. Flowers usually with epicalyx, i.e., secondary ring of much smaller
sepals, 3-4-5-, rarely 6-merous; pistil with 1 or 5 styles. Fruits of
diverse types: dry compound achene or follicle, rarely capsule,
succulent or fleshy, drupe, berry, etc...................................................34.
+ Flowers without epicalyx, 5-merous, rarely 4-merous but then pe­
rianth simple; pistil with 2 styles and fruit 2-valved capsule or
berry; rarely, pistil with 4 sessile stigmas and fruit 4-valved cap­
sule and flowers with ciliate staminodes.......54. Saxifragaceae Juss.
34. Flowers generally 5-merous, more rarely 3- or 4-merous; stamens
3-10 or more. Fruits of diverse types; dry follicle or compound
achene, succulent or fleshy drupe, berry, etc. Leaves alternate or in
radical rosette, very rarely opposite. Herbs, shrubs or trees............
..........................................................................................55. Rosaceae Juss.
+ Flowers 6-merous; calyx invariably with epicalyx; stamens 6.
Fruit—capsule. Leaves opposite or alternate only in upper part of
stem and branches. Herbs...................................80. Lythraceae Jaume.
35. Sepals 2..................................................................................................... 36.
+ Sepals 3,4,5 or 6.................................................... ...................................37.
36. Sepals caducous at anthesis; petals 4, stamens 4 or more; style 1,
undivided or with sessile multiradiate stigmas. Fruit—pod or oval
capsule, surrounded by pores under tip. Leaves in radical rosette
or alternate.............................................................50. Papaveraceae Juss.
+ Sepals not caducous; petals 5 (sometimes 4 or 6); stamens 5 or 15,
opposite petals; style 3-5-partite. Fruit—capsule, 5-valved or cir-
cumscissile. Leaves opposite........................... 43. Portulacaceae Juss.
37. Pistils (carpels) free or connate only at base (but their styles invari­
ably free), 2 or more.................................................................................38.
+ Pistils connate, 1,2 or more.................................................................... 39.
38. Leaves thick, succulent, simple, alternate or aggregated in radical
rosette, very rarely opposite. Flowers 4- or 5-merous; stamens in­
variably twice the number of petals. Syncarpous fruit of 4-5 many-
seeded follicles connate at base......................... 53. Crassulaceae DC.
+ Leaves generally not thick and succulent, simple or more dissected,
alternate, opposite, in whorls or rosettes. Perianth 5-segmented
but, more often, with many segments; stamens numerous, spirally
arranged, sometimes staminodes present. Fruit— follicle or
achene................................................................. 47. Ranunculaceae Juss.
39. Fruit succulent—berry or drupe (sometimes coriaceous). Shrubs or
lianas with simple undivided or palmately lobed leaves..............40.
+ Fruit dry—schizocarp or capsule..........................................................47.
 9

40. Flowers 4- or 5-merous........................................................................... 41.

+ Flowers 3-merous; sepals, petals, stamens 6 each. Berry red or blue,
oval. Shrubs with spines at base undivided, often spiny-dentate
leaves..............................................48. Berberidaceae Juss. (Berberis L.).
41. Liana. Flowers small, greenish, in cymose axillary inflorescences.
Fruit—berry...............................................................................................42.
+ Shrubs. Inflorescence terminal or flowers in axillary clusters. Fruit—
drupe..........................................................................................................43.
42. Liana with clinging tendrils, opposite leaves. Leaves palmately
lobed. Flowers 4-5-merous....70. Vitaceae Juss. (Ampélopsis Michx.).
+ Climbing liana. Leaves peltate, angular. Flowers 4-merous (sepals
4, petals 12)..... ..............49. Menispermaceae Juss. (Menispermum L.).
43. Flowers 4-merous. Leaves opposite.................................................... 44.
+ Flowers 5-merous. Leaves alternate.................................................... 45.
44. Flowers in corymbs, bisexual; stamens alternating with petals. Fruit
with single stone. Leaves without stipules, strictly opposite..........
................................................................. 88. Comaceae Dum. (Comus L.).
+ Flowers in axillary clusters, unisexual and plant dioecious; sta­
mens opposite petals. Fruit with 2 (3) stones. Leaves with small
stipules, opposite or diagonally-opposite, on shortened shoots—
in clusters....................................... 69. Rhamnaceae Juss. (Rhamnus L.).
45. Flowers in umbels, unisexual. Fruit with 2 stones. Leaves palmately
lobed. Stems and branches spiny..............................................................
............. 86. Araliaceae Juss. [Acanthopanax (Decne. et Planch.) Miq.].
+ Flowers in cymose inflorescences, bisexual. Fruit with 1 stone, oval,
succulent or even dry finally, vesicular. Leaves simple, undivided.
Branches spiny.......................................................................................... 46.
46. Leaves denticulate, with 3 basal veins and a pair of stipules trans­
formed into stiff spines, 1 straight and erect and another deflexed
hook-like. Stamens 5, opposite petals. Fruits single............................
.....................................................69. Rhamnaceae Juss. (Zizyphus Mill.).
+ Leaves entire, with single midrib and small scarious stipules.
Spines branched at end. Stamens 10-15,5-10 of them opposite pet­
als. Fruits numerous............. 60. Zygophyllaceae R.Br. (Nitmria L.).
47(39). Aquatic plants with leaves floating on surface or wholly submerged
in water...................................................................................................... 48.
+ Terrestrial plants.......................................................................................50.
48. Leaves floating on surface, undivided. Flowers bisexual. Fruit—
schizocarp..................................................................................................49.
+ Whole plant submerged in water: leaves pinnatisect into linear
lobes, in whorls. Flowers dioecious, sometimes mixed with bisexual
ones, 4-merous; stamens 6-8, stigmas sessile. Fruit—schizocarp
splitting into nutlets......... 83. Haloragaceae R.Br. (Myriophyllum L.).
10

49. Petioles swollen, floating, blades rhomboid; leaves opposite, in ro­

sette. Flowers 4-merous. Fruit—homy nut..............................................
....................................................................81. Trapaceae Dum. (Trapa L.).
+ Petioles, not swollen, submerged, long, funiform, blades broadly-
oval, with narrow-cordate base; leaves alternate, distant, borne on
strong rhizome. Flowers with numerous spirally arranged
petals and stamens. Fruit—spongy capsule with fleshy seeds..........
...........................................................................45. Nymphaeaceae Salisb.
50. Woody plants (shrubs, subshrubs, rarely small trees)...................51.
+ Herbaceous plants................................................................................... 58.
51. Leaves very small, usually closely imbricated on annual shoots,
ovate-lanceolate to oblong, 2-5, rarely up to 10 mm long, generally
glaucous or glaucescent. Flowers small, in dense spicate racemes,
often in panicles. Fruit—capsule, dehiscent with 3 valves; seeds
pubescent.............................................................75. Tamaricaceae Link.
+ Characteristics different..........................................................................52.
52. Leaf blades flat, thin, broad.................................................................... 53.
+ Leaf blades narrow, terete, thick and succulent or stiff, with
convoluted margins. Leaves and branches opposite........................ 56.
53. Leaves simple, undivided or lobed. Flowers in cymose inflores­
cences or solitary.......................................................................................54.
+ Leaves pinnate, with elliptical dentate leaflets, alternate. Flowers
in racemes. Fruit—3-locular large-seeded capsule, dehiscent along
midportion through valves.........................................................................
.................................................67. Sapindaceae Juss. (Xanthoceras Bge.).
54. Leaves opposite. Flowers small, in cymose inflorescences (cymes).
Erect, non-spiny shrubs or small trees................................................. 55.
+ Leaves alternate, oblong-obovate, entire. Flowers large, solitary, 4-
merous; ovary on gynophore. Fruit—fleshy 4-valved capsule. Proc­
umbent, sping shrub....................51. Capparaceae Juss. (Capparis L.).
55. Leaves undivided, oval or elliptical, denticulate. Flowers 4-merous,
in few-flowered (2-5) cymes. Fruit—4-lobed, 4-valved capsule with
large fleshy seeds that hang on long funiculus when opened.......
........................................................ 65. Celastraceae R.Br. (Euonymus L.).
+ Leaves pinnately lobed. Flowers 5-merous, in few-flowered cymes.
Fruit—splitting into 2- or sometimes 3-samaras.....................................
....................................................................... 66. Aceraceae Juss. (Acer L.).
56. Leaves opposite, succulent, with 1 pair of linear or linear-spathu-
late leaflets on long thick petioles. Flowers 4-merous. Fruit 3- or 4-
winged capsule.............. 60. Zygophyllaceae R.Br. (Zygophyllum L.).
+ Leaves simple, undivided, linear or linear-lanceolate, with
convoluted margins, subsessile. Flowers 5-merous........................57.
57. Leaves in clusters on shortened shoots, acicular, glabrous, with
 11

lustrous scarious stipules. Flowers small, with white scarious pe­

rianth, in terminal heads; stamens 5. Fruit—nut.....................................
................................... 44. Caryophyllaceae Juss. (Gymnocarpos Forsk.).
+ Leaves opposite, tomentose-pubescent, with herbaceous stipules.
Flowers with coloured corolla, solitary, terminal; stamens many.
Fruit—capsule................. 76. Cistaceae Juss. (Helianthemum Adans.).
58(50). Stamens 4 or 5, arranged in one whorl or 10 in 2 whorls. Leaves
without punctate glands; if with such glands, alternate..............59.
+ Stamens numerous, filaments connate at base in 3 or 5 clusters.
Fruit—3- or 5-locular capsule. Leaves opposite, undivided, densely
covered with translucent punctate glands............................................
......................................................73. Hypericaceae Juss. (Hypericum L.).
59. Ovary superior..........................................................................................60.
+ Ovary inferior.......... 68.
60. Flowers 5-merous, sepals and petals 5 each, stamens 5 or 10. Styles
1,3 or 5........................................................................................................61.
+ Flowers 4-merous; stamens 4 or 6. Style 1, simple or stigma
sessile.................................................................................. 66.
61. Leaves alternate; if opposite, paripinnate and pistil with 1
style.............................................................................................................62.
+ Leaves opposite, undivided and entire. Pistil with 3 or 5 styles.
Fruit—capsule with free central placentation.........................................
............................................................................44. Caryophyllaceae Juss.
62. Pistil with 5 long styles. Leaves palmately lobed or palmatisect,
ternate, imparipinnate or simple...........................................................63.
+ Pistil with 1 style. Leaves paripinnate or pinnatisect into linear
lobes or even simple, undivided............................................................ 65.
63. Leaves undivided, lanceolate or linear. Fruit—capsule, dehiscent
with 5 valves. Stamens 5, alternating with 5 staminodes..............
.............................................................. 59. Linaceae S.P. Gray (Linum L.).
+ Leaves compound, ternate, or simple-palmately lobed, palmatisect
or imparipinnate. Fruit—5-locular, septicidal. Stamens 10..............64.
64. Leaves compound, ternate. Fruit—5-angled capsule...........................
................................................................................... 57. Oxalidaceae R. Br.
+ Leaves palmately lobed or palmatisect or imparipinnate. Fruit—5-
locular capsule or schizocarp splitting into 5 placentas bearing
long, glabrous or pilose beak twisted spirally or helically...........
................................................................................... 58. Geraniaceae Juss.
65. Leaves with small stipules, paripinnate, opposite, or 1-2 times
pinnatisect into linear lobes. Fruit—winged or wingless glabrous
capsule or schizocarp splitting into 5 aculeate nutlets. Flowers
solitary, axillary............................................. 60. Zygophyllaceae R. Br.
+ Leaves without stipules, undivided, lanceolate or elliptical, with
12

translucent punctate glands, alternate. Fruit—3-locular glandular-

tuberculate capsule. Flowers in corymbose-paniculate inflores­
cences.......................................61. Rutaceae Juss. (Haplophyllum Juss.).
66 . Calyx chorisepalous. Stamens 4 or 6. Fruit—pod. Leaves alter­
nate............................................................................................................. 67.
+ Calyx synsepalous, tubular, 4-lobed. Stamens 4. Fruit—capsule.
Leaves in whorls of 4 each, very small, thick, obovate.......................
............................................. 74. Frankeniaceae S.F. Gray (Frankenia L.).
67. Leaves ternate. Stamens 6; all identical. Fruit—2-valved many-
seeded silicular capsule without replum.... .....................................
.............................................................. 51. Capparaceae Juss. (Cleome L.).
+ Leaves simple, undivided, lobed or dissected but not ternate. Sta­
mens 6, of these 4 long and 2 short; or stamens 4 but then 2 of
them bifurcated above, bearing 2 anthers each. Fruit—siliqua or
silicula, many-seeded or 1-seeded, with replum, dehiscent by valves
or indehiscent.............................................................52. Cruciferae Juss.
68(59). Flowers in racemes, sometimes solitary, 4-merous. Fruit— 4-valved
capsule with pubescent seeds. Leaves simple, undivided...................
.....................................................................................82. Onagraceae Juss.
+ Flowers in compound umbels, 5-merous. Fruit—cremocarp, split­
ting into 2 hemicarplets (mericarps), suspended on slender verti­
cal style. Leaves usually compound, rarely undivided...................
.................................................................................. 87. Umbelliferae Juss.
69(4). Ovary superior.......................................................................................... 70.
+ Ovary inferior or half-inferior................................................................ 91.
70. Perianth double but calyx sometimes poorly developed. Flowers 4-
or 5-merous............................................................................................... 71.
+ Perianth simple, petaloid, with long tube and 5-lobed limb (claviform);
stamens 10, inserted in throat of perianth tube in 2 whorls one above
another. Fruit—nut................... 78. Thymelaeaceae Juss. (Stellerà L.).
71. Flowers regular (actinomorphic)..........................................................72.
+ Flowers irregular (zygomorphic), with bilabiate or bilaterally
symmetrical corolla..................................................................................87.
72. Stamens 4-5 or twice more; anther lobes withlateral attachment
and generally parallel. Flowers 4- or 5-merous.................................. 73.
+ Stamens 2; anther lobes dorsifixed, opposite. Flowers 4-merous, in
paniculate inflorescences. Fruit—2-locular, 2-valved capsule.
Shrubs with opposite simple leaves.......................................................
...................................................................94. Oleaceae Hoffmgg. et Link.
73. Calyx and corolla scarious, not marcescent, pistil with 5 styles,
flowers 5-merous, in capitate or in peltate-paniculate inflorescences.
Fruit— 1-seeded, nut, densely covered by calyx and shedding along-
with.................................................................. 93. Plumbaginaceae Juss.
 13

