ORIGINAL RESEARCH

published: 28 April 2020

doi: 10.3389/fbuil.2020.00050

A Resilience and Robustness

Oriented Design of Base-Isolated
Structures: The New Camerino
University Research Center
Andrea Dall’Asta 1* , Graziano Leoni 1 , Fabio Micozzi 1* , Laura Gioiella 1 and Laura Ragni 2
1
School of Architecture and Design, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy, 2 Department of Civil and Building Engineering
and Architecture, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy

This paper analyses the new Research Centre designed for the University of Camerino
and entirely financed by the national Civil Protection Department (DPC), following the
seismic events in Central Italy in 2016. The building has been designed to guarantee
speed of execution as well as a high level of safety, especially regarding seismic
actions. The structural solution was to create an isolated system with a steel braced
super-structure with pinned joints and r.c. sub-structures able to adapt to the complex
morphology of the area. As described in the first part of the paper, design choices
Edited by:
Solomon Tesfamariam,
have been made to achieve a high level of resilience and robustness, i.e., to limit
The University of British Columbia, damage to structural and non-structural components and equipment under moderate
Canada
and design seismic actions and to avoid disproportionate consequences in the event
Reviewed by:
of extreme actions, larger than the design ones. In the second part of the paper,
Yongbo Peng,
Tongji University, China specific risk analyses have been carried out to evaluate the real performance of the
Giuseppe Ricciardi, building under increasing intensity levels, with reference to both serviceability and
University of Messina, Italy
ultimate conditions. To this purpose a site-specific hazard study was first conducted,
*Correspondence:
Dall’Asta Andrea
then non-linear analyses were performed using a hazard-consistent set of records with
[email protected] return periods ranging from TR = 60 years to TR = 10000 years. The main demand
Fabio Micozzi
parameters of both the isolation system and the super-structure were recorded and
[email protected]
capacity values corresponding to different ultimate and damage limit conditions were
Specialty section: defined. The results obtained in terms of demand hazard curves show that the building
This article was submitted to
performances in terms of robustness and resilience are very high, confirming the efficacy
Earthquake Engineering,
a section of the journal of the strategies adopted in the design.
Frontiers in Built Environment
Keywords: base isolation, high damping rubber bearings, hybrid isolation system, seismic risk analysis, hazard
Received: 13 December 2019 demand curves
Accepted: 30 March 2020
Published: 28 April 2020
Citation: INTRODUCTION
Dall’Asta A, Leoni G, Micozzi F,
Gioiella L and Ragni L (2020) A Since the seismic events in Central Italy in 2016, which severely damaged the city of Camerino,
Resilience and Robustness Oriented
several buildings are under reconstruction or are to be rebuilt. One of these is the new University of
Design of Base-Isolated Structures:
The New Camerino University
Camerino Research Centre, which is entirely financed by the national Civil Protection Department
Research Center. (DPC). The structure, as required by the funding body, was conceived by privileging solutions
Front. Built Environ. 6:50. guaranteeing the speed of execution (and possible dismantling) and a high level of safety, especially
doi: 10.3389/fbuil.2020.00050 with regard to seismic actions.

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Dall’Asta et al. Seismic Risk of Isolated Structure

