1st Week.
Farm Animals Manage (T) -1st Semester / 11 /
2024
Common Terms Used in Farm Animals
Management
Asst.Prof.Dr.Mahmud H.M.Amen
GPU.KTI.Vet.Tech.Dept.
Ad libitum (ad lib): Term used to reflect the availability of a feed for animal on a free-
choice basis
Afterbirth:The fetal membranes that attach the fetus to the membranes of the
pregnant female and which are normally expelled from the female within 3 to 6 hr
after parturition
Agalactia:Failure to secrete milk following parturition
Anorexia :Lack of appetite
Balanced ration:The feed or combination of feeds that will supply the daily nutrient
requirement of an animal.
Bedding:Leaves or straw which is given to animal to lie on.
Bloat: A disorder of ruminants characterized by the accumulation of gas in the rumen
Breed: Animal having a common origin and characteristics that distinguish them from
other groups within the same species.
Abattoir: A slaughterhouse
Bull index(sire index):A measure of inheritance of milk and or milk nutrient production
that a bull tends to transmit to his daughters.
Calf starter:A dry concentrate feed specially formulated for use with young calves from
birth to 3 or 4 months of age.
Culling: The process of eliminating nonproductive or undesirable animals.
Dentition:
Refers to the dental pattern in various species of animals. A dental formula
includes both the numbers and types of teeth, temporary and permanent, in both the
upper and lower jaw.
Docking: Removal of the tail. A common practice in lambs.
Domesticate: To bring a wild animal or fowl under control and to improve it through
careful selection, mating and handling so that its products or services become more
useful to humans.
Dressing percentage :Carcass weight/live weight.
Dry cow :A cow that is not producing milk.
Drying off :The act of causing a cow to cease lactation in preparation for her next
lactation.
Dry period :Nonlactating days between lactation.
Dual-purpose animal :One which is kept for both milk and meat production.
Dystocia : Abnormal or difficult labor at parturition, causing difficulty in delivering the
fetus and placenta.
Ear-notching: A notch or series of notches made in the ear of animal as a means of
identification.
Silage: Plant material preserved in a wet state subsequent to fermentation in a silo.
Feed efficiency: The units of feed consumed per unit of weight increase or unit of
production (milk, meat, eggs).
Forage : Roughage of high feeding value. Grasses and legumes fed at the proper
stage of maturity and quality are forages.
Ham: The rear quarter of a pig or of a pork carcass.
In vitro :Within an artificial environment, as within a test tube.
In vivo :Within the living body.
Lactation period: The number of days a cow secretes milk following each
parturition.
Loose housing: A housing system for cattle whereby animals are united and
unstanchioned in a shelter and are free to move at will from the inside to the
outside and from a feeding area to a resting area.
Pens:Small enclosed areas inside a building which are used for keeping animals
separately.
Pasture:Grassland used for animals to graze
Milk replacer: A feed material for young animals that has many of the nutritive
characteristics of milk is fed in a fluid form and contains an appreciable level of
nonfat dry milk solids.
Metabolism: Physical and chemical process by which food is broken down in the
body to create energy.
Retained placenta: Placental membranes not expelled at parturition.
Rigor mortis: The stiffness of body muscles that is observed shortly after the
death of an animal. It is caused by an accumulation of metabolic products,
especially lactic acid in the muscles.
Rumination (“chewing the cud”) The process of regurgitating and rechewing
food; unique to ruminants.
Weaning: Taking the nursing young away from the mother and depriving it of the
opportunity to nurse. This term is also used when calves are removed from diets
containing fluid milk or milk replacer.
Zero-grazing: A system of feeding in which animals are kept in buildings and
yards and fodder is taken to them.
Calf: Young one of cow or buffalo below one year of age.
Heifer calf: Female calf
Bull calf :Male calf
Heifer: Adult female from the age of puberty to calving is known as Heifer.
Bull or sire: Un castrated adult male fit for servicing/breeding.
Bullock: A castrated adult male used for work or ploughing
Teaser Bull : A Vasectomised bull which is used to detect the animals in
heat in the herd.
Cow: Adult female after first calving.
NOTE: The same terms are applied to the buffaloes with prefix of Buffalo.
Gestation period: The duration of pregnancy
Servicing: Act of breeding in cattle/ buffalo
Calving: Act of Parturition in cattle/ buffalo
Freemartin: When twin calves of opposite sexes are born to a cow,
the female twin born usually sterile is known as freemartin.
Veal: The meat of calf is known as veal.
Ewe: Adult female sheep
Ram: Uncastrated adult male sheep
Doe: Adult female goat
Buck: Uncastrated adult male goat
Lamb: Young sheep of less than one year
Kid: Young goat of less than one year
Tupping: Act of breeding in sheep
Lambing: Act of parturition in sheep
Mating: Act of breeding in goat
Kidding: Act of parturition in goat
Wedder: Castrated male sheep
Byre : House/ Place of living of cattle
Pen : House/ Place of living of sheep and goat
Herd : A group of cattle
Flock : A group of sheep
Band : A group of goat
Livestock or Farm Animals Management
• Livestock Management
Livestock management involves integrated application of the principles of
animal breeding, feeding, housing, organization and disease control in a
manner suitable for a particular situation.
