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 Another Random Document on
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Life of
Cardinal Wolsey
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Title: The Life of Cardinal Wolsey

Author: George Cavendish

Contributor: George Wyatt

Editor: Samuel Weller Singer

Release date: January 23, 2017 [eBook #54043]

Most recently updated: October 23, 2024

Language: English

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LIFE OF

CARDINAL WOLSEY ***
 QUEEN ANNE BOLEYN.
ENGRAVED BY E. SCRIVEN, AFTER
THE ORIGINAL PICTURE BY HOLBEIN.

London, Published Jan. 1, 1825, by Harding, Triphook & Lepard.

 THE
LIFE
OF
CARDINAL WOLSEY.
BY

GEORGE CAVENDISH,
HIS GENTLEMAN USHER.
FROM THE ORIGINAL AUTOGRAPH MANUSCRIPT.

WITH

NOTES AND OTHER ILLUSTRATIONS,

BY

SAMUEL WELLER SINGER, F.S.A.

SECOND EDITION.

LONDON:
 PRINTED BY THOMAS DAVISON,

FOR HARDING AND LEPARD, PALL MALL EAST.

MDCCCXXVII.

TO HIS GRACE

THE DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE,

THIS REVIVAL OF A MOST INTERESTING

SPECIMEN OF COTEMPORARY BIOGRAPHY,

BY HIS COLLATERAL ANCESTOR

GEORGE CAVENDISH,
IS WITH PERMISSION DEDICATED
BY HIS GRACE’S OBLIGED AND
OBEDIENT HUMBLE SERVANT,

S. W. SINGER.
 PREFACE.
Perhaps few periods of English history are more remarkable than
that which comprised the fortunes of Wolsey; a period which had to
boast the most illustrious potentates who have ever filled the
thrones of Europe. The age of Henry was also that of Leo, of
Charles, and of Francis:—a period big with political events of singular
interest:—the captivity of the French monarch and of the Roman
Pontiff,—the sacking of Rome,—the divorce of Queen Katherine,—
and the train of circumstances which led the way to the Reformation,
—Events in which Wolsey’s hand may be often traced, and in some
of which he was a principal actor. The record of his life and its
vicissitudes,—his humble origin—his towering fortunes, and his
sudden fall,—could not well fail of interesting even in ordinary
hands:—But he has been extremely fortunate in his biographer. The
narrative contained in the following pages, of course, only affords a
glance at these events; it is not the work of a professed
historiographer, but the production of a simple-hearted and honest
eyewitness of what he relates. George Cavendish was the faithful
attendant of this princely prelate in his triumphant as well as in his
declining fortunes:—One who failed him not in his adversity, but
shed over his fallen master the tears of affection, performed for him
the last sad offices of humanity, and then in his retirement sat down
with honest indignation to vindicate him from slander, and to
transmit to future ages a faithful picture of his life, with a sacred
regard to truth.
It is this circumstance which renders his work so much more
interesting than any thing of a similar kind with which I am
acquainted. We are here occasionally introduced to the secret
recesses of the private life of one of the most distinguished
statesmen the world ever saw; of one who not only divided the sway
of empire with his monarch, but who governed or influenced the
conduct alternately of France and Spain; whose power for a time
was almost unlimited, and whose magnificence has never been
exceeded.
There is a sincere and impartial adherence to truth, a reality in
Cavendish’s narrative, which bespeaks the confidence of his reader,
and very much increases his pleasure. It is a work without
pretension, but full of natural eloquence, devoid of the formality of a
set rhetorical composition, unspoiled by the affectation of that
classical manner in which all biography and history of old time was
prescribed to be written, and which often divests such records of the
attraction to be found in the conversational style of Cavendish. There
is an unspeakable charm in the naïveté of his language—his
occasional appeals to his reader—and the dramatic form of his
narration, in which he gives the very words of the interlocutors, and
a lively picture of their actions, making us as it were spectators of
the scenes he describes. Indeed our great poet has literally followed
