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Donald R. Askeland, Pradeep P. Fulay, Wendelin J. Wright - The Science and Engineering of Materials, Sixth Edition - CL-Engineering (2010)

The document discusses Fick's First Law of diffusion, providing calculations for the diffusion of nickel ions through magnesium oxide (MgO) at high temperatures. It presents the concentration gradient and the flux of nickel atoms, ultimately determining the total number of nickel atoms crossing a specified interface per second. Additionally, it highlights the temperature dependence of the diffusion coefficient and its relation to the activation energy for diffusion.

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112 views2 pages

Donald R. Askeland, Pradeep P. Fulay, Wendelin J. Wright - The Science and Engineering of Materials, Sixth Edition - CL-Engineering (2010)

The document discusses Fick's First Law of diffusion, providing calculations for the diffusion of nickel ions through magnesium oxide (MgO) at high temperatures. It presents the concentration gradient and the flux of nickel atoms, ultimately determining the total number of nickel atoms crossing a specified interface per second. Additionally, it highlights the temperature dependence of the diffusion coefficient and its relation to the activation energy for diffusion.

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5 - 5 Rate of Diffusion [Fick’s First Law] 167

The compositions in atoms> cm3 are

= 0.005 * 1018 P A atoms


cm3 B
1 P atom
ci = 3
2 * 10 cm
-16

= 2 * 1018 P A atoms
cm3 B
400 P atoms
cs =
2 * 10-16 cm3

Thus, the composition gradient is

¢c 0.005 * 1018 - 2 * 1018 P A atoms


cm3 B
=
¢x 0.1 cm
3 # cm R
atoms
= - 1.995 * 1019 PQ cm

Example 5-4 Diffusion of Nickel in Magnesium Oxide (MgO)

A 0.05 cm layer of magnesium oxide (MgO) is deposited between layers of nickel


(Ni) and tantalum (Ta) to provide a diffusion barrier that prevents reactions
between the two metals (Figure 5-11). At 1400°C, nickel ions diffuse through
the MgO ceramic to the tantalum. Determine the number of nickel ions that
pass through the MgO per second. At 1400°C, the diffusion coefficient of nickel
ions in MgO is 9 * 10-12 cm2> s, and the lattice parameter of nickel at 1400°C is
3.6 * 10-8 cm.

SOLUTION
The composition of nickel at the Ni> MgO interface is 100% Ni, or
atoms
4 Ni unit cell
c Ni/MgO = = 8.573 * 1022 atoms
cm3
(3.6 * 10-8 cm)3

The composition of nickel at the Ta> MgO interface is 0% Ni. Thus, the concentra-
tion gradient is

¢c 0 - 8.573 * 1022 atoms


cm3 atoms
= = - 1.715 * 1024 cm 3 # cm
¢x 0.05 cm

Figure 5-11 Diffusion couple (for Example 5-4).

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
168 CHAPTER 5 Atom and Ion Movements in Materials

The flux of nickel atoms through the MgO layer is

= - (9 * 10-12 cm2> s) A -1.715 * 1024 cm 3 # cm B


¢c atoms
J = -D
¢x
J = 1.543 * 1013 Nicmatoms
2#s

The total number of nickel atoms crossing the 2 cm * 2 cm interface per second is

Total Ni atoms per second = (J )( Area) = A 1.543 * 1013 atoms


cm2 # s B (2 cm)(2 cm)

= 6.17 * 1013 Ni atoms/s

Although this appears to be very rapid, in one second, the volume of nickel atoms
removed from the Ni> MgO interface is

Ni atoms
6.17 * 1013 s 3
= 0.72 * 10-9 cm
s
8.573 * 1022 Ni cm
atoms
3

The thickness by which the nickel layer is reduced each second is


3
0.72 * 10-9 cms
= 1.8 * 10-10 cm
s
4 cm2

For one micrometer (10-4 cm) of nickel to be removed, the treatment requires

10-4 cm
= 556,000 s = 154 h
1.8 * 10-10 cm
s

5-6 Factors Affecting Diffusion


Temperature and the Diffusion Coefficient The kinetics
of diffusion are strongly dependent on temperature. The diffusion coefficient D is related
to temperature by an Arrhenius-type equation,

b
-Q
D = D0 expa (5-4)
RT

where Q is the activation energy (in units of cal> mol) for diffusion of the species under
consideration (e.g., Al in Si), R is the gas constant A 1.987 molcal# K B , and T is the absolute
temperature (K). D0 is the pre-exponential term, similar to c0 in Equation 5-1.
D0 is a constant for a given diffusion system and is equal to the value of the dif-
fusion coefficient at 1> T ⫽ 0 or T ⫽ ⬁. Typical values for D0 are given in Table 5-1, while
the temperature dependence of D is shown in Figure 5-12 for some metals and ceramics.
Covalently bonded materials, such as carbon and silicon (Table 5-1), have unusually high

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

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