The structural solution was therefore to create an isolated spectrum of the site for different return periods of the seismic
system with a steel braced super-structure with pinned joints and action. Based on the obtained mean conditioned spectra and
r.c. sub-structures able to adapt to the complex morphology of relevant dispersions, procedures as described in the literature
the area. In particular, a hybrid isolation system was adopted, (Baker, 2011; Baker and Lee, 2018) have been applied to obtain set
comprising High Damping Rubber (HDR) bearings and low- of records to be used for the non-linear analyses under increasing
friction sliders able to provide a high period of isolation. The intensity levels characterized by return periods ranging from
choice of this isolation system is mainly due to their good TR = 60 years to TR = 10000 years. The main demand parameters
behavior for both low-medium and strong intensity earthquakes. of both the isolation system and the super-structure have been
In fact, the hazard of the site does not lead to excessive recorded and capacity values corresponding to different ultimate
displacements for strong earthquakes, which can be faced with a and damage conditions have been defined. Finally, the demand
moderate damping. Thus, high dissipative solutions, such as lead hazard curves of the monitored demand parameters have been
rubber bearings (LRBs) or curved surface sliders (CSSs) are not evaluated to quantify the exceedance probability of each limit
required in this case. Moreover, the solution with HDR bearings state considered.
is better in providing resilience to the building for frequent
earthquakes, i.e., no damage or downtime. In fact, for lower
displacements the stiffness and damping of this kind of bearings BUILDING DESCRIPTION AND DESIGN
only slightly increase. Differently, devices such LRBs or CSSs are
characterized by high level of damping and stiffness for small The structural system of the university research center was
displacements, which could lead to larger floor accelerations for conceived around a design solution suitable for the complex
frequent events (Yang et al., 2010). This would be very dangerous morphology of the area and for the speed of execution and
for the Research Centre object of this paper, given the potentially able to guarantee a high level of resilience and robustness to
high risk activities in the chemistry and physics laboratories, the construction. In particular, the foundations and the lower
where dangerous substances and expensive equipment sensitive parts of the building have been designed to reduce the impact
to floor accelerations will be housed. Moreover, since the building on the ground profile, which is characterized by a remarkable
is intended for public use with the possibility of accommodating slope. The characteristics of the soil and the variability of the
large crowds and may even be used as coordination center in thickness of the deformable layer led to the adoption of deep
the organization of civil protection post-earthquake activities in foundations (Figure 1). The isolation system, consisting of high-
the case of possible future seismic events, two complementary damping elastomeric isolators and low-friction flat sliders, have
strategies have been adopted to also ensure adequate structural been placed at the horizontal level above the sub-structure
robustness against extreme actions, larger than the design ones. r.c. elements. The upper part of the building (super-structure)
The first consists of a safety margin adopted for the displacement is made of steel elements and is developed by assuming a
capacity of both the devices composing the isolation system 7.2 m × 7.2 m modular system, for a total of 7 modules along each
and the seismic gaps on the upstream side of the building. For direction, and a 1.9 m long cantilever along the entire perimeter
both of them a capacity limit greater than the maximum design of building (Figure 2). The steel elements have been optimized
displacement at the Collapse Limit State (CLS, characterized in terms of dimensions and connection systems based on the
by the return period of TR = 950 years) has been required single module, resulting in a significant saving on materials and a
to avoid anomalous behaviors, such as the exit of the sliders significant reduction in construction times.
out of the sliding surface or the impact of the building with
neighboring structures. The second strategy consists of adopting Sub-Structures
a steel super-structure equipped with elasto-plastic braces, able The building is founded on a multi-level pile system, with piles
to limit disproportionate consequences in the case of even more of 0.8 m diameter and 14 m long. The foundation system on
large horizontal actions. This aspect is guaranteed by the over- the head of the piles is composed of a set of plinths, of variable
strength of the diagonal brace, which is important in the case of shapes and a height of 1.2 m, mutually connected by r.c. beams
extreme horizontal actions causing an increase in the stiffness with a 0.4 m × 0.8 m cross section. All the elements are made
of the HDR bearings (due to their hardening behavior) or the of C25/30 concrete with B450C steel reinforcement bars. The
closure of the gaps. Finally, the robustness under exceptional columns of the sub-structures have a circular section of 1.2 m
scenario (such as fire events or explosions) leading to the loss of diameter or a 1 m × 1 m square section and they are only in the
vertical bearing of isolators is ensured by adopting safety supports downstream part of the building (Figure 1). All the elements are
around the device. made of C28/35 concrete with B450C steel reinforcement bars. At
In this paper a description of the building is first presented, the head of each column, a capital allows for the easy maintenance
then the design procedure of the base-isolated building is and the replacement of seismic support systems (HDR bearings
illustrated and finally a specific risk analysis is reported to or sliders). These capitals are of two distinct types: (a) as a
demonstrate the achievement of the design objectives, i.e., a very support for the elastomeric and (b) as support for the sliders
low seismic risk in terms of the attainment of both damage and to compensate for the different heights and to allow for vertical
ultimate limit states. In particular, the last part of the paper alignment of the top of all the devices (Figure 3). It is worth
reports a site-specific hazard study carried out with the Reasses noting that the capitals are designed with specific reinforcements
v.2.0 software (Chioccarelli et al., 2019) providing a conditioned to withstand the forces acting on the super-structure during

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Dall’Asta et al. Seismic Risk of Isolated Structure

FIGURE 1 | Longitudinal section of the building (red circles represent HDR bearings and green squares represent flat sliders).

FIGURE 2 | Plan view of the building (red circles represent HDRB bearings and green squares represent flat sliders).

lifting for possible removing and replacement of the devices. compound can still be classified as high damping, because the
Finally, they are all equipped with 4 safety supports (one on damping ratio is larger than the lower bound of 6% (at 100% of
each corner) to ensure the transfer of vertical loads in cases of shear strain) fixed by the code. Moreover, a shear stiffness equal
emergency (loss of support capacity of one or more devices). to 0.4 MPa was assumed at the design shear strain, typical of a
soft rubber. For the flat sliding bearings, a friction coefficient of
Isolation System less than 1% was required. In a preliminary phase, the bearings
The isolation system has been designed considering a target were dimensioned by assuming a rigid super-structure and sub-
period of Tis = 3.5 s at the design intensity earthquake, able to structures to obtain a 1-DOF (degree of freedom system) and by
guarantee a significant reduction of the actions transferred to neglecting the slider friction. Thus, the elastic response spectra
the super-structure in the case of a seismic event. In particular, have been used, reduced for all the periods T ≥ 0.8 Tis by
the solution adopted to guarantee this period involves the use the equivalent damping of the HDR bearings. Figure 4 shows
of a hybrid isolation system with HDR bearings arranged on the elastic displacement spectra and the pseudo-acceleration
the perimeter in order to maximize torsional stiffness, and flat spectra for the considered site (Camerino, soil type B) at the
sliding supports in the central part to support higher vertical different limit states: the Operational Limit State (OLS), the
loads. HDR bearings commonly used in Italy have a damping Damage Limit State (DLS), the Ultimate Limit State (ULS) and
ratio ranging from 10% to 15% (FIP, 2016), which is lower than the Collapse Limit State (CLS), characterized by the return
HDR bearings used in other countries with higher seismicity periods respectively equal to TR = 60 years, TR = 100 years,
areas, such as Japan (Bridgestone, 2017). In the design of the TR = 950 years, and TR = 1950 years, according to the national
isolation system the lower limit of 10% at the design shear strain seismic code (NTC, 2018) for the use class IV. According to
was assumed. However, according to EN15129 (2009), this rubber that code, the design was carried out by deriving the maximum

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Dall’Asta et al. Seismic Risk of Isolated Structure

FIGURE 3 | Capitals for the isolation system devices (HDR bearings and flat sliders).