him in several passages of his King Henry VIII. merely putting his
language into verse. Add to this the historical importance of the
work, as the only sure and authentic source of information upon
many of the most interesting events of that reign; from which all
historians have largely drawn, (through the secondary medium of
Holinshed and Stowe, who adopted Cavendish’s narrative,) and its
intrinsic value need not be more fully expressed.
Upon the death of the Cardinal his master, Cavendish relates that
the king gave him the same appointment, of Gentleman Usher, in his
service, which he had filled in the household of Wolsey: yet at the
close of his work he tells us that he returned to his own home in the
country. Whether his retirement was only temporary, or whether he
then took his final leave of the court, we have no exact means of
ascertaining. In his poems he does not mention having served the
king, yet dwells upon his faithful services to the Cardinal; but the
information he displays upon the principal subsequent events of the
reign of Henry, and that of Edward VI. seems to lead to the
conclusion that he was a spectator of them. In retirement he would
have hardly been able to obtain the acquaintance with public affairs
which his poems show that he possessed. The circumstance of his
sitting down to write in the reign of Philip and Mary[1], “to eschewe
all ociosite,” would seem to point to that as the period of his
retirement, or otherwise his conscience had long slumbered before it
accused him that his “tyme he spent in idelnes.”
The fate of this Life of Wolsey has been indeed singularly
unfortunate; after remaining in manuscript nearly a century, it was
first printed in 1641, for party purposes, but in such a garbled form
as to be hardly recognized for the same work, abridgment and
interpolation having been used with an unsparing hand. Its author
too had been robbed of his literary honours, which were bestowed
upon his younger and more fortunate brother Sir William Cavendish,
until the year 1814, when his cause was ably advocated in a
Dissertation by the Rev. Joseph Hunter, F.A.S. author of the History
of Hallamshire. I am indebted to the kind intervention of my friend J.
H. Markland, Esq. for the privilege of reprinting that Dissertation,
which the reader will find at the commencement of the volume, and
will, I doubt not, be gratified in the perusal. It affords the best
example of clear argumentative solution of a literary paradox from
circumstantial evidence with which I am acquainted, at the same
time it is so skilfully interwoven with curious matter bearing upon
the question, as not only to divest it of the sterile character with
which disquisitions of the same kind from less able hands have been
marked, but to render it very interesting. I owe Mr. Hunter my best
acknowledgements for the ready manner in which the favour was
conferred, and I look to have the thanks of those, who are yet
unacquainted with it, for uniting this tract with the work of George
Cavendish, from which it should never again be disjoined. For all
that relates to the Life of Wolsey and its author, therefore, I shall
beg leave to refer to this source of information; and it will only
remain for me to give an account of the present edition.
Having purchased two valuable ancient manuscript copies of the
work, one of them from among the duplicates of the late Duke of
Norfolk’s library[2], I conceived that the text might be very much
improved by collation of these and the several manuscripts in private
and public libraries. Upon naming the design to my friend Mr. Douce,
he mentioned to me a very curious copy in the possession of Mr.
Lloyd, which contained some verses apparently by the same author,
and which from this circumstance might have some claim to be
considered the author’s original autograph. Upon application to that
gentleman, he, with a liberality which calls for my warmest thanks,
immediately placed the manuscript in my hands. I at once saw that
its pretensions were undoubted, and that it contained not only a
more valuable text of the Life, but a series of poems, evidently in the
hand writing of the author, with occasional corrections and
