FUNCTION 1

UNIT

 Theory

 Drill

 Solved Examples

 Exercises

 Single Correct Type Questions

 Integer Type Questions

 Previous Years Questions

 Answer Key
 FUNCTION MATHEMATICS PART - I

INTERVALS
The set of numbers between any two real numbers is called interval. The following
are the types of interval.
(i) Closed Interval: [a, b] = {x : a  x  b}
(ii) Open Interval: (a, b) or ]a, b[ = {x : a < x < b}
(iii) Semi open or semi closed interval:
[a, b[ or [a, b) = {x: a  x < b}
]a, b] or (a, b] = {x: a < x  b}
Inequalities
The following are some very useful points to remember:
1. a  b  either a < b or a = b
2. a < b and b < c  a < c
3. a < b  –a > –b i.e., inequality sign reverses if both sides are multiplied by a negative
number
4. a < b and c < d  a + c < b + d and a – d < b – c.  c  R
5. a < b  ma < mb if m > 0 and ma > mb if m < 0
6. 0 < a < b  ar < br if r > 0 and ar > br if r < 0

 1
7.  a  a   2 for a > 0 and equality holds for a = 1
 

 1
8.  a  a   – 2 for a < 0 and equality holds for a = –1
 

DRILL - I
Solve the following Inequations:
2x  3
1.  3 2. (x – 1)2 (x + 4) < 0
3x  5
3. (2x + 1) (x – 3) (x + 7) < 0 4. x2 + 6x – 27 > 0 and x2 – 3x – 4 < 0,
5. x2 – 1  0 and x2 – x – 2  0 6. (x – 1) (3 – x) (x – 2)2 > 0.

( x  1)( x  2) 2 1  3x 2
7.  0. 8. 2
 0.
1 x 2 x  21x  40

x2 1 x 2  6x  7
9. 2
 . 10. 2
 2.
x 1 2 x 1

14x 9x  30 x 1
11.   0. 12.  x.
x 1 x  4 x 1
2 3 4 3 2
(2  x )( x  3) x  3x  2 x
13. 2
 0. 14. 2
 0.
( x  1)(x  3x  4) x  x  30

2 ( x  4) 1 1 1 1
15.  . 16.   .
( x  1)( x  7) x  2 x  2 x 1 x
2 2
17. x(ex – 1)(x + 2)(x – 3)2  0 18. 32x  2.3x  x 6
 32(x6)  0
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 FUNCTION MATHEMATICS PART - I

(x  1)3 (x  2)4 (x  3)5 (x  6)

19. Let f (x) = Find the set of volues of x when.
x 2 (x  7)3

(a) f (x) > 0 (b) f (x)  0 (c) f (x) < 0 (d) f (x)  0

Definition of Function
Let A and B be two non–empty sets. Then a function ‘f ’ from set A to set B is a rule
which associates elements of set A to elements of set B such that
An element of set A is associated to a unique element in set B.
All elements of set A are associated to element in set B.
Terms such as “map” (or mapping), “correspondence” are used as synonyms for function.
f
If f is a function from a set A to set B, then we write f : A  B or A   B. which is
read as f is a function from A to B or f maps A to B.

A f B

x1 y1
x2 y2
x3 y3
xn ym

Total number of maping from set A to set B = mn

Ex.1 Let A = {2, 4, 6, 8} and B = {s, t, u, v, w} be two sets and let f1, f2, f3 and f4 be rules
associating elements of A to elements of B as shown in the following figures.

s f2 s
2 f1 t 2 t
4 u 4 u
6 v 6 v
8 w 8 w

f3 s f4 s
2 t 2
4 u 4 t
6 v u
w 6 v
8 8 w

Now see that f1 is not function from set A to set B, since there is an element 6  A
which is not associated to any element of B, but f2 and f3 are the function from A to B,
because under f2 and f3 each elements in A is associated to a unique element in B.
But f4 is not function from A to B because an elements 8  A is associated to two
elements u and w in B.
Domain:Set A is called domain of f i.e. Set of those elements from which functions is
to be defined.
Co–Domain : Here set B is called co–domain of function.
Range : Set of images of each element in A, is called range of f.
Note: Range  Co–domain
Real Valued Function :
All those functions of which domain and Co–Domain are subsets of R are called real
valued functions. In this case for a given function we have to find domain and Range.

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 FUNCTION MATHEMATICS PART - I

Bounded Function :
A function ‘f’ is said to be bounded if | f ( x ) |  m , for some finite ‘m’ for every x in
Domain of f.
Some Elementary Functions
General Exponential Function
If a > 0, a  1 then the function defined by f(x) = ax, x  R is called an Exponential
Function with base a.
Y
–x
y=4 –x x x
–x y = 10 y = 10 y = 4 y = 2 x
y=2 Domain : R

+
a>1 Range : R

Nature : one-one

0<a<1

O X

Logarithmic Function
If a > 0, a  1, then the function y = loga x, x  R+(set of positive real numbers) is
called the logarithmic Function with base a.

Y
y=log2x
y=log4x
y=log10x
Domain : R+
O X Range : R
Nature : one-one
y=log1/10x
y=log1/4x
y=log1/2x

Polynomial Function :
If a function is defined by f(x) = a0 xn + a1 xn – 1 + a2 xn – 2 + ..........+ an– 1 x + an , where n
is a non negative integer and a0, a1, a2, .........an are real numbers and a 0  0 , then
f is called a polynomial function of degree n.
Note :
(A) A polynomial of degree one with no constant term is called an odd linear function.
i.e. f(x) = ax, a  0 .
(B) There are two polynomial functions, satisfying the relation; f(x).f(1/x) = f(x) + f(1/x).
They are
(i) f(x) = xn + 1 (ii) f(x) = 1 – xn, where n is a positive integer
(C) f(x) = c and c  0 is a polynomial of degree zero.
(D) f(x) = 0 is a polynomial but degree not defined.
Note : Function given in (C) and (D) are also called constant function.

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 FUNCTION MATHEMATICS PART - I

Algebraic Function :
y is an algebraic function of x, if it is a function that satisfies an algebraic equation of
the form, P0 (x)y n  P1(x)y n1  ...........  Pn1(x)y  Pn (x)  0 where n is a positive integer
and P0 (x),P1(x).......... are Polynomials in x. e.g. y = |x| is an algebraic function, since
2 2
it satisfies the equation y – x = 0.
Note that all polynomial functions are Algebraic but not the converse. A function that
is not algebraic is called Transcendental Function.
Rational Function
The function which can be written as the quotient of two polynomial functions is said
to be a rational function.
If P(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + . . . + anxn
Q (x) = b0 + b1x + b2x2 + . . . + bmxm

P(x)
be two polynomial functions then a function f defined by f(x) = is a rational
Q(x)
function of x

7x 4  x 2  2
e.g., f(x) = is a rational function which is defined for all real values of x
x 2  4x  3
except 1 and 3.
Identity Function
A map f : R  R is said to be an identity function, iff f(x) = x,  x  R.
The identity function is sometimes also called the function x
Domain of the identity function = R
Range of the identity function = R

Modulus Function
y = –x, x < 0 y y = x, x > 0
  x, x  0
f(x) = |x| = 
 x, x  0
O x
x
Domain : R, Range : [0,  )
It is an even continuous and many one function
y
Graph is symmetrical with respect to y–axis.

y
Signum Function

1, x  0 y = 1, x > 0
 x
0, x  0 O
f(x) =  x
1, x  0
 y = –1, x < 0
y
Domain ; R, Range; {–1, 0, 1}. It is a many one and discontinuous function
Ex.1 (i) Determine the values of x satisfying the equality:
|(x2 + 4x + 9) + (2x –3)| = |x2 + 4x + 9| + |2x –3|;

1 x f (x).f (x 2 ) 1
(ii) If f(x) = , show that  .
1 x 1  [f (x )]2 2

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 FUNCTION MATHEMATICS PART - I

Sol. (i) The equality |a + b| = |a| + |b| is valid if and only if both summands have the
same sign. Since x2 + 4x + 9 = (x + 2)2 + 5 > 0 at any values of x, the equality is
satisfied at those values of x at which 2x – 3  0, i.e., at x  3/2.
1 x2 1  x2
(ii) f(x2) = 
1  x 2 1  x 1  x 

1  x  1  x2 1  x2
  2
f(x).f(x 2 )  1  x  1  x 1  x  1  x  1  x2 1
    
1  [f(x)]2 1  x 
2 2
1  x   1  x 
2
2  2x 2
2
1 2 2
1  x  1  x 
DRILL - II
Modulus Function
1. Solve the following equations.
a. | x + 2 | = 2(3 – x) b. | 3x – 2 | + x = 11

c. x  x 2  2 d. x2 + | x – 1 | = 1

x x2
e. |x–1|+|x–2|+|x–3|  6 f.  x 
x 1 x 1

2. Find the set of all solution of equation 2| y |  | 2 y 1  1 |  2 y 1  1

3. Solve the following inequalitites

a. | 5 – 2x | < 1 b. | 3x – 2  5 |  2
c. |x–2|  |x+4| d. x2 - | x | - 2  0
e. | x2 – 4x | < 5 f. | x2 – 5x | < 6
g. | x2 – 2x | < x h. | x2 – 2x -3 | < 3x – 3
4. Find the solution of | x2 – 1 + sin x | = | x2 – 1 | + | sin x |, belonging to the interval
[– 2  , 2  ].

Greatest Integer Function

If f(x) = k;  x  [ k , k  1) , where k is any integer, then f is called greatest integer
function usually denoted by f(x) = [x]

Ex.: [3.7] = 3, [–3  2] = – 4, [5] = 5 etc.

Properties of Greatest Integer Function
1. x – 1 < [x]  x
4. [x + n] = [x] + n, where n  I

 0; x I
2. [x] + [– x] = 
 1; x I
3. [x] = n  n  x  n  1
[x]  n  x  n, n  I
[x]  n  x < n + 1, n  I

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 FUNCTION MATHEMATICS PART - I

Fractional Part of x
 x  1, x  [ 1,0)
f(x) = x – [x], x  R i.e., f(x) = {x} =  x, x  [0,1)
 x  1, x  [1,2)

Domain : R, Range : [0, 1), Nature : Many one
This is a periodic function with period 1. It is discontinuous at all integers.
Properties Of Fractional Part Of x
1. x = [x] + {x} where [.] and {.} denotes the integral and fractional part of x
respectively.
0; x  I
2. {x} + {– x} =  .
1; x I

DRILL - III
Greatest Integer Function
(Where [ ] is G.I.F. & { } is Fractional Part)

3 3 1  3 2   3 99 
1. Find the value of           ........    .
 4   4 100   4 100   4 100 
2. Given y = 2[x] + 3 and y = 3[x – 2] + 5, then find [x + y].
3. If [x]2 – 9[x] + 8  0, then find x.
4. If 3[x]2 – 7[x] + 4 > 0, then find x.
5. Solve 4{x} = x + [x].
6. Solve {x + 1} + 2x = 4[x + 1] – 6.
2000
x  r
7. Find [x] + 
r 1 2000
(r  integer).

1 1 1
8. Solve   {x} 
[ x] [2 x] 3
9. Find the real solution of [x] + [5x] + [10x] + [20x] = 36 K + 35., K  Integer.

Algebra of Functions
Given function f : D1  R and g : D2  R, we describe function f + g, f – g, fg and
f/g as follows
f + g : D  R is a function defined by (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x),
f – g : D  R is a function defined by (f – g) (x) = f(x) – g(x)
fg : D  R is a function defined by (fg) (x) = f(x) g(x)
f f  f(x)
: C  R is a function defined by   (x) = ,g(x)  0 ,
g g g(x)
where D = D1  D2 and C = {x  D : g (x)  0}

Ex.2 Find the domain of following functions:

sin 1
x 1
(i) f(x)  2  x2
log10  x  1
(ii) f(x) = sin–1 4  x2

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 FUNCTION MATHEMATICS PART - I

(iii) f(x) = ln (– 2 + 3x – x2)

Sol. (i) For f(x) to be defined – 1  x  1,
x  2  0 i.e., x  2 ,
x + 1 > 0 i.e., x > – 1 and
x + 1  1 i.e., x  0
so, domain of f : (– 1, 0)  (0, 1]
(ii) f(x) = sin–1 4  x2
for f(x) to be defined 0  4 – x2  1  x2 – 4  0 and x2 – 3  0

 x  [ – 2, 2] and x  (–  , – 3 ]   3,  
 x   2,  3    3,2

so domain (f) : x    2,  3    3 , 2 
(iii) f(x) = ln (–2 + 3x – x2)
for f(x) to be defined – 2 + 3x – x2 > 0  x2 – 3x + 2 < 0
 (x – 1) (x – 2) < 0  x  (1, 2)
so domain (f) : x  (1, 2)

DRILL - IV
Find the domain of the functions:

1
1. f(x) = 2. f (x) = x 1 + 6x
x2

1
3. f(x) = 2  2x  x 2 4. f(x) = x  [x]

x 3
5. f(x) = log |log x| 6. f(x) =
(x  1) x 2  4

1 log 2  x  3 
7. y  x2 8. f(x) =
log10 (1  x) x 2  3x  2

x 1
9. f(x) = 10. f(x) = x 2  3x  2 
2
x  3x  2 x 2  3x  4

2  5x  x 2 
11. f(x) = + log10 (x3 – x) 12. f(x) = log1 / 2  
 4
2
x 4 

13. 10x + 10y = 10 14. f(x) = 3  2 x  21 x

 x  2x  1
15. log ( 2)   x  0 16. f(x) =
x
|x|  x  3x 2  2 x
3

17. f(x) = log4 [log5 {log3 (18x – x2 – 77)}] 18. f(x) = log(1 – log10 (x2 –5x + 16))

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 FUNCTION MATHEMATICS PART - I

2
6 ( x  2)
19. f(x) = log(x + 1) (x2 –3x + 2) 20. f(x) = x
4 8 3
 52  2 2( x 1)

  6  
21. f(x) = log2  – log1/2 1  4   2 
  x 

22. f(x) = 4
log 0.2 x 3  log 0.2 x 3 log 0.2 0.0016 x   36
 1  2x 
23. f(x) = log 10   24. f(x) = log(2x–5) (x2 –3x –10)
 x3 

1 1
25. f(x) = x x 26. f(x) = x  x (From 26 to 32; [ ] is G.I.F.)
1  x 
27. f(x) = 28. f ( x )   x 2   1  3   x 2 
2  x 

1 1
29. f(x) = | x  1|  |7  x |  6 30. f(x) = | x | 1  5
   
31. f(x) = log4 (log3 (log2 (x2 –2x + 3 ) –log (2x – 1)))
2

   4  x2 
32. f(x) = [sin x] cos 33. f(x) = sin  log  
[ x  1]   1 x 
  

34. f(x) = log 2 (sin x ) 35. f x  sin x  1

Methods of determining range :

(i) Representing x in terms of y
If y = f(x), try to express as x = g(y), then domain of g(y) represents possible values
of y, which is range of f(x).
(ii) Graphical Method :
The set of y– coordinates of the graph of a function is the range.
(iii) Using monotonocity : Many of the functions are monotonic increasing or monotonic
decreasing. In case of monotonic continuous functions the minimum and maximum
values lie at end points of domain. Some of the common function which are
increasing or decreasing in the interval where they are continuous is as under.