FIGURE 4 | Displacement (A) and pseudo-acceleration (B) spectra at the different limit states.

displacement of the isolators from the displacement spectrum at equal to 2.5. Based on the obtained displacement and the design
the CLS corresponding to the isolation period of 3.5 s, which shear strain of bearings the total height of rubber of the bearings
is about 0.27 m. An average design shear strain equal to 1.5 is is his = 0.27/1.5 = 0.18 m. The total area of rubber (Ais ) able to
assumed, ensuring a significant safety margin against possible guarantee the target isolation period can be deduced through the
shear failure, even in the presence of accidental torsional effects. following relationship:
In fact, by assuming an amplification of 1.2 (Dolce et al., 2013)
for torsional effects, the maximum deformation is equal to 1.8,  2
which is still lower than the maximum value allowed by the GAis 2π
= M (1)
European standard on anti-seismic devices (EN15129, 2009) his Tis

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Dall’Asta et al. Seismic Risk of Isolated Structure

FIGURE 5 | Sections of the building (the red line highlights the seismic cut of staircases whereas the blue dotted area highlights the steel frame of the hanged
elevator).

The total mass of the system is equal to M = 6173 kNms−2 actions, while the resistance to horizontal actions is ensured by
therefore the total area obtained is equal to Ais = 9,087 m2 . Based the diagonal tension-compression braces, arranged in a reverse V
on the total rubber area obtained and on the devices available and placed in the two main directions of the building. HE300B
on the market, the following types of devices have been chosen: type profile columns are used, for both elevations, whereas the
(i) elastomeric isolators with a diameter of 600 mm, total height main beams are made of HE400A type profiles and the secondary
of rubber 184 mm, with horizontal rigidity 0.62 kN/mm and ones are made of IPE360 profiles. Braces have a hollow circular
maximum displacement 350 mm, (ii) sliding supports with a section with 193.6 mm diameter and 16 mm thickness. The
maximum displacement of 400 mm and friction coefficient lower first floor above the isolation plane is made of precast r.c. slabs
than 1%. The final choice of devices led to a slightly higher (H = 5 + 20 + 5 cm) and beams of 40 × 80 cm sections arranged
isolation period equal to Tis = 3.60 s. It should be noted that in both directions and designed by accounting for moments
the displacement capacity of both the devices is larger than induced by P-1 effects due to the large displacements of HDR
the maximum displacement at the CLS accounting for torsional bearings and sliders during the earthquake motion. The second
effects (270 ∗ 1.2 = 324 mm), especially for slider devices. As and third floors are made of corrugated steel sheets and r.c. slabs
already highlighted in the introduction, this safety assumption (H = 75 + 55 mm), supported by secondary steel beams. For
guarantees the absence of anomalous behaviors due for example the external cantilever, present in all three levels, the structural
to the exit of the sliders for actions greater than those considered systems of the respective floors are used. All the elements are
in the design. An adequate dimension has also been assumed for made using S355 steel. Finally, twin staircases guarantee the
the seismic gaps placed in the upstream part of the building at vertical connection of the building. Since the staircases cross the
the road level. In particular, high-performance floor gaps have isolation layer, a seismic gap has been placed below the first floor
been installed in the entrance areas, able to absorb the entire slab, and the arrival ramp has been cut to guarantee a relative
movement without damage and maintaining a horizontal surface displacement of 400 mm (Figure 5). There are other staircases
even during the earthquake, while in the other areas standard in the building: a reinforced concrete staircase connecting the
gaps have been arranged, able to absorb the entire displacement sub-structure to the first floor (also provided with a seismic
but with damage to the rubber inserts beyond a certain threshold. cut to allow the relative displacement of the adjacent reinforced
In both cases, the displacement capacity assumed is equal to concrete beams and plinths in the arrival area) and two other steel
350 mm. Similar precautions have been taken with regard to staircases connecting the super-structure. There are also three
facilities, piping and installations, which must absorb the entire elevators in the building, two of which reach the sub-structure.
design displacement without damage or loss of functionality. For these lifts, the part of the structure being under the isolation
level is hanged on the floor just above the isolation system.
Super-Structure In this way, the absence of any interference with the isolation
As already mentioned, the super-structure is articulated on two system or the fixed parts of the sub-structure is ensured. At
levels (for a total of three decks) and the structural system is the underground level high-performance seismic floor gaps have
made of steel. In particular, the structural system consists of been used to permit access to the lift and avoid impact between
beams and columns with pinned joints, that take on gravitational the hanged lift-case and the sub-structure during an earthquake.