interlineations, and thus attested:—“per le Auctor G. C.” in numerous
places. On the first blank leaf is written in the same hand with the
body of the manuscript, “Vincit qui patitur qd G. C. Maxima vindicta
paciencia;” and then “Cavendysh de Cavendysh in Com. Suff. gent.”
and beneath, “I began this booke the 4. day of Novembr.” On the
reverse of the same leaf is another Latin sentence and the motto of
Cavendish, Cavendo tutus. On a succeeding blank leaf is the name
of a former possessor, C. Rossington[3], under which is written in
another hand, “i. e. Clement Rossington of Dronfield, Gent. whose
son Mr. James Rossington gave me this MS.” It is remarkable that it
should have passed into the possession of a person in Derbyshire.
Those who have made Sir William Cavendish the author would have
seized upon this circumstance with avidity as lending colour to their
assertion, and would probably have argued that the initials G. C. by
which George Cavendish has attested it as his production in so many
places, were intended to designate Gulielmus Cavendish. Mr. Hunter
has, however, settled the question beyond the possibility of dispute;
it is sufficient to remark here that Sir William Cavendish died in 1557,
and that this manuscript affords unequivocal evidence that the writer
survived Queen Mary, who died at the close of 1558. Unfortunately
the first leaf of the text of the Life is wanting. At the end of the
Author’s Address to his Book, with which the poems conclude, is the
date of the completion of the manuscript, which will be found on the
plate of fac-similes:
Finie et compilé le xxiiij jour de Junij.
 Ao. Regnor. Philippi Rex & Regine Marie iiijto. & vto.
Per le Auctor G. C.
Novus Rex, nova lex, Nova sola Regina, probz. pene ruina.
This invaluable acquisition made me at once change my plan, and
proceed earnestly to the work of transcription; feeling convinced that
all other manuscripts were, in comparison, of little authority, I
determined to follow this, as most entitled to confidence. Upon
comparing it with my own manuscript copies and the text of Dr.
Wordsworth, I found that it supplied the chasm which, for some
unknown reason, is found in all the manuscripts that have come
under my notice. The suppressed passages contain the description
of a boar hunt, and an account of the libels written against Wolsey
by the French[4]; the imperfection is generally indicated by a blank
space being left, which in Mr. Douce’s MS. is accompanied by a note
saying, “in this vacante place there wanteth copy.” It was at first my
intention to give various readings, but upon closer comparison I
found this would have been impracticable, because the text, as it
appears in Dr. Wordsworth’s edition and in the common manuscript
copies, has been almost entirely rewritten; changes in the structure
of the phrase and verbal discrepancies occur in almost every line.
Under such circumstances I was obliged to content myself with
indicating the most important variations, I mean such as in any way
affected the meaning of the text. I have however availed myself of
my own manuscript copies, or of Dr. Wordsworth’s edition, to supply
an occasional word or phrase which seemed necessary to the sense
of a passage, but have always carefully distinguished these
additions, by enclosing them in brackets.
It is not easy to account for the extraordinary difference in the
language of the original autograph copy and the later manuscripts,
by any other means than a supposition that the copyist thought he
could improve the style of Cavendish, which is indeed sometimes
involved and obscure, but many of the discrepancies have clearly
arisen from the difficulty of reading his hand-writing, and the
substitutions most frequently occur where the original manuscript is
the most illegible. It is scarcely probable that Cavendish wrote
another copy, for he was already, as he himself says, old, and
probably did not survive the date of the completion of this MS.
above a year. There are no additions of the least importance in the
more recent copies; the few which occur have been carefully noted.
Of the Poems, to which I have given the title of Metrical Visions, no
other copy is known to exist. They have little or no merit as verses,
