2 MARKS

1. Define object oriented programming.

Object oriented programming is an approach that provides a way of
modularizing programs by creating partitioned memory area for both data and
functions that can be used as templates for creating such modules on demand.
2.List out the features of OOPS .
.Classes
· Objects
· Data abstraction
· Data encapsulation
· Inheritance
· Polymorphism
· Message passing
· Extensibility
· Persistence
· Delegation
· Genericity
· Dynamic binding.
3.What is an object ?
Objects are the basic run time entities in an object oriented system. They may
represent a person , a place or any data item. Objects contain data and code to
manipulate data .
4. What is a class ?
The entire set of data and code of an object that can be made a user defined
data type with the help of a class.A class is a collection of objects of type class.
5.What is data abstraction ?
The technique of creating new data types that are well suited to an application
to be programmed is known as data abstraction.
6.What is data encapsulation?
The wrapping up of data and functions into a single unit called class is known as
data encapsulation.
7.What is data hiding ?
The insulation of the data from direct access by the program is called data
hiding or information hiding
8. What is inheritance / reusability / derivation ?
Inheritance is the process by which objects of one class acquire the properties of
objects of another class.
The concept of inheritance provides the idea of reusability. This means that we
can add additional features to an existing class without modifying it .
Derivation involves the creation of new classes ( derived class ) from the existing
ones (base class).
9.What is polymorphism ?
Polymorphism means the ability to take more than one form.
10 . what is the use of a break statement ?
A break construct terminates the execution of loop and the control is
transferred to the statement immediately following the loop. The term break
refers to the act of breaking out of a block of code.
11.What is the use of a continue statement ?
The continue statement skips the remainder of the current iteration initiates the
execution of the next iteration.
12.Define function.
The process of splitting a large program into small manageable tasks ane
designing them independently is popularly called modular programming or
divide and conquer technique. A repeated group of instructions in a program
can be organized as a function. A function is a set of program statements that
can be proceesed independently.
13. What is a pointer ? what are the uses of a pointer ?
Pointer is defined as a variable used to store memory addresses. Uses :
· Accessing array elements .
· Passing arguments to a function when the function needs to modify the
original.
· Passing arrays and strings to functions.
· Creating data structures such as linked lists, binary tree etc .
· Obtaining memory from the system dynamically.
14. What is a friend function ?
Friend function is a special type of function which is used to access all the
private and protected members of a class. The functions that are declared with
the keyword
friend are called friend functions. A function can be a friend to multiple classes.
15. What are the properties of a friend function ?
· A friend function is not in the scope of the class to which it has been declared
as friend.
· It can be invoked like a normal function without the help of any object.
· Unlike member functions it cannot access the member names directly and has
to use an object name and dot membership with each member name.
16. What is the difference between friend function and member function ?
The only difference between a friend function and member function is that, the
friend function requires the argument to be explicitly passed to the function and
processes them explicitly, whereas, the member function considers the first
argument implicitly.
17.What is an inline function ?
Inline functions are those whose function body is inserted in place of the
function call statement during the compilation process. With the inline code the
program will not incur any context switching overhead.
18 .What is a recursive function ?
A function that contains a function call to itself or a function call to a second
function which eventually calls the first function is known as recursive
functions.
19. What is data conversion?
When we use the assignment operator we assign a value on the right hand side
to a variable on the left side & if it is of a different data type then we have to
perform data conversion or type conversion.
20. What are the methods of data conversion?
There are two methods for data conversion: (i) implicit data conversion
(ii) explicit data conversion
21. Give the structure of a C++ program.
Include files
Class definition
Member function definitions
Main function
22. What is function prototype ?
Function prototype is otherwise known as function declaration. The prototype
describes the function interface to the compiler by giving details such as the
number and type of arguments and the type of return values.
23.What is a class ? How will you define a class ?
A class is a way to bind the data and its associated functions together. A class
specification has two parts :
· Class declaration
· Class function definition
24.What are the characteristics of a static data member ?
· Static data member is initialized to zero when the first object of its class is
created. No other initialization is permitted.
· Only one copy of that member is created for the entire class and is shared by all
the objects of that class, no matter how many objects are created.
· It is visible only within the class, but its life time is the entire program.
25. What are the properties of a static member function ?
· A static function can have access to only other static members, declared in the
same class.
· A static member function can be called using the class name as follows
Classname :: function-name;
26. In what way is a private member function different from public member
function.
A private member function can only be called by another function that is a
member of its class. Even an object cannot invoke a private function using the
dot operator.
1.What is a constructor ?
A constructor is a special member function whose task is to initialize the objects
of its class. It is special because its name is the same as the class name. The
constructor is invoked whenever an object of its associated class is created. It is
called constructor because it constructs the values f data members of the class.
2. How will you declare and define a constructor
Constructor declaration : Class integer
{
int m,n;
public :
integer ( void )
}
constructor definition
integer :: integer (void )
{
m=0;
n=0;
}
3. what are the characteristics of a constructor ?
· They should be declared in the public section.
· They are invoked automatically when the objects are created.
· They do not have return types, not even void and therefore, they cannot return
values.
· They cannot be inherited, though a derived class can call the base class
constructor.
· Constructors cannot be virtual.
4. what are the types of a constructor ?
· Default constructor
· Parameterized constructor.
· Copy constructor
5. What is a parameteized constructor ?
constructors.
The constructors that can take arguments are called parameterized
Integer ( int x, int y )
{
m=x;
n=y;
}
6. What is a default constructor ?