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LINEAR DYNAMIC ANALYSES UNDER TABLE 2 | Maximum base shear, maximum displacements of the isolation system
and maximum compression forces on the isolation devices.
SERVICE AND DESIGN CONDITIONS
Vx Vy dx dy Nmax Nmin Nmax Nmin
For design purposes, seismic analyses of the building was carried sliders sliders HDRBs HDRBs
out by modeling all the structural system components (the super-
kN kN mm mm kN kN kN kN
structure, the sub-structure and the isolation system) as linear
elastic elements, having satisfied the conditions reported in NTC OLS_X 1277 379 51 19 716 1204 647 1034
for the linear modeling of isolation systems (NTC, 2018). In OLS_Y 383 1265 19 51 780 1215 648 1033
particular, the isolation devices were modeled by means of linear DLS_X 1477 439 68 25 689 1225 647 1035
elastic springs (HDR bearings) and sliding supports (sliders). DLS_Y 443 1465 26 68 758 1238 648 1034
For the bearings, the horizontal stiffness is assumed consistent ULS_X 2287 685 212 77 594 1313 647 1025
with the level of displacement reached at each considered limit (q = 1)
state. This was iteratively estimated based on the displacement ULS_Y 686 2284 80 212 665 1336 647 1026
spectra of the different limit states and the expressions available (q = 1)
CLS_X 4576 1364 284 104 329 1560 645 1043
in the technical literature about rubber equivalent parameters (G
and ξ ) as a function of the obtained shear strain (FIP, 2016). CLS_Y 1373 4545 107 284 412 1605 646 1041

It should be noted that the vertical deformability of the HDR

bearings was also taken into account, despite the ratio between including the increase in axial load due to seismic actions,
their vertical stiffness and horizontal stiffness being greater than is also reported.
800, to verify the effect of the different vertical stiffness of sliders Firstly, it can be observed that the maximum displacements at
and bearings. Finally, all the decks are considered as rigid. The the CLS are lower than the displacement capacity of the selected
Sap 2000 software has been used for the analyses (Computer and devices and no tensile forces occur on any devices (no cavitation
Structures, 1995). for HDR bearings or uplift of sliders). Regarding maximum
First, a modal analysis was carried out on the model, and compression forces, the maximum values obtained in the seismic
the results, in terms of the three main vibration periods of condition are about 1040 kN for the bearings and 1600 kN for
the building, are presented in Table 1, together with mean the sliders. Under the static condition (the ultimate limit state
values of the shear strains of bearings at the different limit without seismic action, not reported in this paper) the maximum
states and the corresponding equivalent parameters. Thereafter, axial loads are about 2100 kN for the bearings and 2400 kN for
a spectral analysis was carried out by using elastic spectra the sliders. The buckling capacity of the selected HDR bearings
reduced, for all periods T ≥ 0.8 Tis , of the equivalent damping is sufficiently larger than the demand. In fact, given the primary
of the isolation system, as illustrated in Figure 4. Only for shape factor S1 = D/4t (where D is the bearing diameter and t
the resistance verifications of the super-structure at the ULS, a the thickness of a single rubber layer), the buckling load capacity
behavior factor equal to q = 1.5 was assumed, in accordance at zero displacement can be computed through the following
with NTC (2018). However, as better explained later, the braces expression, as suggested by the European code for anti-seismic
have been dimensioned based on a request for rigidity adequate devices (EN15129, 2009):
for the isolation system, rather than for resistance. In this way,
the structure is also insensitive to the second order effects and 1.1GAr D0 S1
PCR = (2)
the effect of global imperfections in resistance verifications can Tq
be neglected. Finally, the over-strength of the braces provides
a strategy to ensure adequate structural robustness, i.e., limited where D0 is the effective diameter of the bearing (i.e., the diameter
consequences in the case of exceptional horizontal actions of steel plates without the rubber cover), Ar is the effective area
causing an increase in the stiffness of the HDR bearings (due of the device and Tq is the total rubber thickness called his in
to their hardening behavior) or the closure of the gaps. Table 2 Eq. 1. Supposing that the selected HDR bearings are composed
summarizes the base shear and displacement of the isolation by 23 rubber layers of thickness 8 mm, the primary shape factor
system for the different limit states. For each limit state, the is S1 = 18.75 and the buckling load capacity is about 6640 kN.
maximum and minimum axial load acting on the bearings, For the code, the maximum admissible compressive load at zero
displacement is PCR /2 = 3320 kN, while the maximum admissible
compressive load at the maximum admissible displacement equal
TABLE 1 | Shear strain, stiffness and damping ratio of isolation bearings at to dmax,b = 0.7D0 is PCR /4 = 1660 kN. For the bearings selected
different limit states and relevant vibration periods. dmax,b = 0.7D0 = 0.7·580 = 406 mm. Since the maximum axial
load under static conditions is lower than the corresponding
γis Kis ξ is 1st 2nd 3rd limit, and the fact that the maximum displacement and the
kN/m % mode (Y) s mode (X) s mode (2) s
maximum axial load obtained from the seismic analysis are both
CLS 1.40 618 9.15 3.60 3.58 2.86 lower than the respective admissible values, the stability of the
ULS 1.27 617 9.37 3.60 3.58 2.86 bearings is ensured. For the sliders, the diameter of the internal
DLS 0.33 836 12.07 3.10 3.09 2.46 pad has been chosen, by assuming a maximum contact pressure
OLS 0.25 966 12.57 2.90 2.89 2.29 on the elastomeric pad of about 60 MPa (EN 1337-5, 2005). By