For monotonic increasing functions in [a, b]

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 FUNCTION MATHEMATICS PART - I

y
y = f(x)

x
x=a x=b
(i) f ' (x)  0
(ii) range is [f(a), f(b)]
for monotonic decreasing functions in [a, b]
y

y = f(x)

x
x=a x=b
(i) f ' (x)  0
(ii) range is [f(b), f(a)]

Ex.3 Find the range of the following functions:

1
(i) f(x) = (ii) f(x) = x2 – 7x + 5
8  3 sin x
(iii) f(x) = log2 (log1/2 (x2 + 4x + 4))
1
Sol. (i) f(x) = . We know that –1  sin x  1
8  3 sin x
 1 1
 – 3  3 sin x  3  5  8 – 3 sin x  11  Range (f) = 11 , 5 

2
 7 29  29 
(ii) 2
f(x) = x – 7x + 5  f(x) =  x     Range (f) =   ,
 2 4  4 
(iii) f(x) = log2 (log1/2 (x2 + 4x + 4))
since 0 < log1/2 (x2 + 4x + 4) <   x  Domain (f)
 –  < log2 (log1/2 (x2 + 4x + 4)) < 
Range (f) = (– ,  )

DRILL - V
Find the range of the functions:

|x  3|
1. f(x) = 2. f(x) = 9 – 7 sin x
x 3
3. f(x) = 2 + x – [x–3] 4. f(x) = x2 – 6x + 7

x
5. f (x)  3 C x 6. f (x) 
1  x2

 x2  e  1
7. f(x) = ln  2  8. f(x) = x2 + 2
 x 1  x 1
9. y = (x - 1)2 + 4 10. y = 4 - |x + 1|

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 FUNCTION MATHEMATICS PART - I

11. y = 4x – 2x + 1 12. y = sin2 x + cos4 x

1
13. y = [x]+[-x]; ([ ] is G.I.F.) 14. y=
2  cos 5 x

x2
15. y= 4 16. y = x2 + x + 1
x 1
17. y = 4x + 2x + 1 18. y = {x} + {-x}; ({ } is fractional part)

1
19. y=
x  x ; ({ } is fractional part) 20. y = 3sinx + 4cosx

  e x  ex
21. y = 3sinx + 4cos  x   +5 22. y=
 3  e x  ex

x  [ x]
23. y = log e(3x2 – 4x + 5) 24. y = 1  [ x]  x ; ([ ] is G.I.F.)

25. y = log2 ( x  4  6  x ) 26. y= x 1  5  x

 sin x  cos x  3 2   2 
27. f(x) = log 2   28. y = 3 cos   x 2 
 2   9 

 1 
29. f(x)  n  
 sec x 

30.
 2 tan x 
If f   =
 
1  cos 2 x sec2 x  2 tan x 
find the domain and Range of f(x)
 1  tan2 x  2
1
31. y =
sin x   cos x  ; ([ ] is G.I.F.) 32. y = n cos(sin x)

Equality of two functions :

Two function f and g are said to be equal functions, if and only if
(i) domain of f = domain of g (ii) Range of f = Range of g
(iii) f(x) = g(x);  x  their domain
Ex.4 If A = {1, 2}, B = {10, 13}, f : A  B, f(x) = x2 + 9 and g = A  B, g(x) = 3x + 7,
then f = g because domains and Range of both f and g are same also
f(1) = 10 = g(1) ; f(2) = 13 = g(2)

DRILL - VI
Equal and Identical Function
1. Which pair of function are equal or identical?

x2 1 x
(a) f(x) = x, g(x) = (b) f (x)  ,g(x)  2
x x x

(c) f (x)  log e e x ,g(x)  e log e x (d) f (x)  log e x 2 , g(x)  2  log e x

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 FUNCTION MATHEMATICS PART - I

(e) f (x)  log e x 3 , g(x)  3  log e x (f) f (x)  x,g(x)  x 2

(g) f (x)  1, g(x)  sin 2 x  cos 2 x

(h) f (x)  sgn(x 2  3x  4), g(x)  e{x} ([.] is G.I.F. and { } is fractional part)

1  cos 2x
(i) f (x)  , g(x)  tan x (j) f (x)  ln(1  x)  ln (1  x), g(x)  ln(1  x 2 )
1  cos 2x

2. (a) Let f(x) = log x 2 25 and g(x) = logx 5 Then f(x) = g(x) holds. Then find the interval
for x.
(b) Let A = {1, 2} B = {3, 6} and f : A  B given by f(x) = x2 + 2 and g:A  B given by
g(x)=3x. Find whether equal or not.

Even and Odd Functions :

If f : X  Y is a real valued function such that for all x  D   x  D (where D = domain
of f ) and if f(–x) = f(x) for every x  D then f is said to be an even function and if f(–x)=
– f(x) then f is said to be an odd function. Even functions are symmetric about the y–
axis (i.e. if (x, y) lies on the curve, then (–x, y) also lies on the curve, and odd
functions are symmetric about the origin (i.e. (x, y) lies on the curve, then (–x, –y)
also lies on the curve.
Remarks
Every function defined in symmetric interval D(i.e. x  D   x  D ) can be expressed
 f(x)  f( x)   f(x)  f( x) 
as a sum of an even and an odd function. f(x) =   .
 2   2 

 f(x)  f( x)   f(x)  f( x) 

Let h(x) =   and g(x) =   . It can now easily be shown that h(x) is
 2   2 
even and g(x) is odd.
The first derivative of an even function is an odd function and vice – versa.
If x  0, x  Domain of f, then for odd function f(x) which is continuous at x = 0, f(0) = 0,
i.e. if for a function f (0)  0 , then that function can not be odd. It follows that for a
differentiable even function f (0)  0 i.e. if for a differentiable function f (0)  0 then
the function cannot be even.
Ex.5 Determine the nature of the following function for even and odd:

 2   a x 1
(i) f(x) = log  x  x  1  (ii) f(x) = x  x 

 a 1

Sol. (i) f(x) = log ( x  x 2  1)  f(–x) = log ( x  x 2  1)

 1 
= log  2
 = log (x + x2  1 )
–1
= –log (x + x 2  1 ) = – f(x)
 x  x 1 
So, f(x) is an odd function

 a x 1 
(ii) We have f(x) = x  x 

 a  1 

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 FUNCTION MATHEMATICS PART - I

 1 
 a x  1   x 1   x
  a x 1 
 f(– x) = – x   x    x a   x 1  a   x x 
  1  1 a x   a  1  = f(x)
 a 1  x 1    
a 
So, f(x) is an even function.

Ex.6 If f is an even function defined in the interval [– 5, 5], find four real values of x
 x 1 
satisfying the equation f(x) = f  .
x 2
Sol. Since f is an even function, f(– x) = f(x).

 x 1   x 1  x 1 x 1
 Now f  x  2   f ( x )  f  x  2   f ( x )   x or =–x
    x2 x2
 x2 + x – 1 = 0 or x2 + 3x + 1 = 0

 1 5 3 5
x = or x = .
2 2

DRILL - VII
1. Determine the nature of the following functions for even and odd.
(a) f(x) = sin x + cos x (b) f(x) = x2 – |x|

x x
(c) f(x) = sin(log (x + x 2  1 )) (d) f(x) = x+ 1
e 1 2

x(sin x  tan x)
(e) f(x) = x  n ; n  I ([ ] is G.I.F.)
x   1
    2

1 x 
(f) f(x) = log   (g) f(x) = x sin2x – x3
1  x 
(h) f(x) = sinx – cosx
2. Find out whether the following functions is even or odd.

(a) f(x) = 4 – 2x4 + sin2 x (b) f(x) = 1 x  x 2  1 x  x 2

x
(1  2 x ) 2 1 x 
(c) f(x) = (d) f(x) =  log e  dx
2x 0 1 x 
3. Let f:R  R be a function given by f(x+y) + f(x-y) = 2f(x) f(y) ;  x, y  R. and f(0)  0.
Prove that f(x) is an even function.
4. If f(x + y) = f(x).f(y);  real x,y and f(0)  0. Then prove that the function

f x
h(x) = 2 is an even function.
1   f(x)

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 FUNCTION MATHEMATICS PART - I

5. Represents each of the following functions as the sum of an even and odd function.
(a) f(x) = ax (b) f(x) = (1+x)100
(c) f(x) = sin 2x + tan x + cosx/2 (d) f(x) = aex
6. Let f(x) = ex + sin x be defined on the interval [-4,0]. Find the odd and even extension
of f(x) in the interval [-4,4].
7. Let the function f(x) = x2 + x + sin x – cos x + ln(1 + |x|) be defined over the interval
[0,1]. Find the odd and even extensions of f(x) in the interval in [-1, 1].

Periodic Function
A function f(x) is said to be periodic function if, there exists a fixed positive real
number T independent of x, such that, f(x + T) = f(x);  x  Domain & x + T  domain.
T is called one of the period of the function
In other words, a function is said to be periodic function if its each value is repeated
after a definite interval.
Here the least positive value of T (independent of x) is called the fundamental period
of the function.
Clearly f(x) = f(x + T) = f(x + 2T) = f(x + 3T) = . . .
For example :
(A) sin x, cos x, sec x and cosec x are periodic functions with period 2  .
(B) tan x and cot x are periodic functions with period  .
(C) |sinx|, |cosx|, |tanx|, |cotx|, |secx|, |cosecx| are periodic functions with
period  .
(D) sinnx, cosnx, secnx, cosecnx are periodic functions with period 2  or  according
as n is odd or even.
(E) tannx and cotnx are periodic function with period  whether n is odd or even.
Properties of Periodic Function :
If f(x) is periodic with period T, then
(i) f(x  c) is periodic with period T.
(ii) f(x)  c is periodic with period T.
(iii) c.f(x) is periodic with period T.

T
(iv) f(ax + b) has period |a| , i.e., period is affected only by coefficient of x where; a, b,

c, are constants with a, b  0.

Note : All periodic functions can be analyzed over an interval of one period within the
domain as the same pattern shall be repetitive over the entire domain.

Ex.7 Find the period of f(x) = |sin x| + | cos x|

Sol. |sin x| has period  , |cos x| has period 
Hence, according to the rule of LCM, period of f(x) must be  .

  
But |sin   x | = |cosx| and |cos(  x)| = |sin x|
2  2

 
  , period of f(x) is
Since
2 2
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 FUNCTION MATHEMATICS PART - I

Ex.8 If f(x) = sin x + cos ax is a periodic function, show that a is a rational number.
2 2
Sol. Period of sin x = 2  = and period of cos ax =
1 a

2 2
 Period of sin x + cosax = L.C.M of and
1 a

LC.M of 2 and 2 2
= H.C.F. of 1and a = where  is the H.C.F. of 1 and a.

Here 1 is rational number. H.C.F. is possible between rational and rational number.
So ‘a’ is also rational number.

DRILL - VIII
1. Find the periods
(a) cos4 x (b) sin3 x

(c) cos x (d) cos x

(e) x  [x] ; ([ ] is G.I.F.)

2. Find the period of
(a) f(x) = sin4 x + cos4 x (b) f(x) = tan 3x + cos 5x/2
(c) f(x) = cos x + {x} (d) f(x) = cos(cos x) + cos(sin x)

1  sin x sin x 
(e) f(x) =    (f) f(x) = 5 sin 3x – 7 sin8 x
2  cos x cos x 

(g) f(x) = cos (|sinx| – |cosx|) (h) f (x)  sin(sin x)  e{3x} ; ({ } is fractional part)

x x
(i) f (x)  sin  sin (j) f(x) = sinx + {x}; ({ } is fractional part)
3 4
3. Find the period of the function

(a) f(x)  e x [x]|cos x||cos 2x|....|cos nx|; ([ ] is G.I.F.)

 x   x 
(b) f(x) = sin x + tan x/2 + sin x/22 + tan x/23 + ..... + sin  n1  + tan  n 
2  2 

 5x 
4 (a) for what integral value of n, is 3  period of the function cos(nx).sin  ?
 n 
(b) Find the period of [x] + [x + 1/3] + [x + 2/3] – 3x + 10 ; ([ ] is G.I.F.)
5. Let f(x) be a function and K be a + ve real no. such that f(x + k) + f(x) = 0;  x  R
prove that f(x) is periodic with period 2k.

6. If a function satisfies the equation f(x + 1) + f(x –1) = 3 f(x) ;  x  R prove that f(x) is
periodic function. Also find its period.

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 FUNCTION MATHEMATICS PART - I

Classification of Function
(i) One–One Function (Injective) :
If each element in the domain of a function has a distinct image in the co–domain
the function is said to be one–one function and is also known as Injective Function.

A f B

x1 y1
x2 y2
x3 y3
xn ym

n(A)  n(B)

mP ; m  n
Total number of one to one functions =  0 n; m  n

Proof : x1 can take m images
x2 can take (m – 1) images
x3 can take (m – 2) images
........................................
........................................
xn can take (m – n + 1) images
Total number of ways = m . (m – 1) . (m – 2) --------- (m – n + 1)
m! m
= (m  n)!  Pn

e.g. f : R  R+ given by y = ex
g : R  R, g(x) = 3x – 7
are one – one functions.
or, f : A  B is one – one
 a  b  f(a)  f(b) for all a, b  A
 f(a) = f(b)  a = b for all a, b  A
(ii) Many–One Function :
If there are two or more than two elements of domain having the same image then
f(x) is called Many – One function.
Total number of many-one function = Total number of function – Total number of one-
m
one function = mn –  Pn ; m  n
0 ; mn
e.g. f : R  R+ f(x) = x2 + 4
g : R  R+ g(x) = x8 + x4 +x2 + 4
Both functions are many one
If the graph of y = f(x) is given and a line parallel to x–axis cuts the curve at more than
one point then function is many one.
or, f : A  B is a many – one function if there exist x, y  A such that x  y but f(x) =
f(y). e.g y = sin x, y = cos x, y = tan x, y = x2, y = x4, . . . . . are many one functions.

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 FUNCTION MATHEMATICS PART - I

(iii) Onto Function (Surjective) :

Let f : X  Y be a function. If each element in the co–domain Y has at least one pre–
image in the domain X i.e. Range f = Co domain, then f is called onto.
A f B

x1 y1
x2 y2
x3 y3
xn ym

n(A)  n(B)

m m r m n
 (1) . Cr .r ; m  n
r 0

Total number of onto function =  m! ; mn
 0 ; mn



Onto function is also called surjective and if function be both one–one and onto then
function is called Bijective.
or, f : A  B is a surjection iff for each b  B, a  A such that f(A) = b .
e.g. If f : R+  R is defined by y = log2x, then f(x) is Onto function.
(iv) Into Function :
If there exist one or more than one element in the Co–domain Y which is not an
image of any element in the domain X. Then f is into.
In other words f : A  B is an into function if it is not an onto function.
Total number of into function = Total number of function – Total number of onto
function
e.g. Let f : R  R is defined by y = x2 + 1, then f(x) is an into function. But when
f : R  R+ is defined by y = x2 + 1, then f(x) is not into function.
(v) One-one onto function (bijective) :
If A and B are finite sets and f : A  B is a bijection.
Then, function is one-one function and onto function both.

A f B

x1 y1
x2 y2
x3 y3
xn yn

n(A) = n (B)
x1 can take n images
x2 can take (n – 1) images
x3 can take (n – 2) images
........................................
........................................
xn can take 1 image
Total number of bijection from A  B  n!

