Roll No : Name of School : Time :

Date : Name of Assessment :

Subject :
Class :

1 Explain the process of nutrition in Amoeba. 2

Ans :
The mode of nutrition in Amoeba is holozoic. It feeds on unicellular plant or
animal. The various steps of nutrition are ingestion, digestion, assimilation and
egestion. When Amoeba comes in contact with food particles, it sends out
pseudopodia, which engulfs the prey by forming a food cup, which is known as
ingestion. When the tips of the encircling pseudopodia touch each other, the food is
encaptured into a bag called food vacuole. The food vacuole serves as a temporary
stomach secreting digestive juice, this step is known as digestion. The digested food
gets absorbed and diffuses into the cytoplasm and then assimilated. Egestion of
undigested food takes place at any point on the surface of the body.

2 What is saliva? State its role in the digestion of food. 2

Ans :
Saliva is a watery fluid secreted by the salivary glands in the mouth. In the mouth,
food gets mixed up with saliva secreted by salivary glands. Saliva contains an
enzyme salivary amylase which breaks polysaccharide starch into disaccharide
maltose (sugar).

3 What is the role of HCl in protein digestion? 2

Ans : HCl activates pepsinogen into active pepsin, which is a protease.

4 Why is the inner wall of alimentary canal not digested although the digestive enzyme 2
can digest all the materials that make cells?
Ans :
The inner wall of alimentary canal is not digested because it has the following
protective mechanisms
(i) The gastric mucin secreted by the gastric mucosa acts as buffer, which reduces
high gastric acidity and prevents injury to the inner wall of the alimentary canal.
(ii) The enzymes are secreted only when food is present in the alimentary canal and
they are in an inactive form.

5 Where are salivary glands situated in man? What are their functions? 2
Ans :
Salivary glands are situated in the mouth of man and contains starch-digestive
enzymes. Salivary glands secrete saliva and the mucin in saliva helps to lubricate
the food for swallowing.

6 State two functions performed by bile juice. 2

Ans :
Bile juice is secreted by the liver. (i) It contains bile pigments, bile salts that
emulsifies fat to fatty acids. (ii) Bile juice also neutralizes the acidic food in the
stomach and makes it alkaline so that it can react with the enzymes of pancreatic
juice.

7 Write any two functions of large intestine in man. 2

Ans : Functions of large intestine in man are:

(i) It serves to store the unabsorbed food remnants temporarily.
(ii) It concentrates the contents by absorbing water.
(iii) The movements of colon help to void the faeces through anus. (any two)

8 How would digestion of food be affected if the bile duct is completely blocked? 2
Explain.

Ans :
If the bile duct is completely blocked, bile juice will not reach the small intestine
and the digestion of fats will be affected.

9 Patients whose gall bladder are removed are recommended to eat less oily food. 2
Why?
Ans : Gall bladder stores bile which helps in emulsification of lipids.
Gall bladder stores bile which helps in emulsification of lipids.
and thus fat digestion will be slow. Hence there are such diet restrictions.

10 There are various muscles present in the human digestive system known as sphincters. 2
Two examples of those are given below:
1. pyloric sphincter - at the junction of stomach and small intestine
2. anal sphincter - at the anus
Give ONE most likely consequence of malfunctioning of each of these sphincters.
Ans :
Pyloric sphincter: Food getting into small intestine too fast causing poor
absorption/poor digestion.
Anal sphincter: Involuntary release of feces from the body

11 (a) What is peristaltic movement? 2

 (b) ‘Stomata remain closed in desert plants during daytime’. How do they do
photosynthesis?
Ans :
(a) The relaxation of gut muscles to move the partially digested food downwards
throughout the alimentary canal is called peristaltic movement.
(b) In desert plants, stomata open at night and take in carbon dioxide (CO2).
Stomata remain closed during daytime to prevent the loss of water by
transpiration. They take carbon dioxide during the night time and convert it into
intermediate product of photosynthesis. During the day time in the presence of
sunlight this intermediate compound is convert into the final product of
photosynthesis.

12 In each of the following situations what happens to the rate of photosynthesis? 2

(a) Cloudy days
(b) Stomata gets blocked due to dust
Ans : (a) In cloudy days photosynthesis is reduced due to low light intensity.
(b) When stomata gets blocked due to dust, photosynthesis decreases by reducing
gaseous exchange.

13 How would it affect the digestion of proteins and carbohydrates in the duodenum of 2
man if there is a blockage in the pancreatic duct? Explain.
Ans :
If there is a blockage in the pancreatic duct, the pancreatic juice which contains
enzymes for the digestion of carbohydrates and proteins will not reach the small
intestine.

14 What are enzymes? Name any one enzyme of our digestive system and write its 2
function.

Ans :
Enzymes are biological catalysts. Catalysts are proteins that increase the rate of
chemical reactions without being used up.
For example: Amylase catalyses the breakdown of starch into sugars in the mouth
and small intestine.