+ Perianth marcescent in fruit; pistil with 1 style. Fruit 2-many-seeded

.................................................................................................................... 74.
74. Stamens 8 or 10. Ovary 5-locular...........................................................75.
+ Stamens 4 or 5. Ovary 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-locular, rarely with more
locules.......................................... 76.
75. Herbaceous perennials with coriaceous or subcoriaceous undivided
leaves in a radical rosette. Fruit—5-locular capsule dehiscent by
longitudinal slits......................................................90. Pyrolaceae Dum.
+ Evergreen or deciduous shrubs or dwarf shrubs with undivided
alternate leaves. Fruit—capsule or berry..............91. Ericaceae Juss.
76. Flowers 4-merous, with scarious colourless corolla, small, in dense
spicate inflorescence. Fruit—capsule, dehiscent by transverse slits.
Leaves in a radical rosette, with longitudinal parallel veins....
.....................................................111. Plantaginaceae Juss. (Plantago L.).
+ Combination of characteristics different. Flowers not generally with
scarious colourless corolla and in dense spicate inflores­
cence........ .................................................................................................. 77.
77. Fruit—paired follicle; seed with long hairs. Stamens connate by
filaments into tube or adnate stigma by anthers. Ovary with
hypogynous nectar disc. Leaves opposite.........................................78.
+ Combination of characteristics different. Fruit—capsule, berry,
drupe or schizocarp. Seeds glabrous........... ........................................79.
78. Subshrubs. Follicles connate only at base. Flowers in paniculate
inflorescence; style with cone-like stigma; anthers adnate to stigma
but filaments free......................98. Apocynaceae Juss. {Apocynum L.).
+ Grasses. Follicles connate all along length. Flowers in cymes or
corymbs; style with 5-angled stigma; filaments connate into tube;
anthers with terminal appendages forming corona; pollen conglu-
tinated in pollinium........................................ 99. Asclepiadaceae R. Br.
79. Fruit—schizocarp, with 4 (rarely 2) nutlets. Flowers in bostryxes,
racemes or panicles. Leaves simple, alternate or in a radical ro­
sette. Pubescence of hairs borne on tubercles.................................
.................................................................................103. Boraginaceae Juss.
+ Combination of characteristics different. Fruit—2-, more rarely 3-
or 5-locular capsule, berry or drupe. Flowers generally not in
bostryxes................................................................................................... 80.
80. Ovary formed of 2 or 5 carpels; stigma capitate or bilobed.......... 82.
+ Ovary formed of 3 carpels; stigma 3-partite; fruit—3-locular cap­
sule. Flowers 5-merous........................................................................... 81.
81. Creeping evergreen dwarf shrubs. Flowers with 2-3 bracts at base;
stamens alternating with 5 staminodes; corolla lobes imbri­
cate........................................... 89. Diapensiaceae Lindl. (Diapensia L.).
+ Perennial herbs. Flowers without bracts; staminodes absent but
14

dish-shaped nectariferous hypogynous disc present; corolla lobes

twisted in bud.................................................102. Polemoniaceae Juss.
82. Fruit—2-locular capusle, drupe or berry. Ovary formed of 2 car­
pels. Stamens alternating with petals................................................. 83.
+ Fruit—capsule, dehiscent with 5 or 10 valves or teeth. Ovary with
5 carpels. Stamens opposite petals. Flowers 5-merous but lobes of
calyx and corolla sometimes 4,6 or 7...............92. Primulaceae Vent.
83. Leaves opposite, very rarely alternate when they are 1-2 pairs and
small while normally developed leaves form a radical rosette. Flow­
ers 5- or 4-merous; corolla persistent in fruit. Fruit—2-valved cap­
sule..........................................................................96. Gentianaceae Juss.
+ Combination of characteristics different. Leaves alternate; if
opposite, plant—shrub.......................................................................... 84.
84. Aquatic or aquatic-bog herbs. Leaves ternate, aerial or peltate, float­
ing. Capsule 2-valved, with parietal placenta. Flowers 5-
merous..............................................................97. Menyanthaceae Dum.
+ Terrestrial plants. Leaves simple, undivided, rarely pinnately lobed.
Fruit—berry, drupe or capsule with central placenta................... 85.
85. Flowers 4-merous, in dense axillary racemes. Fruit—capsule. Shrubs
with arcuate branches and lanceolate leaves......................................
......................................................... 95. Buddleiaceae Wilh. (Buddleia L.).
+ Flowers 5-merous, in cymose inflorescences or solitary. Herbs and
shrubs....................................................................................................... 86.
86. Flowers broadly-funnel-shaped, without distinct tube, large, soli­
tary. Capsule dehiscent with longitudinal slit.................................
...........................................................................100. Convolvulaceae Juss.
+ Flowers with distinct tube and limb, in cymes, paniculate inflores­
cences or in clusters. Fruit—berry or, more rarely, capsule dehis­
cent with transverse slit......................................... 106. Solanaceae Juss.
87(71). Stems foliate. Stamens 4, 5 or 2. Flowers without spur, rarely with
spur, but then stamens 4. Fruit—capsule (2-, rarely 4-locular) or
schizocarp with 4 nutlets............................................. ..........................88.
+ Stems leafless; leaves either submerged in water, pinnatisect into
filiform segments and with trapping vesicles or undivided, ellipti­
cal, in surface rosette, covered above with glandular hairs, sticky—
insectivorous plants. Flowers with spur, on leafless peduncle; sta­
mens 2. Fruit—bilocular dehiscent capsule..........................................
.........................................................................110. Lentibulariaceae Rich.
88. Leaves opposite. Fruit schizocarp with 4 nutlets. Stamens
4 or 2.......................................................................................................... 89.
+ Leaves alternate. Fruit—capsule. Stamens 4 or 2, rarely 5.......... 90.
89. Stem cylindrical. Leaves undivided. Flowers in terminal cymes;
corolla with upper, fimbriate-fringed lip; stamens 4.......................
 15

...............................................104. Verbenaceae Jaume (Caryopteris Bge.).

+Stems 4-angled. Leaves undivided, more often dentate or laciniate.
Flowers in verticels or terminal cymes; corolla bilabiate or only
with lower one undivided or lobed but not fimbriated lip; stamens
4 or, more rarely 2....................................................... 105. Labiatae Juss.
90. Fruit 2-, rarely 4-locular capsule dehiscent by longitudinal slits.
Stamens 4, rarely 2 or 5; in latter case, flowers sub-regular.........
........................................................................107. Scrophulariaceae Juss.
+ Fruit—fusiform capsule, dehiscent above by 2 valves. Stamens 5.
Corolla funnel-shaped, weakly bilabiate....................... .................
............................................... 108. Bignoniaceae Juss. (Incarvillea Juss.).
91(69). Flowers sessile on flat or convex receptacle— disc, surrounded by
dense involucre of leafy bracts; marginal (peripheral) flowers often
strongly different from inner (disc) flowers, irregular and larger
such that inflorescence, anthodium, appears as single flower.
Rarely, inflorescence-globose head without common involucre and
each flower has its own involucel. Fruit—achene..........................92.
+ Flowers in different type of inflorescences, without involucre.... 93.
92. Leaves opposite. Flowers surrounded by a distinct involucel, with
developed calyx and irregular corolla; stamens free; style with capi­
tate stigma..............................................................116. Dipsacaceae Juss.
+ Leaves alternate or in rosette, very rarely opposite. Flowers with
reduced calyx and with tubular, 5-toothed, regular or irregular
corolla or even with irregular ligulate corolla, without distinct
involucel; rarely, inflorescence capitate, without developed recep­
tacle and common involucre but each flower surrounded by
involucel; stamens with anthers connate into tube; style with 2
stigmas.................................................................118. Compositae Giseke.
93. Leaves undivided or pinnatisect. Flowers with coloured perianth;
style 1.........................................................................................................94.
+ Leaves ternate, radical. Flowers green, 5-7 each gathered in capi­
tate inflorescence; calyx 2-3-lobed, corolla 5-lobed, green; stamens
5, forked, and each filament with unilocular anther (in upper flower
in inflorescence, corolla 4-lobed and stamens 4); styles 3-5. Fruit—
fleshy drupe. Small slender shade-loving herbaceous plant.........
.............................................................114. Adoxaceae Trautv. (Adoxa L.).
94. Flowers with double perianth—with calyx and corolla; stamens
free............................................................................................................. 95.
+ Flowers with simple coloured irregular tubular perianth; stamens
adnate w ith style into colum n. Fruit— capsule dehiscent
longitudinally. Leaves alternate, undivided, with cordate base.
Herbs with creeping or erect stem.............................................................
.............................................. 38. Aristolochiaceae Juss. (Aristolochia L.).
16

95. Leaves alternate or in whorls. Flowers regular.................................96.

+ Leaves opposite. Flowers irregular, more rarely regular................ 98.
96. Herbaceous plants. Stamens 3-5........................................................... 97.
+ Shrubs or dwarf shrubs with evergreen or deciduous undivided
leaves. Stamens 8 or 10. Fruit—berry....................... 91. Ericaceae Juss.
97. Flowers 3-, 4- or 5-merous. Fruit—dicoccus or succulent, with 2
stones. Leaves in whorls....................................... 112. Rubiaceae Juss.
+ Flowers 5-merous, campanulate. Fruit—capsule, dehiscent by pores.
Leaves alternate, more rarely in whorls....117. Campanulaceae Juss.
98. Shrubs. Flowers without bracts, irregular, more rarely regular; sta­
mens 4 or 5. Fruit—berry or drupe............. 113. Caprifoliaceae Juss.
+ Herbs. Flowers with 2 bracts each, irregular—corolla with umbo
at base of tube; stamens 3 or 4. Fruit—achene with pappus or
scarious wing................................................ 115. Valerianaceae Batsch.

Family 29. SALICACEAE Mirb.

1. Flowers with 2-5 stamens, entire floral scales and 1-2 oblong nec­
taries at base of ovary; buds usually with 1 scale............ 1. Salix L.
+ Flowers with numerous stamens, fimbriate floral scales and cup-
or dish-shaped disc at base of ovary; buds with several scales......
..................................................................................................2. Populus L.

1. SALIX L.1
Sp. pi. (1753) 1015; id. Gen. pi., ed. 5 (1754) 447.
1. Low, creeping, prostrate, pulvinoid or ascending subshrubs and
dwarf shrubs, rarely low shrubs of subalpine and alpine belts,
usually 20-30 cm tall (sometimes 1-2 m tall under favourable con­
ditions); flowering shoots terminal, often similar to vegetative shoots
in size and foliage.................................................................................... 2.
+ Shrubs over 50 cm tall in subalpine, forest and lower belts of hills
and riverine valleys, with erect, more rarely ascending shoots, or
large trees; flowering shoots lateral, invariably shortened, usually
reduced to catkins with some normally developed or scale-like
leaves at base............................................................................................ 12.
2. Shrubs or subshrubs flattened along ground or almost wholly sub­
merged in it with small orbicular, ovate, ovate-elliptical or spathu-
late glabrous leaves without stipules; ovary and capsule glabrous;

’In order not to complicate the list of species by classifying into numerous sections,
many of them with only 1-2 species, species are dealt with not alphabetically but in the
order they appear in the key; in the latter, sections have already been distinguished.
 17

flowering shoots (in our species) almost leafless (sect. Retusae

A. Kemer)...................................................................................................3.
+ Dwarf shrubs with procumbent, ascending, sometimes suberect
shoots..........................................................................................................4.
3. Leaves broadly-ovate or orbicular, entire, 7-18 mm long, with cor­
date or rounded base; male and female catkins together with pe­
duncles shorter than or as long as leaves, rather few-flowered
(about 10 flowers); nectaries considerably longer than stalk of
ovary. Long-creeping dwarf shrubs totally appressed to sub­
strate............................................................. 1. S.nummularia Anderss.
+ Leaves broadly-elliptical or spathulate, 1-3 (4) cm long, serrulate,
acuminate, with cuneate base; catkins many-flowered, on long but
leafless peduncles considerably longer than leaves. Subshrubs al­
most wholly submerged in soil and growing with the help of sub­
soil offshoots............................................... 2. S. turczaninowii Laksch.
4. Leaves comparatively large (3-5 cm long, 2-3 cm broad), rugose,
with distinct petioles; glands impressed upward and exserted
downward like a grid, sharply bicoloured—bright-green above and
albescent below—entire and finely-glandular along margin or in­
distinctly crenate, without stipules; ovary with woolly pubescence,
on short stalks; styles shorter than stigmas; flowering shoots of
same size as vegetative shoots and bearing normally developed
leaves (sect. Chametia Dum.).................................................................... 5.
+ Leaves smaller, not rugose, without sharply exserted grid of veins,
not white below (green or glaucescent); styles as long as stigmas
or longer.............................................................................................................. .....6 .
5. Mature leaves glabrous or subglabrous beneath, with poorly mani­
fest glands along margin, on long (1/2-2/3 of blade length) petiole
and lateral veins displaced toward leaf base; peduncle as long as
or longer than catkin. Shrubs with procumbent and shortened red­
dish shoots............................................................... ........3. S. reticulata L.
+ Mature leaves with dense silky pubescence beneath, distinctly
manifest small glands, short (1/10-1/5 of blade length) petiole
and uniformly distributed lateral veins; peduncle shorter than
catkin. Ascending shrub 30-70 cm tall in favourable conditions,
with yellowish shoots................................................4. S. vestita Pursh.
6. Leaves nearly same coloured on both sides, green, slender, gla­
brous or diffusely pubescent, sharply serrate or spiny-dentate, stiff,
with persistent glandular symmetrical stipules; ovary puberulent,
on developed stalk, nearly as long as nectary; flowering shoots
usually short, som etim es w ithout leaves (sect. M yrtosalix
A. Kemer).................................................................................................... 7.
+ Leaves paler beneath—pale-green or glaucous, without stipules;
18

flowering shoots hardly different from vegetative shoots............... 9.

7. Leaves glabrous, spiny-toothed, with large acute teeth, obovate,
1-2 cm long; catkins 1-2 (3) cm long; stamens with often connate
filaments. Pulvinoid dwarf shrubs with long-persistent, withered
year-old leaves and vertical subsurface stems penetrating deep into
substrate................................................................... 5. S. berberifolia Pall.
+ Leaves glabrous or finely pubescent, denticulate, serrulate or nearly
entire; filaments free. Ascending or procumbent shrubs not form­
ing mats and non-persisting year-old leaves....................................... 8.
8. Leaves serrulate or entire, ovate or broadly-elliptical, 2-3 cm long,
1-2 cm broad, glabrous or diffusely-pubescent; shoots glabrous or
finely-pubescent; buds with straight beak; flowering shoots short,
with 2-5 small leaves. Ascending dwarf shrub....................................
....................................................................6. S. rectijulis Ledeb. ex Trautv.
+ Leaves denticulate, finely-pubescent, lustrous above, ovate; young
shoots with dense white pubescence, later turning grey; buds with
recurved beak; flowering shoots very short, leafless. Dwarf shrub
more than 1 m tall in favourable conditions....................................
........................................................7. S. recurvigemmis A.K. Skvortsov.
9. Leaves glabrous on both surfaces, ovate, ovate-spathulate or obo­
vate, light-green beneath, with serrate or crenate-dentate margin,
1-2 cm long, 0.6-1.5 cm broad, rounded or acuminate at tip, broadly-
cuneate at base, petiole 1/4-1/3 of blade length; catkins terminal
on foliate flowering shoots, male ones 1-2 cm long and female up
to 4 cm long, with glabrous obovate-orbicular bracts; ovary gla­
brous, on short stalk (shorter than nectary), with very short style
and capitate stigmas. Ascending or erect dwarf shrubs with brown
nodose shoots (sect. Floccosae Hao)............. 8. S. flabellaris Anderss.
+ Leaves with dense villous (or silky) pubescence beneath or on both
surfaces (developed leaves sometimes partly glabrous); ovary with
woolly pubescence, on short stalks or subsessile, with distinct
styles; capsules pubescent (sect. Glaucae Pax)......................................10.
10. Shrubs of subalpine belt with erect shoots 0.5-2 m tall in favourable
conditions; leaves obovate, elliptical or broadly-lanceolate, 3-5 cm
long, with broadly-cuneate or truncate base; filaments pubescent
at base, free; bracts brown....................................................................... 11.
+ Dwarf shrubs of alpine belt with shoots flattened along substrate
or ascending; leaves narrowly-elliptical or lanceolate, (1) 2-3 cm
long, 0.7-1 cm broad, with narrowly-cuneate base, gradually nar­
rowed into petiole; filaments glabrous, sometimes connate up to
middle; bracts black........................................................9. S. arctica Pall.
11. Leaves dentate, lustrous; bracts dark-brown. Shrubs with thick
nodose shoots, up to 1.5 m tall................................................................
 19

.................................................................10. S. aiatavica Kar. exStschegl.

