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VTU Exam Question Paper With Solution of BEC303 Electronic Principles and Circuits Jan-2025-Dr. Abinash Panda - Prof. Kavitha N. Pillai

The document describes first-order low-pass and second-order high-pass filters, highlighting their functions and configurations. The first-order low-pass filter allows low-frequency signals to pass while attenuating high frequencies, using an operational amplifier for stability. The second-order high-pass filter, which has a steeper roll-off rate, is implemented with two reactive components and is commonly designed using the Sallen-Key configuration.

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11K views37 pages

VTU Exam Question Paper With Solution of BEC303 Electronic Principles and Circuits Jan-2025-Dr. Abinash Panda - Prof. Kavitha N. Pillai

The document describes first-order low-pass and second-order high-pass filters, highlighting their functions and configurations. The first-order low-pass filter allows low-frequency signals to pass while attenuating high frequencies, using an operational amplifier for stability. The second-order high-pass filter, which has a steeper roll-off rate, is implemented with two reactive components and is commonly designed using the Sallen-Key configuration.

Uploaded by

Mystichtechboy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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5(a)
5(b)
6(a)
6(b)
6c)
7(a
First-Order Low-Pass Filter

A first-order low-pass filter is a basic electrical circuit that allows low-frequency signals to
pass through while attenuating high-frequency signals. It is called "first-order" because its output
depends linearly on the input frequency (i.e., the roll-off rate is 20 dB/ decade).

This first-order low pass active filter, consists simply of a passive RC filter stage providing a low
frequency path to the input of a non-inverting operational amplifier. The amplifier is configured
as a voltage-follower (Buffer) giving it a DC gain of one, Av = +1 or unity gain as opposed to the
previous passive RC filter which has a DC gain of less than unity.
The advantage of this configuration is that the op-amps high input impedance prevents excessive
loading on the filters output while its low output impedance prevents the filters cut-off frequency
point from being affected by changes in the impedance of the load.
While this configuration provides good stability to the filter, its main disadvantage is that it has no
voltage gain above one. However, although the voltage gain is unity the power gain is very high
as its output impedance is much lower than its input impedance. If a voltage gain greater than one
is required we can use the following filter circuit.
8(a)
8(b)
Second-Order High-Pass Filter

A second-order high-pass filter allows high-frequency signals to pass while attenuating low-
frequency signals. Being "second-order" means it has a roll-off rate of 40 dB/decade) in the
stopband, which is steeper than a first-order filter.

Circuit Diagram

A second-order high-pass filter can be implemented using two reactive components (capacitors)
and two resistors. The most common configuration uses an active filter design with an
operational amplifier (op-amp) to improve performance.

Frequency Response

Most designs of second order filters are generally named after their inventor with the
most common filter types being: Butterworth, Chebyshev, Bessel and Sallen-Key. The
Sallen-Key filter design is one of the most widely known and popular 2nd order filter
designs, requiring only a single operational amplifier for the gain control and four
passive RC components to accomplish the tuning.
9(a)
9(b)
10(a)
10(b)

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