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 FUNCTION MATHEMATICS PART - I
Note :
dy
1. If domain of f(x) is continuous and > 0,  x in domain then f is One – One, where
dx
equality exist at discrete point.
dy
2. If domain of f(x) is continuous and < 0,  x in domain then f is One – One, where
dx
equality exist at discrete point.
3. If a continuous function f(x) which has either local minima or local maxima or both
then f(x) will be Many – One
4. Every even function is Many – One
5. Every periodic function is Many – One
Ex.9 (a) f : R  R f(x) = 2x + sin x, prove that f is bijective function
note that f ' (x) > 0; V x  R
y

x   ; y   and x  –  ; y  – 
& f(0) = 0  one–one onto  bijective
(b) prove that f : R  R f(x) = 2|x| – 2–x is /manyone into

0 if x  0

2|x| – 2–x = 
2x  2 x if x  0

a many one into

(c) Let f: {x, y, z}  {a, b, c} be a one–one function. It is known that only one of
these statements is true and the remaining two are false.
(i) f(x)  b (ii) f(y) = b ; (iii) f(z)  a find f (x):

Ex.10 Let f : (–  ,  )  [2,  ) be a function defined by f(x) = x 2  2a  a 2 , a  R. Find a for

which f is onto.
Sol. For f to be onto range of the function should be [2,  ). So, a2 – 2a = 4
 a=1  5.
DRILL - IX
Examine the bijectivity of the function:

x2
1. f : R  R , f(x) = x |x| 2. f : R  R , f(x) =
1  x2
3. f : R  R, f(x) = x + |x| 4. f : [–1,1]  [–1, 1], f(x) = sin (  /2) x
5. f : R  R, f(x) = [x] ; [ ] is G.I.F. 6. f : R  R, f(x) = x3 + 3x2 + 12x – 2 sin x
7. (a) f : R  R, f(x) = 2x +5 (b) f : R+  R+, f(x) = x, x  0
 
(c) f : R    ,  , f(x) = sin x
 2 2
 
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 FUNCTION MATHEMATICS PART - I

8. Let f(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d sin x, then find the condition that f(x) is always one – one.
9. Find the set of values of a for which the function f : R  R given by
f(x) = x3+(a + 2)x2 + 3ax + 5 is one – one.
10. A mapping is selected at random from the set of all mappings of the
set A = {1,2,3…………n} into itself. Then find the number of one - one mappings.
11. A mapping is selected at random from the set of all mappings of the
set A = {1,2,3…………… n} into itself. Then find the no. of mappings from A to A.
12. Find the no. of surjection from A = {1,2,3…………… n} to B = {a,b} for n  2.

x 2  6x  8
13. A function f:R  R is defined by f(x) = . Find the interval of values of 
  6x  8x 2
for which f is onto. If the function one to one for  = 3? Justify your answer.
14. Show that the function f : R  R defined by f(x) = 3x3 + 5;  x  R is a bijection.

x 1
15. Let A = R – {2} and B = R – {1}. If f : A  B is mapping defined by f(x) = . Show that
x2
f is bijective.

 
16. Let f : x  y be a function defined by f(x) = a sin  x   + b cos x + c. If f is a bijection.
 4
Find the sets x and y.
17. Find the no. of surjections from A = {1,2,3,…………………n}, n  3 to B ={a,b,c}.

Composite Function :
Let f: X  Y and g: Y  Z be two functions and D is the set of values of x such that
if x  X, then f(x)  Y. If D   , then the function h defined on D by h(x) = g{f(x)} is
called composite function of g and f and is denoted by gof. It is also called function of
a function.
Note : Domain of gof is D which is a subset of X (the domain of f ). Range of gof is a
subset of the range of g. If D = X, then f(X)  Y.
Pictorially gof(x) can be viewed as under

Note that gof(x) exists only for those x when range of f(x) is a subset of domain of g(x).
graphically it can be represented below
X f Y g Z

x
f(x)
g (f(x))

h h = gof
Properties of Composite Functions :
(a) In general gof  fog (i.e. not commutative)
(b) The composition of functions are associative i.e. if three functions f, g, h
are such that fo(goh) and (fog)oh are defined, then fo(goh) = (fog)oh.

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 FUNCTION MATHEMATICS PART - I

1
Ex.11 If f(x) = x2 +1, g(x) = , then find (fog) (x) and (gof) (x).
x 1
Sol. Given, f(x) = x2 + 1 .....(1)
1
g(x) = .....(2)
x 1
 1 
Now (fog) (x) = f(g(x)) = f   = f(z),
 x 1
1
where z =
x 1
= z2 + 1 [ f(x)  x 2  1]
2
 1  1
=   1  1
 x 1 (x  1)2
Note: Domain of fog(x) is x  R  {1}
(gof) (x) = g(f(x)) = g(x2 + 1) = g(u),
1 1 1
where u = x2 + 1 =  2  2
u 1 x 1 1 x
Note: Domain of gof(x) is x  R  {0}

2  x, if x  0
Ex.12 If f(x) =  , then find (fof)(x).
2  x, if x  0
Sol. f(x) = 2 + |x|
ff(x) = 2 + |f(x)|
= 2 + 2 + |x|
= 4 + |x|
 2log10 x  2 
Ex.13 (a) If f(x) = log100x   and g(x) = {x}. If the function (fog)(x) exists then
 x 
find the range of g(x).
 1   1 1 
Range of g(x)   0,  , 
 100   100 10 
1
Hint: (i) 100 x > 0 & 100 x  1  x 
100
1 1
(ii) x > 0 and log10x + 1 < 0  0 < x < &x 
10 100
(fog)(x) exists  range of g(x)  domain of f (x)

DRILL - X

x
1. If the function f : R  R be given by f(x) = x2 + 2 and g: R  R be given by g(x) = .
x 1
Find fog and gof.
2. If the mapping f and g are given by f(x) = {(1, 2), (3, 5), (4, 1)} and g = {(2, 3), (5, 1), (1, 3)}
then write down pairs in the mapping fog and gof.

IIT ASHRAM UG–1 & 2, Concorde Complex, Above PNB . R.C. Dutt Road., Alkapuri Baroda. 390007
Page # 20
 FUNCTION MATHEMATICS PART - I
3. If f(x) = [x] and g(x) = cos(  x), then find the range of gof.
4. If f (x) = e3x and g(x) =  nx, x > 0, then find (fog)(x).
x
5. If f(x) = , then find (fofof)(x).
1  x2

1  x 0  x  2
6. (a) Let f(x) =  . Find (fof)x.
3  x 2  x  3
2  x  11/3 x 1
 x  1 x  0
(b) if f(x) =  2 , g(x) =  1/2 compute (gof)x.
 x  1 x  0  x  1 x 1

   
7. f(x) = sin2 x + sin2  x   + cos x cos  x   and g  5  =1. Then find (gof)x.
 3  3 4

|x  1| x  1 x  2 x  0
8. Let f(x) =  and g(x) =  . Then find
1  x x  1 x  3 x  0

(a) (f + g)x (b) (fg)x

9. If f(x) = -1 + |x - 1| , -1  x  3 and g(x) = 2 - |x + 1| , -2  x  2 then calculate (fog)x
and (gof)x and also draw their graph.
10. If f(x) = -1 + |x - 2|, 0  x  4 and g(x) = 2 - |x|, -1  x  3. Find the (gof)x and their
graph also.
11. Let f:R  R be a function given by f(x) = ax + b. ;  x  R. Find the consts. a and b
such that (fof) = I (I being the identity function of R).

 1 x 0

12. If f(x) = x – 6x + 11x – 6 ;  x  R and g(x) = 0
3 2 x  0 then draw the graph of
 1 x  0

(gof)x.

Inverse Function (Jee Advanced)

If f : X  Y be a function defined by y = f(x) such that f is both one–one and onto, then
there exists a unique function g : Y  X such that for each y  Y , g ( y)  x . The function
g so defined is called the inverse of f and denoted by f –1.Also f is the inverse of g and
the two functions f and g are said to be inverse of each other.

f (f 1 ( x ))  x ,  x  Y and f 1(f(x))  x,  xX

–1
Note that f and f are symmetric about the line y = x.

X f Y

x1 y1
x2 y2
x3 y3
xm yn

–1
f

IIT ASHRAM UG–1 & 2, Concorde Complex, Above PNB . R.C. Dutt Road., Alkapuri Baroda. 390007
Page # 21
 FUNCTION MATHEMATICS PART - I

Method of Finding Inverse of a Function :

1. If you are asked to check whether the given function y = f(x) is invertible, you need to
check that y = f(x) is one–one and onto.
2. If you are asked to find the inverse of a bijective function f(x), you do the following : if
f –1 be the inverse of ‘f ’ , then f(f –1(x)) = x . Apply the formula of f on f –1(x) and use of
the above identity to solve for f –1(x).

Some standard functions given below along with their inverse functions
–1
(i) f : [0,  )  [0,  ) f : [0,  )  [0,  )
defined by f(x) = x2 defined by f – 1
(x) = x

     
(ii) f :  ,   [–1, 1] f –1
: [–1, 1]   , 
 2 2  2 2
– 1
defined by f(x) = sinx defined by f (x) = sin–1x

(iii) f : [0,  ]  [–1, 1] f – 1 : [–1, 1]  [0,  ]

defined by f(x) = cosx defined by f – 1 (x) = cos–1x

Ex.14 Find the inverse of the function f(x) = n ( x 2  3x  1); x  [1, 3] assuming it to be an onto
function.
Sol. Given f(x) = n(x 2  3x  1)

2x  3
 f (x)  2
 0;  x  [1, 3]
(x  3x  1)
Which is a strictly increasing function. Thus f(x) is injective, given that f(x) is onto.
Hence the given function f(x) is invertible.
Now f ( f–1(x)) = x  n((f 1(x))2  3(f 1(x))  1)  x

 (f 1(x))2  3(f 1(x))  1  e x  0

1 3  9  4.1(1  e x ) 3  (5  4e x )
 f (x)  
2 2
3  (5  4e x ) 3  (5  4e x )
 f–1(x)  (as f 1(x)  [1, 3] ) Hence f–1(x) 
2 2
 x, x 1
 2
Ex.15 Find the inverse of the function f(x) =  x , 1  x  4.

8 x, x4

 x, x 1
 2
x , 1 x  4
Sol. Given f(x) = 

8 x, x4

Let f(x) = y  x = f–1(y) .......(i)

IIT ASHRAM UG–1 & 2, Concorde Complex, Above PNB . R.C. Dutt Road., Alkapuri Baroda. 390007
Page # 22
 FUNCTION MATHEMATICS PART - I

 
 y, y 1  y, y 1
 
 x   y, 1  y  4  f–1(y) =  y, 1  y  16 [From (i)]
 2  2
y , y2 y ,
4 y  16
 64 64  64


 x, x 1

Hence f–1(x) =  x, 1  x  16
 2
x , x  16
 64

DRILL - XI
1
1. f : [1,  )  [2,  ), ƒ(x) = x + then find f–1(x).
x
2. f:[2,  ,)  (–  , 4], f(x) = x(4 – x) then find f–1 (x).
3. Find the inverse of the function, If possible.
(a) f(x) = 3x – 5
(b) f(x) = x3 + 3 (assume bijective)

(c) y = loga (x+ x 2  1 ),(a > 1)(assuming onto)

(d) y = sin-1(x/3); x  [-3, 3]

e x  e x
4. Let f : R  R be defined by f(x) = . Is f(x) invertible if so, find its inverse.
2
5. Let f : [1/2,  )  [3/4,  ) where f(x) = x2 –x +1. Find the inverse of f(x). Hence, solve

1 3
the equation x2-x+1 =  x ?
2 4
6. (a) Let a function f : R  R be defined by f(x) = x–[x] ;  x  R. Is the function
invertible?
(b) Let f : R  R be defined by f(x) = cos(5x + 2). Is f invertible? Justify your answer.

1
7. Let g(x) be the inverse of f(x) and f '(x) = . Then find g '(x) in terms of g(x).
1 x3
Real Valued Function
If x, y are independent variables, then:
(i) f (xy) = f (x) + f (y)  f (x) = k ln x or f (x) = 0.

(ii) f (xy) = f (x). f (y)  f (x) = xn, n  R

(iii) f (x + y) = f (x). f (y)  f (x) = akx.

(iv) f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y)  f(x) = kx, where k is a constant.

IIT ASHRAM UG–1 & 2, Concorde Complex, Above PNB . R.C. Dutt Road., Alkapuri Baroda. 390007
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 FUNCTION MATHEMATICS PART - I

DRILL - XII

1 1
1. If f(x) = x  . Prove that [f (x)]3 = 3 f   + f(x3).
x x

1   x  
2. f(x) = cos (log x), then prove that f  x  f  y   f    f  xy    0 .
2   y  

1
3. If f(x) = , find f(f(f(x))) and draw its graph.
1 x

1 1
4. If for non zero x, a f(x) + b f   = -5, where a  b, then find f(x).
x x

1 1
5. If f(x) be a polynomial function satisfying f(x). f   = f(x) + f   and f(4) = 65, then
x x
find f(6).

1
6. If 3f(x) – f   = x for x > 0, find f(ex).
x
7. Let g(x) is a polynomial function satisfying g(x) g(y) = g(x) + g(y) + g(xy)-2;  x, y  R,
if g(2) = 5, then find g(3).
m

8. If f(x) satisfies the relation f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) ;  x, y  R, and f(1) = 5. Find  f x ,
x=1

also prove that f(x) is odd.

9. If a function f : R  R is given by f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) ;  x, y  R and f(1)=a. Find
n

 f r .
r=1

9x
10. Let f(x) = x show that f(x) + f(1 - x) = 1 and hence, evaluate
9 3
 1   2   3   1995 
f  + f  + f  + …….. + f  .
 1996   1996   1996   1996 

4x
11. If f : R  R is given by f(x) = ;  x  R. Prove that f(x) + f(1 - x) = 1 Hence prove
4x  2
 1   2   1996 
that f   + f  + …….. + f   = 998.
 1997   1997   1997 
12. Consider a real valued function f(x) satisfying 2f (xy) = (f(x))y + (f(y))x ;  x, y  R and
n
n 1
f(1) = a where a  1. Prove that (a  1)  f (i)  a
i 1
a .

x
13. Let f1(x) = + 10;  x  R and fn(x) = f1  f n1 ( x)  for n  2, then find fn(x).
3
14. If f : R  R be a function defined by f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y);  x, y  R.
Show that f(x) = xf(1);  x  R.
IIT ASHRAM UG–1 & 2, Concorde Complex, Above PNB . R.C. Dutt Road., Alkapuri Baroda. 390007
Page # 24
 FUNCTION MATHEMATICS PART - I

15. Determine all real valued of functions satisfying functional relation

 1  2(1  2 x)
f(x) + f   = ;  x  R – {0 , 1}
1 x  x(1  x)
16. Let g : R  R be given by g(x) = 4x + 3 if gn(x) = gogog ……. og(x), show that
gn(x) = 4nx + 4n-1, if g-n(x) denotes the inverse of gn(x),
prove that g-n(x) = 4-n(x) + (4-n - 1);  x  R.
17. Let n be a +ve integer and define f(n) = 1! + 2! + 3! +….+ n!. Find polynomials P(x) and
Q(x) such that f(n + 2) = Q(n) f(n) + P(n) f(n + 1) ;  n  1.
18. Let f be a function from the set of +ve integers to be set of real numbers i.e. f : N  R,
such that
(i) f(1) = 1
(ii) f(1) + 2f(2) + 3f(3) + ……….. + nf(n) = n(n+1) f(n) for n  2.
Then find the value of f(1994).
19. If f be a function defined on the set of non –ve integers and taking values in the
same set given that

x  f ( x) 
(i) x – f(x) = 19    90   for all non –ve integers.
19   90 
(ii) 1900 < f(1990) < 2000 find the possible values of f(1990).
(Where [ ] denotes G.I.F.)
Elementry Transformations of Graphs
(i) Drawing the graph of y = |f(x)| from the known graph of y = f(x)
|f(x)| = f(x) if f(x)  0 and |f(x)| = – f(x) if f(x) < 0. It means that the graph of f(x) and
|f(x)| would coincide if f(x)  0 and the portions where f(x) < 0 would get inverted in
the upward direction.
The above figure would make the procedure clear.

y = |f(x)|

(ii) Drawing the graph of y = f(|x|) from the known graph of y = f(x)
It is clear that, f(|x|) = f(x),  x  0 and f(|x|) = f(–x),  x < 0. Thus f(|x|) would be an
even function. Graphs of f(|x|) and f(x) would be identical in the first and the fourth
quadrants (as x  0) and as such the graph of f(|x|) would be symmetrical about the
y–axis (as (|x|) is even).