+ Leaves entire, without glands along margin, dull above; bracts
light-brown. Shrubs showing considerable variation under differ­
ent conditions—from creeping to erect— 1.5-2 m tall in favourable
conditions............................................................................ 11. S. glauca L.
12(1). Large trees or tall shrubs with virgate, uniformly foliate, erect shoots,
usually large (longer than 7 cm), uniformly and closely-serrate
leaves (with the exception of S. songarica in which leaves are en­
tire); number of teeth 2-3 times more than the number of lateral
veins; petioles grooved, usually with 1-4 pairs of glands; stami­
nate flowers with 3-10 (rarely 2) stamens with free filaments and 2
(rarely 1) nectaries................................................................................... 13.
+ Trees, tall or dwarf shrubs with erect shoots, usually with very
small leaves (if longer than 7 cm, unevenly or remotely-serrated or
large- and sparsely dentate), with terete petioles without glands;
staminate flowers with 2 free or connate stamens and 1-2 necta­
ries.............................................................................................................. 16.
13. Petioles without glands; bracts dark-brown, persistent; stamens 2;
female flowers with single nectary; ovary and capsule narrow, fusi­
form, on short, 0.2-1 mm long, stalks, with fine silky pubescence.
Trees with yellowish-chestnut bark, serrulate, glabrescent, lan­
ceolate, rounded or cuneately-narrowed at base; leaves glaucous
beneath and 6-7.5(12) cm long, 1-1.5(3) cm broad, with long-acumi­
nate tip (sect. Subalbae Koidz.)................12. S. sericocarpa Anderss.
+ Petioles with glands; bracts shedding by the time capsule ripens;
stamens 3-10; female flowers with 2 nectaries; ovary and capsule
oblong-ovate or ovate-fusiform, glabrous........................................... 14.
14. Small trees and tall shrubs; leaves altogether glabrous, lanceolate,
without exudation of viscid sap, usually with persistent, asym­
metrical, falcate, ovate, acuminate stipules; stamens 3; ovary and
capsule on long stalk, 2-3 times longer than nectary (1); styles very
short or not developed, stigmas bilobed, capitate (sect. Amygdalinae
Koch)..........................................................................................................15.
+ Trees; leaves (even young ones) altogether glabrous, from broadly-
lanceolate to broadly-elliptical, acuminate at tip, rounded at base;
exuding viscid sap in spring, with small caducous stipules; sta­
mens 4-10; ovary and capsule on short stalk as long as nectaries
or slightly longer; styles invariably developed, stigmas long, en­
larged, bilobed [sect. Pentandrae (Borrer) Schneid.].................
.................................................... ................................... 13. S. pentandra L.
15. Leaves 6-10 cm long, uniformly serrulate along margin.................
............................................................................................ 14. S. triandraL.
+ Leaves 4-7 cm long, entire, with glands along margin, more rarely
20

closely serrulate or denticulate (but not all on shoot)..........................

............................................................................. 15. S. songarica Anderss.
16. Stamens 2, free..........................................................................................17.
+ Stamens with fully or partly connate filaments (sect. Helix Dum. s.
lat.)............................................................................................................. 46.
17. Female flowers with bilobed nectaries, often forming false discs;
filaments densely pubescent in lower half and glabrous above;
male flowers with 2 or 1 nectary divided into lobes or entire. Ovary
subsessile, usually pubescent. Low [0.6-3 (4.5) m tall] subalpine
shrubs with short nodose shoots, small (8-30 mm long), elliptical,
ovate or obovate leaves, with short, flowering shoots, usually with
some normally developed leaves at base (sect. Sclerophyllae
Schneid.).................................................................................................... 18.
+ Female flowers with 1 simple (not lobed) nectary; filaments gla­
brous or with uniformly-diffuse pubescence..................................... 23.
18. Male flowers with 2 lobed nectaries; leaves small (8-20 mm long),
short-petiolate........................................................................................... 19.
+ Male flowers with 1 ventral nectary; leaves larger (15-30 mm long),
petiole 1 /3-1 /2 as long as blade.............................................................22.
19. Annual shoots black or dark-brown, glabrous or pubescent. Style
divided only at tip; filaments 3-5 times longer than bract, ovary
nearly thrice longer than bract...............................................................20.
+ Annual shoots intense-purple, glabrescent; style short, split down
to base; filaments twice longer than bract; bract longer than or
nearly equalling ovary. Low, 0.6.-2.5 m tall, erect shrub, with ob­
long-ellip tical, serrulate, glabrescent leaves green above,
glaucescent beneath, 1-2 (2.5) cm long, 0.4-1 cm
broad..................................................................16. S. atopantha Schneid.
20. Annual shoots glabrous, without white waxy bloom; leaves
broadly-elliptical, 2-3 cm long, 1-1.5 cm broad, glabrous on both
surfaces glaucous beneath. Catkins ovate, about 1 cm long; bracts
with soft pubescence. Shrub or small tree up to 4.5 m tall...............
.......................................................................................17. S. tibetica Gorz.
+ Annual shoots pubescent or glabrous but with white waxy bloom;
leaves pubescent beneath or on both surfaces....................................21.
21. Shoots glabrous; leaves with diffuse pubescence beneath, more
rarely on both surfaces, broadly-elliptical; bracts with soft and long
pubescence...................................................18. S. sclerophylla Anderss.
+ Shoots with soft pubescence; leaves densely pubescent on both
surfaces; bracts glabrous................ 19. S. sclerophylloides Y.L. Chou.
22. Ovaries and shoots glabrous (ovary puberulent in var. lasiogyne
Rehd.)....................................................................... 20. S. cupularis Rehd.
+ Ovaries crispate-hairy, shoots with greyish tomentose pubescence.
 21

Low, 0.6-1.8 m tall, erect shrub, with elliptical or ovate, glabres-

cent, entire 1-2.4 cm long, 0.8-1.5 cm broad leaves, dirty-green above,
glaucous beneath, with reddish petiole...... 21. S. oritrepha Schneid.
23(17). Male flowers with 1 nectary.................................................................. 24.
+ Male flowers with 2 nectaries; catkins on short peduncles, male
3-6 cm long, female up to 8 cm long and 1 cm thick; ovary and
capsule densely pubescent; style short, deeply laciniate, concealed
in pubescence of ovary. Trees or tall shrubs with broadly-lanceolate
leaves bearing silky pubescence, outwardly resembling species of
section Vimen (sect. Psilostigmata Schneid.)..............................................
..........................................................................22. S. psilostigma Anderss.
24. Ovary usually glabrous, 0.5-1 m long, on distinct stalk; stipules
generally persistent, symmetrical; catkins thick, short, on short
foliate or leafless peduncles. Low shrubs with thick nodose shoots
or small trees with elliptical, broadly-lanceolate or suborbicular,
serrulate leaves, pale-green beneath (sect. Hastatae A. Kemer)....... 25.
+ Ovary pubescent; stipules caducous and, if persistent, narrow,
asymmetrical; catkins narrow, long......................................................28.
25. Small tree or large shrub with broadly-elliptical or orbicular, 3-6
cm long, 2-5 cm broad leaves, with large orbicular-reniform stipules,
petiole 1-2.5 cm long; stalks of capsules 1-2 mm long, a few times
longer than nectary............................................23. S. pyrolifolia Ledeb.
+ Low shrubs with elliptical or broadly-lanceolate leaves up to 1 cm
long stipules, narrower (ovate or lanceolate) stipules; stalk of cap­
sule 0.2-1 (1.5) mm long.............................................................. .......... ..26.
26. Leaves nearly monochromatic, apple-green, on both surfaces; cap­
sules on very short, 0.3-0.5 mm long stalks to subsessile...................
............................................................ ............... .24. S. fedtschenkoi Gôrz.
+ Leaves paler beneath; capsule with distinct stalk............................ 27.
27. Stalk of capsule 0.5-1.5 mm long, longer than nectary; stipules
long-persistent; catkins late, female ones on 0.7-2.5 cm long pe­
duncles bearing generally well-developed leaves; bracts brown with
blackish tips.......................................................................25. S. hastata L.
+ Stalk of capsule 0.2-0.5 mm long, shorter than nectary; stipules
canducous; catkins early, female ones on short, up to 1 cm long
peduncles with reduced leaves; bracts wholly black.........................
..............................................................26. S. karelinii Turcz. ex Stschegl.
28. Leaves glabrous or pubescent beneath, with hairs spread in differ­
ent directions, not generally silky or silvery lustrous beneath.... 29.
+ Leaves pubescent beneath with uniformly spread, intensely light-
refracting hairs, creating silky or silvery lustre.................................39.
29. Leaves slender, lanceolate, finely-and densely-serrate, more rarely
entire, usually glabrous or rarely pubescent with appressed hairs
22

scattered along the blade, bicoloured—bright-green above and

albescent or grey beneath due to slight waxy bloom (more rarely,
light-green), with uniform slender grid of secondary and tertiary
veins, uniformly projected on both surfaces of blade; stipules up to
1 mm long, subulate or narrowly-lanceolate, caducous or turning
brown in developed leaves; ovary with appressed pubescence
(sometimes only at base), with long style, sessile, more rarely
stalked, not surpassing nectary or as long. Shrubs with reddish
shoots (sect. Arbuscella Ser. ex Duby).................................................... 30.
+ Leaves compact, ovate, obovate or broadly-lanceolate, large- and
sparsely-toothed; remotely or unevenly serrate or entire, pubes­
cence tomentose or diffuse (more rarely, glabrous), monochromatic
or paler beneath, with a grid of veins greatly projected downward,
often rugose-reticulate; stipules large, usually persistent, broadly-
lanceolate, asymmetric; ovary densely pubescent, on stalk consid­
erably surpassing nectary; styles short, as long as stigmas or not
developed. Trees and large shrubs with brown, rarely reddish-
brown shoots (sect. Vetrix Dum.).......................................................... 33.
30. Procumbent shrub with ascending shoots 1-2 m tall in favourable
conditions, with small (1.5-3 cm long) lanceolate or broadly-lan­
ceolate, usually entire, more rarely closely serrulate leaves, with
persistent diffuse pubescence beneath; floral scales black; ovary
and capsule with silky pubescence...................27. S. divaricata Pall.
+ Erect, very tall shrubs with serrate leaves and diffusely pubescent
(usually only in lower part) ovaries and glabrescent capsules.... 31.
31. Bracts black; leaves broadly-lanceolate or lanceolate-elliptical, flat,
uniformly sharply serrate, 5-6 cm long, 1.5-2 cm broad; catkins
early, on thick, short peduncles with reduced leaves. Shrubs 1-3 m
tall......................................................................... 28. S. tianschanica Rgl.
+ Bracts pale or brownish; leaves lanceolate or broadly lanceolate,
uniformly or unevenly serrate, more rarely (on some shoots) en­
tire...............................................................................................................32.
32. Leaves 3-8 cm long, 1-2 cm broad, often with sinuate-serrate revo­
lute margin; petioles more than 5 mm long; bracts obtuse................
.................................................................................29. S. rhamnifolia Pall.
+ Leaves 1.5-3 (4.5) cm long, 0.5-0.9 (1.2) cm broad, flat, densely and
finely glandulose-serrate; petioles 1-3 mm long; bracts acute.........
............................................................................... 30. S. characta Schneid.
33(29). Young shoots glabrous; developed leaves elliptical, serrulate or
entire, glaucous beneath, glabrous; buds flattened adaxially; fe­
male catkins densely flowered (axis of inflorescence not seen as
fruits ripen), bracts brown. Tall shrub or tree up to 12 m tall, with
rust-coloured shoots..................................... 31. S. taraikensis Kimura.
 23

+ Young shoots pubescent, brown, yellow or greyish; developed leaves

pubescent or glabrescent, generally not glaucous beneath............ 34.
34. Leaves with veins sharply projected beneath, sometimes rugose,
like shoots, pubescent with patent, crispate hairs; buds convex
adaxially; stipules long-persistent, large, bracts up to 1 mm broad;
stalks of ovaries elongated little as fruits ripen (axis of inflores­
cence not seen when with fruits)...........................................................35.
+ Leaves with veins faintly projected beneath, flat, pubescent with
oppressed or semi-appressed hairs; buds flattened adaxially, usu­
ally appressed to shoot; stipules small, caducous, bracts 0.4-0.8
mm broad; stalk of ovary elongated or not as fruits ripen............36.
35. Leaves lanceolate or obovate-elliptical, broadest in upper one-
fourth, gradually narrowed toward base, not rugose, with small
teeth in upper half, ash-grey above. Tall shrub with sharply mani­
fest oblong ridges on wood of shoots........................32. S. cinerea L.
+ Leaves elliptical or obovate, broadest near middle or slightly above,
impressed-rugose above, dark-green, unevenly crenate-dentate,
with veins sharply projeced beneath forming broad loops at ends.
Trees up to 5 m tall, without sharply manifest oblong ridges on
wood of shoots................................................................... 33. S. caprea L.
36. Female catkins loose, stalk of ovary greatly elongated as fruits ripen
(up to 4.5 mm long); bracts narrow (up to 0.5 mm broad), pale;
shoots brown, slender. Shrubs or small tree up to 6 mm tall, with
entire elliptical leaves........................................... 34. S. bebbiana Sarg.
+ Female catkins dense, stalk of ovary elongated little as fruits ripen
(up to 2-3 mm long); bracts 0.5-0.8 mm broad, black entirely or at
tip. Trees and shrubs with dentate, serrate or entire leaves........... 37.
37. Leaves unevenly serrate or gnawed-dentate, broadly-elliptical; style
with stigmas longer than 1 mm; shoots dark-brown, slender. Shrub
or small tree up to 6-8 m tall........................35. S. abscondita Laksch.
+ Leaves entire or serrulate, broadly-lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate or
narrowly-obovate; style with stigmas shorter than 1 mm; shoots
yellowish or nearly black........................................................................38.
38. Ovary ovate-fusiform or ovate-conical, 3-5 mm long; female cat­
kins up to 4 cm long; bracts black in upper half. Shrub or
shrubwood with yellowish, thick, nodose shoots and broadly-
elliptical or oblong-obovate, serrulate, more rarely nearly entire
leaves with short pubescence, abruptly tapering at tip.................
.......................................................................................... 36. S. iliensis Rgl.
+ Ovary narrowly-fusiform, up to 8-9 mm long; female catkins up to
12 cm long; bracts totally black. Shrub with brown or nearly black
shoots, broadly-lanceolate or broadly-elliptical leaves with soft
pubescence; leaves gradually attenuated at tip............ ,.....................
24

.........................................................................37. S. wallichiana Anderss.

