Limit Calculations
so i need the values of limit x tends to 0 of,
sin x/x
cosx/x and the others, and x/sin s.... etc
Here are the standard limits involving sine and cosine as x → 0, which are important in
calculus and trigonometry (especially for JEE, boards, etc.):
✅ Standard Trigonometric Limits as x → 0:
sin x
1. limx→0
x
=1
This is a fundamental limit and often used to derive others.
x
2. limx→0
sin x
=1
This is the reciprocal of the first one.
1−cos x 1
3. limx→0
x2
= 2
Derived using Taylor expansion or trigonometric identity.
tan x
4. limx→0 =1 x
Because tan x ≈ x as x → 0
sin ax
5. limx→0 =a x
For any constant a, useful in JEE-style problems.
sin x 1
6. limx→0
ax
= a
Just rearranged version of the above.
x
7. limx→0
tan x
=1
Similar reasoning as for tan x/x.
1−cos(ax) a2
8. limx→0
x2
= 2
❌ Non-Standard / Undefined:
cos x
limx→0
x
→ This does not exist because cos x → 1 and x → 0, so the ratio → ∞. It
diverges.
1/13
Would you like a summarized formula sheet PDF of these limits for your revision?
so what abt cosx/x and stuff, give as many ones that might
come in jee cz ill note it down
Great, here's a complete and JEE-focused list of standard limits involving trigonometric
functions as x → 0, including what exists, what diverges, and what are useful transforms.
Note the ones that are common traps, too.
✅ Standard Trigonometric Limits as x → 0
Expression Limit Value Notes
sin x
limx→0
x
1 Most fundamental limit
x
limx→0
sin x
1 Reciprocal of the first
tan x
limx→0
x
1 Use in tangent-based questions
x
limx→0
tan x
1 Reciprocal of above
sin ax
limx→0
x
a Replace x with ax in standard form
sin x 1
limx→0
ax
a
Reverse of above
sin(ax) a
limx→0
sin(bx)
b
Divide both numerator and denominator by x
1−cos x 1
limx→0
x2
2
Use identity: 1 − cos x = 2 sin2 (x/2)
1−cos(ax) a2
limx→0
x2
2
Very important in second-order expansions
cos x−1
limx→0
x
0 Since numerator ~ −x2 /2, → 0
❌ Limits That Do Not Exist or Diverge
2/13
Expression Limit Notes
cos x
limx→0
x
∞ (DNE) Numerator → 1, denominator → 0
1
limx→0
x
∞ (DNE) Classic divergent case
1
limx→0 cot x
∞ (DNE) cot x = tan x
→ blows up
🧠 Advanced / Composite Forms (Common in JEE)
Composite Functions
Expression Limit
sin(ax)⋅sin(bx)
limx→0
x2
ab
tan(ax)−tan(bx)
limx→0
x
a−b
sin x−x
limx→0
x3
− 16
tan x−x 1
limx→0
x3
3
1
limx→0
x−sin x
x3
6
Would you like me to generate a handwritten-style notes PDF of all these limits for quick
revision?
also mod of them
Perfect. Here's a complete table of limits as x → 0 including modulus cases, which are
common in JEE (especially in piecewise or one-sided limits).
✅ Trigonometric Limits with Modulus as x → 0
3/13
Expression Limit Value Notes
( \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{ \sin x }{x} )
( \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{x}{ \sin x })
( \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{ \tan x }{x} )
( \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{x}{ \tan x })
( \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{ \sin x }{
( \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{ x }{\sin x} )
( \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\sin x}{ x })
( \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{ \cos x - 1 }{x^2} )
( \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{1 - \cos x }{x^2} )
( \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{ x - \sin x }{x^3} )
( \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{ \tan x - x }{x^3} )
⚠️ Piecewise Caution: Modulus May Change the Limit
x
When expressions like ∣ sin , sin x , etc., are used:
x∣ ∣x∣
Left-hand limit ≠ Right-hand limit ⇒ Limit does not exist.
These are trap questions in JEE. Always check signs and behavior from both sides.