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TABLE 3 | Maximum inter-storey drift and maximum floor acceleration for and was used in the analyses of Camerino site. The software
different limit states.
allows the user to define the input of the analysis in terms of: site
dx dy ax ay coordinates, the Ground Motion Prediction Equation (GMPE)
mm mm m/s2 m/s2 selected from an embedded database, the intensity measure (IM)
of interest (according to the GMPE), the seismic sources (user-
OLS_X 0.62 0.25 0.22 0.06
defined three-dimensional faults, seismic sources areal zones or
OLS_Y 0.27 0.60 0.07 0.21
sources selected from embedded databases), and structure of logic
DLS_X 0.72 0.28 0.26 0.08
tree, if any. When these input elements are set, REASSESS is
DLS_Y 0.30 0.70 0.08 0.25
able to provide classical results of PSHA such as hazard curves,
ULS_X (q = 1) 1.67 0.66 0.40 0.12
even in terms of advanced ground motion IM. Moreover, uniform
ULS_Y (q = 1) 0.71 1.63 0.13 0.39
hazard and conditional mean spectra (UHS and CMS), together
CLS_X 2.21 0.85 0.80 0.23
with disaggregation distributions given the occurrence or the
SLC_Y 0.924 2.135 0.26 0.78
exceedance of the IM threshold, can be computed.
In this application the pseudo-acceleration spectral ordinate
at the isolated period has been selected as the IM. With regard to
adopting a diameter of 270 mm and partial safety factor of
the seismic zones and the GMPE, it is known that the seismic
γm = 1.3 (EN 1337-5, 2005) the maximum axial load is about
hazard study of Italy (Stucchi et al., 2011), at the basis of the
Nb,Rd = 2640 kN, which is lower than the maximum axial load
current Italian building code, considers the seismic source model
acting on the sliders. With regard to the super-structure and the
of the thirty-six areal zones defined by Meletti (Meletti et al.,
sub-structures, all the elements have been checked for resistance
2008) and the GMPE by Ambraseys (Ambraseys et al., 1996).
(r.c. and steel elements) and stability (steel elements) at the ULS,
In this study, the same source model has been considered, but
moreover inter-storey drifts and absolute floor accelerations of
a recently developed GMPE has been assumed (Lanzano et al.,
the super-structure have been estimated for the different limit
2019). This GMPE is based on updated data including later events
states (Table 3). It must be emphasized that the designed isolation
(i.e., 2012 Emilia, Northern Italy; 2016–2017 Central Italy), which
system and the choice adopted for the non-structural elements
allowed the magnitude range to be extended beyond 6.9 and the
(vertical closure panels) ensure the absence of any significant
vibration period to be increased up to 10 s. Thus, it can also be
damage up to the CLS and therefore allow the construction to
used for long period structures, such as base-isolated structures.
be operative immediately after the occurrence of a high intensity
It should also be noted that this GMPE uses as IM the median
earthquake without any loss of functionality or downtime.
of orientation independent amplitudes (RotD50) instead of the
maximum component in the two directions, as in Ambraseys
(Ambraseys et al., 1996). Figure 6A shows the computed hazard
NON-LINEAR DYNAMIC ANALYSES AND curves for different spectral ordinates and for the site of interest
SEISMIC RISK EVALUATION with soil classes B (vs = 400 m/s). The Uniform Hazard Spectrum
(UHS) for different return periods is indicated in Figure 6B.
In order to accurately estimate the risk level of the base-isolate Note that Figure 6B also illustrates the UHS given by the Italian
building, a probabilistic seismic risk analysis has been carried seismic code (NTC, 2018) for the same site and for the CLS
out, following a probabilistic framework already used for base- (TR = 1950 years). Although the source model considered in
isolated structures as well as for other kinds of code-conforming this paper for the hazard assessment lies at the basis of the
structures (Iervolino et al., 2018; Ragni et al., 2018a). In particular, hazard map used by the code, the latter is based on a different
a hazard analysis of the site was first conducted, then non-linear GMPE. Furthermore, a logic tree was considered for the hazard
dynamic analyses were carried out under increasing seismic map definition, while only one branch has been considered in
intensities in order to assess the attainment of damage and this study. Therefore, the UHS obtained for TR = 1950 years
ultimate conditions. Finally, linking information about the site is different from the code UHS, in particular it is larger for
hazard and the vulnerability of the building made it possible to short periods but lower for long periods typical of base-isolated
estimate the seismic risk. Hereafter is reported a description of structures. However, it should be noted that this comparison
the procedure followed. is only qualitative, because the code spectrum is referred to a
different IM (maximum component instead of RotD50).
Hazard Analysis and Record Selection In this study, for the non-linear analyses reported in the next
Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) is generally section the return periods of the design limit states (TR = 60 years
recognized as the rational method to quantify the seismic input for the OLS, TR = 100 years for the DLS, TR = 950 years for
in a probabilistic way, i.e., define the probability of exceedance the ULS, TR = 1950 years for the CLS) have been considered
(or the annual rate of exceedance) of a measure of the seismic together with a larger return period of TR = 10000 years.
intensity (IM). In order to make the implementation of this For each return period, a hazard consistent seismic input has
procedure less demanding for engineers dealing with practical been chosen for non-linear dynamic analysis. Practically, this
applications, a practice-oriented software, namely REASSESS means that records were selected to be consistent with the
V2.0 (REgionAl, Single-SitE and Scenario-based Seismic hazard hazard-based spectral shape and variability obtained for each
analysis) has recently been developed (Chioccarelli et al., 2019) return period, by using the methods available in the technical