39(28). Trees or tall shrubs with serrulate or entire (usually with slightly
revolute margin) leaves with well-developed petioles, with lateral
veins diverging at high angle from midrib (often almost at right
angle) and hairs with silky pubescence beneath oriented angu­
larly away from axis (very rarely, subglabrous beneath); ovary and
capsule sessile or on short stalks (not longer than nectary), with
elongated styles and stigmas (sect. Vimen Dum.)............................. 40.
+ Low shrubs with entire leaves with short (2-6 mm long) petioles
with lateral veins diverging at 30-40° from midrib, silky pubescent
small hairs beneath oriented along axis; ovary and capsule on
stalks 1.5-2.5 times longer than nectary, with short styles and stig­
mas (sect. Incubaceae A. Kemer)............................................................45.
40. Ovary with very fine pubescence or subglabrous, sessile; styles
1/3-1/2 as long as ovary. Shrubs 1-3.5 m tall with glabrescent
brown shoots, lanceolate-elliptical glandular-crenate leaves 4-11
cm long, 1.2-2.5 cm broad, with yellowish veins greatly projected
beneath and silky, sparse (sometimes partly convergent) pubes­
cence.................................................................38. S. rehderiana Schneid.
+ Ovary densely pubescent, sessile or on short stalks; styles shorter
than 1 /3 of ovary..................................................................................... 41.
41. Leaves with revolute margin; glands (if developed) somewhat
shifted away from leaf margin; ovary and capsule subsessile.... 42.
+ Leaves flat, entire or closely serrulate, with glands along leaf mar­
gin; ovary and capsule on short stalks.................................................43.
42. Leaves dark-green above, silvery-white beneath, with slightly pro­
jected veins, blades at least partly covered by hairs; floral scales
brown; shoots brown or yellowish-brown. Tall shrub or tree...........
......................................................................................... 39. S. viminalis L.
+ Leaves greenish-brown above, white or ivory-white beneath, with
greatly projected veins, not covered by hairs; floral scales black;
shoots bright-yellow................................................. 40. S. turanica Nas.
43. Shoots yellowish or light-green, long, virgate, pubescence
velutinous; leaves large, 8-15 cm long, 2-3 cm broad, with sinuated
or sinuated-serrulate edges, oblong, lanceolate, with dense-
velutinous pubescence beneath, sometimes partly glabrescent, with
large (up to 1.5 cm long), lanceolate, falcate stipules and petioles
with abruptly enlarged base. Tall shrubs or trees of lower hill
belt...................................................................... 41. S. dasyclados Wimm.
+ Shoots dark-coloured, short, subglabrous; leaves up to 10 cm long,
from lanceolate to elliptical, entire or serrulate, with appressed
silky pubescence beneath, sometimes partly glabrescent; stipules
2-4 cm long, caducous. Shrubs or small trees of subalpine belt....44.
 25

44. Shoots thick, nodose due to dense leaf remnants; leaves lanceolate,
entire, with faint silvery pubescence beneath or subglabrous, green.
Subalpine shrub..................................................... 42. S. sajanensis Nas.
+ Shoots slender; leaves from oblong-elliptical to obovate, serrulate,
with fine silvery pubescence beneath. Small tree or shrub of alpine
belt........................................................................ 43. S. argyracea E. Wolf.
45(39). Pubescence of young leaves silvery and of mature leaves silvery-
grey; stalk of capsule 0.5-1 mm long. Shrub up to 2.5 m tall; shoots
and leaves finely pubescent............................. 44. S. rosmarinifolia L.
+ Pubescence of young leaves golden and of mature leaves silvery
with bluish or greenish tint; stalk of capsule 1-2 mm long. Shrub
up to 1.5 m tall; shoots and leaves with dense velutinous pubes­
cence...................................... 45. S. brachypoda (Trautv. et Mey.) Kom.
46(16). Low shrubs and dwarf shrubs 0.2-2.5 m tall, with short shoots,
broadly lanceolate, oblong-elliptical, spathulate or obovate, short-
petiolate leaves, densely pubescent sessile ovaries and long
styles...........................................................................................................47.
+ Tall shrubs or trees with long virgate shoots..................................... 49.
47. Shoots thick, black, dark-violet or dark-brown; catkins without
leaves, sessile; bracts oblong-elliptical, acuminate, dark-violet; sta­
mens sometimes not entriely connate, anthers free, red-violet. Shrubs
0.6-2.4 m tall, with glabrous, oblong-elliptical or obovate leaves,
entire or serrulate, 1.3-2.5 cm long, 0.7-1.2 cm broad, cuneately
narrowed toward base, glaucescent beneath.....................................
.... 46. S. rhododendrifolia C. Wang et PY. Fu (S. myrtillacea auct.).
+ Shoots slender, greyish-yellow or light-brown; catkins with short­
ened broad leaves at base; bracts ovate, brown; stamens entirely
connate, with darkish, brown, more rarely reddish anthers. Shrubs
with leaves distictly glaucous beneath................................................ 48.
48. Leaves, at least young ones, with appressed pubescence beneath,
glabrescent later, sometimes almost wholly (excluding margin),
greyish-green, usually entire, 1-4 cm long, 0.5-1.5 cm broad; buds
divergent from shoot; catkins 0.7-1.5 cm long. Shrub 0.2-1 (1.5) m
tall...................................................................................... 47. S. caesia Vill.
+ Leaves invariably glabrous, bluish-green, entire or serrulate at tip;
buds appressed to stem and usually slightly flattened; catkins up
to 3 cm long. Shrub 0.5-2.5 m tall..................48. S. kochiana Trautv.
49. Leaves narrowly-linear, 1.5-5 cm long, 2-5 (8) mm broad, entire or
very finely glandulose-serrate, on 1-3 (5) mm long petioles; catkins
1-2 (3) cm long.......................................................................................... 50.
+ Leaves from narrowly-lanceolate to broadly-elliptical, usually more
than 5 mm broad; if sublinear, longer and runcinate.....................52.
50. Shoots dark-red or purple, young ones with appressed silky
26

pubescence, annual shoots partly or wholly glabrescent; mature

leaves densely pubescent only beneath or on both surfaces; ovary
pubescent; bracts acuminate or obtuse at tip. Tall (3-5 m),
divaricately-branched shrubs............................................................... 51.
+ Shoots brown, yellowish or grey, soon glabrescent; mature leaves
glabrous or with weak silky pubescence; ovaries glabrous; bracts
erose-dentate. Truncate at tip. Shurbs or small trees.........................
........................................................ 49. S. microstachya Turcz. ex Trautv.
51. Leaves pubescent on both surfaces; bracts monochromatic; stig­
mas large, ovary very densely pubescent; shoots often with waxy
bloom..................................................................50. S. wilhelmsiana M.B.
+ Leaves pubescent only beneath; bracts reddish at tip; stigmas small,
ovaries with appressed short pubescence; shoots without waxy
bloom...............................................................51. S. cheilophila Schneid.
52. leaves broadly-lanceolate or broadly-elliptical, more rarely ovate-
elliptical, 1.5-2.5 (6) cm long, 0.5-1 cm broad, closely serrulate,
young ones reddish with diffuse pubescence, mature ones gla­
brous; shoots red, long, virgate; catkins 2-3 cm long; ovaries densely
pubescent, with short styles as long as stigmas; bracts ovate-lan­
ceolate, black, equal to 1/3 of ovary, densely pubescent in upper
1/3. Shrubs 2-4 m tall.............................................52. S. taoensis Gorz.
+ Leaves very long, lanceolate, narrowly-lanceolate or linear-lan­
ceolate; catkins usually more than 3 cm long.................................... 53.
53. Capsule ovate with valves rounded or obtuse-deltoid at tip,
abruptly narrowed into short styles; bracts rounded at tip........ 54.
+ Capsule ovate-conical with valves gradually narrowed, gradually
narrowed into style; bracts obtuse-deltoid or obtuse-dentate at
tip...............................................................................................................56.
54. Leaves lanceolate, entire or serrulate.................................................. 55.
+ Leaves linear-lanceolate or sublinear, 4-10 (12) cm long, 0.3-0.6 cm
broad, remotely runcinate all along length, young ones pubescent
beneath, m ature ones glabrous. Spreading, thin-tw igged
shrub............................................ 53. S. gordejevii Chang et Skvortsov.
55. 2-3-year-old shoots white, ivory-white or bright-yellow; leaves (3)
4-7 cm long, usually entire or very small and inequiserrate, mono­
chromatic- light- or glaucescent-green, generally without stipules.
Shrubs up to 5 m tall................................. 54. S. ledebouriana Trautv.
+ 2-3-year-old shoots greyish-green or brown; leaves 4-10 cm long;
uniformly runcinate, green above, glaucescent beneath, with
persistent linear stipules. Tall shrub or small tree.....................................
................................................................................55. S. miyabeana Seem.
56. Leaves 7-12 cm long, 0.7-1.5 cm broad, with 0.7-1 (1.5) cm long
petioles, lanceolate, runcinate with callous margin, glabrous on
 27

both surfaces or with diffuse pubescence beneath; catkins up to 10

cm long. Tall shrub or broad-crowned tree up to 8 m tall.................
................................................................................. 56. S. tenuijulis Ledeb.
+ Leaves up to 7 cm long, 0.4-1 cm broad, on very short peti­
oles..............................................................................................................57.
57. Shoots white or light-yellow; leaves narrowly lanceolate, entire,
glabrous. Shrub or small tree................................... 57. S. caspica Pall.
+ Shoot dark-coloured................................................................................ 58.
58. Leaves narrowly-lanceloate, entire or serrulate, glabrescent; bracts
black or nigrescent, ripened capsules caducous. Tall shrub.......
...................................................................58. S. michelsonii Gorz ex Nas.
+ Leaves lanceolate or broadly lanceolate, with appressed pubes­
cence beneath; bracts pale, ripened capsule persistent (sometimes
partly).................................................. 59.
59. Leaves with 1-3 mm long petioles, serrulate, glaucous-green, slen­
der; flowering buds outwardly resembling vegetative buds. Tall
shrub or tree up to 8 m............................. 59. S. kirilowiana Stschegl.
+ Leaves with 4-6 mm long petioles, entire, more rarely serrlilate or
with sessile glands along margin, grey-green, dull, dense; flower­
ing buds larger than vegetative ones. Shrub or tree up to 12 m tall.
......................................................................60. S. pycnostachya Anderss.
1. S. nummularia Anderss. in DC. Prodr. 16, 2 (1868) 298; Sap. Mong.
Alt. (1911) 386; Kryl. FI. Zap. Sib. 4 (1930) 777; Nas. in FI. SSSR, 5 (1936) 38;
Grub. Konsp. fl. MNR (1955) 101; A. Skvortz. Ivy SSSR [Willows of USSR]
(1968) 122; Grub. Opred. rast. Mong. [Key to Plants of Mongolia] (1982) 73.
—S. retusa var. rotundifolia Trautv. Fl. Boganid. (1847) 152. — S. herbacea var.
flabellaris Anderss. in DC. Prodr. 16, 2 (1868) 298. — S. polyadenia Hand.-
Mazz. in Osterr. Bot. Zeitchr. 81 (1932) 306. —-S. rotundifolia auct. non Trautv.
1832; Trautv. in Acta Horti Petrop. 1,1 (1871) 79; Schneid. in Sarg. PI. Wils.
3 (1916) 143; Kryl. Fl. Zap. Sib. 4 (1930) 775; Nas. in Fl. SSSR, 5 (1936) 39.
—Ic.: Fl. SSSR, 5, Plate II, fig. 6.
Described from West. Siberia (Altay). Lectotype in Leningard.
On bald peaks in rocky, moss-lichen tundra, riverine depositions in
alpine belt.
IA. Mongolia: K h o b d . (Turgen/ river valley, gorge along river, 2800 m, July 8, 1973—
Banzragch, Karam. et al.), M o n g . A lt. "Chulyshman sources"—Sap. l.c.).
General distribution: Arct., Europe, West, and East. Siberia, Far East, Nor. Mong.
(Hent., Hang.), China (Dunbei), Japan (Hokkaido).

2. S. turczaninowii Laksch. in Sched. Herb. Fl. Ross. VIII, 50 (1914) No.

2495; Kryl. Fl. Zap. Sib. 4 (1930) 778; Sap. Mong. Alt. (1911) 386; Nas. in Fl.
SSSR, 5 (1936) 37; A. Skvortz. Ivy SSSR [Willows of USSR] (1968) 120;
Grub. Opred. rast. Mong. [Key to Plants of Mongolia] (1982) 73; Claves pi.
28

Xinjiang. 2 (1983) 46. — S. liliputa Nas. in Fl. URSS, 5 (1936) 707. —le.: Fl.
SSSR, 5, Plate II, fig. 2.
Described from Altay. Type in Leningrad.
On bald peaks, in rocky and moss-lichen tundra, moraines, talus and
rocks, in alpine belt.
IA. Mongolia: M o n g . A lt. ("Onkattu lake"— Sap. l.c.).
IIA. Junggar: C is-A lt. (in Timul-bakhan region, on slope, 2600 m—coll, ign.; "Altay
[Shara-Sume], Qinhehe [Chingil'], Fuyun', Fukhai"— Claves pi. Xinjiang, l.c.).
General distribution: Jung.-Tarb.; West. Sib. (Altay), East. Sib., Far East. Nor.
Mong. (Fore Hubs., Hent.), China (Altay).