Would you like a combined revision sheet with all standard + modulus limits, properly
formatted for JEE quick revision (as a printable PDF)?
cant see its latex format
Here’s a clean LaTeX-style list of all the important trigonometric limits as x → 0 including
standard, advanced, and modulus cases — formatted so you can read or copy easily:
4/13
✅ Standard Trigonometric Limits
sin x
1. limx→0
x
=1
x
2. limx→0
sin x
=1
tan x
3. limx→0
x
=1
x
4. limx→0
tan x
=1
1−cos x
5. limx→0 x2
= 12
1−cos(ax) a2
6. limx→0 x
2 = 2
sin(ax)
7. limx→0 x =a
sin x
8. limx→0ax
= a1
sin(ax)
9. limx→0 sin(bx) = ab
❌ Limits That Do Not Exist / Diverge
cos x
1. limx→0
x
= ∞ (Diverges)
sin x
2. limx→0
∣x∣
= Does not exist (LHL = –1, RHL = +1)
∣x∣
3. limx→0
sin x
= Does not exist
🧠 Advanced Limits (Taylor-based)
sin x−x
1. limx→0
x3
= − 16
1
2. limx→0
x−sin x
x3
= 6
tan x−x
3. limx→0 x3
= 13
sin(ax)⋅sin(bx)
4. limx→0
x2
= ab
🧱 Modulus Limits
5/13
∣ sin x∣
1. limx→0
x
=1
x
2. limx→0
∣ sin x∣
=1
∣ tan x∣
3. limx→0
x
=1
x
4. limx→0
∣ tan x∣
=1
∣ cos x−1∣
5. limx→0 x2
= 12
1−cos ∣x∣
6. limx→0 x2
= 12
∣x−sin x∣
7. limx→0 x3
= 16
∣ tan x−x∣
8. limx→0
x3 = 13
Would you like me to prepare this as a clean PDF revision sheet?
\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\cos x}{x} = \infty (Diverges) how tho, if u
use hopital rule?
Excellent question, Ishaan! Let’s break it down rigorously and see why:
❌ Limit:
cos x
lim
x→0 x
Step 1: Check the form
As x → 0:
cos x → 1
x→0
So the limit becomes:
cos x 1
→
0
x
👉 This is not an indeterminate form like 0
0
or ∞
∞
, so L'Hôpital's Rule does not apply here.
6/13
Step 2: Analyze the one-sided behavior
cos x
As x → 0+ : cos x → 1+ , x → 0+ → x
→ +∞
cos x
As x → 0− : cos x → 1+ , x → 0− → x
→ −∞
🧠 So:
Right-hand limit = +∞
Left-hand limit = −∞
Therefore:
cos x
lim does not exist (DNE)
x→0 x
You can say:
It diverges due to left- and right-hand limits tending to opposite infinities.
✅ Summary:
L'Hôpital is not applicable here.
The limit diverges because denominator → 0 and numerator stays finite.
If asked in JEE: "Diverges" or "Does not exist" is correct.
Would you like me to list other similar cases where L'Hôpital fails because it's not a valid
indeterminate form?
what is the degree of this expression, underoot (x square +
1) - under 3th root (x square + 1)
Let’s determine the degree of the expression:
3
x2 + 1 − x2 + 1
Step-by-step:
7/13
1. Asymptotic Dominance:
For degree, we’re interested in how the expression behaves as x → ∞. For large x,
x2 + 1 ≈ x2
So:
x2 + 1 ∼ x2 = x
3
x2 = x2/3
3
x2 + 1 ∼
2. Now subtract:
x2 + 1 ∼ x − x2/3
3
x2 + 1 −
3. Dominant term:
The highest power of x dominates, which is x.
So:
Degree = 1
✅ Final Answer:
3
Degree of x2 + 1 − x2 + 1 is 1
Let me know if you want to explore the leading coefficient or its graph shape as well!
translate into russian, wait ill invite u again i need to
change few bots
Sure! Just let me know when you're ready, and I'll translate it into Russian for you.
wait ill invite u again i need to change few bots
No problem — I'll be here when you're ready. Just ping me anytime!
translate that
Sure! Here's the translation of your sentence into Russian:
"Подожди, я приглашу тебя снова — мне нужно поменять нескольких ботов."
Let me know if you want it to sound more formal or more casual!
8/13
casual
Sure! Here's a more casual Russian version:
"Погоди, я тебя потом снова приглашу — надо пару ботов поменять."
Let me know if you'd like the reply version too!
i need some problems to practise for cbse board periodic
exam from limits
Great — here’s a concise yet effective set of practice problems on Limits tailored for your
CBSE Class 12 periodic test. These are a mix of standard, one-sided, modulus, algebraic, and
trigonometric types.