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FIGURE 6 | Hazard Curves for the Camerino site with vs = 400 m/s (A), UHS at different hazard periods (B), CMS and spectra of the selected set of records for
TR = 60 years (C), and TR = 10000 years (D).

literature (Baker, 2011; Baker and Lee, 2018). In particular, for shear strains (larger than 250%) or the effect of the vertical load
each intensity level a set of 20 records was selected by extracting on the horizontal response of the bearings (Ishii and Kikuchi,
them from the ESM database (Luzi et al., 2016). Figures 6C,D 2018). This may be important for large axial loads close to the
illustrate the pseudo-acceleration spectra of the selected record buckling capacity of the bearing in the deformed configuration
for returns periods of TR = 60 years and TR = 10000 years. The (Kelly, 1997). The load history dependence characterizing some
CMS is also shown together with an interval corresponding to HDR bearings has also been neglected. This last aspect concerns
twice the standard deviation (σ) in which almost all the records bearings made of natural rubber with a large amount of filler,
are included. A specific study with only pulse-like motions is causing progressive damage to the rubber microstructure as the
not carried out, according to EC8 indications (EN 1998-1, 2005), strain history progresses. Although there are numerical models
since a fault closer than 15 Km and with a Magnitude larger than accounting for this phenomenon in scientific literature (Grant
6.5 is not known for the Camerino site. et al., 2004; Tubaldi et al., 2017; Ragni et al., 2018b), it has been
neglected in this study and the numerical model adopted for the
bearings has been calibrated based on third cycle data available
Non-linear Dynamic Analyses and in the technical literature (FIP, 2016). More in details, model
Seismic Risk Assessment parameters have been calibrated to obtain target stiffness and
For the non-linear dynamic analyses a non-linear numerical damping data at each shear deformation. The cyclic behavior
model has been developed, starting from the linear model used obtained is reported in Figure 7A and the equivalent linear
in the design phase. In particular, linear springs representing parameters are illustrated in Figures 7B,C. The hardening at
the HDR bearings have been replaced by non-linear elements large shear strains as well as the effect of the vertical load on the
adopting the HDR isolator (Masaki et al., 2017) available in horizontal response of the bearings were also neglected in these
the Sap 2000 software (Computer and Structures, 1995). This analyzes, due to the limited maximum shear strain and maximum
model is bidirectional and accounts for non-linear phenomena, axial load experienced by the bearings, even in very rare events.
such as the strain-dependent behavior of the HDR bearings, With reference to the sliding supports, these have been modeled
but neglects other aspects, such as the strain hardening at large as friction elements with constant friction coefficient equal to

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Dall’Asta et al. Seismic Risk of Isolated Structure

FIGURE 7 | Cyclic behavior of the HDR model of the Sap 2000 software (A) and trends pf equivalent stiffness (B) and equvalent damping (C).

FIGURE 8 | Maximum displacement of HDR bearings (A) and sliders (B) and the corresponding capacity limits.

0.5% (typical of dimpled lubricated PTFE sheet on austenitic bearings (Figure 8A) and the sliding supports (Figure 8B).
steel, EN 1337-5, 2005), neglecting its dependency on sliding First, it can be observed than mean values are lower than those
velocity, contact pressure or heating during repeated cycles. expected from the design, for all the design limit states (OLS with
This choice is supported by the expected low effect on the TR = 60 years, DLS with TR = 100 years, ULS with TR = 950 years,
global behavior of the hybrid system of the variation of the and CLS with TR = 1950 years). This is due to the different
friction coefficient. More sophisticated models, based on available hazards assumed in the design and seismic risk assessment
numerical and experimental studies accounting for these three phases, but also to the different structural models and types of
effects (Lomiento et al., 2013; De Domenico et al., 2018, 2019; analysis used in the two phases. An important role is played
Furinghetti et al., 2019), should be used to analyze the response by the slider friction (neglected in the design but considered in
of base-isolated buildings equipped with high or medium friction seismic risk assessment) which reduces the displacement demand
CSSs, where the primary function is to support vertical loads and of the isolation system while slightly increasing accelerations
to provide energy dissipation. The elastic behavior of the super- transferred to the super-structure. The second remark is about
structure has been maintained by checking that the elastic limit of the dispersion of the monitored repose parameters due to the
the diagonal braces has not been exceeded for each time history. record-to-record variability, which is particularly evident at IM5.
Finally, seismic gaps have not been included in the model, but The reason of this variability can be explained by Figure 10,
for each time history it has been checked whether displacements where displacement spectra of the records selected at IM5 are
were smaller or larger than the gap amplitude. illustrated in terms of RotD100 (SdRotD100 ), i.e., the maximum
Figures 8, 9 show the results of the non-linear analyses carried spectral value over all the rotation angles of the bidirectional
out for the different intensity levels considered. In particular, signal. In order to simulate displacements sustained by the
Figure 8 shows the seismic demand on the isolation system, isolated building, spectra are computed by assuming a damping
in terms of the maximum displacement attained by the HDR ratio equal to ξ = 10%. It can be observed that even though

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Dall’Asta et al. Seismic Risk of Isolated Structure

FIGURE 9 | Maximum inter-storey drifts (A) and maximum floor absolute acceleration (B).