• Better management includes
✔ Economic feeding
✔ Identification of better breeding stock
✔ Maintenance of their records and implementation of mating plan
✔ Monitoring the reproductive efficiency
General principles of animal management
The basic requirements for the welfare of livestock are:-
• Provision of readily accessible freshwater
• Nutritionally adequate feed as required
• Provision of adequate temperature and ventilation
• Adequate freedom for movement and to stretch their body
• Sufficient light for satisfactory inspection and also for feeding
• Rapid diagnosis and treatment of injuries and disease
• Emergency provision in the event of a breakdown of essential
mechanical equipment
• Flooring that neither harms nor causes undue stress to the animal
• Domestication and rearing animals for production causes considerable
strain on the body of the animals.
It is therefore essential that these animals should be looked after well.
What is Animal management? What is management?
It is said that management is that art and science of combining
ideas,facilities,processes, materials and labor to produce and
market a worthwhile product or services successfully.
A manager :Is an organizer and a converter-he convert resources to
product.
Functions of management or manager: for successful performance of
management processes, the manager must:
1.Observe 6.Act
2.establish goals 7.Be response
3.Identify problem 8.Evaluate
4.Analyse 9.Control
5.Decide 10.Adjust
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT
• The four pillars of livestock management include feeding, breeding,
weeding and heeding. 'Feeding' is the most important pillar of livestock
management because it constitutes 70-80% of cost of milk: or meat
production. 'Breeding' is another important managemental aspect which
affects the economics of the farm. If the father (sire) or mother (dam) of
the next generation is not selected properly, it may lead to huge production
as well as economic losses. 'Weeding' aims at culling the uneconomic
stock at proper time. In traditional management system, 'Heeding' implies
good livestock management and general supervision including housing,
hygiene, sanitation and care of animals. An important aspect of such
heeding is the care of the new born and infant animals. Similarly, nursing
of sick animals is another important aspect of animal management.
Zoological Classification of Domestic Animals
Kingdom- Animalia.
Phylum - Chordata (with back bone animals, birds and fish)
Class- Mammalia
Mammals possess a mammary gland or udder, give birth to a fully
developed young one, and nurse their young ones with milk
produced in the mammary gland or warm-blooded hairy animals
that produce their young alive and suckle mammary gland.
Subclass - Eutheria (with placenta)
Order - Ungulata (cloven-hoofed animals)
Sub Order - Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla.
Artiodactyla
• Cloven hoofed animals, the major group of herbivorous
animals, have stomachs compounded and intestines, enlarged
for plant digestion.
Perissodactyla
• They are distinctive from other mammals in that only one toe
is developed on each foot as well as non ruminant.
HOUSE OF ANIMALS
∙ Cattle and buffalo : Shed / Byre / Barn
∙ Sheep and goat : Pen/barn
∙ Pigs : Sty
∙ Dogs : Kennel
∙ Horse : Stable
∙ Rabbit : Hutch
SOUND PRODUCED BY ANIMALS
∙ Cattle and buffalo : Bellowing
∙ Sheep and goat : Bleating
∙ Pigs : Grunting
∙ Dogs : Barking
∙ Horse : Neighing
MEAT OF ANIMALS
∙ Cattle : Beef
∙ Buffalo : Carabeef
∙ Sheep : Mutton
∙ Goat : Chevon
∙ Pigs : Pork
∙ Rabbit and Poultry : White meat
Terms Commonly Used for Domestic Fowl of Different Ages and Genders
Heart Rates (beat / minute)
Animal Average Range Animal Average Range
Human 70 58-104 Mouse 534 324-858
Ass 50 40-56 Rabbit 205 123-304
Bat 750 100-970 Rat 328 261-600
Camel 30 25-32 Sheep 75 60-120
Cat 120 110-140 Skunk 166 144-192
Cow 55 45-70 Squirrel 249 96-378
Dog - 100-130 Swine - 58-66
Elephant 35 22-53 Chicken (adult) - 250-300
Giraffe 66 - Chicken (baby) - 350—450
Goat 90 70-135
Guinea pig 280 260-400
Horse 44 23-70
Lion 40 -
Monkey 192 165-240
Hippopotamus (river horse)
The American Bison
Grevy Zebra
Hamster
Llama
Alpaca
Chromosome Numbers (2N) of Common Domestic Animals
Family Chromosome Family &Common Chromosome Common Chromosome
&Common Numbers(2N) Name Numbers(2N) Name Numbers(2N)
Name
Bovidae Canidae Japanese Quail
Domestic cattle 60 Dog 78 78
Bos Indicus
Gaur Felidae Goose 80
Bos gaurus 58 Domestic cat 38
Equinae Camelidae Mule 63
Domestic horse 64 Camel 74
Ass(Donkey) 62 (single and2 hump) African zebra 44
Wild ass 56
Caprinae Elephantidae Duck 80
Domestic goat 60 Elephant 56 Pea fowl 80
Domestic sheep 54 (African &India)
Suidae Turkey 80 Buffaloes 50
Domestic swine 60 (water or river)
Animal Use as Food
• Meat – Beef, Pork, Lamb, Goat, Poultry
•Milk – Cheese, Ice Cream, Yogurt
•Eggs – Pastries, Mayonnaise, Custards
Animal By-Products
• Bones – Button, glue, mineral supplement for
livestock feed (Ca)
• Fat – Chemicals, salves, creams, dressings,
lubricants, soaps, food
• Glands – Medicines, food additives
• Collagen – Glue, Gelatin
• Intestinal & Stomach tissue – lunch meats,
surgical sutures, strings for musical and sports
instruments
• Fertilizer
Animal Use as Work
• Cultivate land
• Transportation
• Control other animals (herding)
• Assist physically & Medically handicapped
• Blind
• Epileptic & Diabetic
Thanks For Attention