A constructor that accepts no parameter is called default constructor.
Default ( )
{
}
7. What is a destructor ?
A destructor as the name implies is used to destroy the objects that have been
created by a constructor. Like a constructor the destructor is a member function
whose name is the same as the class name but is preceded by a tilde symbol.
~ integer ( )
{
}
8. what is Dynamic constructors
The constructors can also be used to allocate memory while creating objects.
This will enable the system to allocate the right amount of memory for each
object when the objects are not of the same size thus resulting in the saving of
memory. Allocation of memory to objects at the time of their construction is
known as dynamic constructors. The memory is allocated with the help of the
new operator.
9. What is function overloading? Give an example.
Function overloading means we can use the same function name to create
functions that perform a variety of different tasks.
Eg: An overloaded add ( ) function handles different data types as shown below.
// Declarations
i. int add( int a, int b); //add function with 2 arguments of same type
ii. int add( int a, int b, int c); //add function with 3 arguments of same type
iii. double add( int p, double q); //add function with 2 arguments of different
type
//Function calls
add (3 , 4); //uses prototype ( i. ) add (3, 4, 5); //uses prototype ( ii. ) add (3 , 10.0);
//uses prototype ( iii. )
10. What is operator overloading?
C++ has the ability to provide the operators with a special meaning for a data
type. This mechanism of giving such special meanings to an operator is known
as Operator overloading. It provides a flexible option for the creation of new
definitions for C++ operators.
11. List out the operators that cannot be overloaded.
_ Class member access operator (. , .*)
_ Scope resolution operator (::)
_ Size operator ( sizeof )
_ Conditional operator (?:)
13. What is the purpose of using operator function? Write its syntax.
To define an additional task to an operator, we must specify what it means in
relation to the class to which the operator is applied. This is done by Operator
function , which describes the task. Operator functions are either member
functions or friend functions. The general form is
return type classname :: operator (op-arglist )
{
function body
}
where return type is the type of value returned by specified operation.
Op-operator being overloaded. The op is preceded by a keyword operator.
operator op is the function name.
14. Write at least four rules for Operator overloading.
_ Only the existing operators can be overloaded.
_ The overloaded operator must have at least one operand that is of user
defined data type.
_ The basic meaning of the operator should not be changed.
_ Overloaded operators follow the syntax rules of the original operators. They
cannot be overridden.
15. How will you overload Unary & Binary operator using member
functions?
When unary operators are overloaded using member functions it takes no
explicit arguments and return no explicit values.
When binary operators are overloaded using member functions, it takes one
explicit argument. Also the left hand side operand must be an object of the
relevant class.
16. How will you overload Unary and Binary operator using Friend
functions?
When unary operators are overloaded using friend function, it takes one
reference argument (object of the relevant class)
When binary operators are overloaded using friend function, it takes two explicit
arguments.
17. How an overloaded operator can be invoked using Friend functions?
In case of unary operators, overloaded operator can be invoked as
Operator op (x);
In case of binary operators, overloaded operator can be invoked as
Operator op (x , y)
18. List out the operators that cannot be overloaded using Friend function.
_ Assignment operator =
_ Function call operator ( )
_ Subscripting operator [ ]
__ Class member access operator
19. Explain basic to class type conversion with an example.
Conversion from basic data type to class type can be done in destination class.
Using constructors does it. Constructor takes a single argument whose type is to
be converted.
Eg: Converting int type to class type class time
{
int hrs,mins;
public:
………….
Time ( int t) //constructor
{
hours= t/60 ; //t in minutes mins =t % 60;
}
};
Constructor will be called automatically while creating objects so that this
conversion is done automatically.
20. Explain class to basic type conversion with an example.
Using Type Casting operator, conversion from class to basic type conversion can
be done. It is done in the source class itself.
Eg: vector : : operator double( )
{
double sum=0;
for(int I=0;I<size;I++) sum=sum+v[ i ] *u[ i ] ; return sqrt ( sum ) ;
}
This function converts a vector to the corresponding scalar magnitude.
1. What is an exception ?
Exception refers to unexpected condition in a program. The unusual conditions
could be faults, causing an error which in turn causes the program to fail. The
error handling mechanism of C++ is generally referred to as exception handling.
2. What are the types of exception ?
They are classified into synchronous and asynchronous exceptions.
Synchronous exception :
The exception which occur during program execution , due to some fault in the
input data or technique that is not suitable to handle the current class of data,
within the pgogram are known as synchronous exception. For instance errors
such as out-of-range, overflow, underflow and so on.
Asynchronous exception :
The exceptions caused by events or faults unrelated to the program and beyond
the control of the program are called asynchronous exception. For instance,
errors such as keyboard interrupts, hardware malfunctions, disk failure, and so
on.
3. What are the blocks related to exception handling constructs ?
The blocks related to exception handling constructs are
· try
· throw
· catch
The keyword try is used to preface a block of statements. Which may generate
exceptions. This block of statements is known as try block.
When an exception is detected, it is thrown using throw statement in the try
block.
A catch block catches the exception thrown by the throw statement in the try
block and handles it appropriately.
Syntax:
try
{
………
………
throw exception;
}
catch (type arg)
{}
4. What are the functions supported by C++ to handle uncaught exceptions ?
The functions supported by C++ to handle uncaught exceptions are terminate ( )
set_terminate ( ) unexpected ( ) set_unexpected ( )
5.What is a template ?
Templates support generic programming , which allows to develop reusable
software components such as functions, classes etc., supporting different data
types in a single framework
6.What is function template ?
The templates declared for functions are called function templates. They
perform appropriate operations depending on the data type of the parameters
passed to them.
7.What is a class template ?
The templates declared for classes are called function templates. They perform
appropriate operations depending on the data type of the parameters passed to
them.
8.Define runtime exceptions
Runtime exceptions are automatically defined for the programs that we write
and include things such as division by zero and invalid array indexing.
9.Give the general form of throw . throw throwableinstance;
throwable instance must be an object of type throwble or a subclass of
throwable.