being deficient in all the essential points of invention, expression and
rhythm, and it is to be regretted that Cavendish, who knew so well
how to interest us by his artless narration of facts in prose, should
have invoked the muse in vain. He seems to have been sensible of
his deficiency, and says very truly
“I must write plain, colours I have none to paint.”
In the former limited impression these Metrical Visions were printed,
but as they have little in them to interest the general reader, it has
been deemed advisable to give only a specimen in the Appendix to
the present edition; the omission enabling the publishers to
compress the work into one volume, and thereby to make it more
generally accessible.
I have ventured to take the spelling and pointing into my own
hands; but in no instance have I presumed to alter the disposition of
the text. I have reason to think that the judicious reader will not be
displeased at what is done in this respect; it is no more than what
has been effected for Shakspeare and other of our ancient classics.
The orthography of Cavendish, as the specimen given from his
poems will evince, was exceedingly uncouth and unsettled; retaining
it could have answered no good end; those who wish to have
recourse to the work for philological purposes would most assuredly
prefer the authority of manuscripts; and the disguise of old spelling
might have deterred many from reading this interesting narrative, to
whom it will now afford pleasure.
The remaining portion of the volume comprises a very curious
Memoir of Queen Anne Boleyn by George Wyatt, grandson of Sir
Thomas Wyatt, the poet, containing some particulars relating to that
unfortunate lady not elsewhere noted. It must be considered a
valuable supplement to the notice of her contained in the Life of
Wolsey. In the Appendix is also given a Parallel between Wolsey and
Laud, written at the time when Cavendish’s work first issued from
the press; though its purpose was to excite prejudice against Laud,
it is not deficient in interest, and is conducted with tolerable temper.
The original being of extreme rarity, and of sufficient brevity, I have
thought that it would be an agreeable addition to this work. The few
letters and papers which are added were necessary illustrations of
passages in the text and notes, and though some of them are to be
found in books readily accessible, they are not placed in connexion
with the work to which they relate without sufficient reasons, which
the reader will find stated in the preliminary notices; it is therefore
unnecessary to repeat them in this place. A few notes on the Life of
Wolsey which have been adopted from Dr. Wordsworth’s edition are
distinguished by the letter W.
It is not generally known that a very curious edition of this Life was
printed by the zealous biographer of Wolsey, Mr. Grove of Richmond,
as long since as the year 1761. He had first adopted the old spurious
copy, which he printed in the form of notes to his own work in 1742-
4; but afterwards meeting with a manuscript, he was so indignant
upon finding by comparison the forgeries and scandalous
interpolations of the old editions, that he printed off a small
impression with a preface and notes; but it is one of the rarest of
English books. For the loan of this curious volume[5] I am indebted
to the kindness of Richard Heber, Esq. M.P. for the University of
Oxford, whose liberality, in imparting the inexhaustible treasures of
the richest and most comprehensive library ever formed by one
individual, it has been my good fortune frequently to experience.
My excellent and highly valued friend Francis Douce, Esq. with his
accustomed kindness, threw open to me his valuable library, and
placed in my hands a very curious manuscript[6] of this Life,
embellished with spirited drawings in outline of some of the principal
occurrences, from which three prints have been accurately copied as
appropriate embellishments of the book. With these advantages, I
have reason to hope that this edition will be found in all respects
worthy of the singular merit of the work, and of the auspices under
which it goes forth to the world.
Box Hill,
June 1, 1825.
 CONTENTS.