The figure would make the procedure clear.

IIT ASHRAM UG–1 & 2, Concorde Complex, Above PNB . R.C. Dutt Road., Alkapuri Baroda. 390007
Page # 25
 FUNCTION MATHEMATICS PART - I

(iii) Drawing the graph of |y| = f(x) from the known graph of y = f(x)
Clearly |y|  0. If f(x) < 0, graph of |y| = f(x) would not exist. And if f(x)  0, |y| = f(x)
would give y = f(x). Hence graph of |y| = f(x) would exist only in the regions where
f(x)  0 and will be reflected about x–axis only in those regions. Regions where f(x) <
0 will be neglected.
Full lines show the graph of |y| = f(x) and dotted lines depict the corresponding
graph of y = f(x).

(iv) Drawing the graph of y = f(x + a), a  R from the known graph of y = f(x)

Let us take any point x0  domain of f(x), and set x + a = x0 or x = x0 – a. a > 0

 x < x0, and a < 0  x > x0. That mean x0 and x0 – a would give us same abscissa for
f(x) and f(x + a) respectively. As such for a > 0, graph of f(x + a) can be obtained simply
by translating the graph of f(x) in the negative x–direction through a distance ‘a’
units. If a < 0, graph of f(x + a) can be obtained by translating the graph of f(x) in the
positive x–direction through a distance a units.
Accordingly the graph of f(x) + b can be obtained by translating the graph of f(x) either
in the positive y–axis direction (if b > 0) or in the negative y–axis direction (if b < 0),
through a distance |b| units.
(v) Drawing the graph of y = a f(x) from the known graph of y = f(x)

It is clear that the corresponding points (points with same x coordinates) would have
their ordinates in the ratio of 1 : a.
(vi) Drawing the graph of y = f(ax) from the known graph of y = f(x)
Y

y = f(ax)
a>1 y = f(x)
y = f(ax), 0 < a < 1

(0, f(0))

x0
Let us take any point x0  domain of f(x). Let ax = x0 or x =
a
Clearly if 0 < a < 1 then x > x0 and f(x) will stretch by 1/a units against y–axis, and
if a > 1, x < x0, then f(x) will compress by ‘a’ units against y–axis.

IIT ASHRAM UG–1 & 2, Concorde Complex, Above PNB . R.C. Dutt Road., Alkapuri Baroda. 390007
Page # 26
 FUNCTION MATHEMATICS PART - I
Y
(vii) Drawing the graph of y = f–1 (x) from the known graph of y = f(x)
(1,  / 2)
For drawing the graph of y = f–1(x) we have to first (0,  /2)
y=x
of all find the interval in which the function is
( /2, 1)
bijective (invertible). Then take the reflection of (– /2, 0)
(0, 1)
X
O(1, 0)
y = f(x) (within the invertible region) about the line (0, –1)
(/2, 0)
 / 2, 1)
y = x.
The reflected part would give us the graph of y = f–1 (x).
e.g. let us draw the graph of y = sin–1 x. We know that
  
y = f(x) = sin x is invertible If f :   ,    1,1 the inverse mapping would be
 2 2
  
f–1 : [–1, 1]    , 
 2 2
Ex.16 Draw the graphs of the following functions:
(i) y = |sin x|, x  [0, 2  ] (ii) y = sin |x|, x  [– 2  , 2  ]
(iii) |y| = sinx, x  [– 2  , 2  ] (iv) |y| = –sinx, x  [– 2  , 2  ]

1 1
Sol. (i) O 2 (ii) -2 O 2
-1

1 1
(iii)  2 O 2 (iv)  2 O 2
-1 -1

SOLVED EXAMPLES
 x 2  4x  3, x  3 g x   x  3, x4
Ex.1 Let f  x    ,    2 .
 x  4, x3  x  2x  2, x  4

f
Describe the function g .
Sol. We redefine the function f(x) and g(x) in the intervals as shown below:
 x 2  4x  3, x3

f  x    x  4, 3x4
 x  4, x4



 x  1, x3
 x  3, x3 

g  x    x  3, 3x4 f x  x4
 g x   , x  x  4.
 x 2  2x  2, x  4  x 3

 x 4
 x 2 , x4
 2x  2
IIT ASHRAM UG–1 & 2, Concorde Complex, Above PNB . R.C. Dutt Road., Alkapuri Baroda. 390007
Page # 27
 FUNCTION MATHEMATICS PART - I

2
Ex.2 Find the Domain of the following functions: f(x) = log [(1.25) 1 x – (0.4096)1+ x]

1 x 2
Sol. f(x) = log  (1.25)  (0.4096)1 x  = logu (let)

4
5 4096  4 
1.25 = and 0.4096   
4 10000  5 
log u defined for u > 0
1 x 2 4(1 x )
5 5
      1 – x2 > – 4 (1 + x)
4 4
 1 – x2 + 4 + 4x > 0
– x2 + 4x + 5 > 0
x2 – 4x – 5 < 0
(x + 1) (x – 5) < 0
x  (– 1, 5)

Ex.3 Find the range of f(x) = a 2 cos 2 x  b2 sin2 x  (a 2 sin2 x  b2 cos2 x) , b > a

Sol. Since f(x) = (a 2 cos2 x  b2 sin2 x)  (a 2 sin2 x  b2 cos 2 x)

Let y = a 2 cos 2 x  b2 sin2 x  (a 2  b2 )  (a 2 cos 2 x  b2 sin2 x)

Let  = a2 cos2x + b2sin2x
1
 = [(a2 + b2) + (a2 - b2) cos2x]  y =  + (a2  b2 )  
2
 y2 =  + (a2 + b2) -  + 2 (a2  b2 )   2
2
1 2 1 
2 2
 y = (a + b ) + 2 2 (a  b2 )2   (a 2  b2 )   
4 2 

a 2  b2
Maximum value of y2 = 2(a2 + b2) when  =
2
2
Minimum value of y = a 2  b2  2ab when  = b

 range y  [(a + b), 2(a 2  b2 ) ] (since y cannot be negative)

Ex.4 Find the range of the function f(x) = cosx  sin x  (sin2 x  sin2  ) 
Sol. y = cos x  sin x  (sin2 x  sin2  ) 
dividing by cos2x we get
y sec2x = tanx + 2 4 2 2 2
tan2 x  sec 2 x sin2   y sec x – 2y tanx sec x – sin  sec x = 0
 y2 (1 + tan2x) – 2y tanx – sin2  = 0 [ sec2x  0]
y2 tan2x – 2y tan x + y2 – sin2  = 0
 tan x is real we have D  0
4y2 – 4y2 (y2 – sin2  )  0
4y2 (1 – y2 + sin2  )  0  y2  1 + sin2  , – 1  sin2   y  1  sin2 

 Range of f(x) =   1  sin  , 1  sin  

2 2

IIT ASHRAM UG–1 & 2, Concorde Complex, Above PNB . R.C. Dutt Road., Alkapuri Baroda. 390007
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 FUNCTION MATHEMATICS PART - I

Ex.5 If a, b  R be fixed positive numbers such that

f(a + x) = b + [b3 + 1 – 3b2. f(x) + 3b{f(x)}2 – {f(x)}3]1/3
for all x  R then prove that f(x) is a periodic function.
Sol. Here, {f(a + x) – b}3
= b3 + 1 – 3b2 f(x) + 3b{f(x)}2 – {f(x)}3
= 1 – [{f(x)}3 – 3b. {f(x)}2 + 3b2. f(x) – b3]
= 1 – {f(x) – b}3
 {f(a + x) – b}3 + {f(x) – b}3 = 1 .... . . (i)
This is true for all x.
Putting a + x for x in (i), we get,
{f(2a + x) – b}3 + {f(a + x) – b}3 = 1............ (ii)
Subtracting (i) from (ii)
{f(2a + x) – b}3 – {f(x) – b}3 = 0 or {f(2a + x) – b}3 = {f(x) – b}3
or f(2a + x) – b = f(x) – b or f(2a + x) = f(x)
 f(x) is a periodic function.
Ex.6 Let f(x, y) be a periodic function, satisfying the condition f(x, y) = f(2x + 2y, 2y -2x);
x
 x, y  R and let g(x) be a function defined as g(x) = f(2 , 0). Prove that g(x) is
periodic function and find its period.
Sol. f(x, y) = f(2x + 2y , 2y - 2x)
= f(2(2x + 2y) + 2(2y - 2x), 2(2y - 2x) - 2(2x + 2y)
f(x, y) = f(8y, -8x) = f(8(-8x), - 8 (8y)) = f(-64x, -64y) = f(64 (64x), 64(64 (y))
= f(212x, 212y)
f(x, 0) = f(212x, 0)
f(2y, 0) = f(212 . 2y, 0) = f(212+y, 0)
 g(y) = g(y + 12)
Hence g(x) is periodic and its period is 12.
Ex.7 Find out whether the given function is even, odd or neither
 x|x| , x  1

f(x) = [1  x]  [1  x] , 1  x  1 .
  x|x| , x 1


 x 2 x  1

f  x   1  x   1  x  1  x  1
Sol.
 2
 x x 1

 x 2  x  1  x  1

f   x   1  x   1  x  1   x  1  1  x  1
 2
 x  x  1  x  1
= f(x)
 f  x  is even.

IIT ASHRAM UG–1 & 2, Concorde Complex, Above PNB . R.C. Dutt Road., Alkapuri Baroda. 390007
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 FUNCTION MATHEMATICS PART - I

Ex.8 ABCD is a square of side a. A line parallel to the diagonal BD at a distance x from the
vertex A cuts two adjacent sides. Express the area of the segment of the square,
with A at a vertex, as a function of x.
Sol. There are two different situations
a
(i) when x = AP  OA, i.e., x <
2 D F
D C C
a a P
(ii) When x = AP >OA, i.e., x > but x < F O a O
2a P E
2
A B A B
1 a
a
Case (i) ar(  AEF) = x. 2x = x2
2
( PE = PF = AP = x)

Case (ii) ar (ABEFDA) = ar (ABCD) – ar (DCFE)

1
= a2 –
2
.  
2a  x . 2  2a  x  [ CP = 2 a – x]


2 2

= a2 – 2a  x  2 2ax = 2 2ax  x 2  a 2

 the required function f(x) is as follows :

 2 a
x , 0 x
2

f(x)  
2 2ax  x 2  a 2 , a  x  2a .
 2

x 2  3x  6
Ex.9 If f : R  R where f  x   then check whether the function is onto or into.
x2  x  1

2
 3  15
x   
Sol. Here f  x    2 4 , which takes only positive values.
2
 1 3
x   
 2 4

Hence f(x) is into.

1  3  3  1 
Ex.10 Show that the functions f :  ,     ,   and g :  ,     ,   defined as
 2   4   4   2 

1 3
f(x) = x2 – x + 1 and g(x) =  x are inverse of each other and hence solve the
2 4

2 1 3
equation x  x  1   x .
2 4

1 1 3
Sol. Given f(x) = x2 – x + 1, x  and g(x) =  x 
2 2 4
1 
Given, f(x) is defined in  ,  
2 

IIT ASHRAM UG–1 & 2, Concorde Complex, Above PNB . R.C. Dutt Road., Alkapuri Baroda. 390007
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 FUNCTION MATHEMATICS PART - I

4.1.1  12 3
f(x) is a continuous function and its least value =  (at x = 1/2)
4 4
Also, f(  ) = 
Therefore range of f = [3/4,  )
Thus f : [1/2,  )  [3/4,  )
Domain of g = [3/4,  ) and its range = [1/2,  )
f ' (x) = 2x – 1  0 in [1/2,  ) equality holding only at one point x = 1/2.
Hence f(x) is one–one function from [1/2,  ) onto [3/4,  )
Let y = f(x)  y = x2 – x + 1  x2 – x + (1 – y) = 0

1  1  4(1  y) 1  4y  3 3
 x= = [ x  1/2] = 1/2 + y
2 2 4

1 3
 f–1 (y) =  y
2 4

1 3
 f-1(x) =  x  = g(x)
2 4
Thus f(x) and g(x) are inverse of each other.
Second part:
We know that the curves y = f(x and y = f–1(x) intersect only at the line y = x
 solution of f(x) = f–1(x) are same as those of equation f(x) = x
Now, f(x) = x  x2 – x + 1 = x  x = 1.
Ex.11 Let f : X  [1, 27] be a function defined by f(x) = 5 sinx + 12 cos x + 14. Find the set
X so that f is both one and onto.
Sol. f : X  1,27

f  x   5sin x  12 cos x  14

Let 5  r cos , 12  r sin 

f  x   r sin  x      14
The function f(x) to be invertible
 / 2  x     / 2
12
 / 2  x  Tan 1  /2
5

12  12 
  / 2  Tan 1  x  cot 1  
5  5

IIT ASHRAM UG–1 & 2, Concorde Complex, Above PNB . R.C. Dutt Road., Alkapuri Baroda. 390007
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 FUNCTION MATHEMATICS PART - I

 x 1
Ex.12 Find all functions f satisfying the identity, f(x) + f   = 1 + x,  x  R-{0, 1}.
 x 

 x 1
Sol. Given f(x) + f   = 1 + x   R - {0, 1} ... (i)
 x 

 x 1 
1  x  1   1  x 1
x 1  x 1  x x 1
Replacing x by  f   f   1  f f   1  .. (ii)
x  x   x 1  x  x   x 1 x
 x 

 1  x 1
Subtracting (ii) from (i), we get f(x) - f  x ... (iii)
 x 1 x

 1 
1  1  1
1  1   x  1 1
Replacing x by ,  f  f   1   f   f(x) 1  ...
x 1  x  1   1  x 1  x 1 x 1
 x 1 

IIT ASHRAM UG–1 & 2, Concorde Complex, Above PNB . R.C. Dutt Road., Alkapuri Baroda. 390007
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 FUNCTION MATHEMATICS PART - I

EXERCISES
SINGLE CORRECT TYPE QUESTIONS
Domain:
1. Domain of the function log|x2 – 9| is
(A) R (B) R– [–3,3] (C) R – {–3,3} (D) None of these
2. The domain of the function f(x) = sin 1/x is -
(A) R – {0} (B) R+ (C) Z (D) R–

 1, when x  Q
3. If f : R  R, f(x) =  , then image set of R under f is -
 1, when x  Q
(A) {1,1} (B) (–1,–1) (C) {1,–1} (D) None of these
2
4. If x is the radius of a circle and f(x) =  x , then domain of f is -
(B) R (B) R+ (C) R¯ (D) R0

x 2  2x  1
5. f(x) = is not defined for-
x 2  3x  2
(A) x = 2 (B) x = 1, 2 (C) x = 2,–1 (D) x = 0
6. The domain of the function f(x) = x! is -
(A) (0,  ) (B) N (C) W (D) R+
7. The domain of function f(x) = log (3x –1) + 2 log (x +1) is -