test is 1.15 for elastomeric isolators. Thus, the maximum tested

strain would be 2.5 · 1.15 = 2.9. Experimental and numerical
evidence (Montuori et al., 2016; Brandonisio et al., 2017; Ragni
et al., 2019) shows larger shear capacity limits, but these depend
heavily on the rubber compound, on the isolator shape as well
as on the manufacturer, thus a conservatory value of 300% has
been assumed in this study. Notwithstanding, as observed in
Figure 8A, the shear capacity limit assumed is never attained, not
even for the largest return period. Differently, for the largest IM
with TR = 10000 years the gap amplitude is exceeded in three
time histories whereas the maximum admissible displacement
for the buckling stability only once. However, actually the
impact is reached only once (for earthquake n◦ 6), because
maximum displacements are not along the direction orthogonal
to the retaining walls and for the other two time-histories the
displacement components in these directions are both lower
than the gap amplitude. Since the maximum axial load is lower
FIGURE 10 | Displacement spectra in terms of RotD100 of the selected set of than PCR /4 = 1660 kN for all the time histories carried out at
records for TR = 10000 years.
that IM, only for one record the buckling requirement was not
satisfied. Regarding the sliders (Figure 8B), also in this case the
maximum axial loads obtained are always lower than the vertical
records are scaled to obtain the same intensity measure in terms capacity assumed for the sliders (Nb,Rd = 2640 kN) and their
of RotD50 at the isolation period (as shown in Figure 7), a displacement capacity is only reached once, for the same time
significant record-to-record variability is obtained at the same history leading to the maximum admissible displacement for the
period for spectral displacement in terms of RotD100, due the buckling stability of HDR bearings. However, it should be noted
different record directivity. The three earthquakes leading to that attainment of the gap closure is not a collapse condition,
the highest displacements of the isolation system are the same it only makes necessary a more accurate model of the base-
earthquakes with the highest values around the isolation period. isolation system, where contact elements for the gaps are included
The capacity limits corresponding to different limit states to investigate the effects of their closure on the super-structure.
are also highlighted in Figures 8, 9. In particular, for HDR With this model, displacement larger than the gap amplitude
bearings (Figure 8A) the gap amplitude equal to 350 mm is will be still possible in the direction opposed to the gap (placed
reported as well as the maximum admissible displacement for the only at the upstream side of the building), thus advanced models
buckling stability equal to dmax,b = 0.7D0 = 0.7·580 = 406 mm. of bearings (accounting for their post-buckling behavior) and
The maximum displacement corresponding to the shear failure sliders (accounting for their over-stroke behavior) should also be
(dmax,s ) of the bearings is also reported, assuming a shear capacity included in the more accurate model. In fact, according to the
equal to 300% (dmax,s = 3·his = 546 mm). This limit corresponds most recent research outcomes, HDR bearings are able to show
to the maximum value at which an HDR bearing may be tested a post-buckling behavior up to a maximum displacement equal
to verify its horizontal displacement capacity, according to the to the effective diameter of the bearing (Montuori et al., 2016)
code on anti-seismic devices (EN15129, 2009). In fact, for the and sliders can reach an ultimate displacement almost equal to
code the maximum admissible shear strain due to the horizontal the capacity of the slider increased by half of the internal pad
displacement is 2.5 and the partial factor to be used in the diameter (Ragni et al., 2018a).

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Dall’Asta et al. Seismic Risk of Isolated Structure

With reference to the super-structure, maximum inter- and could exceed the buckling capacity of the brace equal to
storey drifts are illustrated in Figure 9A, while absolute floor Nb,Rd = 1630 kN. However, to estimate exact values of these
accelerations are shown in Figure 9B. It is evident that, due to response parameters a gap element should be included in the
the high degree of stiffness of the super-structure, inter-storey model. Different contact models are available in the technical
drifts remain limited up to the largest IM, whereas absolute literature (Pant and Wijeyewickrema, 2014), however stiffness
accelerations become significant for the largest return periods. and damping capacity of the model must properly selected in
In this case, the mean values obtained are lower than the design order to obtain reliable results.
ones for the inter-storey drifts but are larger for the floor absolute Figures 11, 12 illustrate the hazard curves relevant to the
accelerations. Differences can be ascribed to the same reasons demand parameter described above and expressing the mean rate
explained for the isolation system displacements. According to of annual exceedance (λ) for each level of the demand parameter
technical literature, damage limits for displacement-sensitive considered. These curves have been computed by combining the
elements may be assumed equal to 0.33% of the story height, results obtained in the seismic hazard assessment and in the non-
equal to 0.0033·4300 = 14.2 mm (Okazaki et al., 2007; Scozzese linear dynamic analyses using the total probability theorem. Since
et al., 2017, 2018). For the acceleration-sensitive components these results are available only as discrete values, this calculation
a limit of 0.2 and 0.4 g is assumed for slight and moderate is not solvable in closed form. The procedure followed in this
damage, respectively (Hazus-MH 2.1, 2001). It is evident from study to compute these hazard curves starting from discrete
the results that the displacement limit is never reached. Similarly, values is that one suggested by Porter (2019). Observing the
the acceleration limit corresponding to moderate damage is demand hazard curves obtained for the maximum displacement
exceeded only in one case at the largest IM, whereas the light of the isolation system it is evident that the mean annual rate of
damage level is also reached at lower IM, but excluding the exceedance of the gap closure is very low. The obtained value is
first two intensity levels. Displacements and flexural moments about 2·10−5 , which is significantly lower than 2·10−4 suggested
of the sub-structure columns have not been reported, because by the American seismic code (ASCE 7 16) and the draft annex
they are very small and far from their resistance limit. The of the new Eurocode 8 (Fajfar, 2018), as maximum value for
obtained results confirm that only in one case at the largest IM the structural safety. Furthermore, the mean annual frequency
(record n.6) the moderate damage limit is exceeded. However, of exceedance of the ultimate conditions corresponding to the
in this case maximum displacements and accelerations would be buckling capacity of HDR bearings and the displacement capacity
even larger than registered values, because of the impact with of the sliders is lower than 10−5 . This confirming the high
the retaining wall. Also the axial force acting on the diagonal level of safety and robustness of the building. Regarding the
steel braces (about 800 kN for record n.6) could be larger super-structure performance, the hazard curves obtained for the