3. S. reticulata L. Sp. pi. (1753) 1018; Sap. Mong. Alt. (1911) 386; Schneid.
in Sarg. PI. Wils. 3 (1916) 144; Kryl. FI. Zap. Sib. 4 (1930) 773; Nas. in FI. SSSR,
5 (1936) 32; Grub. Konsp. fl. MNR (1955) 101; FI. Kazakhst. 3 (1960) 37; A.
Skvortz. Ivy SSSR [Willows of USSR] (1968) 116; Grub. Opred. rast. Mong.
[Key to Plants of Mongolia] (1982) 72.—S. orbicularis Anderss. in DC. Prodr.
16,2 (1868) 300; Nas. in FI. SSSR, 5 (1936) 33.—Ic.: FI. SSSR, 5, Plate I, fig. 3.
Described from Sweden. Type in London (Linn.).
On rock screes, moraines and rocks, in tundra, in alpine belt.
IA. Mongolia: K h o b d . (Turgen' river valley, in dwarf birch thickets, 2300-2400 m,
July 6, 1973— Banzragch, Karam. et al.; "Bukhei-Muren river"— Grub. 1982), M o n g .
A lt. (Khasagtu-Khairkhan, nor slope of Tsagan-Irmyk-Ul, slope exposed northward in
upper Khunkerin-Ama, 2700-3100 m, under rocks, Aug. 23. 1972 - Grub., Ulzij. et al.).
General distribution: Jung.-Tarb.; Arct., Europe, Balk.-Asia Minor, West. Sib., Far
East, Nor. Mong. (Fore Hubs, Hang.), Nor. Amer.

4. S. vestita Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. (1814) 610; Schneid. in Sarg. PL Wils.
3 (1916) 144; Nas. in FI. SSSR, 5 (1936) 34; Grub. Konsp. fl. MNR (1955)
102; A. Skvortz. Ivy SSSR [Willows of USSR] (1968) 117; Grub. Opred. rast.
Mong. [Key to Plants of Mongolia] (1982) 72; Claves pi. Xinjiang. 2 (1983)
46. — S. reticulata p. villosa Trautv. in Ledeb. Fl. alt. 4 (1833) 291; Kryl. Fl.
Zap. Sib. 4 (1930) 774.— Ic.: Fl. SSSR, 5, Plate I, fig. 1.
Described from Nor. America. Type in London (BM, K) (?).
Along mountain slopes, specially in ravines, on rocks and talus in al­
pine belt, undergrowth of coniferous forests.
IA. Mongolia: K h o b d . (Turgen' river valley, moss-lichen dwarf birch tundra, 2300
m, July 6, 1973—Banzragch, Karam. et al. M o n g . A lt. (Khasagtu-Khairkhan, nor. slope
of Tsagan-Irmyk-Ul, slope exposed northward in upper khunkerin-Ama, 2700-3100 m,
Aug 23, 1972—Grub., Ulzij. et al.; Bulgan-Gol river basin, Ulyastyin-Gol gorge, left
tributary in upper courses, July 11; Nariin-Gol river valley, upper courses and water­
shed altitudes, July 14— 1984, Dariima, Kam.).
IIA. Junggar: C is-A lt. (north of Shara-Sume town, No. 3798, Sep. 6, 1956—Ching;
"Burchum"—Claves pi. Xinjiang, l.c.).
General distribution: West. Sib. (Altay), East. Sib. (Sayans), Far East, Nor. Mong.
(Fore Hubs., Hang.), China (Altay), Nor. Amer.
 29

5. S. berberifolia Pall. Reise, 3 (1776) 444; Schneid. in Sarg. PI. Wils. 3

(1916) 141; Nas. in FI. SSSR, 5 (1936) 55; Hao, Syn. chin. Salix (1936) 58;
Grub. Konsp. fl. MNR (1955) 99; FI. Kazakhst. 3 (1960) 36; A. Skvortz. Ivy
SSSR [Willows of USSR] (1968) 140; Grub. Opred. rast. Mong. [Key to Plants
of Mongolia] (1982) 73; Claves pi. Xinjiang. 2 (1983) 43.— S. brayi Ledeb. Fl.
alt. 4 (1833) 289; Sap. Mong. Alt. (1911) 386; Kryl. Fl. Zap. Sib. 4 (1930) 772.
—Ic.: Fl. SSSR, 5, Plate III, fig. 1-2.
Described from Transbaikal. Type in Leningrad.
In moss-lichen, shrubby and rubbly tundra, on rock screes and rocks in
alpine belt.
IA. Mongolia: K h o b d . (Tszusylan, west of Ulangom, on screes above forest, July 13,
1879— Pot.; Turgen' river valley, moss-lichen dwarf birch, July 6, 1973— Banzragch,
Karam. et al.; 20 km west-south-west of Ulangom, Mukhur-Ulyasu-Gol gorge, nor.
slope, 2300 m, willow tundra, July 7, 1977—Karam., Sanczir et al.), M o n g. A lt. (Taishiri-
Ula, June 13, 1877—Pot.; Kak-Kul' lake [KharNur], between Tsagan-Gol and Kobdo,
alpine tundra, June 22, 1906 Sap.; Khan-Taishiri-Ula, nor. slope near crest, Sept. 21,
1945 Leont'ev; Khargatiin-Daba, July 23; Khargaitu-Daba pass, upper courses of
Indertiin-Gol, July 24-1947, Yun.; Gichgeniin-Nuru mountain range, 3100 m, Aug. 12;
same site, dryad-willow C o bresia thicket, 3100 m, Aug. 13— 1973, Isach. and Rachk.;
Bulgan-Gol river basin, Ulyastyin-Gol river gorge, left tributary in upper courses, July
11, 1984—Dariima, Kam.; "Tsagangol, Kakkul', Tyurgun"—Sap. l.c.), G o b i A lt. (ascent
to Baga-Bogdo mountain, in ravine, July 30, 1895— Klem.).
IIA. Junggar: C is-A lt. (Qinhe—Dakhaitszy, 2600 m, Aug. 9, 1956—Ching; "Fuyun',
Fukhai"—Claves pi. Xinjiang, l.c.).
General distribution: Jung.-Tarb.; Arct. (Asian), West. Sib. (Altay), East. Sib., Far
East, Nor. Mong. (Fore Hubs., Hent., Hang.), China (Altay), Korean peninsula.

6. S. rectijulis Ledeb. ex Trautv. Salic. Frigid. (1832) 313; A. Skvortz. in

Spisok rast. Gerb. fl. SSSR 81 (1957) No. 4013; id. Ivy SSSR [Willows of the
USSR] (1968) 143; Grub. Opred. rast. Mong. [Key to Plants of Mongolia]
(1982) 73; Claves pi. Xinjiang. 2 (1983) 48. — S. myrsinites auct. non L.:
Trautv. in Ledeb. Fl. alt. 4 (1833) 284; Sap. Mong. Alt. (1911) 386; Kryl. Fl.
Zap. Sib. 4 (1930) 771; Nas. in Fl. SSSR, 5 (1936) 49; Grub. Konsp. fl. MNR
(1955) 101; Fl. Kazakhst. 3 (1960) 36. — Ic.: Grub. Opred. rast. Mong. [Key
to Plants of Mongolia] Plate XXX, fig. 147.
Described from Altay. Type in Leningrad.
Along banks of brooks, on wet rubble screes, in mossy and meadowy
tundra, on rocks in alpine belt.
IA. Mongolia: K h o b d . (Turgen' river valley, moss-lichen tundra, 2300 m , July 6,
1973—Banzragch, Karam. et al.), M o n g . A lt. (Ukok pass, 2250 m, July 24, 1899—Lad.;
Daingol lake, south-west, bank, July 29, 1908—Sap.; "Kakkul', Tsagangol, Chulyshman,
Kutologoi, Daingol, Tyurgun"'—Sap. l.c).
IIA. Junggar: C is-A lt. (Urmogaity river, June 27, 1903—Gr.-Grzh.; in Timulbakhan
region, alongside alpine screes, 2650 m— coll, ign.; "M. K airty"— Sap. l.c.: "Qinhe,
Fuyun', Fukhai"—Claves pi. Xinjiang, l.c.).
General distribution: Jung.-Tarb.; West., Sib. (Altay), East. Sib., Nor. Mong. (Fore
Hubs., Hent., Hang.), China (Altay).
30

7. S. recurvigemmis A.K. Skvortsov in Not. Syst. (Leningrad) 18 (1957)

37; A. Skvortz. Ivy SSSR [Willows of USSR] (1968) 209; Grub. Opred. rast.
Mong. [Key to Plants of Mongolia] (1982) 72. — S. rhamnifolia auct. non
Pall.; Nas. in FI. SSSR, 5 (1936) 120.
Described from Urals. Type in Moscow (MW).
In hilly tundra, on bald peaks, rock talus and screes.
IA. Mongolia. Khobd. (Turgen' river valley, in dwarf birch thicket, 2300-2400 m,
July 6, 1973— Banzragch, Karam.).
General distribution: Arct., Europe, West, and East. Sib., Far East, Nor. Mong.
(Fore Hubs., Hang.).

8. S. flabellaris Anderss. in Svenska Vet. Akad. Handl. 1850 (1851) 497;

id. in DC. Prodr. 16,2 (1868) 295; Hook f. FI. Brit. Ind. 5 (1888) 634; Schneid.
in Sarg. PI. Wils. 3 (1916) 142; Hao, Syn. chin. Salix (1936) 55; FI. Xizang. 1
(1983) 446. — S. obovata Wall. Catal. (1829) No. 3698.
Described from Kashmir. Type in Paris (P). Plate I, fig. 2.
In wet meadows, shrubby thickets, in subalpine belt (3300-4500 m).
IIIB. Tibet: C h a n g Tang (Karakorum: Sokha glacier, left bank of moraine slope, 4050 m,
No. 1654, Aug. 22, 1939-Russel), South. ("Chzuhunba, Lankatsza"— FI. Xizang. l.c.).
General distribution: China (South-West), Himalayas.

9. S. arctica Pall. FI. Ross. 1, 2 (1788) 86; Schneid. in Sarg. PL Wils. 3

(1916) 136; Kryl. FI. Zap. Sib. 4 (1930) 770; Nas. in FI. SSSR, 5 (1936) 44; A.
Skvortz. Ivy SSSR [Willows of USSR] (1968) 133; Claves pi. Xinjiang. 2
(1983) 47. — S. torulosa Trautv. Salic. Frigid. (1832) 309; Nas. in FI. SSSR, 5
(1936) 45; Grub. Konsp. fl. MNR (1955) 102; FI. Kazakhst. 3 (1960) 36;
Grub. Opred. rast. Mong. [Key to Plants of Monoglia] (1982) 73. — S. pallasii
Anderss. in DC. Prodr. 16, 2 (1868) 285; Nas. in Fl. SSSR, 5 (1936) 45. —S.
altaica Lundstrom Weiden Now. Sem. (1877) 36. —Ic.: Fl. SSSR. 5, Plate III,
fig. 6-7.
Described from Siberia (Ob' lower courses). Type probably in London
(BM).
On bald peaks, in tundra and alpine meadows.
IA. Mongolia: K h o b d . ("Kharkhira mountain range"—Grub. l.c. (1982), M o n g .A lt.
(Khargatiin-Daba, July 23; Kharagaitu-Daba pass, upper Indertiin-Gola, July 24— 1947,
Yun.).
IIA. Junggar: C is-A lt. ("Qinhe"—Claves pi. Xinjiang, l.c.).
General distribution: Jung.-Tarb.; Arct., Europe, West, and East. Sib., Nor. Mong.
(Fore Hubs., Hang.), Nor. Amer.
10. S. alatavica Kar. ex Stschegl. in Bull. Soc. natur. Moscou, 21,1 (1854)
197; Nas. in Fl. SSSR, 5 (1936) 60; Fl. Kirgiz. 4 (1953) 15; Fl. Kazakhst. 3
(1960) 35; A. Skvortz. Ivy SSSR [Willows of USSR] (1968) 130; Grub. Opred.
rast. Mong. [Key to Plants of Mongolia] (1982) 73; Claves pi. Xinjiang. 2
(1983) 47. — S. spissa Andress, in DC. Prodr. 16,2 (1868) 283. — Ic.: Fl. SSSR,
5, Plate IV, fig. 1.
 31

Described from East. Kazakhstan (Junggar Ala Tau). Type in Leningrad.

Plate III, fig. 1.
In larch and spruce forests, talus, moraines of subalpine and alpine
belts.
IA. Mongolia: M o n g . A lt. (8 km south-east of Tszasaktu-Khan, larch forest along
nor. mountain slope, Aug. 9, 1930— Pob.; "Taishiryn-Ula"—A. Skvortz. l.c.; Grub. l.c.
1982.
IIA. Junggar: Ju n g . A la Tau (in lapidosis alpium Alatau, 1842— Kar. et Kir.), Tien
S h a n (upper valley of Muzart below pass, 2700 m, Aug. 7; Dzhagastai, Aug. 11—
1877, A. Reg.; near Sairam lake, July 1878—Fet.; Karagol, 3000 m, April 17; Bagaduslun,
2700 m, June 4; Piluchi, 900-1200 m, Aug.; Irenkhabirga, Mengute, 2700 m, Aug. 2;
Kasha sources, 3000-3300 m, Aug. 12— 1879, A. Reg.; prope Tekess fontes, 1886—
Krassn.; alongside Urumchi-Kucha highway, 2300 m, No. 6077, July 21; 10 km nor. of
Karangao in Turfan, 2700 m, No. 5805, June 23; Khalangao in Khomote, 2540 m, No.
7684, Aug. 11— 1958, A.R. Lee; "Chzhaosu, Gunlyu, Sinyuan,,/— Claves pi. Xinjiang.
I.C .).
General distribution: Jung.-Tarb.; Nor. and Cen. Tien Shan; West. Sib.(Altay), China
(Altay).

11. S. glauca L. Sp. pi. (1753) 1019; Sap. Mong. Alt. (1911) 386; Schneid.
in Sarg. PI. Wils. 3 (1916) 147; Kryl. FI. Zap. Sib. 4 (1930) 768; Nas. in FI.
SSSR, 5 (1936) 58; Grub. Konsp. fl. MNR (1955) 100; FI. Kazakhst. 3 (1960)
35; A. Skvortz. Ivy SSSR [Willows of USSR] (1968) 130; Grub. Opred. rast.
Mong. [Key to Plants of Mongolia] (1982) 72.— S.metaglauca Yang in Claves
pi. Xinjiang. 2 (1983) 47, descr. sin.—Ic.: FI. SSSR, 5, Plate V, fig. 4.
Described from Europe. Type in London (Linn.).
On marshy meadows and swamps, marshy placers and moraines,bald
peaks, sometimes in ravines in motane steppes.
IA. Mongolia: M o n g . A lt. (summit between Turgen' river and Sumdairyk, alpine
tundra, July 3, 1906— Sap.; Tsagangol, Oigur, Kutologoi, Usseingol, Tyurgun'"— Sap.
l.c.). G o b i A lt. (Baga-Bogdo mountain range, midbelt, montane steppes, willow groves
along ravine, Sep. 18, 1943—Yun., Baga-Bogdo, deep canyon bottom at 2040 m, No.
249, 1925— Chaney).
IIA. Jungaar: C is -A lt. ("Fukhai, 2700-2800 m "— Claves pi. Xinjiang, l.c., sub S.
m e ta g la u c a ).
General distribution: Jung.-Tarb.; Arct., Europe, West. Sib. (Altay), East. Sib., Far
East, Nor. Mong. (Fore Hubs., Hent., Hang.), China (Altay), Korean peninsula, Nor.
Amer.