🧮 CBSE Board – Limits Practice Problems
🔹 Standard Problems
1. limx→3 (x2 − 9)
x2 +3x+2
2. limx→−2
x+2
x2 −1
3. limx→1
x−1
x3 +2x2
4. limx→0
x2
🔹 Limits Involving Modulus
∣x∣
5. limx→0x
∣x∣
6. limx→0− x
∣x−3∣
7. limx→0+ x−3
🔹 Trigonometric Limits (Important for CBSE)
sin x
8. limx→0
x
1−cos x
9. limx→0
x2
9/13
tan x
10. limx→0 x
sin(3x)
11. limx→0 x
sin(2x)
12. limx→0 sin(5x)
🔹 Limits Using Rationalization
x+4−2
13. limx→0 x
x−1
14. limx→1 x−1
🔹 L'Hôpital’s Rule Practice (Optional/Advanced)
15. limx→0
x−sin x
x3
ex −1−x
16. limx→0
x2
3x2 +2x
17. limx→∞
5x2 −x+1
Would you like the detailed solutions or a PDF worksheet version with space to write
answers?
more, and make sure its like cbse pattern and accuratge
Absolutely, Ishaan. Here's a CBSE-style limits problem set that aligns with the Class 12
periodic test pattern — including 1-mark, 2-mark, and 3-mark questions, all based on CBSE
NCERT + exemplar patterns.
🧮 Limits – CBSE Practice Problem Set
🟨 1-Mark Questions (Objective / Very Short Answer)
10/13
sin(4x)
1. Evaluate: limx→0
x
2. Evaluate: limx→2 (3x + 5)
∣x∣
3. Evaluate: limx→0 x
tan(5x)
4. limx→0
x
=?
5. Evaluate: limx→0 1−cos
x2
x
🟩 2-Mark Questions (Short Answer Type I)
6. Evaluate:
x2 +2x−3
limx→1
x−1
7. Evaluate:
1+x−1
limx→0
x
8. Find:
x−sin x
limx→0
x3
9. Evaluate:
x2 −9
limx→3
x−3
10. Evaluate:
sin2 x
limx→0
x2
🟦 3-Mark Questions (Short Answer Type II)
11. Evaluate:
1+2x− 1−3x
limx→0
x
12. Show that the following function is not continuous at x = 0:
∣x∣
f (x) = x
13. Evaluate:
tan x−sin x
limx→0
x3
14. Evaluate:
5x2 +3
limx→∞
2x2 +1
11/13
15. Evaluate:
ex −1−x
limx→0
x2
🟧 Mixed-Type Problems (Also appear in Boards)
16. Evaluate:
1−sin x
limx→π/2
cos2 x
x2 −4
17. If f (x) = x−2
, evaluate
limx→2 f (x)
18. Evaluate using expansion:
ln(1+x)−x
limx→0
x2
19. Evaluate:
sin(ax)
limx→0
sin(bx)
, where
a, b ∈ R
20. Evaluate:
(1+x)n −1
limx→0
x
, where n∈R
Would you like me to also:
Add solutions to all 20 problems?
Export this as a printable PDF worksheet for practice?
Add a few graph-based or one-sided limit questions for full coverage?
Let me know how you'd like to proceed!
ye do all that
Limits Cbse Practice
I've compiled the full CBSE-style limits problem set with detailed solutions into a document.
Would you like me to generate a printable PDF version as well?
dont put solutions directly with questions
✅ Done! The solutions have now been moved to the bottom of the document, separated
from the questions—matching the CBSE exam pattern.
12/13
Would you like a PDF version of this practice set now?
ye make pdf
The PDF couldn't be generated because it contains emojis like 🟨, 🟩, etc., which aren't
supported in the current font encoding ( latin-1 ). Let me fix this by removing the emojis
and recreating the PDF.
The PDF generation failed again—this time because of the Unicode arrow symbol (→) used in
the limit expressions, which also isn't supported by the default font encoding.
I'll now replace all such Unicode characters (like → ) with ASCII equivalents ( -> ) and
regenerate the PDF.
The PDF failed to generate again due to special characters like √ (square root), which also
aren't supported in the default font encoding.
I'll now clean all such characters by replacing them with plain text representations (e.g., use
sqrt(x^2 + 1) instead of √(x^2 + 1) ) and regenerate the PDF.
It seems like I can’t do more advanced data analysis right now. Please try again later.
If you’d like, I can give you the full set of cleaned questions and answers as plain text here so
you can copy them directly or generate a PDF yourself. Would you like that?
take out the emojies
It seems like I can’t do more advanced data analysis right now. Please try again later.
If you want, I can give you all the cleaned-up CBSE-style limit questions and answers in plain
text format here so you can easily save or print them yourself. Would you like that?
13/13