1. Define inheritance ?
Inheritance is the process of creating new classes from the existing classes. The
new classes are called derived classes. The existing classes are called base
classes. The derived classes inherit all the properties of the base class plus its
own properties. The properties of inheritance does not affect the base classes.
2. What are the types of inheritance ?
· Single inheritance
· Multiple inheritance
· Hierarchial inheritance
· Multilevel inheritance.
· Hybrid inheritance
· Multipath inheritance
3. What are the advantages of using a derived class ?
· New classes can be derived by the user from the existing classes without any
modification.
· It saves time and money.
· It reduces program coding time.
· It increases the reliability of the program.
4. Define single inheritance ?
inheritance.
If a derived class is derived from a base class then it is called single
BASE CLASS
DERIVED CLASS
5.Define multiple inheritance ?
If a derived class is derived from more than one base class, then it is called
multiple inheritance.
6. Define hierarchial inheritance ?
If two or more derived classes are derived from the same base class then it is
known as hierarchial inheritance
7. Define multilevel inheritance ?
If a derived class is derived from another derived class then it is known as
multilevel inheritance.
8.Define hybrid inheritance ?
inheritance.
The combination of one or more types of inheritance is called hybrid
9. Define abstract class ?
A class is said to be an abstract class if it satisfies the following conditions :
· It should act as a base class
· It should not be used to create any objects
10. What is an virtual function ?
A member function whose definition can be changed during run time is called
virtual function. The class which contains virtual function is called polymorphic
class and it should be a base class. Different versions for the virtual function
should be present in different derived classes with same name as virtual
function name
11. Define pure virtual function ?
pure virtual function is a virtual function with no body. The general form is
Virtual void member-function-name( ) = 0
12. What are the properties of pure virtual function ?
· It has no definition in the base class.
· We cannot create object for the class containing pure virtual function.
· Pure virtual function can be called through derived class objects.
· It acts as an empty bucket which has to be filled by its derived classes.
13. What are the rules for virtual functions ?
· Virtual functions must be members of some class.
· They cannot be static members.
· They are accessed by using object pointers.
· A virtual function can be a friend of another class.
· We can have virtual destructors, but we cannot have virtual constructors.
· A virtual function in a base class must be defined even though it may not be
used.
· A pointer to a derived class cannot point an object of base type.
· When a pointer points to a derived class, incrementing or decrementing will
not make it point to the next object of the derived class.
14. Define Polymorphism
It is the property of the same object to behave differently in different contexts
given the same message. A single function name can be used for various
purposes and single operator is used to achieve multiple operations and the
usage of either the function at the operator depends on the context in such
cases.
15. Define Compile time polymorphism:
The compiler while compiling the program resolves the function call or the
operator call. This is known as compile time polymorphism
16. Define Runtime polymorphism
During multiple inheritances if the appropriate member function could be
selected while the program is running is known as Runtime polymorphism
17. Define Run time type information:
It is a very powerful tool in c++ for finding out the type of an object at runtime.
Because of runtime functioning, RTTI also impacts the performance of the
system to a notable extent.
1.what is a stream ?
Stream is a series of bytes, which act either as a source from which input data
can be extracted or as a destination to which the output can be sent. The source
stream provides data to the program called te input stream and the destination
stream that receives data from the program is called the output stream.
2. what are the types of standard streams ?
· cin - Standard input corresponding to stdin in C
· cout – Standard output corresponding to stdout in C
· cout – Standard error output corresponding to Stderr in C
· clog – A fully buffered version of cerr.
3. How do you classify ios class ?
Istream – input stream does formatted input. Ostream – output stream does
formatted output.
Iostream – input / output stream does formatted input and output.
4. What are manipulators ?
Manipulators are special functions that are specifically designed to modify the
working of a stream. They can be embedded in the I/O statements to modify the
form parameters of a stream.
5. Give few ios class functions and flags ?