12. S. sericocarpa Anderss. in J. Linn. Soc. (London) Bot. 4 (1860) 43;

Hook. f. FI. Brit. Ind. 5 (1888) 637; Schneid. in Sarg. PL Wils. 3 (1916) 112;
Hao, Syn. chin. Salix (1936) 71; A. Skvortz. in Novosti sist. vyssh. rast.
(1966)/68; Fl. Xizang. 1 (1983) 462. —S. daphnoides var. indica Anderss. in
Svenska Vet. Akad. Handl. 1850 (1851) 475; id. in J. Linn. Soc. (London)
Bot. 4 (1860) 46. — S. dollichostachya Flod. in Geogr. Ann. (Stockholm) 17
(1935) 311, fide A. Skvortz. l.c. —S. rehderiana var. lasiogyne C. Wang et P.Y.
Fu, in Acta phytotax. Sin. 54, 2 (1947) 205. —S. daphnoides auct. non VilL:
32

Brandis, Forest FI. Ind. (1874) 409; Hook. f. FI. Brit. Ind. 5 (1888) 631;
Schneid. in Sarg. PI. Wils. 3 (1916) 155. Ic.: FI. Xizang. 1, tab. 139, fig.1-3.
Described from Kashmir. Type in London (K). Plate II, fig. 1.
In mountain gorges in middle and upper belts, 1800-4000 m.
IIIB. Tibet: S o u th . ("Tszyantszy, Bailan, Shigatsze"— FI. Xizang. l.c.).
General distribution: Fore Asia, China (South-West), Himalayas (west., Kashmir).
Note. According to A.K. Skvortzov (l.c.: 70), the type material of this species is
heterogeneous and contains, apart from S. sericocarp a, specimens of S. babylon ica and S.
alba s.l. as well. Most taxonomists relegate S. sericocarp a to group S. alba but Skvortzov
assumes that it has no affinity to the species of the latter on account of partial concres­
cence of stamens, absence of stomata on leaf upper surface and a different type of leaf
serration and compares it with S. ten u iju lis and S. p y cn ostachya. This view may perhaps
be wholly justified but, without analysing adequate material, we cannot conclusively
resolve the question of placing this species in a different section because of a clear
reference in protologue to the presence of 2 free (not connate) stamens ("stamina
gemma") or, according to Skvortzov, only partly connate, which is not characteristic of
section H elix .

13. S. pentandra L. Sp. pi. (1753) 1016; Anderss. Monogr. Salic. (1867)
35; Sap. Mong. Alt. (1911) 386; Schneid. in Sarg. PL Wils. 3 (1916) 101;
Kryl. FI. Zap. Sib. 4 (1930) 727; Nas. in FI. SSSR, 5 (1936) 205; Hao, Syn.
chin. Salix (1936) 48; Grub. Konsp. fl. MNR (1955) 101; FI. Kazakhst. 3
(1960) 15; A. Skvortz. Ivy SSSR [Willows of USSR] (1968) 105; id. in Opred.
rast. Sr. Azii [Key to Plants of Mid. Asia] 3 (1972) 17; Claves pi. Xinjiang. 2
(1983) 40; Fl. Intramong. 1 (1985) 185. —S. pseudopentandra (Flod.) Flod. in
Ark. Bot. 25A. N 10 (1933) 12; A. Skvortz. Ivy SSSR [Willows of USSR]
(1968) 106; Grub. Opred. rast. Mong. [Key to Plants of Mongolia] (1982) 74.
— S. pentandra subsp. pseudopentandra Flod. in Ark. Bot. 20A. N 6 (1926) 57.
—Ic.: Anderss. Monogr. Salic., tab. II, fig. 24; Fl. SSSR, 5, Plate IX, fig. 8.
Described from Europe. Type in London (Linn.).
On humid and marshy banks of rivers and lakes, in willow groves,
swamps and swampy meadows, wet larch forests within forest belt.
IA. Mongolia: M o n g . A lt. (Uenchiin-Gola basin, Arshantyn-Gola valley [right tribu­
tary of Khargaityn-Gola], 3 km from estuary, nor. slope in gorge, 2500-2600 m, in larch
forest. Aug. 14, 1978— Grub; Muldashev et al.; "Saksai"— Sap. l.c.), C en . K h a lk h a
(Uste mountain, subalpine zone, Sep. 10; watershed between Ara-Dzhargalante river
and Uber-Dzhargalante, Borgosu river bed, Sep. 15; Kharukhe river source [Ara-
Dzhargalante], vicinity of Ulan-Khada mountain, Borgosu river valley, Sep. 15— 1925,
Krasch. and Zam.), E a s t M o n g . (Daulager Village, montane slope, 750-800 m, No.
1543, July 18, 1951—Wang Chang, Chao Ta-Chang et al.; Derkhin-Tsagan-Obo, 60 km
east-nor.-east of Bayan-Burda, 1971— Kerzhner), D epr. L a k es (Ulangom, June 3, 1879—
Pot.), G o b i A lt. (Ikhe-Bogdo, nor. macroslope, Ulete gorge, 2800 m, along the floor of
pebble bed, Aug. 1, 1972— Banzragch, Bannikova et al.).
IIA. Junggar: C is-A lta y (in Koktogai region [Fuyun' town], 1700 m, No. 1828, Aug.
13, 1956—Ching; "Qirihe [ChingiT], Fukhai, Altay"—Calves pi. Xinjiang, l.c.).
IIIA. Qinghai: N a n S h a n (on Tetung river, 1872; 2550 m, July 24 [Aug. 15] 1880—
Przew.; Tashitu, July 25, 1885—Pot.; "Shang wu-chuang near Sining, 2900 m, Aug. 3,
 33

1930"— Hao, l.c.; "T'u Er P'ing"—Walker, l.c.), A m d o ("Radja range"—Gorz, l.c.).

General distribution: Aralo-Casp., Jung.-Tarb.; Europe, Caucasus, West, and East.
Sib., Far East, Nor. Mong., China (Altay, Dunbei, North), Korean peninsula.

Note. S. p arap lesia Schneid. [in Sarg. PI. Wils. 3 (1916) 40; Gorz in J. Arn. Arb. 13, 4
(1932); Hao, Syn. chin. Salix (1936) 49; Walker in Contribs U.S. Nat. Herb. 28 (1942)
606], very closely related (if not identical) to S. p en tan d ra , differs (according to Schneider)
in leaves gradually narrowed toward base, longer male catkins, very short styles and
bracts as short as pedicels. According to Gorz (l.c.), however, differences between these
species are only in albescent colour of the underside of leaves in S. p ara p lesia , which
feature is poorly discernible in young shoots, and is not manifest at all in some regions
of its distribution range. The other characteristics pointed out by Schneider, according
to him, vary greatly and are not of much significance for identifying these species. Its
distribution range, according to Hao (l.c.), covers North, West, Central, South-West and
South China. Specimens cited in literature for Qinghai should evidently be regarded as
of S. p a ra p lesia (because of our inadequate coverage of herbarium material).
14. S. triandra L. Sp. pi. (1753) 1016; Anderss. Monogr. Salic. (1867) 23;
Forbes and Hemsley, Index FI. Sin. 2 (1902) 533; Kryl. FI. Zap. Sib. 4 (1930)
733; Nas. in FI. SSSR, 5 (1936) 184; Hao, Syn. chin, Salix (1936) 40; FI.
Kirgiz. 4 (1953) 31; FI. Kazakhst. 3 (1960) 15; A. Skvortz. Ivy SSSR [Willows
of USSR] (1968) 100; id. in Opred. rast. Sr. Azii [Key to Plants of Mid. Asia]
3 (1972) 16; Grub. Opred. rast. Mong. [Key to Plants of Mongolia] (1982) 73;
Claves pi. Xinjiang. 2 (1983) 42; FI. Intramong. 1 (1985) 186. — S. amygdalina
L. Sp. pi. (1753) 1016; Schneid. in Sarg. PI. Wils. 3 (1916) 106. —Ic.: Anderss.
Monogr. Salic., tab. II, fig. 17; FI. SSSR, 5, Plate IX, fig. 7; FI. Intramong. 1,
tab. 49, fig. 1-5.
Described from Europe. Type in London (Linn.).
Along river banks.
IIA. Junggar: T a rb . ("Dachen"— Claves pi. Xinjiang, l.c.), Ju n g . G o b i (5 km east of
Orkhu settlement on Dyan river near Eolov town, Dyan river floodplain, June 21,
1957— Yun., Li Shi-in et al.), Z a is a n (lower course of Belezeka river, tugai, June 18,
1914—Schischk.; "Burchum, Chernyi Irtysh—Claves pi. Xinjiang, l.c.).
IIIA. Qinghai: N a n S han (Xining-ho river valley, along river bank, July 29, 1908—
Czet.), A m d o (in Huang He upper course, everywhere in fields, June 22 [July 3] 1880—
Przew.).
General distribution: Aralo-Casp., Fore Balkh., Nor. Tien Shan; Europe, Mediterr.,
Balk.-Asia Minor, Fore Asia, Caucasus, Mid. Asia, West, and East. Sib., Far East, Nor.
Mong. (Fore Hubs., Mong.-Daur.), China (Dunbei, North), Korean penisula, Japan.

15. S. songarica Anderss. Monogr. Salic. (1867) 53; id. in DC. Prodr. 16,2
(1868) 213; Nas. in FI. SSSR, 5 (1936) 204; FI. Kirgiz. 4 (1953) 36; FI. Kazakhst.
3 (1960) 16; A. Skvortz. Ivy SSSR [Willows of USSR] (1968) 103; id. in Opred.
rast. Sr. Azii [Key to Plants of Mid. Asia] 3 (1972) 16; Claves pi. Xinjiang. 2
(1983) 42. —S. hypericifolia Goloskok. in FI. Kazakhst. 3 (1960) 434. —Ic.:
Anderss. Monogr. Salic., tab. Ill, fig. 34; FI. SSSR, 5, Plate IX, fig. 5.
Described from East. Kazakhstan. Lectotype in Leningrad.
Along river valleys in tugai forests.
34

IB. Kashgar: N or. (in "Khuguan" state farm, in Yan'tsi [Karashar] region, No. 6082,
July 25, 1958— A.R. Lee (1959).
IIA. Junggar: Tien S h a n (along Kuitun river, No. 3885, Oct. 12, 1956— Ching; Savan
district, No. 1548, June 24; Sinyuan' district, on way to Nilki, No. 3790, Aug. 24—
1957, Kuan; "Chapchal, Sin'yuan', Savan, Baotai, Kuitun, Manas, Chantszi, Tsitai"—
Claves pi. Xinjiang, l.c.), Ju n g . G o b i (in desert along banks of Manas river, 25-26 km
nor.-west of Po-dai state farm, along road to Chugoi, floodplain along river bed, June
17, 1957—Yun., Li Shi-in et al).
General distribution: Aralo-Casp., Fore Balkh., Jung.-Tarb., Nor. and Cen. Tien
Shan; Fore Asia, Mid. Asia.

16. S. atopantha Schneid, in Sarg. PI. Wils. 3 (1916) 43; Hao, Syn. chin.
Salix (1936) 70; Fl. Xizang. 1 (1983) 437. —le.: Fl. Xizang. 1, tab. 133, fig.
11-13.
Described from South-West China (Sichuan). Type in Cambridge (A).
Among shrubs in flat watershed areas, in subalpine belt, 4100-4300 m.
IIIB. Tibet: W eitz a n ("Sosyan' and Tszyali"— FI. Xizang. l.c.).
General distribution: China (South-West).

17. S. tibetica Görz in J. Am. Arb. 13 (1932) 391; Hao, Syn. chin. Salix
(1936) 116. — S. juparica Görz, l.c. (1932) 391.
Described from Qinghai (Dzhupar mountain range). Syntypes in Cam­
bridge (A). Plate III, fig. 2.
On montane slopes and passes, on rocks and among shrubs in upper
belt.
IIIA. Qinghai: N a n S h a n (alpine belt of South Kukunor mountain range, on cliffs,
3150-3450 m, May 26, 1880—Przew.; Xining hills, Myn'-dan'-sha river, June 3, 1890—
Gr.-Grzh.; Kukunor lake, Ui-yu area, 3600 m, Aug. 13, 1908 Czet.), A m d o ("Jupar
Range; Radja and Yellow River gorges"— Görz, l.c.).
IIIB. Tibet: W eitz a n (Burkhan-Budda mountain range, nor. slope, 4200 m, Khatu
gorge, undergrowth around pass, June 12, 1901— Lad.).
General distribution: endemic (?).

18. S. sclerophylla Anderss. in J. Linn. Soc. (London) Bot. 4 (1860) 52; id.
in DC. Prodr. 16, 2 (1868) 248; Hook. f. FI. Brit. Ind. 5 (1888) 630; Hemsley,
FI. Tibet (1902) 198; Schneid, in Sarg. PI. Wils. 3 (1916) 112; Hao, Syn. chin.
Salix (1936) 70; FI. Xizang. 1 (1983) 461. — Ic.: FI. Xizang. 1, tab. 134, fig.
8- 11 .
Described from Himalayas (Kashmir). Type in London (K).
Along montane slopes among shrubs and subalpine belt, 4300-4800 m.
IIIB. Tibet: S o u th . ("Pulan', Chzhunba, Nan'mulin, Ban'ge"— FI. Xizang. l.c.).
General distribution: China (South-West), Himalayas.