1 
(A) [1/3,  ) (B) [–1,1/3] (C) (–1,1/3) (D)  ,  
3 

1 1
8. If f(x) = and g (x) = , then common domain of function is -
x 1 x 1
(A) {x | x <1, x  R } (B) {x | x  0, x  1, x  R}
(C) {1} (D) {–1}

9. The natural domain of the real valued function defined by f (x) = x 2  1 + x 2  1 is-
(A) 1 < x <  (B) (–  ,  ) – {–1, 1}
(C) –  < x <–1 (D) (–  ,  ) – (–1,1)
10. The domain of the function log 2
log 3
log 4(x) is -
(A) (1,  ) (B) (2,  ) (C) (3,  ) (D) (4,  )

1
4  x2 
11. If f(x) = sin x  sin x , then the domain of f(x) is

(A) [-2, 0] (B) (0, 2] (C) [-2, 2) (D) [-2, 0)

2
12. The entire graphs of the equation y = x + kx – x +9 is strictly above the x-axis if and
only if
(A) k < 7 (B) –5 < k < 7 (C) k > –5 (D) –7 < k < 5
Range:

13. The range of f(x) = sin [x] is -
2
(A) {–1,1} (B) {–1,0,1} (C) {0,1} (D) [–1,1]

IIT ASHRAM UG–1 & 2, Concorde Complex, Above PNB . R.C. Dutt Road., Alkapuri Baroda. 390007
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 FUNCTION MATHEMATICS PART - I

1
14. For real values of x, range of function y = is -
2  sin 3x

1 1 1 1
(A) y 1 (B) – y 1 (C) – >y>–1 (D) >y>1
3  3  3 3
15. The range of f(x) = cos 2x – sin 2x contains the set -
(A) [2,4] (B) [–1,1] (C) [–2,2] (D) [ 2, 2]
16. Range of the function f(x) = sin2(x4) + cos2(x4) is-
(A) (–  ,  ) (B) {1} (C) (–1,1) (D) (0,1)
17. If a2 + b2 + c2 = 1, then range of ab + bc + ca is-
(A) [–1/2,  ) (B) (0,  ) (C) [–1/2,1] (D) [1,  )
18. The range of 5 cos x – 12 sin x + 7 is -
(A) [–6,20] (B) [–3,18] (C) [–6,15] (D) None of these
19. The range of the function y  2  x  1  x is

(A)  3, 6  (B)  6,5  (C) 0, 3  (D)  6,3

20. The range of the function y = 2cos 2 x  3 cos x  1 is

 1   1 
(A) (0, 2) (B)  , 1 (C) 0,  (D) [0, 2]
2 2   2 2

  x2  e  
21. If  = sin–1  ln  2   , then range of  is
  x 1 
(A) (0,  /2) (B) [0,  /2) (C) (0,  /2] (D) (-  /2,  /2)
22. If log3 (x2 – 6x + 11) < 1, then the exhaustive range of values of x is
(A) (–  , 2)  (4,  ) (B) (2, 4)
(C) (–  , 1)  (1, 3)  (4,  ) (D)  , 1  1, 3
Even and odd Function:

sin4 x  cos 4 x
23. The function f(x) = is -
x  tan x
(A) odd (B) Even
(C) neither even nor odd (D) odd and periodic
24. A function is called even function if its graph is symmetrical w.r.t.-
(A) origin (B) x = 0 (C) y = 0 (D) line y = x
25. A function is called odd function if its graph is symmetrical w.r.t.-
(A) Origin (B) x = 0 (C) y = 0 (D) line y = x
26. The even function is-
(A) f(x) = x2 (x2 +1) (B) f(x) = sin3 x + 2
(C) f(x) = x (x +1) (D) f(x) = tan x + c
27. A function whose graph is symmetrical about the y-axis is given by-

(A) f(x) = loge (x + x2  1 ) (B) f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) for all x, y  R

(C) f(x) = cos x + sin x (D) None of these

IIT ASHRAM UG–1 & 2, Concorde Complex, Above PNB . R.C. Dutt Road., Alkapuri Baroda. 390007
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 FUNCTION MATHEMATICS PART - I
28. In the following, odd function is -
(A) cos x2 (B) (e x + 1)/(e x – 1)
(C) x2 – |x| (D) None of these
29. The function f(x) = x2 – |x| is -
(A) an odd function (B) a rational function
(C) an even function (D) None of these
Periodic Function:
30. The period of sin4 x + cos4 x is -
(A)  (B)  /2 (C) 2  (D) None of these
31. The period of function |cos 2x| is -
(A)  (B)  /2 (C) 4  (D) 2 
32. The period of the function f(x) = log cos 2x + tan 4x is -
(A)  /2 (B)  (C) 2  (D) 2  /5

1
33. The period of the function f(x) = 2 cos (x–  ) is -
3
(A) 6  (B) 4  (C) 2  (D) 
34. In the following which function is not periodic-
(A) tan 4x (B) cos 2  x (C) cos x2 (D) cos2x
35. The period of function f (x) = |sin3 (x/2)| is
(A) 4  (B) 16  (C) 2  (D) None of these
36. If f(x) + f(x + a) + f(x + 2a) + … + f(x + na) = constant;  x  R and a > 0 and f(x) is
periodic, then period of f(x), is
(A) (n + 1)a (B) e (n+1)a (C) na (D) ena
100
37. If f(x) + f(x + 4) = f(x + 2) + f(x + 6); x  R , and f(5) = 10, then  f(5  8r) equal to
r 1

(A) 1000 (B) 100 (C) 10000 (D) 10

38. Which of the following functions is periodic ?
1
(A) f(x) = x – [x] (where [x] is g.i.f.) (B) f(x) = sin for x  0 , f(0) = 0
x
(C) f(x) = x cos x (D) f(x) = sin x
Mapping:
39. If f : I  I,f (x) = x3+ 1, then f is -
(A) one - one but not onto (B) onto but not one-one
(C) One-one onto (D) None of these
40. If f : R  R, f(x) = ex + e–x, then f is -
(A) one-one but not onto (B) onto but not one-one
(C) neither one-one nor onto (D) both one-one and onto
41. If f : R  R , f(x) = sin2 x + cos2 x , then f is -
(A) one-one but not onto (B) onto but not one-one
(C) neither one-one nor onto (D) both one-one onto
42. Which of the following functions from A = {x: –1  x  1} to itself are bijections ?

x  x 
(A) f(x) = (B) g(x) = sin   (C) h(x) = |x| (D) k(x) = x2
2  2 
IIT ASHRAM UG–1 & 2, Concorde Complex, Above PNB . R.C. Dutt Road., Alkapuri Baroda. 390007
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 FUNCTION MATHEMATICS PART - I

43. Which of the following function defined from R to R is onto ?

(A) f(x) = |x| (B) f(x) = e–x (C) f(x) = x3 (D) f(x) = sin x.
44. If f : I  I, f(x) = x2 – x, then f is -
(A) one-one onto (B) one-one into
(C) many-one onto (D) many-one into
45. If S be the set of all triangles and f : S  R+, f (  ) = Area of  , then f is -
(A) One-one onto (B) one-one into
(C) many-one onto (D) many-one into
46. Let f : R  R be a function defined by f(x) = x + x 2 , then f is-
(A) injective (B) surjective (C) bijective (D) None of these

x2  e
47. The function f : R+  (1, e) defined by f(x) = is
x2  1
(A) one–one but not onto (B) onto but not one–one
(C) both one–one and onto (D) neither one–one nor onto
48. If f : D  [–2, 2] and f(x) = cosx – 3 sinx and f(x) is bijective function, then D may be

  2    4 
(A) [0,  ] (B)   ,  (C)  ,  (D) 0, 2
 3 3 3 3 

x2
49. If the function f : R  A given by f (x) = is a surjection, then A is
x2 1
(A) R (B) [0, 1] (C) (0, 1] (D) [0, 1)
x
50. If f : [0,  )  [0,  ) and f(x) = then f is
1 x
(A) one - one and into (B) onto but not one - one
(C) one - one and onto (D) many - one into
51. Let R be the set of real numbers. If f : R  R is a function defined by f(x) = x2 then f is
(A) Injective but not surjective (B) Surjective but not injective
(C) Bijective (D) neither injective nor surjective
Composite Function:
52. gof exists, when-
(A) domain of f = domain of g (B) co-domain of f = domain of g
(C) co-domain of g = domain of g (D) co-domain of g = co-domain of f
2
53. If f : R  R, f(x) = x – 5x + 4 and g : R  R, g(x) = log x , then the value of (gof) (2) is -
(A) 0 (B)  (C) –  (D) Undefined
54. If f : R  R, g : R  R and f(x) = 3x + 4 and (gof) (x) = 2x – 1, then the value of g(x) is -
1
(A) 2x – 1 (B) 2x – 11 (C) (2x – 11) (D) None of these
3
55. If f(x) = ax + b and g(x) = cx + d, then f(g(x)) = g(f(x)) is equivalent to-
(A) f(a) = g(c) (B) f(b) = g(b) (C) f(d) = g(b) (D) f(c) = g(a)

1 x
56. If f(x) = , then f [f (sin  )] equals -
1 x
(A) sin  (B) tan (  /2) (C) cot (  /2) (D) cosec 

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 FUNCTION MATHEMATICS PART - I
n 1/n
57. If f(x) = (a – x ) , n  N, then f [f(x)] is equal to-
(A) 0 (B) x (C) xn (D) (an – x)n
58. If f(x) = log x, g(x) = x3, then f[g(a)] + f [g(b)] is equal to-
(A) f [g(a) + g(b)] (B) 3 f(ab) (C) g [f(ab)] (D) g [f(a) + f(b)]
3
59. If f (x) = x – x and g(x) = sin 2x, then -
(A) g [f(1)] = 1 (B) f (g (  /12)) = – 3/8
(C) g {f(2)} = sin 2 (D) None of these

x
60. If f(x) = 3x, g(x) = , h(x) = f(g(x)) then h(h(..... n times)) equal to
3
(A) xn (B) x (C) 3nx (D) 2x

1  x  3x  x 3
61. Given f(x) = log   and g(x) = then fog (x) equals
1  x  1  3x 2
(A) – f(x) (B) 3f (x) (C) [f(x)]3 (D) 2f(x)
2
62. If g( f(x)) = sin x and f(g(x))  sin x   , then

(A) f(x) = sin2 x, g(x)  x (B) f(x) = sin x, g(x) = x

(C) f(x) = x2, g(x)  sin x (D) f and g cannot be determined

Inverse Function:
63. If f : R  R, f(x) = x2 + 3, then pre- image of 2 under f is -
(A) {1,–1} (B) {1} (C) {–1} (D) 
64. Which of the following functions has its inverse-
(A) f : R  R , f(x) = ax (B) f : R  R, f(x) = |x| + |x – 1|
+
(C) f : R0  R , f(x) = |x| (D) f : [  , 2  ]  [–1,1], f(x) = cos x
65. The inverse of the function y = logex is -
(A) 10x (B) 10–x (C) ex (D) e–x
–1
66. If f : R  R f(x) = cos (5x + 2) then the value of f (x) is -

cos 1(x)  2 cos 1(x)

(A) (B) cos1 ( x )  2 (C) 2 (D) Does not exist
5 5
67. The value of the parameter  , for which the function f(x) = 1 +  x,   0 is the
inverse of itself, is
(A) – 2 (B) – 1 (C) 1 (D) 2
68. Let f : N  Y be a function defined as f(x) = 4x + 3 where Y = {y  N : y = 4x + 3 for
some x  N}. its inverse is

y3 y 3 3y  4 1
(A) g(y) = (B) g(y) = (C) g(y) = (D) g(y) = 4y  3
4 4 4

69. Let f:[-  /3, 2  /3]  [0,4] be a function defined as f(x)= 3 sin x – cosx + 2. Then
f -1(x) is given by

1  x  2   1  x  2   2 1  x  2 
(A) sin   (B) sin    (C) – cos   (D) None of these.
 2  6  2  6 3  2 

IIT ASHRAM UG–1 & 2, Concorde Complex, Above PNB . R.C. Dutt Road., Alkapuri Baroda. 390007
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 FUNCTION MATHEMATICS PART - I

70. Let f(x) = x  12  1, x  1 . Then the set S = {x : f(x) = f -1 (x)} is, if f is onto

 3  i 3 3  i 3 
(A) 0,  1, 2
,
2
 (B) {0, 1, -1}
 

(C) {0, -1} (D) 

71. If the function f: [2,  )  [1,  ) is defined by f (x) = 3x(x –2), then f-1 (x) is

(A) 1 + 1  log 3 x (B) 1 - 1  log 3 x (C) 1 + 1  log 3 x (D) does not exist
72. If f(x) = sinx + cosx, g(x) = x2 – 1, then g(f(x)) in invertible in the Domain

       
(A) 0,  (B)   ,  (C)   ,  (D)  0, 
 2  4 4  2 2
73. If f : R  R, f(x) = x3 + 3, and g : R  R, g(x) = 2x + 1, then f–1og–1(23) equals-
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) (14)1/3 (D) (15)1/3
Value of Function:
2x
74. If f(x) = , then f (tan  ) equals-
1  x2

(A) cot 2  (B) tan 2  (C) sec 2  (D) cos 2 

75. If f(x) = log x, then correct statement is-
(A) f(x + y) = f( x ) + f(y) (B) f(x + y) = f( x) . f(y)
(C) f(xy) = f(x) + f(y) (D) f(xy) = f( x) . f(y)
2
76. If f(x) = 2 cos x + sin x, then f(2  – x) equals-
(A) – f(x) (B) f(x) (C) – 2f(x) (D) 2f(x)
77. If f : R  R , f(x) = 2x ; g : R  R, g(x) = x + 1, then (f .g) (2) equals -
(A) 12 (B) 6 (C) 3 (D) None of these

b(x  a) a(x  b)
78. If f(x) = (b  a) + (a  b) , then f(a + b) =

(A) f(a). f(b) (B) f(a) – f(b) (C) f(a) /f(b) (D) f(a) + f(b)

f(xy)  f(x / y)
79. If f(x) = cos (log x), then f(x)f(y) equals

(A) 1 (B) –1 (C) 0 (D) 2

80. If f (x) = |x| + |x – 1|, then for 0 < x < 1, f (x) equals
(A) 1 (B) –1 (C) 2x + 1 (D) 2x – 1
81. If f(x) = (ax – c)/(cx – a) = y, then f(y) equals
(A) x (B) 1/x (C) 1 (D) 0
1
82. If f(x) = x + , then
x
(A) f(x2) = [f(x)]2 (B) f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y)
(C) f(–x) = f(x) (D) f(1/x) = f(x)

IIT ASHRAM UG–1 & 2, Concorde Complex, Above PNB . R.C. Dutt Road., Alkapuri Baroda. 390007
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 FUNCTION MATHEMATICS PART - I

83. If f(x) = x2 – x–2, then f(1/x) equals

1
(A) f ( x) (B) –1/f(x) (C) f(x) (D) – f(x)

84. If f(x) + 2f(1 – x) = x2 + 1;  x  R then f(x) is

1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2
(A)
3

x  4x  3  (B)
3
(x + 4x – 3) (C)
3
(x – 4x + 3) (D)
3
(x – 4x + 3)

85. Let f be a function satisfying 2f(x) – 3f(1/x) = x2 for any x  0, then the value of f(2) is

7
(A) –2 (B) –7/4 (C)  (D) 4
8

1 1
86. If f(x) f   = f(x) + f   ; x  R – {0}, where f(x) be a polynomial function and f(5) =
x x
126 then f(3) =
(A) 28 (B) 26 (C) 27 (D) 25

INTEGER TYPE QUESTIONS

1
1. If f(x) = (1005 – x10)1/10, then find the value of f(f(1024)).
210

r
2. An odd function is symmetric about the vertical line x = a (a > 0) and if [f(1 4ar)]
r 0
= 8,

then find the value of 8f(1).