Page
The Editor’s Preface vii
Who wrote Cavendish’s Life of Wolsey? A Dissertation. By The
Rev. Joseph Hunter, F. S. A. 1
The Life of Wolsey by George Cavendish 61

APPENDIX.
Extracts from the Life of
Anne Boleigne, by George Wyatt, Esq.
Son of Sir Thomas Wyatt the younger 417

Six Letters, supplementary to the above Memoir;

containing Particulars of the Arrest of Queen Anne
Boleyn, and her Behaviour while in the Tower.
LETTER I.
Sir William Kingston to Secretary Cromwell.—Upon Queen
Anne’s Committal to the Tower 451
LETTER II.
Sir William Kingston to Secretary Cromwell.—On Queen
Anne’s Behaviour in Prison 453
LETTER III.
Sir William Kingston to Secretary Cromwell.—Further
Particulars 456
LETTER IV.
Edward Baynton to the Lord Treasurer.—Declaring that
only Mark will confess any Thing against Queen Anne 458
LETTER V.
Sir William Kingston to Secretary Cromwell, May 16, 1536.
—Upon the Preparations for the Execution of Lord
Rochford and Queen Anne 459
LETTER VI.
Sir William Kingston to the same.—Upon the same Subject 460

ORIGINAL LETTERS,
ILLUSTRATIVE OF PASSAGES IN THE LIFE OF WOLSEY.
LETTER VII.
Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland, to his Bedfellow and
Cosyn Thomas Arundel.—Complains of Injuries received
at the Hands of Cardinal Wolsey. Humble Solicitations
for his Favour in certain Matters 462
LETTER VIII.
The same to Secretary Cromwell.—Denying a Contract, or
Promise of Marriage, having ever existed between Anne
Boleyn and himself 464
LETTER IX.
Queen Catherine of Arragon and King Henry VIII. to
Cardinal Wolsey.—A joint Letter, about the coming of the
Legate, and Expressions of Kindness 465
LETTER X.
Anne Boleyn to Cardinal Wolsey.—Thanking him for his
diligent Pains in the Affair of the Divorce 467
LETTER XI.
The same to the same.—The same Subject; and the
coming of the Legate 468
LETTER XII.
Cardinal Wolsey, in his Distress, to Thomas Cromwell 469
LETTER XIII.
Cardinal Wolsey to Secretary Gardener 471
LETTER XIV.
The same to the same.—The miserable Condition he is in,
his Decay of Health, and Poverty, and desiring some
Relief at the King’s Hands. A melancholy Picture 474
LETTER XV.
The same to the same.—Desiring Gardener to write and
give him an Account of the King’s Intentions in regard to
him 476
LETTER XVI.
The same to the same.—Requesting Gardener to expedite
the Making out his Pardon in large and ample Form as
granted by the King 477
LETTER XVII.
The same to the same.—In favour of the Provost of
Beverley, and desiring Gardener to intercede with the
King for his Colleges 479
LETTER XVIII.
The same to the same.—Desiring his Favour in a Suit
against him for a Debt of £700. by one Strangwish 481
LETTER XIX.
Lettre de M. de Bellay Evesque de Bayonne à M. le Grant
Maistre, 17 Oct. 1529.—Containing an interesting
Picture of the Cardinal in his Troubles, and desiring the
Intercession of the King of France, &c. in his Favour 482
LETTER XX.
Thomas Alvard to Thomas Cromwell.—Containing a
genuine Picture of one of the last Interviews with which
Wolsey was favoured by Henry VIII. 487
A Parallel between Cardinal Wolsey and Archbishop Laud, first
printed in 1641 490
 ILLUSTRATIVE DOCUMENTS.

Page
The Will of Thomas Wolsey, Father to the Cardinal 502
Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, Notice of his Book against the
Divorce of Henry and Catherine of Arragon 504
The Schedule appended to the King’s Gift to the Cardinal
after his Forfeiture by the Premunire 507
A Memoryall of such Communication as my Lorde Legatts
Grace had with the Queenes Almoner.—Containing a
circumstantial Account of Queen Katherine’s Objections
to have her Cause finally judged by the Legates, &c. 509
Itinerary of Cardinal Wolsey’s last Journey to the North 516
The Comming and Reseyvyng of the Lord Cardinall into
Powles for the Escaping of Pope Clement VII. A. D.
1527. Ao Regni Henrici VIII. xixo 519
The Ceremonial of receiving the Cardinal’s Hat, sent by the
Pope to Wolsey 522
Specimen of the Poems of George Cavendish 526
 DIRECTIONS FOR PLACING THE
PLATES.

