M
D=
V
If density is less than 1 it’ll float
If it’s more than 1 it’ll sink
Ironwood sink
Pumice (volcanic rock) floats
Air / Weight
Upthrust
• When upthrust, air, & weight is balanced it’ll float.
• An object will float on water if it’s less denser than water.
• As upthrust increase, the object will float
• As the water density ↑increase, the upthrust increases↑
too
• Temperature is measure of how an object is hot or cold.
• Heat is the amount of energy in an object.
• When an object is cooler, it lose heat.
• When an object is hotter, it gains heat.
• Larger mass needs larger energy/heat.
• Dissipation is losing heat.
• Heat transfer continue until equilibrium.
• Thermal equilibrium is balance between the object & the
surrounding.
• Particles (move faster/vibrate more/ gain more kinetic
energy) when it’s heated.
• It vibrates in case of solid, and move faster when it’s liquid
or gas.
Law of Conversation
• Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred
or stored (potential energy).
Energy Transferred
Useful Dissipated
Dissipated means wasted to the surrounding in the form of
thermal energy.
Ex: Blender: (Kinetic energy: useful -- Sound, thermal:
dissipated)
20 J
Useful
Normal Light Bulb: 100 J
80 J
Useful < dissipated
Companies try to make efficient bulbs, dissipated
so useful energy is
more than dissipated.
75 J
Efficient light bulb: Useful
15 J
Dissipated
Chemical Energy :-
1- Fossil fuels
2- Food
3- Batteries
4- Candles
• Thermal energy that is transferred from matter at a higher
temperature to matter at a lower temperature is called
heat.
• Heat is transferred from a warmer object → cooler object.
• Heat that is transferred between two objects that are
touching is conduction.
• Air is used in making the insulating glass windows as it
prevents the leakage of heat.
• Insulators are used in making heavy blankets and woollen
clothes.
• Handles of cooking pots are made from plastic or wood.
• Cooking pots are made of aluminium.
• Gaps are left between the railway bars to avoid train
accident.
• Heat travel from hot → cold.
Heat Transfer
Conduction
Radiation
Convection Evaporation
Transfer in solids by
direct contact. Transfer by
Transfer by Lowers
• Particles electromagnetic
visible contact temperature of waves through
vibrate so fast
convection any surface. solids, liquids, gas,
in place
(current through)
• Only electrons vacuum.
liquids and gas.
are moving.
• Metals are Air around hot
Infrared waves
good emitted from all
objects becomes
conductors warmer →
objects have
while plastic particles move temperature above
and wood are faster → expands 0℃ .
poor → less dense →
conductors. rises up → replace More in darker
by cooler, denser objects.
air forming a
convection current.
In conduction electrons flow to transfer energy.
In convection particles flow to transfer energy.
In radiation waves vibrates to transfer energy.
Energy is transferred through a solid by conduction.
Conductors ex. Metals: copper.
Insulators ex. Paper, cloth, wood, plastic.
Insulators conduct heat but in very long time and for short
duration.
SOLIDS without any visible movement by direct contact.
• It is due to temperature differences.
• Heat flows from high temperature region to a lower
temperature region.
Our skin detects the transfer of energy rather than the
temperature.
Both insulators and conductors are in the same
temperature.
Why do metals feel colder or hotter?
Due to rapid transfer of energy.
Electrons also transfer energy in metals.
The particles in the part that is heated is vibrating more than
the part that isn’t heated.
Liquids and gases are poor conductors, cause they’re not
free to move.
Convection is the process by which heat is transmitted from
one place to another by the movement of heated particles of
a gas or liquid.
The liquid in the pan is free to move so energy is transferred
by convection.
In a fire the hot smoky air expands and rises. That is why
firefighters crawl on the floor.
Hot smoke becomes:
• Less dense,
• Expand and rises
Heating gives lower density.
When less dense air on land expands & rise, the denser air
from the sea move to the land.
Further apart, expand, less dense, rises, float.
Land is hot in the daytime & cooler in the night time.
Sea is colder in the daytime and hotter in the night time.
Our skin can detect infrared(heat) and visible light.
Waves can be reflected, transmitted, absorbed.
Any object above 0 ℃ radiates heat.
Hotter objects radiates more.
Dull, dark objects absorb and emit more infrared
waves(heat) than lighter in colour objects.
Shiny, light object reflect more, absorb &emit less.
N
Pressure=
m
3
Pressure occurs due to collision of particles to the wall of the
container.
* Upthrust of a liquid depends on the density of the liquid.
More Density = Higher Upthrust
Average speed or movement of particles depends on the
temperature of the object.
Salty water is more denser than pure water, → more
upthrust.
Why do firefighters crawl in case of fire?
Air around hot places becomes warmer → particles move faster →
expands → less dense → rises up (taking the smoke up) →replace by
cooler, denser air forming a convection current
Why atmosphere of earth will be very hot in day and very
cold at night?
1. CO2 (greenhouse gas) of the atmosphere absorb infrared
rays and emit same of them. Its absence leads to
absorbtion without emition.
2. Atmosphere reflects 50% of infrared of the sun.
• All objects emit thermal radiation. They emit light if they
are hot.
• Radiation, including light and infrared, is emitted by the
Sun.
• The atmosphere reflects radiation like glass in a
greenhouse.