Function Task performed

Specifies the required number of fields to be

Width( ) used while displaying the output value.

Specifies the number of digits to be displayed

Precision ( ) after the decimal point.
Specifies a character to be used to fill the
unused area of a field. By default, fills blank
Fill ( ) space character.
Sets format flag that control the form of output
Setf ( ) display.

Unsetf ( ) Clears the specified format flag.

23. Storing programs and data permanently in main memory is not preferred .
Give reasons .
· Main memory is usually too small to permanently store all the needed
programs and data.
· Main memory is a volatile storage device, which loses its contents when power
is turned off.
6. What is a file ?
A file is a collection of related information defined by its creator. Commonly files
represent programs ( boyh source and object forms ) and data. Files may be
free-form, such as text files or may be rigidly formatted . In general, a file is a
sequence of bits, bytes, lines, or records whose meaning is defined by its creator
and user.
7. How many classes are used for handling files ?
ifstream – for handling input files. ofstream – for handling output files.
fstream – for handling files on which both input and output can be performed.
8. What are the steps involved in manipulating a file ?
· Name the file on the disk
· Open the file to get the file pointer.
· Process the file. (Read / Write )
· Check for errors while processing.
· Close the file after its complete usage.
9. What functions are used for manipulation of file pointers ?
· seekg ( ) – Moves get file pointer to a specific location.
· seekp ( ) - Moves put file pointer to a specific location.
· tellg ( ) – Returns the current position of the get pointer
· tellp ( ) - Returns the current position of the put pointer
10. What do you mean by sequential access ?
A sequential file has to be accessed sequentially ; to access the particular data in
the file all the preceding data items have to be read and discarded. For example
a file on a tape must be accessed sequentially.
11. What do you mean by random access ?
A random file allows access to the specific data without the need for accessing
its preceding data items. However, it can be accessed sequentially . For
example, a file on a hard disk or floppy disk can be accessed either sequentially
or randomly.