Fac Simile of the Original Autograph MS. to face

this
page.
REFERENCE TO THE PLATE.
No. 1. Part of the Text of the commencement of the
Life, with the attestation finis quod G. C.
No. 2. Last Stanza of the Author’s Address to his
Book, with the subjoined inscription of the date of
the completion of the MS. See Preface, p. xvi.
Portrait of Anne Boleyn to face
the Title
Portrait of Wolsey p. 62
Portrait of King Henry VIII. 79
Cardinal Wolsey in progress 149
Dukes of Suffolk and Norfolk receive the great seal
from Wolsey 246
Cromwell. Earl of Essex 258
Tokens sent to Wolsey by the King and Anne Boleyn 288
Portrait of Sir Thomas Wyatt 424
Fac simile of the Original Autograph M.S. of Cavendish’s Life of Wolsey.
No. 1.
No. 2.
No. 3.
Engraved by J. Swaine.
WHO WROTE CAVENDISH’S LIFE OF
WOLSEY?
FIRST PRINTED IN MDCCCXIV.
When a writer undertakes to give cuique suum in a question of
literary property, if he would avoid the ridicule which they deservedly
incur who raise a controversy only that they may have the honour of
settling it, he must show that there are more claimants than one on
the property he means to assign.
This then will be our first object.
Let the reader turn to the ‘Biographia Britannica,’
To whom the
Biographia
and look out the article ‘Sir William Cavendish.’ He
attributes it. will find in either of the editions what follows in
the words of Dr. Campbell, the original projector of
that work, or rather of his friend Mr. Morant, the historian of Essex,
for it does not appear that the later editors have either reconsidered
the article, or added to it any thing material. Sir William Cavendish,
we are told, “had a liberal education given him by his father, who
settled upon him also certain lands in the county of Suffolk; but
made a much better provision for him by procuring him to be
admitted into the family of the great Cardinal Wolsey, upon whom he
waited in quality of gentleman usher of his chamber.”——“As Mr.
Cavendish was the Cardinal’s countryman, and the Cardinal had a
great kindness for his father, he took him early into his confidence,
and showed him upon all occasions very particular marks of kindness
and respect[7]” Several extracts from the Life of Wolsey are then
produced to show the honourable nature of this employment. Mr.
Cavendish’s faithful adherence to Wolsey in his fall receives due
encomium: and we are then favoured with a detail of Mr. Cavendish’s
public services after the Cardinal’s death, his rich rewards, his
knighthood, marriages, and issue, in which the writer of the article
has followed Sir William Dugdale, and the Peerages. Towards the
conclusion Cavendish is spoken of in his character of an author, a
character which alone could entitle him to admission into that temple
of British worthies. We are told that "he appears from his writings to
have been a man of great honour and integrity, a good subject to his
prince, a true lover of his country, and one who preserved to the last
a very high reverence and esteem for his old master and first patron
Cardinal Wolsey, whose life he wrote in the latter part of his own,
and there gives him a very high character."——"This work of his
remained long in manuscript, and the original some years ago was in
the hands of the Duke of Kingston, supposed to be given by the
author to his daughter, who married into that family. It had been
seen and consulted by the Lord Herbert when he wrote his history of
the Reign of King Henry VIII., but he was either
To whom, Lord
Herbert.
unacquainted with our author’s Christian name, or
mistook him for his elder brother George
Cavendish of Glemsford in the county of Suffolk, Esq. for by that
name his lordship calls him: but it appears plainly from what he says
that the history he made use of was our author’s." p. 324.
Such is the reputation in which the Biographia Britannica is held in
the world, and indeed not undeservedly, that most writers of English
biography have recourse to it for information: and with its authority
those among them are usually well satisfied, who neither value, nor
are willing to undertake, the toilsome researches of the genealogist
and the antiquary. Another such work, for an illustrious class of
English worthies, is ‘The Peerage of England,’ begun by the
respectable and ill rewarded Arthur Collins, and continued by
successive editors with as much exactness as could reasonably have
been expected. The several editions of this work,
To whom the
Peerages.
from that of 1712, in one volume, to that of 1812,
in nine, contain the same account of Sir William
Cavendish’s attendance upon Wolsey, of his tried attachment to him,
and of his lasting gratitude to the memory of his old master,
displayed in writing apologetical memoirs of his life. At the very
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