3. Let f : R  R such that f(x – f(y)) = f(f(y)) + x f(y) + f(x) – 1;  x, y  R. Then find the
value of |(f(16))| - 125.
4. Let f be a function from the set of positive integers to the set of real number such
that
n

(i) f(1) = 1 (ii)  r f (r)

r 1
= n (n + 1) f(n);  n  2 then find the value of 2126 f(1063).

5. Let f(x) be a function such that f(x – 1) + f(x + 1) = 2 f(x);  x  R. If f(2) = 7 then find
17

the value of  f(2  8r)  7 .

r 0

6. If f(x), g(x) are any two real valued functions such that |f(x) + g(x)|  |f(x)| + |g(x)|
100
and g(x)  0, f(x).g(x)  0 then find the value of  f(r) .
r=1

x 4 + x 2 +1 n
7. If f(x) = 2 , then find the value of f(  ) where ‘  ’ is the non real root of the
x - x +1
equation z3 = 1 and ‘n’ is a multiple of ‘3’.
8. Find the total number of solutions of the equation 2x|2 – |x|| = 1.

IIT ASHRAM UG–1 & 2, Concorde Complex, Above PNB . R.C. Dutt Road., Alkapuri Baroda. 390007
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 FUNCTION MATHEMATICS PART - I

PREVIOUS YEARS QUESTIONS (AIEEE/ JEE MAINS)

1. Which of the following is not a periodic function - [AIEEE 2002]

(A) sin 2x + cos x (B) cos x (C) tan 4x (D) log cos 2x
2. The period of sin2 x is- [AIEEE 2002]
(A)  /2 (B)  (C) 3  /2 (D) 2 
3. The function f : R  R defined by f(x) = sin x is- [AIEEE-2002]
(A) into (B) onto (C) one-one (D) many-one

2x
4. The range of the function f(x) = , x  2 is - [AIEEE-2002]
2x
(A) R (B) R – {–1} (C) R – {1} (D) R – {2}

5. The function f(x) = log (x + x 2  1 ), is- [AIEEE 2003]

(A) neither an even nor an odd function (B) an even function
(C) an odd function (D) a periodic function

3
6. Domain of definition of the function f(x) = + log10 (x3 – x), is- [AIEEE 2003]
4  x2
(A) (– 1, 0)  (1, 2)  (2,  ) (B) (1, 2)
(C) ( – 1, 0)  (1, 2) (D) (1, 2)  (2,  )
n

7. If f : R  R satisfies f(x+ y) = f(x) + f(y), for all x, y  R and f(1) = 7, then  f(r) is-[AIEEE 2003]
r 1

7n(n  1) 7n 7(n  1)
(A) (B) (C) (D) 7n (n+1)
2 2 2
8. A function f from the set of natural numbers to integers defined by

n 1
 2 , when n is odd
f(n)=  is [AIEEE 2003]
  n , when n is even
 2

(A) neither one-one nor onto (B) one-one but not onto
(C) onto but not one-one (D) one-one and onto both
7– x
9. The range of the function f(x) = Px–3 is- [AIEEE 2004]
(A) {1, 2, 3} (B) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
(C) {1, 2,3,4} (D) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

10. If f : R  S, defined by f(x) = sin x – 3 cos x + 1 is onto, then the interval of S is- [AIEEE 2004]
(A) [0, 3] (B) [–1, 1] (C) [0, 1] (D) [–1, 3]
11. The graph of the function y = f(x) is symmetrical about the line x = 2, then-
(A) f(x+ 2) = f(x – 2) (B) f(2 + x) = f(2 – x) [AIEEE 2004]
(C) f(x) = f(–x) (D) f(x) = – f(–x)

IIT ASHRAM UG–1 & 2, Concorde Complex, Above PNB . R.C. Dutt Road., Alkapuri Baroda. 390007
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 FUNCTION MATHEMATICS PART - I

sin1(x  3)
12. The domain of the function f(x) = is- [AIEEE 2004]
9  x2
(A) [2,3] (B) [2,3) (C) [1,2] (D) [1, 2)

2x
13. Let f : (–1, 1)  B, be a function defined by f(x) = tan–1 , then f is both one-one and onto
1 x2
when B is the interval - [AIEEE-2005]

         
(A)  0,  (B) 0,  (C)   ,  (D)   , 
 2  2  2 2  2 2
14. A real valued function f(x) satisfies the functional equation f(x – y) = f(x) f(y) – f (a – x) f(a + y) where a is
a given constant and f(0) = 1, then f(2a – x) is equal to - [AIEEE-2005]
(A) –f(x) (B) f(x) (C) f(A) + f(a – x) (D) f(–x)
  

15. The largest interval lying in  2 , 2  for which the function

  x2 x  
 f(x)  4  cos 1   1  log(cos x) is defined, is- [AIEEE 2007]
 2  

        
(A) [0,  ] (B)  2 , 2  (C)  4 , 2  (D) 0, 2 
 
16. Let f : N  Y be a function defined as f(x) = 4x + 3 where Y = {y  N : y = 4x + 3 for some x  N}.
Show that f is invertible and its inverse is [AIEEE 2008]

y3 y3 y3 3y  4

(A) g(y) = 4 + (B) g(y) = (C) g(y) = (D) g(y) =
4 4 4 3

17. For real x, let f(x) = x3 + 5x + 1, then - [AIEEE 2009]

(A) f is one – one but not onto R (B) f is onto R but not one – one

(C) f is one – one and onto R (D) f is neither one – one nor onto R

18. Let f(x) = (x + 1)2 –1, x > –1 [AIEEE 2009]

Statement – 1 : The set {x : f(x) = f–1(x)} = {0, –1}.
Statement – 2 : f is a bijection.
(A) Statement -1 is true, Statement -2 is true; Statement -2 is a correct explanation for
Statement -1
(B) Statement -1 is true, Statement -2 is true; Statement -2 is not a correct explanation for
Statement -1.
(C) Statement -1 is true, Statement -2 is false.
(D) Statement -1 is false, Statement -2 is true.

1
19. The domain of the function f(x) = is [AIEEE-2011]
| x | x

(A) (0,  ) (B) (-  , 0) (C) (-  ,  ) – {0} (D) (-  ,  )

20. If a  R and the equation –3(x – [x])2 + 2(x – [x]) + a2 = 0 where [x] denotes the greatest integer
 x) has no integral solution, then all possible values of a lie in the interval ?

IIT ASHRAM UG–1 & 2, Concorde Complex, Above PNB . R.C. Dutt Road., Alkapuri Baroda. 390007
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 FUNCTION MATHEMATICS PART - I

(A) (-1, 0)  (0, 1) (B) (1, 2) [JEE MAINS-2014]

(C) (–2, –1) (D) (,  2)  (2,  )

1
21. If f  x   2f    3x, x  0 , and S   x  R : f  x   f  –x  ; then S: [JEE MAIN 2016]
x
(A) is an empty set (B) contains exactly one element
(C) contains exactly two elements (D) contains more than two elements

 1 1 x
22. The function f : R    ,  defined as f(x)  , is [JEE MAIN 2017]
 2 2 1  x2
(A) neither injective nor surjective. (B) invertible.
(C) injective but not surjective (D) surjective but not injective

x
23. Let f : R  R be defined by f(x)  , x  R . Then the range of f is [JEE MAIN-2019]
1  x2

 1 1  1 1
(A) (-1, 1) - {0} (B)   ,  (C) R    ,  (D) R  [ 1,1]
 2 2  2 2

24. Let N be the set of natural numbers and two functions f and g be defined as f, g : f,g : N  N

n1
 if n is odd
f(n)   2
such that :  n and g(n)  n  ( 1)n . The fog is [JEE MAIN-2019]
 if n is even
 2

(A) Both one-one and onto (B) One-one but not onto
(C) Neither one-one nor onto (D) Onto but not one-one

1 1
25. For x  R  {0, 1} , let f1 (x)  , f2 (x)  1  x and f3 (x)  be three given functions. if a function,
x 1x
J(x) satisfies  f2 oJo f1  (x)  f3 (x) then J(x) is equal to [JEE MAIN-2019]

1
(A) f3 (x) (B) f1 (x) (C) f2 (x) (D) f3 (x)
x

5
26. If g(x)  x 2  x  1 and g(f(x))  4 x 2  10x  5 , then find f   . [JEE MAIN-2020]
4

1 1 1 1
(A) (B)  (C)  (D)
2 2 3 3

82x  82x
27. Let f(x)  ,x  ( 1,1) then inverse of f(x) is [JEE MAIN-2020]
82x  82x

1  1x  1  1x 1  1x 1  1x 

(A) log 8   (B) log 8   (C) log 8   (D) log 8  
4  1x 2  1 x 4  1x  2  1x

IIT ASHRAM UG–1 & 2, Concorde Complex, Above PNB . R.C. Dutt Road., Alkapuri Baroda. 390007
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 FUNCTION MATHEMATICS PART - I

x[x]
28. Let f(x)  2 : (1, 3)  R then range of f(x) is (where [.] denotes greatest integer function)
x 1
[JEE MAIN-2020]

 1  3 7  2 1   3 4  2   4  1   2 4
(A)  0,    ,  (B)  ,    ,  (C)  ,1    1,  (D)  0,    , 
 2   5 5  5 2   5 5  5   5  3   5 5

1
x
29. Let f : R  R be defined as f(x) = 2x–1 and g:R – {1}  R be defined as g(x)  2.
x1
Then the composition function f(g(x)) is : [JEE MAIN-2021]
(A) both one-one and onto (B) onto but not one-one
(C) neither one-one nor onto (D) one-one but not onto
30. Let A = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7} . Then the number of bijective function f : A  A such that
f(1) + f(2) = 3 - f(3) is equal to [JEE MAIN-2021]
31. Let [x] denote the greatest integer less than or equal to x. Then, the value of x  R satisfying the
2
equation e x    e x  1  3  0 lie in the interval [JEE MAIN-2021]

(A) [log e 2,log e 3) (B) [0, 1/e) (C) [0,log e 2) (D) [1, e)

  5x  3
32. Let f : R     R be defined by f(x)  . Then the value of  for which (fof)(x) = x, for all
6  6x  

 
x  R    is [JEE MAIN-2021]
6
(A) 6 (B) No such  exists (C) 8 (D) 5
33. Let [x] denote the greatest integer  x , where x  R if the domain of the real valued function

[x]  2
f(x)  (  ,a)  [b,c)  [4, ),a  b  c . then the value of a + b + c is[JEE MAIN-2021]
[x]  3 is

(A) 8 (B) 1 (C) -2 (D) -3

1
f(x)  f  
1  x
34. If a    1 , b    2 and af(x)  f    bx  , x  0 , then the value of the expression 1
x x x
x
is [JEE MAIN-2021]

35. Let f, g: N  N such that f(n  1)  f(n)  f(1)  n  N and g be any arbitrary function.
Which of the following statements is NOT true ? [JEE MAIN-2021]
(A) f is one-one (B) If fog is one-one, then g is one-one
(C) If g is onto, then fog is one-one (D)If f is onto, then f(n) = nn  N
36. Let x denote the total number of one-one functions from a set A with 3 elements to a set B with 5
elements and y denote the total number of one-one functions from the set A to the set A × B.
Then: [JEE MAIN-2021]
(A) y = 273x (B) 2y = 91x (C) y = 91x (D) 2y = 273x
IIT ASHRAM UG–1 & 2, Concorde Complex, Above PNB . R.C. Dutt Road., Alkapuri Baroda. 390007
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 FUNCTION MATHEMATICS PART - I

5x
37. A function f(x) is given by f(x)  , then the sum of the series [JEE MAIN-2021]
5x  5

 1   2   3   39 
f    f    f    ....  f   is equal to
 20   20   20   20 

19 49 39 29
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 2 2 2
38. Let A = {1,2,3……,10}and f: A  A be defined as [JEE MAIN-2021]

k  1 if k is odd
f(k)  
 k if k is even Then the number of possible functions

g : A  A such that gof = f is

10
(A) 10 5 (B) C5 (C) 5 5 (D) 5!
39. The number of elements in the set {x  R : (|x|- 3) |x + 4| = 6} is equal to [JEE MAIN-2021]
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 1

40. If the functions are defined as f(x)  x and g(x)  1  x , then what is the common domain of
the following functions : [JEE MAIN-2021]

f(x)
f  g,f  g, f /g, g /f, g  f where  f  g  (x) = f(x)  g(x),  f /g  (x) 
g(x)

(A) 0  x  1 (B) 0  x  1 (C) 0  x  1 (D) 0  x  1

41. Let f : N  N be a function such that f(m + n) = f(m) + f(n) for every m, n  N . If f(6) = 18, then
f(2) .f(3) is equal to [JEE MAIN-2021]
(A) 6 (B) 54 (C) 18 (D) 36

x n f(1)  f(x)
42. Let f(x)  x6  2x 4  x 3  2x  3, x  R . Then the natural number n for which lim  44 is
x1 x1
____. [JEE MAIN-2021]

cos 1 x 2  x  1
43. If the domain of the function f(x)  is the interval (  , ] then    is equal to
1  2x  1 
sin  
 2  [JEE MAIN-2021]

1 3
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) (D)
2 2
 x 2  5x  6 
cos 1  
 x2  9 
44. The domain of the function f(x)  is [JEE MAIN-2022]
log e x 2  3x  2  
(A) (  ,1)  (2,  ) (B) (2,  )

 1   1   3  5 3  5 
(C)   ,1   (2,  ) (D)   2 , 1   (2,  )   2 , 2 
 2     

IIT ASHRAM UG–1 & 2, Concorde Complex, Above PNB . R.C. Dutt Road., Alkapuri Baroda. 390007
Page # 44
 FUNCTION MATHEMATICS PART - I

x2
45. Let f : R  R be defined as f(x) = x - 1 and g : R  {1, 1}  R be defined as g(x)  .
x2  1
Then the function fog is [JEE MAIN-2022]
(A) one-one but not onto function (B) onto but not one-one function
(C) both one-one and onto function (D) neither one-one nor onto function

x1
46. Let f(x)  , x  R  {0, 1,1) . If f n  1 (x)  f(f n (x)) for all n  N , then f 6 (6)  f 7 (7) is equal to
x1
[JEE MAIN-2022]

7 3 7 11
(A) (B)  (C) (D) 
6 2 12 12
47. Let S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}. Define [JEE MAIN-2022]

 2n, if n  1, 2, 3, 4, 5
f : S  S as f(n)  2n  11 if n  6,7,8,9,10


n  1, if n is odd
Let g : S  S be a function such that fog(n)   , then
 n  1, if n is even

g(10)  (g(1)  g(2)  g(3)  g(4)  g(5)  is equal to

2e 2x
48. Let f : R  R be a function defined f(x)  . [JEE MAIN-2022]
e 2x  e

 1   2   3   99 
Then f    f   f   ......  f   is equal to ___
 100   100   100   100 
49. Let f(x) be a quadratic polynomial such that f(-2) + f(3) = 0. If one of the roots of f(x) = 0 is -1, then
the sum of the roots of f(x) = 0 is equal to : [JEE MAIN-2022]

11 7 13 14
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 3 3 3

50. Let S = {1, 2, 3, 4}. Then the number of elements in the set {f : S × S  S : f is onto and

f(a, b) = f(b, a)  a  (a, b)  S  S } is [JEE MAIN-2022]