19. S. sclerophylloides Y.L. Chou in FI. Xizang. 1 (1983) 462, descr. sin.
—Ic.: FI. Xizang. 1, tab. 133, fig. 14-15.
Described from East. Tibet. Type in Beijing (PE) (?).
Along talus in subalpine belt, 3800-4500 m.
Random documents with unrelated
content Scribd suggests to you:
followers, during the progress of their victories, had ravaged, with
unsparing severity, every district which they visited; plundering,
burning, and desolating, and not unfrequently sacrificing life without
mercy or remorse at every stage of their progress.333
The picture which Scotland exhibited at the time referred to,
would be incomplete were we to omit mention of the executions in
form of Law which soon after followed the massacre of Newark.
Douglas, Crawford, Erskine, Fleming, and Napier, escaped along with
Montrose from the field of Philiphaugh; but among the prisoners
reserved for more deliberate proceedings, were Hartfield,
Drummond, Ogilvy, Sir Robert Spottiswood, (a son of the Archbishop
and President of the Session,) Sir Alexander Leslie of Auchintool, Sir
William Rollock, Sir Philip Nisbet, William Murray, brother of
Tullibardine, Alexander Ogilvy of Innerquarity, Nathaniel Gordon,
Andrew Guthrie, son of the Bishop of Moray, Stewart the Adjutant,
and two Irish Colonels, O’Kyan and Leighton. David Leslie, after his
victory at Philiphaugh, fell back on Lothian, where the two Irish
officers were tried by martial law and executed. Soon after, at a
meeting of the Estates in Glasgow, Sir William Rollock, Sir Philip
Nisbet, and Alexander Ogilvy, were found guilty of “rebellion against
the State”, and executed there on the 29th of October. On the 26th
of November, the Parliament met at St Andrew’s, when Sir Robert
Spottiswood, (whose sole crime was carrying the King’s commission
to Montrose,) Mr William Murray, Colonel Gordon, and Mr Andrew
Guthrie, were tried, condemned, and executed. Lord Ogilvy and
Adjutant Stewart made their escape; and Hartfield alone, through
the intercession of Argyle, was pardoned. And thus commenced the
bloody war of party revenge, which for nearly forty years afterwards
polluted and dishonoured the annals of Scotland.
In our last introductory sketch, we had brought down the
narrative of events in England to the Treaty at Uxbridge, which
commenced in January, 1646. The discussions embraced three great
points—religion, the militia, and Irish affairs. On the first of these,
the Parliamentary and Scottish Commissioners strenuously insisted
on the uniformity of religion, in terms of the League and Covenant;
Presbyterianism to be the form of Church Government, and that
form, with all its formalities and doctrines, (still unsettled even in the
Ecclesiastical Assemblies of both kingdoms,) was sought to be
sanctioned and adopted by the King, and enforced coercively on all
his subjects of Scotland, England, and Ireland. The other two
subjects presented also debatable points; but these are foreign to
our purpose; and the King having been required to sanction a bill for
the abolition of Prelacy—to confirm the proceedings of the
Westminster Assembly, with all the particulars subordinate to such a
requisition—the treaty terminated on the 22d of February, without
leading to any auspicious results, by the King rejecting overtures so
inconsistent with all his principles. Nor although the insurgents were
still in the ascendant in the affairs of arms, had the Presbyterian
party any good ground of confidence in their ultimate triumph; for
henceforward the Independent party became more bold and
energetic, and, ere long, acquired a decided preponderance in the
councils which ruled the land; and, finally, abolished and tyrannized
over both the Episcopalian and Presbyterian establishments; these
being completely overborne by a potent combination of wild and
mystic sects, whose tenets were too variegated to admit of any
adequate description in a sketch of this kind, but who always
inculcated the doctrine of unlimited toleration, although in their
conduct, as was the fashion of the age, they practically outraged its
principles.334
The Acts of the Assembly 1645, contain abundant evidence of the
spirit by which it was animated; and we forbear adverting to
particulars. We go on, therefore, to remark that the English
Parliament, by their self-denying ordinance and new modelling of the
army, having invested the leading Independents with the highest
power on their side, obtained, on the 14th of June, 1645, the victory
at Naseby. The fate of Charles was thereby irretrievably sealed, and
his fortunes hopelessly overcast. In this state of affairs, the conflicts
betwixt the Presbyterian and Independent parties waxed fiercer in
consequence of continued efforts, on the part of the former, to
obtain uncontrolled spiritual domination, which was, of course,
resisted by the other party; and the English Parliament and leaders
having, with the assistance of the Scottish armies, triumphed over
the Royalists, in all quarters, were now anxious to get quit of their
allies, whose presence in England operated as a check on the
predominant English adventurers. Imputations against the Scottish
army for rapacity, inactivity, and other real or imaginary backslidings,
led to recrimination and heartburning; and the Scotch had a
plausible ground of complaint, inasmuch as the pay and allowances
which had been promised them by the English Parliament were
greatly in arrear. Besides all these causes of discord, the Scottish
party was disappointed by the qualified adoption of Presbytery as
the Church of England. The conclusions of the Westminster
Assembly, after being sanctioned by the Scottish General Assembly
and Estates, were adopted indeed as an experiment by the English
Parliament, but to be reversed or altered according to
circumstances; and during all the sittings of the Westminster
Assembly, the English Parliament sturdily refused to render the
Church independent of the State, and retained to itself the ultimate
power of control in all matters ecclesiastical as well as civil. This sort
of erastianism was very unpalatable to the Scotch, who had set the
Church above the State, and wished this dominancy to be extended
to England as well as Scotland.
While these misunderstandings were at a height, and the King’s
power almost annihilated, he endeavoured to avail himself of these
distractions by a diplomacy not, perhaps, altogether free of intrigue,
with both the parties concerned; and, towards the close of the year
1645, he made overtures for an agreement with the English
Parliament; but although quarrelling among themselves, the
victorious parties concurred in rejecting those overtures, which, had
they been acceded to, might eventually have frustrated the designs
of Cromwell and his associates. They resolutely resisted the King’s
offers to disband all his forces and go to London, attended only by a
royal escort, to pass an act of oblivion, and to do whatever the
Parliament should advise for the good and peace of the kingdom, on
the single condition of obtaining security for the personal safety of
himself and his followers. The absolute rejection of such propositions
was a sufficient indication to the unfortunate Charles that he had
nothing to expect even from the most humiliating concessions to the
ruling party in England; and in this sad extremity of his fortunes, he
adopted, perhaps, the only other alternative that remained to him—
that of casting himself unreservedly upon the loyalty, the generosity,
the gratitude of his Scottish subjects; for assuredly the ample
concessions which he had made to them in 1641, by which he had
confirmed their favourite ecclesiastical polity, given omnipotence to
the Estates, and vested the executive authority entirely in the hands
of the ruling party in Scotland—and which he had not, in a single
instance, infringed during the space of five years, (unless his
commission to Montrose may be so construed,)—gave him
reasonable grounds to expect that they would welcome and protect
their native King, who had thus lavished his regal prerogatives upon
them, and extended their national liberties. We shall soon see the
result of this resolution.
The King had been induced to adopt the course now alluded to by
the representations of Montreville, a French agent, who assured him
he would be safe and welcome in the Scottish camp, then pitched
before Newark. On the 27th of April, 1646, Charles left Oxford in
disguise, and on horseback, as the lackey of one of his attendants,
of whom there were only two, Ashburnham, groom of his bed-
chamber, and Hudson, a clergyman; and, after traversing the
country by many by-ways and circuits, he at length, on the ninth day
after leaving Oxford, reached the camp at Newark. The King’s
departure from Oxford, which was soon discovered, and
communicated to the Parliament, spread a panic among the factions
of which it was composed. They dreaded his appearance in London,
as calculated to excite some reaction inimical to their designs; and to
harbour or conceal his person was denounced, under all the
penalties of treason against the Commonwealth. This dastardly
alarm was only quieted by intelligence of his Majesty’s arrival at the
Scottish camp, of which the Lord Leven had sent notice to both the
Scottish and English Parliaments; and the latter passed a resolution
on the sixth day of May, that the Scottish general and commissioners
should be required to consent that his Majesty’s person might be at
the disposal of the two Houses of Parliament in England, and sent to
Warwick Castle. They were also desired to render up the persons of
his two companions; a demand to which the Scottish authorities in
the camp demurred, on grounds which were honourable to their
feelings.335
The Scottish general had received his sovereign, on his arrival at
the camp, with all becoming courtesy and respect; but he soon
found himself in truth a captive, and reduced to the condition of a
mere make-weight in the scale of sordid political negotiations which
speedily ensued betwixt the Parliaments of England and Scotland.
Leslie, with small difficulty, induced the King, who was now
powerless, to issue his orders to the Commander of Newark, for the
surrender of that town, which took place on the 6th of May. This was
followed by similar orders to other loyalists in various other
strengths, which still held out for the King, and by his instructions
were rendered up to the Parliamentary forces; and thus the last
visible sparks of loyalty, and of regal authority in the person of
Charles I. were extinguished in England. Having effected these
objects, and having the royal person in his custody, the Scottish
general led his army northward, and on the 13th of May 1646, took
up his cantonments at Newcastle-upon-Tyne.336
The cessation of arms was succeeded by a vast variety of
complicated negotiations, which it is not within our province to
detail. The Committee of the Scottish Estates was sitting when the
King’s arrival at the camp was made known to it, on which it sent a
deputation with a message of seeming loyalty, and an intimation of
the lively interest which it took in the safety of his person, and the
preservation of his honour; but very speedily he learned that it had
given instructions to its Commissioners to act in concert with the two
Houses of Parliament in England, and that the Scottish Estates would
not agree to anything by which the “unity and uniformity” in
religious matters, which was contemplated by the League and
Covenant, in the three kingdoms might be affected. Untaught by the
lessons of experience—shutting their eyes to the fact that, instead of
the “unity and uniformity” which they fondly anticipated from it, that
celebrated monument of extraordinary zeal had been productive only
of an increase of schisms, divisions, and theological sects, on all
hands, and in high places—and forgetful too that by the very terms
of that deed, as well as by the Covenant of 1637, they were bound
“to defend the Kings Majesties person and authority,” and “the
honour of the King”—they allowed themselves to get bewildered in a
maze of metaphysical theology and polemics, which set at nought
the most obvious dictates of common sense and sound morality, and
still persisted in the inforcement of a uniformity which no earthly
power ever can command, without an exercise of unmitigated
despotism. In this state, and in this mood, were the affairs and the
authorities of Scotland when the General Assembly met on the 3d of
June, 1646. The political events of the time will become the subject
of further review, after exhibiting the proceedings of that Assembly.
 THE PRINCIPALL ACTS

OF THE GENERALL ASSEMBLY, MET AT EDINBURGH,

Junii 3, 1646.
 Edinb. 4 Junii, 1646. Sess. II.

The Kings Letter to the Assembly, presented by M.

Robert Douglas, Minister at Edinburgh.
Charles R.

R
IGHT trusty and welbeloved, We greet you well. Having lately
written to Our Houses of Parliament at Westminster, and the
Commissioners from Our Kingdom of Scotland at London, and
likewise to the Committees of Estates of that Our Kingdom; Shewing
Our great sense and grief for the sad effects have flowed from the
unhappy differences betwixt Us and Our Subjects, with Our reall
resolutions to comply with the desires of Our Parliaments of both
Kingdoms, and those entrusted by them for settling of Trueth and
Peace in all Our Dominions: And now being informed of your
meeting, We have thought fit hereby (since We could not
conveniently send a Commissioner) to give you the same
assurances; And withall, that it shall be Our constant endeavour to
maintain Religion there, as it is established, in Doctrine, Worship,
and Church-Government, and leave no good means unassayed for
setling an universall Peace in that Our native and ancient Kingdom,
with the Reformation of Religion, and settling Peace in England and
Ireland: And after the return of an answer to Our late Message to
Our Houses of Parliament heer, We shall more particularly acquaint
you, or your Commissioners, with Our further resolutions. In the
mean time, We seriously recommend Our selves and the distracted
condition of Our Kingdoms, to your most earnest Prayers to God in
Our behalf, expecting from you faithfulnesse in your severall Charges
and Callings, with that Loyaltie and obedience which becometh the
Ministers of the Gospel. We bid you very heartily farewell, from New-
castle the 28 of May, 1646.
Direct.
For Our right trustie and welbeloved,
The Moderatour, and other Members
of the Generall Assembly of the
Kirk of Our Kingdom of Scotland.
 6 Junii, 1646. Ante Meridiem. Sess. IIII.

Act concerning the Registers and Acts of Provinciall

Assemblies.

T
HE Assembly recommends to Provinciall Assemblies, that
hereafter they cause read all their Acts, before the dissolving of
every Assembly; And that their Registers be written formally, and in
a good hand writing, with the severall Leafes or Pages thereof
marked by ciphers according to their number.
 11 Junii, 1646. Ante Meridiem. Sess. VII.

Act concerning the publike satisfaction of Married

persons, for Fornication committed before Marriage.

T
HE Generall Assembly understanding that in many places the
publike scandals of Fornication committed before Marriage, are
not taken notice of and removed by publike confession according to
the order of this Kirk; Therefore for remedie thereof do Ordain, That
all Married persons under publike scandall of Fornication, committed
before their Marriage (although the scandal thereof hath not
appeared before the Marriage) shall satisfie publikely for that sin
committed before their Marriage, their being in the estate of
Marriage notwithstanding And that in the same manner as they
should have done if they were not Married.
 13 Junii, 1646. Ante Meridiem. Sess. X.

Ordinance for Excommunication of the Earle of

Seafort.

T
HE Generall Assembly having taken to their serious consideration,
that perfidious Band made and contrived lately in the North,
under the name of An humble Remonstrance, against our Nationall
Covenant, and the League and Covenant of the three Kingdoms;
Which tendeth to the making of division and fomenting of Jealousies
within this and between both Kingdoms, to the prolonging of these
unnaturall Warrs, to the impeding of the intended Uniformity in
Religion, and to the subversion of all the happie ends of our
covenants: And finding that George Earle of Seafort hes not only
most perfidiously himself subscribed the said wicked Band, contrary
to his solemne Oaths in the Covenants aforesaid, and most
arrogantly owned the same under his owne hand writing in his
letters to the Committee of Estates, and to the Commissioners of the
preceding Assemblie: But also hes seduced and threatned others to
subscribe that divisive Band, and to joyne with him in prosecution of
his treacherous and wicked designes, therein masked with the
pretences of religion and libertie; boasting also the pursuance of that
his Remonstrance against all deadly the opposers thereof, whether
King or Parliament. And having also considered another wicked and
treacherous Band of Union which the said Earle formerly entred into
with that excommunicate Rebell James Grahame, after the sentence
of forfalture, and the dreadfull sentence of excommunication were
pronounced against him, Oblieging himself therein under solemne
Oaths to joyne with that forfaulted Rebell against this Kirk and
Kingdome, and to oppose all their publike resolutions for pursuance
of the happie ends of our said Covenants. All which, with his vile
reproachfull aspersions and most false calumnies against this Kirk
and State, and their publike and lawfull endeavours and resolutions,
with his other wicked and perfidious practises at length discovered in
the Proclamation of the Committee of Estates, and the Declaration of
the Commission of the Assembly against the said perfidious Band
and Remonstrance, being gravely pondered and considered;
Together with his base treachery to the Estates, being intrusted by
them with ample Commission, and encouraged and enabled for
discharging thereof, with Mony Ammunition and Arms in a good
measure: Notwithstanding whereof contrary to that great trust
reposed in him, It is notor that not only he did not joyne with the
Forces raised for the defence of this Kingdome, But rather on the
contrary, actually joyning himself and his Forces with that
excommunicate Rebel James Grahame, and these unnatural bloody
Rebels his followers, did beleager Jnnernesse, a Towne Garrisoned
by the Estates for the Defence of that part of the Country. And the
Assembly having also found that fair means have been used for
reclaiming of the said Earle from that wicked and perfidious course,
by publike Declarations and Proclamations, and particular Letters
sent to himself from those that had power in that behalf, And that
notwithstanding thereof and of Summonds direct against him to
answer to the premisses, often called, he doth not appear, but still
remains obstinate in his wicked courses; And after mature
deliberation having found his frequent fearfull and grosse perjuries,
his perfidious and wicked conspiracies by Band and Oath, with the
publike Enemies of this Kirk and Kingdom, and his other treacherous
and wicked practices so contemptuously and pertinaciously persisted
into, To be haynous offences against God, and high contempt of all
Ecclesiastical and Civil authority, Therefore the Assembly moved with
the Zeal of God, do without a contrary voice Decerne and Ordain the
said George Earle of Seafort to be summarly excommunicate, and
declared to be one whom Christ commandeth to be holden by all
and every one of the Faithfull as an Ethnik and Publicane, and
appoints the sentence of excommunication to be pronounced by
Master Robert Blair Moderator in the east Kirk of this Citie, upon the
next Lords day, being the 14 of this Moneth; And that thereafter
publike intimation be made thereof upon a Sabbath day before
noone in all the Kirks of this Kingdom so soon as advertisement shall
come unto them.
 Enormities and Corruptions observed to be in the
Ministery, with the Remedies thereof.