FIGURE 11 | Hazard curve of the maximum displacement of HDR bearings (A) and sliders (B).

FIGURE 12 | Hazard curve of the maximum inter-storey drift (A) and the maximum floor absolute acceleration (B).

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Dall’Asta et al. Seismic Risk of Isolated Structure

inter-storey drift and the floor acceleration show that only the and damage limit conditions were assumed. Then, as final result,
light damage state of acceleration-sensitive components has an the demand hazard curves have been computed for the isolation
exceedance probability larger than 10−5 , confirming the high system and for the super-structure. The obtained curves show
level of resilience of the building, i.e., a very low probability of that the mean annual rate of exceedance of the gap closure
a damage level causing the downtime of the building. is significantly lower than the code prescription and the mean
It should be noted that the procedure followed to build the annual rates of exceedance of the limit states corresponding to the
hazard curves accounts for the variability of the seismic input, buckling capacity of HDR bearings and the displacement capacity
i.e., the record-to-record variability (Scozzese et al., 2020). In this of the sliders are even lower. Regarding the super-structure, the
study this variability is due to the selection of the natural records hazard curves obtained for the inter-storey drift and the floor
according to the conditional spectrum of the site; alternatively it acceleration show that only the light damage state of acceleration-
could be simulated by using a stochastic model of the input, as sensitive components has an exceedance probability larger than
already done for different structural systems (Chen et al., 2007; 10−5 . These results confirm the high level of safety and robustness
Peng et al., 2013; Altieri et al., 2018). Furthermore, the variability of the building as well as the high level of resilience, i.e., a very
of the properties of the isolation devices could also be considered. low probability of disproportioned consequences due to seismic
A more complete probabilistic framework accounting for both action larger than the design ones as well as a low probability of
the variability sources should be applied in this case, as already a damage level causing the downtime of the building. Finally, it
carried out for structural systems with seismic isolation or is worth noting that the seismic risk assessment carried out in
dissipative devices (Dall’Asta et al., 2017; Franchin et al., 2018; this paper is based on conservative hypotheses. Further analysis
Scozzese et al., 2019). should be carried out with a more advanced model, including
contact elements for seismic gaps as well as advanced non-
linear models able to describe the post-buckling behavior of
CONCLUSION the HDR bearings and the extra-stroke behavior of the sliders,
to more accurately estimate the real collapse probability of the
In this paper the new research center of the Camerino University
building. Furthermore, a more complete probabilistic framework
has been described and analyzed. The building was designed
should be applied, also including a local site hazard analysis as
to achieve speed of execution as well as a high level of safety,
well as the uncertainty affecting the structural system. Finally,
especially with regard to seismic activity. The structural solution
floor response spectra should be also evaluated in order to
was to create an isolated system with a steel braced super-
assess the damage risk of possible flexible acceleration-sensitive
structure with pinned joints and r.c. sub-structures able to adapt
components inside the building.
to the complex morphology of the area. In particular, a hybrid
isolation system was adopted, comprising High Damping Rubber
(HDR) bearings and low-friction sliders, able to provide a high
period of isolation and thus to drastically reduce actions in DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
the super-structure for both low intensity earthquakes and very
severe seismic events. The first part of the paper focuses on the The datasets generated for this study are available on request to
building description and the linear analyses carried out during the corresponding author.
the design phase, while in the second part the paper addresses
specific risk analyses aimed at demonstrating the very low
exceedance probability of damage and ultimate limit conditions, AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
as defined for the structural system. To this purpose a site-specific
hazard study was first carried out, then non-linear analyses AD and GL designed base-isolated building with the contribution
were performed using a hazard-consistent set of records selected of FM and LG. LG, FM, and LR performed the numerical
from the European strong motion database. The main demand analyses and processed the analytical results. All authors have
parameters of both the isolation system and the super-structure contributed to the manuscript revision, read, and approved the
were recorded, then capacity values corresponding to ultimate submitted version.

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Masaki, N., Mori, T., Murota, N., and Kasai, K. (2017). “Validation of hysteresis
model of deformation-history integral type for high damping rubber bearings,” Copyright © 2020 Dall’Asta, Leoni, Micozzi, Gioiella and Ragni. This is an open-
in Proceedings of the 16th World Conference on Earthquake, Santiago Chile, access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
January 9th to 13th 2017, Santiago. License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted,
Meletti, C., Galadini, F., Valensise, G., Stucchi, M., Basili, R., Barba, S., et al. provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the
(2008). A seismic source zone model for the seismic hazard assessment of original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic
the Italian territory. Tectonophysics 450, 85–108. doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2008. practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply
01.003 with these terms.

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