51. Let a function f : N  N be defined by [JEE MAIN-2022]


 2n, n  2, 4,6,8,...........

f(n)   n  1, n  3,7,11,15,........
n1
 n  1, 5,9,13,.........
 2

then, f is

IIT ASHRAM UG–1 & 2, Concorde Complex, Above PNB . R.C. Dutt Road., Alkapuri Baroda. 390007
Page # 45
 FUNCTION MATHEMATICS PART - I

(A) one-one but not onto (B) onto but not one-one
(C) neither one-one nor onto (D) one-one and onto
52. Let f(x) and g(x) be two real polynomials of degree 2 and 1 respectively. [JEE MAIN-2022]
If f(g(x)) = 8x2 – 2x, and g(f(x)) = 4x2 + 6x + 1, then the value of f(2) + g(2) is ______
53. The sum of the maximum and minimum values of the function f(x) = |5x - 7| + [x2 + 2x] is the
5 
interval  4 , 2  , where [t] is the greatest integer  t is______ [JEE MAIN-2022]
 

54. The total number of functions, f : {1, 2, 3, 4}  {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} [JEE MAIN-2022]

such that f(1) + f(2) = f(3), is equal to :
(A) 60 (B) 90 (C) 108 (D) 126
55. The number of solutions of |cos x| = sin x, such that 4  x  4 is [JEE MAIN-2022]
(A) 4 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 12
56. Let f : R  R be a continuous function such that f (3x) - f (x) = x. [JEE MAIN-2022]
If f (8) = 7, then f (14) is equal to:
(A) 4 (B) 10 (C) 11 (D) 16

 
57. The domain of the function f(x)  sin 1  2x2  3   log 2  log 1 x 2  5x  5
    where [t] is the G.I.F,
 2 
is: [JEE MAIN-2022]
 5 5 5  5 5 5 5 
(A)   2 , 2  (B)  2 , 2 
   

 5 5   5 5 
(C)  1, 2  (D) 1, 2 
   
58. The number of functions f, from the set [JEE MAIN-2022]

 
A  x  N : x 2  10x  9  0 to the set

 
B  n 2 : n  N such that f(x)   x  3 2  1 , for every x  A , is

59. Let f,g : N  {1}  N be functions defined by f(a)   , where  is the maximum of the powers of

those primes p such that p divides a, and g(a)  a  1 , for all a  N  {1} . Then, the function
f + g is [JEE MAIN-2022]
(A) one-one but not onto (B) onto but not one-one
(C) both one-one and onto (D) neither one-one nor onto

60. Let  ,  and  be three positive real numbers. Let f(x)  x 5   x 3  x, x  R and g : R  R be

such that g  f(x)   x for all x  R , if a1 ,a 2 ,a 3 ,.....,a n be in arithmetic progession with mean zero,

 1 n

then the value of  g  n
f  f(a )   is equal to
i [JEE MAIN-2022]
  i 1 
(A) 0 (B) 3 (C) 9 (D) 27
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 FUNCTION MATHEMATICS PART - I

61. The equation x2 – 4x + [x] + 3 = x[x], where [x] denotes the greatest integer function, has:
(A) exactly two solutions in ( ,  ) (B) no solution [JEE MAIN-2023]

(C) a unique solution in ( , 1) (D) a unique solution in ( ,  )

62. Let f(x) be a function such that f(x + y) = f(x) . f(y) for all x, y  N . If f(1) = 3 and  f(k)  3279 ,
k 1

then the value of n is [JEE MAIN-2023]

(A) 6 (B) 8 (C) 7 (D) 9

2 2x  1   2   2022 
63. If f(x)  2x
, x  R then f    f   .....  f   is equal to [JEE MAIN-2023]
2 2  2023   2023   2023 
(A) 2011 (B) 1010 (C) 2010 (D) 1011
1/3
b 1  x7 
64. For some a,b, c  N , let f(x) = ax - 3 and g(x)  x  c, x  R . If (fog) (x)    then
 2 
(fog) (ac) + (gof) (b) is equal to [JEE MAIN-2023]

65. Let f : R  R be a function defined by f(x)  log m  

2  sin x  cos x   m  2 , for some m, such
that the range of f is [0, 2] . Then the value of m is [JEE MAIN-2023]
(A) 5 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 4

66. The number of functions f : 1, 2, 3, 4  a  Z :|a| 8 satisfying [JEE MAIN-2023]

1
f(n)  f  n  1   1,  n  {1, 2, 3} is
n
(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 1 (D) 2

67. Let f(x)  2x n   ,   R, n  N , and f(4) = 133, f(5) = 255. Then the sum of all the positive integer
divisors of (f(3) - f(2)) is [JEE MAIN-2023]
(A) 61 (B) 60 (C) 58 (D) 59

x 2  2x  1
68. Let f : R  R be a function such that f(x)  . Then [JEE MAIN-2023]
x2  1

(A) f(x) is many- one in (  ,  1) (B) f(x) is many- one in (1,  )

(C) f(x) is one-one in [1,  ) but not in (  ,  ) (D) f(x) is one-one in (  ,  )

log (x  1) (x  2)
69. The domain of f(x)  , x  R is [JEE MAIN-2023]
e 2 loge x  (2x  3)

(A) R  {1, 3} (B) (2,  )  {3} (C) ( 1,  )  {3} (D) R  {3}

70. Consider function f : N  R , satisying f(1)  2f(2)  3f(3)  .....  xf(x)  x(x  1)f(x); x  2 with

1 1
f(1) = 1. Then f(2022)  f(2028) is equal to [JEE MAIN-2023]

(A) 8200 (B) 8000 (C) 8400 (D) 8100

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 FUNCTION MATHEMATICS PART - I

71. Let S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. Then the number of one-one functions f : S  P(S) , where P(S) denote the
power set of S, such that f(n)  f(m) where n < m is [JEE MAIN-2023]

3x  2  3  n 1
72. Let f '(x)  , x  R    . For n  2 , define f (x)  f 0 f n  1 (x) .
2x  3 2
 

5 ax  b
If f (x)  ,gcd  a, b   1 , then a + b is equal to [JEE MAIN-2023]
bx  a

73. The range of the function f(x)  3  x  2  x is [JEE MAIN-2023]

(A)  5 , 10  (B)  2 2 , 11  (C)  5 , 13  (D)  2 , 7 

74. Let A= {1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 9}. Then the number of possible functions f : A  A such that
f(m.n)  f(m).f(n) for everny m, n  A with m.n  A is equal to [JEE MAIN-2023]

 x
75. If the domain of the function f(x)  , where [x] is greastest integer  x , is [2, 6), then its
1  x2
range is [JEE MAIN-2023]

 5 2   9 27 18 9   5 2
(A)  ,    , , ,  (B)  , 
 26 5   29 109 89 53   26 5 

 5 2   9 27 18 9   5 2
(C)  ,    , , ,  (D)  , 
 37 5   29 109 89 53   37 5 

x2  2x  1
76. Let f : R  {2,6}  R be real valued function defined as f(x)  . Then range of f is
x2  8x  12

 21   21 
(A)   ,     0,   (B)   ,    (0,  ) [JEE MAIN-2023]
 4  4 

 21   21   21 
(C)   ,     ,   (D)   ,     1,  
 4 4   4

 1 
77. Let f : R  {0,1}  R be a function such that f(x)  f    1  x . Then f(2) is equal to
1x
[JEE MAIN-2023]

9 9 7 7
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 4 4 3

1 1 2
78. Let 5f(x)  4f     3,x  0 . Then 18 1 f(x) dx is equal to [JEE MAIN-2023]
x x

(A) 5 log e 2  3 (B) 10 log e 2  6 (C) 10 log e 2  6 (D) 5log e 2  3

IIT ASHRAM UG–1 & 2, Concorde Complex, Above PNB . R.C. Dutt Road., Alkapuri Baroda. 390007
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 FUNCTION MATHEMATICS PART - I

x3
  
x 3  3x 
79. Let A  x  R :  x  3   x  4  3 , B  x  R : 3   r   3  , where [t] denotes greatest in-
  r 1 10  
teger function. Then, [JEE MAIN-2023]
(A) B  A, A  B (B) A  B   (C) A  B,A  B (D) A = B

1
80. Let the sets A and B denote the domain and range respectively of the function f(x)  [x]  x ,

where [x] denotes the smallesr integer greater than or equal to x. [JEE MAIN-2023]
Then among the statements
(S1) : A  B  (1,  )  N and (S2) : A  B  (1,  )
(A) Only (S2) is true (B) Only (S1) is true
(C) Neither (S1) nor (S2) is true (D) Both(S1) and (S2) are true

 2   2 
81. If domain of the function log e  6x  5x  1   cos 1  2x  3x  4  is  ,     ,   then
 2x  1   3x  5 

 
18  2  2   2   2 is equal to [JEE MAIN-2023]

82. Let R  {a, b, c,d,e} and S  {1, 2, 3, 4} . Total number of onto functions f : R  S such that f(a)  1
is equal to [JEE MAIN-2023]

1  2x 
83. If the domain of the function f(x)  sec   is   ,      ,  , then 3  10       21 is
 5x  3 
equal to [JEE MAIN-2023]

1
84. The domain of the function f(x)  is (where [x] denotes the greatest integer less
[x]2  3[x]  10
than or equal to x) [JEE MAIN-2023]
(A) (  , 3]  (5,  ) (B) (  , 2]  [6,  ) (C) (  , 2)  (5,  ) (D) (  , 3)  [6,  )

85. Let A  {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and B  {1, 2, 3, 4, 5,6} . Then the number of function f : A  B satisfying
f(1) + f(2) = f(4) - 1 is equal to [JEE MAIN-2023]

1   6  2 log 3 x  
86. Let D be the domain of the function f(x)  sin  log 3x    . If the range of the function
  5x 

2 5
g : D  R defined by g(x) = x - [x], ([x] is the greatest integer function), is (  , ) , then   is

equal to [JEE MAIN-2023]
(A) 135 (B) 45 (C) 46 (D) 136

87. For x  R , two real valued functions f(x) and g(x) such that g(x)  x  1 and fog(x)  x  3  x .
Then f(0) is equal to [JEE MAIN-2023]
(A) 1 (B) 5 (C) 0 (D) -3

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 FUNCTION MATHEMATICS PART - I

1 1 1
88. For the differentiable function f : R  {0}  R , let 3f(x)  2f     10 , then f(3)  f '   is equal
x x 4
to [JEE MAIN-2023]

33 29
(A) (B) 8 (C) (D) 13
5 5

 x2 
89. The range of f(x)  4 sin 1  2  is [JEE MAIN-2023]
x 1

(A)  0,2 (B) 0,  (C) [0,2 ) (D) [0, )

 10x  6 
90.  
If the domain of the function f(x)  log e 4x 2  11x  6  sin 1  4x  3   cos 1 
 3 
 is (  , ]

then 36    is equal to [JEE MAIN-2023]

(A) 54 (B) 72 (C) 63 (D) 45
91. Let f : R  R and g : R  R be defined as [JEE MAIN-2024]

log e x, x  0  x, x  0
f(x)    x and g(x)   x . Then, gof : R  R is
 e , x0 e , x  0

(A) one-one but not onto (B) neither one-one nor onto
(C) onto but not one-one (D) both one-one and onto

x 2  25
92. If the domain of the function f(x)   
 log 10 x 2  2x  15 is   ,    [, } , then  2  3
4  x2  
is equal to [JEE MAIN-2024]
(A) 140 (B) 175 (C) 150 (D) 125
93. The function f : N  {1}  N ; defined by f(n) = the highest prime factor of n, is
(A) both one-one and onto (B) one-one only [JEE MAIN-2024]
(C) onto only (D) neither one-one nor onto

94. Let f : R   
1
2
 R and g : R 
5
2  
 R be defined as f(x) 
2x  3
2x  1
and g(x) 
|x|1
2x  5
.

Then the domain of the function fog is [JEE MAIN-2024]

(A) R    5
2
(B) R (C) R     7
4 
5 7
(D) R   , 
2 4 
2  2x, 1  x  0   x, 3  x  0

95. If f(x)   x ; g(x)   x, 0  x  1 , then range of (fog(x)) is[JEE MAIN-2024]
 1  , 0  x  3 
3

(A) (0, 1] (B) [0, 3) (C) [0, 1] (D) [0, 1)

IIT ASHRAM UG–1 & 2, Concorde Complex, Above PNB . R.C. Dutt Road., Alkapuri Baroda. 390007
Page # 50
 FUNCTION MATHEMATICS PART - I

1 
96. Consider the function f :  ,1  R defined by f(x)  4 2x 3  3 2x  1 . Consider the statements
2 
(I) The curve y = f(x) intersects the x-axis exactly at one point [JEE MAIN-2024]


(II) The curve y = f(x) intersects the x-axis at x  cos
12
Then
(A) Only (II) is correct (B) Both (I) and (II) are incorrect
(C) Only (I) is correct (D) Both (I) and (II) are correct

97. Let f(x)  2 x  x2 , x  R . If m and n are respectively the number of points at which the curves
y = f(x) and y = f’(x) intersects the x-axis, then the value of m + n is [JEE MAIN-2024]

1  2 |x| 1
98. If the domain of the function f(x)  cos     log e  3  x   is [  , )  {y} , then      is
 4 
equal to [JEE MAIN-2024]
(A) 12 (B) 9 (C) 11 (D) 8
99. Let A= {1,2,3,.....7} and let P(A) denote the power set of A. If the number of function f : A  P(A)
such that a  f  a  ,  a  A is mn, m and n  N and m is least, then m + n is equal to
[JEE MAIN-2024]

 2x  3  1  2x  1 
100. If the domain of the function f(x)  log e  2   cos   is ( , ] , then the value of
 4x  x  3   x2 
5  4 is equal to [JEE MAIN-2024]
(A) 10 (B) 12 (C) 11 (D) 9

x
101. Let f : R  R be a function defined f(x)  1/4 
and g(x)  f f f  f  x    then
 1  x4 
2 5
18  x 2 g(x)dx [JEE MAIN-2024]
0

(A) 33 (B) 36 (C) 42 (D) 39

102. If f(x) 
4x  3
6x  4
2
, x  and  f o f   x   g(x) , where g : R 
3
2
3
R
2
3  
, then (gogog) (4) is equal

to [JEE MAIN-2024]

19 19
(A)  (B) (C) -4 (D) 4
20 20
3
103. If the function f : (  , 1]  (a, b] defined by f(x)  e x  3x  1
is one-one and onto, then the distance

of the point P(2b +4, a + 2) from the line x  e 3 y  4 is [JEE MAIN-2024]

(A) 2 1  e 6 (B) 4 1  e 6 (C) 3 1  e 6 (D) 1  e6

IIT ASHRAM UG–1 & 2, Concorde Complex, Above PNB . R.C. Dutt Road., Alkapuri Baroda. 390007
Page # 51
 FUNCTION MATHEMATICS PART - I

1  3x  22   3x 2  8x  5 
104. If the domain of the function sin    log e 2  is (  , ] , then 3  10 is equal
 2x  19   x  3x  10 
to [JEE MAIN-2024]
(A) 100 (B) 95 (C) 97 (D) 98

2x 2  3x  8 m
105. Let the sum of the maximum and the minimum values of the function f(x)  2 be ,
2x  3x  8 n
where gcd(m, n) = 1. Then m + n is equal to JEE MAIN-2024]
(A) 195 (B) 201 (C) 217 (D) 182

2x
106. Consider the function f : R  R defined by f(x)  . [JEE MAIN-2024]
1  9x2

2 10 x
f,  f o
If the composition of f o f o.........o f

 (x)  , then the value of 3  1 is equal to
10 times
1  9x 2

107. Let A = {1,3,7,9,11} and B = {2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 12}. Then the toal number of one-one maps f : A  B ,
such that f(1)  f  3   14 , is [JEE MAIN-2024]
(A) 480 (B) 240 (C) 120 (D) 180

108. Let f(x)  x5  2x3  3x  1, x  R , and g(x) be a function such that g  f  x    x for all x  R . Then

g 7 
is equal to [JEE MAIN-2024]
g '7 

(A) 14 (B) 42 (C) 7 (D) 1

109. The number of distinct real roots of the equation x x  2  5 x  1  1  0 is ___[JEE MAIN-2024]

110. If S  a  R : 2a  1  3[a]  2{a} , where [t] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to t and

{t} representes the fractional part of t, then 72  aS

 is equal to [JEE MAIN-2024]

111. Let f,g : R  R be defined as : [JEE MAIN-2024]

 e x , x  0
f(x) |x  1| and g(x)  
x  1, x  0

Then the function f(g(x)) is

(A) neither one-one nor onto. (B) one-one but not onto.
(C) onto but not one-one. (D) both one-one and onto.

x 2  2x  15
112. The function f : R  R, f  x   , x  R is [JEE MAIN-2024]
x 2  4x  9
(A) one-one but not onto. (B) both one-one and onto.
(C) onto but not one-one. (D) neither one-one nor onto.