Enormities.

T
HE first and main sin, reaching both to our personall carriage and
callings, we judge to be, Not studying how to keep Communion
and Fellowship with God in Christ, but walking in a naturall way,
without imploying of Christ, or drawing vertue from him, to inable us
unto sanctification, and Preaching in spirit and power.
In our Lives.
1. Much fruitlesse conversing in companie, and complying with the
sins of all sorts, not behaving our selves as becomes the men of
God.
2. Great worldlinesse is to be found amongst us, minding and
speaking most about things of this life, being busied about many
things, but forgetting the main.
3. Slighting of Gods worship in their families, and therefore no
cordiall urging of it upon others: yea, altogether a wanting of it in
some, if it be credible.
4. Want of gravity in carriage and apparell, dissolutenesse in haire,
and shaking about the knees, lightnesse in the apparrell of their
wives and children.
5. Tippling and bearing companie in untimous drinking in Tavernes
and Ale-houses, or any where else, whereby the Ministerie is made
vile and contemptible.
6. Discountenancing of the godly; speaking ill of them, because of
some that are unanswerable to their profession.
7. The Sabbath not sanctified after Sermons, which maketh people
think that the Sabbath is ended with the Sermon.
 8. There are also to be found amongst us, who use small and
minced oaths.
9. Some so great strangers to Scripture, that except in their
publike Ministerie, though they read many things, yet they are little
conversant in the Scripture, and in meditation thereof: A dutie
incumbent to all the people of God.
In our Callings.
1. Corrupt entry into the Ministrie in former times, and following
the course of defection, though forsaken, yet never seriously
repented: as also present entring into the Ministery, as to a way of
living in the world, and not as to a spiritual calling.
2. Helping in, and holding in of insufficient and suspected men,
who favour the things of this life, and keeping the door straiter on
them whom God hath sealed, then upon these who have lesse
evidence of the power of grace and holinesse.
3. Partiality in favouring, and speaking for the scandalous,
whether Ministers or other persons, teaching them how to shift and
delay censures.
4. Silence in the publike cause, not labouring to cure the
disaffection of people, not urging them to constancie and patience in
bearing of publike burdens, nor to forwardnesse in the publike
Cause; whereby Malignants are multiplied; yea some are so grosse
herein, that even in publike Fasts little or nothing is to be heard from
them sounding this way.
5. Some account it a point of wisdome to speak ambiguously:
some incline to justifie the wicked cause, uttering words which
savour of disaffection: and all their complaining of the times, is in
such a way as may steal the hearts of people from liking of good
Instruments in this work, and consequently from Gods Cause: yea,
some reading publike Orders, are ready to speak against them in
their private conference.
 6. Idlenesse, either in seldome Preaching, as once on the Lords
day, or in preparation for publike duties, not being given to reading
and meditation: others have but fits of paines, not like other
Tradesmen continually at their work.
7. Want of zeal, and love to the conversion of souls, not being
weighted with the want of successe in reclaiming of sinners, nor
searching in themselves the cause of not profiting, preaching ex
officio, not ex conscientia officii.
8. Self-seeking in preaching, and a venting rather of their wit and
skill, than a shewing foorth of the wisdome and power of God.
9. Lifelesnesse in preaching, not studying to be furnished by Christ
with power; and so the ordinance of God reacheth not to the
conscience: and heereto belongeth the not applying of the doctrine
unto the auditory and times.
10. The indiscreet curing of the indiscretion of pious people and
Ministers, whereby godlinesse hath gotten a deep wound, and
profanitie hath lifted up the head, contrary to that wise and gracious
order set foorth in the Generall Assembly holden at Edinburgh, 1641.
11. Little care to furnish our Armie, either abroad or at home with
Ministers; One of our grievous sins, and causes of our calamity.
12. Last, it is to be feared that Ministers in secret are negligent to
wrestle in Prayer, for a blessing to be poured out upon their labours,
contenting themselves with their publike performances.
Remedies.
1. First, That Presbyteries make great conscience to have all
vacant places within their several bounds filled with godly and able
men, where-ever they be to be found: and that under pretence of
being a helper, or second to another, none be taken in, but such as
are able for the same charge.
2. Whereas it is known, that private tryall in Presbyteries are for
the most part perfunctorious, the Brethren are hereby exhorted to
be more serious, and faithfull heerein, as they will be answerable to
Christ, the Chief Shepherd: and in a way previous thereto, that
Brethren be free, in loving admonition one of another secretly, from
time to time; and that whosoever keeps not the Presbyterie or
Synod, after grave admonitions may come under further censures.
3. That accuracie be used at visitation of Kirks, and that the Elders
one by one (the rest being removed) be called in, and examined
upon oath upon the Ministers behaviour in his calling and
conversation.
4. That course be taken to divide Congregations in parts, and by
the help not only of Elders in their several parts, but of neighbors
also, the evils, and neglects of persons and families, may be found
out and remedied.
5. That every Minister be humbled for his former failings, and
make his peace with God, that the more effectually he may preach
repentance, and may stand in the gap, to turne away the Lords
wrath: runing between the Porch and the Altar, sighing and crying
for all the abominations of the land.
6. Speciall care would be had, that all Ministers have their
conversation in heaven, mainly minding the things of God, and
exercising faith for drawing life out of Jesus Christ the fountain of
life, arming themselves thereby with power against the contagion
and wickednesse of the world.
7. Care would be had of godly conference in Presbyteries, even in
time of their refreshment, and the Moderator is to look to it, that
good matter be furnished thereto.
8. It is also very necessary for every Minister that would be
fruitfull in the work of the Lord, to bring home the Word of God to
his own heart and conscience, by Prayer and Meditation, both before
and after the publike ordinance.
9. Use would be made of the roll of the Parish, not onely for
examination, but also for considering the several conditions and
dispositions of the people, that accordingly they may be
admonished, and particularly prayed for by the Ministers in secret.
 10. It is very expedient that Ministers have more communion
among themselves for their mutuall stirring up, and strengthning of
their hands in the Lords work, and rectifying of these who are not
incorrigible.
11. That Ministers in all sorts of companie labour to bee fruitfull,
as the Salt of the earth, seasoning them they meet with, not only
forbearing to drink healths (Satans snare, leading to excesse) but
reproving it in others.
12. All Ministers would be carefull to cherish the smoaking flax of
weak beginnings in the wayes of God, and ought couragiously to
oppose all mockers and revilers of the godly.
13. As at all times, so specially now when the Lord is calling us all
to an account; it becomes the Ministers of Christ, with all diligence
and faithfullnesse, to improve their Ministerie to the utmost, to be
instant in season and out of season; yea, even frugally to imploy
their time in private, in reading of, and meditating on Scripture, that
the Word of God may dwell plentifullie in them.
14. That the providing the Armies with Ministers be preferred to
any congregation, and these who are appointed to attend the same,
and are deficient, be without delay severalie censured according to
the Act of the Generall Assembly; And that all Ministers not only in
publike, pray for our Armies, specially these that are to encounter
with the bloody enemie within the land, but also continually bear
them up before the Lord, that their lives being reformed, their hearts
and hands may be strengthned, and their undertaking at last blessed
of GOD with successe.
15. That beside all other scandals, silence or ambiguous speaking
in the publike cause, much more detracting and disaffected speaches
be seasonablie censured: and to this effect, all honest hearted
Brethren would firmlie unite themselves in the Lord, the younger
honouring the elder, and the elder not despising the younger.
16. And finallie, both for the corruption of the Ministerie and
remedies thereof, we refer the brethren to the Act of the Generall
Assemblie at Edinburgh, 1596, revived in the late Assemblie at
Glasgow, 1638, to bee found in the printed Act concerning the same.
The Generall Assembly Ordains the Enormities above specified
to be tryed and restrained, and that the Remedies thereof
for that purpose be seriously observed and practised:
Recommending especially to Presbyteries and Provinciall
Assemblies, that use be made of the same in visitation of
Kirks and tryall of Presbyteries.
 Approbation of the proceedings of the preceding
Assembly.

T
HE Generall Assembly having heard the report of the Committee
appointed to consider and examine the proceedings of the
Commissioners of the late Generall Assembly holden at Edinburgh in
the yeer 1646. And after serious consideration thereof, finding that
the whole Acts, Proceedings, and Conclusions of the saids
Commissioners, contained in the Register subscribed by M. Andrew
Ker their Clerk, and by M. Robert Ramsay Moderator to the said
Committee, do declare much Wisdom, Diligence, Vigilancie, and
commendable Zeal; And that the said Commissioners have orderly
and formally proceeded in everything, according to their
Commission: Do therefore ratifie and approve the said whole Acts,
Proceedings, and Conclusions of the Commissioners of the said
Assembly.
 15 Junii, 1646. Post Meridiem. Sess. XI.

Act for joyning of the Presbyteries in Orkney and

Zetland to the Provincial of Cathnes.

T
HE Generall Assembly, considering that the Presbyterie of Kirkwall
in Orknay and the Presbyterie of Scalloway in Zetland have never
met in any Provincial Assembly, wherethrough great abuses and
disorders are there committed, Therefore the Assembly hereby joyns
the said two Presbyteries to the Provinciall of Cathnes and
Sutherland, And Appoints all the Ministers and Elders of the said
Presbyteries hereafter, to meet at the said Provinciall Assembly, and
to have place to reason and vote therein as members of the said
Provinciall. And, sicklike ordains the saids two Presbyteries to be of
subordinate Jurisdiction to the said Provinciall Assembly; Declaring
hereby, that the said Provinciall shall consist of the Presbyteries of
Cathnes, Sutherland, Orknay, and Zetland in all time coming. And
appoints them to meet onely once in the yeer, in respect of their
great distance and interjection of seas; And that the first meeting be
at Thurso in Cathnes upon the third Tuesday of August next, and
thereafter as shall be appointed by the said Provinciall Assembly.
 17 Junii, 1646. Post Meridiem. Sess. XIIII.

Act concerning Expectants Preaching in publike.

T
HE Generall Assembly discharges any person to preach in publike
under the name and notion of an Expectant, or under any other
pretence whatsoever, except such as shall be tryed and found
qualified according to the Acts of the Generall Assembly;
Recommending to Presbyteries and Provincialls to take special notice
thereof, and to censure the transgressors accordingly.
 Act for censuring the complyers with the publike
enemies of this Kirk and Kingdom.

T
HE Generall Assembly taking to their serious consideration the
great and scandalous provocation and grievous defection from
the publike Cause, which some have beene guiltie of, by complying
with the Rebels the publike enemies of this Kirk and Kingdom: And
judging it a dutie incumbent to them to bring such notorious
offenders to publike satisfaction, that the wrath of God may be
averted, and the publike scandall removed; Do therefore Require,
Decern, and Ordain, that such as after lawfull tryall shall be found to
have been in actuall Rebellion and to have carried charge with the
Rebels, To have accepted Commissions for raising Horse or Foot
unto them, To have been seducers of others to joyn in that
Rebellion, To be the Penners or contrivers of James Grahames
Proclamation for indicting a pretended Parliament, or of any other
his Proclamations or Declarations, To have beene prime Instruments
in causing publish the said Proclamations and Declarations; That all
and every one of such offenders shall humbly acknowledge their
offence upon their knees, first before the Presbyterie, and thereafter
before the Congregation upon a Sabbath, in some place before the
Pulpit; And in the mean time that they be suspended from the Lords
Supper: And in case they do not satisfie in manner foresaid, that
they be processed with Excommunication. And likewise Ordains, that
such as shall be found to have procured Protections from the Rebels,
To have execute their orders, To have invited them to their houses,
To have given them intelligence, To have drank James Grahames
health, or to be guilty of any other such grosse degrees of
complyance, shall acknowledge their offences publikely before the
Congregation, and be suspended from the Communion ay and while
they doe the same. And further Decernes and Ordains, that all
persons in any Ecclesiastick office guilty of any degrees of
complyance before mentioned, shall be suspended from their office
and all exercise thereof, for such time as the quality of the offence
and condition of the offenders shall be found to deserve; And the
Assembly hereby declares, that Presbyteries have a latitude and
liberty to agreadge the censures above specified, according to the
degrees and circumstances of the offences; And gives in like manner
the same latitude and liberty to the Commissioners of this Assembly
for publike affairs, who have also power to try and censure the
offenders in manner above exprest, and to take account of the
diligence of Presbyteries thereintill.
 Act concerning Iames Grahams Proclamation.

T
HE Generall Assembly having considered a copie of a
Proclamation published by order of that excommunicat Traitor
James Graham, for indicting of a pretended Parliament, and finding
the same to be full of blasphemies against the Solemn League and
Covenant of the three Kingdoms, and of vile aspersions of Treason,
Rebellion, and Sedition, most falsly and impudently imputed to the
Estates, and most faithfull and loyall Subjects of this Kingdome: Doe
therfore declare, That such as have bin prime Instruments of the
publishing of that or the like Proclamation and Declaration, deserve
the highest censures of the Kirk, unlesse they make humble
confession of their offence publikely, in such manner as is prescribed
by this Assembly; And humbly Recommends to the Committee of
Estates to take some course for their exemplary civill punishment,
and that some publike note of ignominie be put upon that
Proclamation as their Honors shall think meet.
 18 Junii, 1646. Ante Meridiem. Sess. Ult.

Act against loosing of Ships and Barks upon the

Lords Day.

T
HE Generall Assembly understanding how much the Lords day is
profaned by Skippers and other Seafaring men, Do therefore
discharge and inhibite all Skippers and Sailers to begin any voyage
on the Lords day, or to loose any Ships, Barks or Boats out of
Harbery or Road upon that day, And who shall doe in the contrary
hereof, shall be censured as profaners of the Sabbath:
Recommending to Presbyteries and others whom it may concerne to
see both the Acts of Assembly and Parliament made for censuring
and punishing profanation of the Lords day, to be put in execution
against them.
Welcome to Our Bookstore - The Ultimate Destination for Book Lovers
Are you passionate about books and eager to explore new worlds of
knowledge? At our website, we offer a vast collection of books that
cater to every interest and age group. From classic literature to
specialized publications, self-help books, and children’s stories, we
have it all! Each book is a gateway to new adventures, helping you
expand your knowledge and nourish your soul
Experience Convenient and Enjoyable Book Shopping Our website is more
than just an online bookstore—it’s a bridge connecting readers to the
timeless values of culture and wisdom. With a sleek and user-friendly
interface and a smart search system, you can find your favorite books
quickly and easily. Enjoy special promotions, fast home delivery, and
a seamless shopping experience that saves you time and enhances your
love for reading.
Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and
personal growth!

ebookgate.com