IIT ASHRAM UG–1 & 2, Concorde Complex, Above PNB . R.C. Dutt Road., Alkapuri Baroda. 390007
Page # 52
 FUNCTION MATHEMATICS PART - I

1
113. Let f(x)  be a function defined on R. Then the range of the function f(x) is equal to
7  sin 5x
[JEE MAIN-2024]

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(A)  ,  (B)  ,  (C)  ,  (D)  , 
7 6  8 5 7 5 8 6 
114. Let [t] be the greatest integer less than or equal to t. Let A be the set of all prime factor of 2310 and
  2  x3  
f(x)   log  x      . The number of one-to-one function from A to
f : A  Z be the function 2
   5   
the range of f is [JEE MAIN-2024]
(A) 25 (B) 24 (C) 20 (D) 120

sin 4   3 cos 2 
115. If the range of f     ,  R is   ,  , then the sum of the infinite G.P., whose first
sin 4   cos 2 

term is 64 and the common ratio is , is equal to [JEE MAIN-2024]


 a if a  x  0
116. Let f(x)  x  a if 0  x  a where a > 0 and g(x) = (f(x|) - |f(x)|)/2. [JEE MAIN-2024]


Then the function g :[ a,a]  [ a,a] is

(A)neither one-one nor onto. (B) onto.
(C) both one-one and onto. (D) one-one.

1  x  1 
117. If the domain of the function f(x)  sin   is R    ,   , then 12 is equal to
 2x  3 
[JEE MAIN-2024]
(A) 32 (B) 40 (C) 24 (D) 36

118. If a function f satisfies f  m  n   f  m   f  n  for all m, n  N and f(1) = 1, then the largest natu-
2022
2
ral number  such that  f    k    2022 
k 1
is equal to [JEE MAIN-2024]

1
119. Let the range of the function f  x   , x  R be [a, b]. If  and  are respectively
2  sin 3x  cos 3x

the A.M. and the G.M. of a and b, then is equal to [JEE MAIN-2024]


(A)  (B)  (C) 2 (D) 2

120. Let A   x, y  : 2x  3y  23, x, y  N and B  x :  x, y   A . [JEE MAIN-2024]

Then the number of one-one functions from A and B is equal to

IIT ASHRAM UG–1 & 2, Concorde Complex, Above PNB . R.C. Dutt Road., Alkapuri Baroda. 390007
Page # 53
 FUNCTION MATHEMATICS PART - I

ANSWER KEY
DRILL - I

 5 12 
1.  3, 7  2. (, 4)
 

 1 
3. (, 7)    ,3  4. (3, 4)
 2 
5. {-1} 6. (1, 2)  (2, 3)
7. (–  ,–2)  (–2, –1)  (1,  ) 8. (5/2, 8)
9. (–3, 1) 10. (–  ,  )
11. (–1, 1)  (4, 6) 12. (–1,  )
13. [  2 , –1)  (–1, 2 ]  [3, 4) 14. (–  , –5)  (1, 2)  (6,  )
15. (1, 2)  (7,  ) 16. (– 2 , 0)  (1, 2 )  (2,  )
17. (, 2]  {0,3} 18. {2,3}

19. (a) x  (, 6)  (1,3)  (7,  ) (b) x  (, 6]  [1,3]  (7,  )  2

(c) x  (6,1)  { 2,0}  (3,7) (d) x  [6,0)  (0,1]  [3,7)

DRILL - II
1. A. {4/3} B.{-9/2, 13/4}
C. [2,  ). D. {0, 1}
E.(–  , 0]  [4,  ) F. {0}  (1,  )
2. {-1}  [1,  ) 3. A. (2,3)
B.(-  , 1/6 ]  [ 3/2 ,  ) C.[ -1,  )
D. ( -  , -2]  [2,  ) E. (-1 , 5)
F. (-1 , 2 )  (3 , 6 ) G. (1, 3)
H. (2 , 5)
4. [-2  , -  ]  [-1, 0]  [1,  ]  {2  }

DRILL - III
1. 75 2. 15
3. 1 x < 9 4. (-  , 1]  [2,  )
8
5. x = 0, 5/3 6. x = 1,
3

19 29 97
7. x 8. , ,
6 12 24
9. no real solution

IIT ASHRAM UG–1 & 2, Concorde Complex, Above PNB . R.C. Dutt Road., Alkapuri Baroda. 390007
Page # 54
 FUNCTION MATHEMATICS PART - I

DRILL - IV
1. (2, ) 2. [1, 6]

3. [1  3, 1  3] 4. R–Z
5. (0, 1)  (1,  ) 6. (, 2)  (2, )

7. [2,1)  {0} 8. (3, )

9. R – {1, 2} 10. (-  , –1)  (4,  )
11. (–1, 0)  (1, 2)  (2,  ) 12. (0, 1]  [4, 5)
13. x < 1 14. [0, 1]

 1 
15. (, 2]  (0,1) 16. x   ,    0,1,2
2 
17. x  (8, 10) 18. x  (2, 3)
19. (–1, 1) –{0}  (2 ,  ) 20. [3,  )
21. (0, 16) 22. (0, 125]

 –2 
23.  3,  24. (5,  )
 3

25. x < 0 26. 

27. (–  , 2)  [3,  ) 28. (–2, –1]  [1, 2)
29. R – {(0, 1)  {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}  (7, 8)}
30. x  (–  , –7]  [7,  ) 31. (1/2, 1)
32. R – [1, 2) 33. (-2, 1)

 n 
34. 2n  + 35. n   1
2 2

DRILL - V
1. {–1, 1} 2. [2, 16]
3. [5, 6) 4. [–2,  )

 1 1
5. {1, 3} 6.  2 , 2 
 
7. (0, 1] 8. [1,  )
9. [4,  ) 10. (-  , 4]

3  3 
11.  ,   12.  ,1
4  4 

1 
13. {0,-1} 14.  , 1
3 

IIT ASHRAM UG–1 & 2, Concorde Complex, Above PNB . R.C. Dutt Road., Alkapuri Baroda. 390007
Page # 55
 FUNCTION MATHEMATICS PART - I

3 
15. [0, 1/2] 16.  ,  
4 
17. (1,  ) 18. {0, 1}
19. {1} 20. [-5, 5]

21. [5- 25  12 3 , 5+ 25  12 3 ] 22. (-1, 1)

 11 
23. log e ,   24. [0, 1/2)
 3 

1 
25.  , 1 26. [2, 2 2 ]
2 

3 
27. [1, 2] 28.  ,3
2 
29. {0} 30. Domain [–1, 1] Range [0,2]
31. {1} 32. {0}

DRILL - VI
1. (a) not equal function (b) equal function
(c) not equal function (d) not equal function
(e) equal function (f) not equal function
(g) equal function (h) equal function
(i) not equal function (j) equal function
2. (a) x  (0, )  {1} (b) equal function

DRILL - VII
1. (a) neither even nor odd (b) even
(c) odd (d) even
(e) odd (f) odd
(g) odd (h) neither odd nor even
2. (a) even (b) odd
(c) even (d) even

 a 2x  1   a 2x  1 
5. (a) f ( x )    
 2a x   2a x 
   

 (1  x )100  (1  x )100   (1  x )100  (1  x )100 

(b) f ( x )    
 2   2 
   

IIT ASHRAM UG–1 & 2, Concorde Complex, Above PNB . R.C. Dutt Road., Alkapuri Baroda. 390007
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 FUNCTION MATHEMATICS PART - I

 x
(c) f (x )   cos   sin2x  tan x 
 2 

a (e 2x  1) a (e2x  1)
(d) f (x )  
2e x 2e x

 e x  sin x ; 4  x  0
6. f 0 (x )    x
 e  sin x ; 0  x  4

 e x  sin x ; 4  x  0
f e (x )    x
e  sin x ; 0  x  4

 x 2  x  sin x  cos x  ln(1 | x |); 0  x  1

7. f 0 (x )   2
  x  x  sin x  cos x  ln(1 |x|); 1  x  0

 x 2  x  sin x  cos x  ln(1 | x |); 0  x  1

f e (x )   2
 x  x  sin x  cos x  ln(1 |x|); 1  x  0

DRILL - VIII
1. (a)  (b) 2 
(c) 2  (d) no
(e) 1
2. (a)  /2 (b) 4 
(c) does not exist (d)  /2
(e) 2  (f) 2

(g) (h) 2
2
(i) 24 (j) does not exist
3. (a) 1 (b) 2n 
1
4. (a) n = ±1, ±3, ±5, ±15. (b)
3
6. Period = 12

DRILL - IX
1. one-one onto 2. many-one into
3. many-one into 4. one-one onto
5. many-one into 6. one-one onto
7. (a) one-one onto (b) one -one onto
(c) many - one into

IIT ASHRAM UG–1 & 2, Concorde Complex, Above PNB . R.C. Dutt Road., Alkapuri Baroda. 390007
Page # 57
 FUNCTION MATHEMATICS PART - I

8. b2 < 3a {c - |d|} 9. a  [1,4]

10. n! 11. nn
12. 2n - 2 13.   [2, 14]

     a  2b 
16. x =    ,    ;  = tan-1   , Y = [c-r, c+r] where r  a 2  b2  2ab
a 
 2 2   

17. 3n -3(2n-1)

DRILL - X

x2 x2  2
1.  2 , 2 2. gof = {(1,3), (3,1), (4,3)}, fog(x)= {(2,5), (5,2),
( x  1) 2 x 1
(1,5)}
3. {-1, 1} 4. x3

2  x 0  x  1
x 
5. 6. (a)  2 - x 1  x  2 ,
1  3x 2 4 - x 2  x  3


(b) (gof)x = x ;  x  R
7. 1 ;  x  R.

 3 x  1   x2  x  2 x  -1
2 x  1  1  x  0  2
x - x - 2 -1  x  0
8. (a)  , (b)  2
 2 x  4 0  x  1 x  4x  3 0  x 1
 4 x 1   x  2 x  3
2
x 1

 x  1 ; 2  x  1
  1  x ; 1  x  1
9. f  g  x     x  1 ; 1  x  0 , g  f  x    
 x 1 ; 3  x ; 1  x  3
 0x2

1  x ; 0  x  1
3  x ; 1  x  2

10. g(f (x)   11. (i) a = – 1, b  R , (ii) a = 1, b = 0
 1  x; 2  x  3
5  x ; 3  x  4

 1 1  x  2, x  3

12. gof   0 x  1,2,3
 –1 x  1, 2  x  3


IIT ASHRAM UG–1 & 2, Concorde Complex, Above PNB . R.C. Dutt Road., Alkapuri Baroda. 390007
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 FUNCTION MATHEMATICS PART - I

DRILL - XI

x  x2  4
1. f 1 (x)  2. f 1 (x)  2  4  x
2

x 5
3. (a) (b) (x-3)1/3
3

1 x
(c) y= (a  a  x ) (d) 3 sin x
2

4. f-1(x)=log(x+ x 2  1 ) 5. x=1

6. (a) No (b) No 7. g ' (x)=1+{g(x)}3

DRILL - XII

1 a  5
3. x 4. f(x) =   bx   5. 217
a  b2
2
x  ab
2
3 e x   1 5m(m  1) an (n  1)
6. x 7. 10 8. 9.
8e 2 2

x  15 x 1
10. 997.5 13. n + 15 15. f (x ) 
3 x 1

1
17. P(x) = x + 3, Q(x) = -x-2 18. 19. 1904, 1994
1994  2

IIT ASHRAM UG–1 & 2, Concorde Complex, Above PNB . R.C. Dutt Road., Alkapuri Baroda. 390007
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 FUNCTION MATHEMATICS PART - I

EXERCISES
SINGLE CORRECT TYPE QUESTIONS
1. C 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. B 6. C 7. D
8. B 9. D 10. D 11. D 12. B 13. B 14. A
15. D 16. B 17. C 18. A 19. A 20. C 21. C
22. B 23. A 24. B 25. A 26. A 27. D 28. B
29. C 30. B 31.B 32. B 33. A 34. C 35. C
36. A 37. A 38. A 39. A 40. C 41. C 42. B
43. C 44. D 45. C 46. D 47. C 48. B 49. D
50. A 51. D 52. B 53. D 54. C 55. C 56. A
57. B 58. B 59. B 60. B 61. B 62. A 63. D
64. D 65. C 66. D 67. B 68. B 69. C 70. C
71. A 72. B 73. A 74. B 75. C 76. B 77. A
78. D 79. D 80. A 81. A 82. D 83. D 84. C
85. B 86. A
INTEGER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. 1 2. 7 3. 2 4. 1 5. 0 6. 0 7. 3
8. 3
PREVIOUS YEARS QUESTIONS (AIEEE/ JEE MAINS)
1. B 2. B 3. AD 4. B 5. C 6. A
7. A 8. D 9. A 10. C 11. B 12. B
13. D 14. A 15. D 16. C 17. C 18. C
19. B 20. A 21. C 22. D 23. B 24. D
25. A 26. B 27. A 28. B 29. D 30. 720
31. C 32. D 33. C 34. 2 35. C 36. B
37. C 38. A 39. B 40. C 41. B 42. 7
43. D 44. D 45. D 46. B 47. 190 48. 99
49. A 50. 37 51. D 52. 18 53. 15 54. B
55. C 56. B 57. C 58. 1440 59. D 60. A
61. D 62. C 63. D 64. 2039 65. A 66. D
67. B 68. C 69. B 70. D 71. 3240 72. 3125
73. A 74. 432 75. D 76. A 77. D 78. C
79. D 80. C 81. 20 82. 180 83. 24 84. B
85. 360 86. A 87. B 88. D 89. C 90. D
91. B 92. C 93. D 94. A 95. C 96. D
97. 5 98. C 99. 44 100. B 101. D 102. D
103. A 104.C 105. B 106. 1024 107. B 108. A
109. 3 110.18 111. A 112. D 113. D 114. D
115. 96 116.A 117. A 118. 101 119. D 120. 24

IIT ASHRAM UG–1 & 2, Concorde Complex, Above PNB . R.C. Dutt Road., Alkapuri Baroda. 390007
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