15 Name two animals having cutaneous respiration. What special features of the skin 2
make cutaneous respiration effective?
Ans :
Frog and earthworm have cutaneous respiration. This respiration is effective
because of presence of features like thin, moist and highly vascular skin which is
also highly permeable to gases.
16 How are inspiration and expiration brought about in human beings? 2

Ans :
Inspiration is brought about by contraction of diaphragm muscles and some
intercostal muscles. The diaphragm moves downward and the intercostal muscles
move the lateral walls of thorax outward and upward. The volume of thorax
increases and the air pressure is decreased. So, air is drawn into the lungs.
Expiration is brought about when the contracted muscles of diaphragm and
intercostal muscles relax, the diaphragm moves upward and the lateral walls, move
inward and downward. This decreases the volume of thorax and increases the air
pressure. So, air is sent out of lungs.

17If one holds his breath after expiration for about 30 sec., would there still be occurring 2
any exchange of respiratory gases in the lungs during this period? Explain.

Ans :
The exchange of gases will continue. Even after forceful expiration, some volume of
air remains in the lungs, which is called residual volume. Exchange of gases
continues because of this air.

18 Arthropods and molluscs have a copper-containing respiratory pigment called 2

hemocyanin while human beings have iron-containing hemoglobin.
(a) How do respiratory pigments help in the process of respiration?
(b) Why do multicellular animals need a respiratory pigments?
Ans :
(a) Respiratory pigments combine with oxygen and help in transport of oxygen
throughout the body.
(b) When the body size of animals is large, diffusion pressure alone cannot take
care of oxygen delivery to all parts of the body. Hence,respiratory pigments take up
oxygen from the air in the lungs and carry it to tissues which are deficient in
oxygen.

19 Name the water and mineral conducting element of non-flowering plants. Mention 2
how conduction takes place in it.
Ans :
Tracheids are the conducting cells of non-flowering plants. They are long, thin,
spindle-shaped cells having pits in their thick cell walls. In them, water flows from
one tracheid to other through these pits.

20 Write down any two differences between the transport of materials in xylem and 2
phloem.
Ans :
Xylem Phloem
 – Xylem conducts water and – Phloem conducts prepared food
dissolved minerals from roots to material from leaves to other parts
leaves and other parts. of plant in dissolved form.
– In xylem, the transport of – In phloem, transport of material
material takes place through takes place through sieve tubes
vessels and tracheids which are with the help of companion cells,
dead tissues. which are living cells.

21A major portion of the carbohydrates produced by plants is stored in different parts of 2
the plant (storage organs). Explain the mechanism by which this stored food is made
available when different organs need it for growth.

Ans :
Sugar from storage organ is moved to phloem using energy. This increases osmotic
pressure of phloem. As a result water enters into the phloem. Increased pressure
inside the phloem cells moves sugar to cells with lower pressure to reach other
organs.

22 (a) What is double circulation? 2

(b) Why is the separation of the right side and the left side of the heart useful? How
does it help birds and mammals?

Ans :
(a) The circulatory system of man is called double circulation as the blood passes
through the heart twice in one complete cycle of the body.
(b) The right side and the left side of the human heart are useful to prevent
deoxygenated and oxygenated blood from mixing. This type of separation of
oxygenated and deoxygenated blood ensures a highly efficient supply of oxygen to
the body. This is useful in case of birds and mammals because it constantly gives
energy to maintain their body temperature.

23 Write one specific function each of the following organs in relation with excretion in 2
human beings:
(i) Renal Artery
(ii) Urethra
(iii) Glomerulus
(iv) Tubular part of nephron

Ans : (i) To carry blood from the heart to kidneys.

(ii) To expel urine out of the body.
(iii) To filter the blood passing through it and initiate urine formation.
(iv) Major function of tubules is reabsorption. Also, tubular secretion helps in urine
formation without affecting the electrolyte balance of the body.
24 (a) Name two excretory products other than O2 and CO2 in plants. 2
(b) Why is urine yellow in colour?
Ans :
(a) The two excretory products other than O2 and CO2 in plants are resins and
gums.
(b) Urine contains pigment urochrome. Which imparts yellow colour.

25Name the substances other than water, that are reabsorbed during urine formation. 2
What are the two parameters that decide the amount of water that is reabsorbed in the
kidney?

Ans : Glucose, amino acids, salts (any two)

and a major amount of water are selectively reabsorbed as the urine flows along
the tube.
The amount of water reabsorbed depends on how much excess water there is in the
body
and on how much of dissolved waste there is to be excreted.

26 Opening and closing of stomata is due to 2

(a) High pressure of gases inside the cells.
(b) Movement of water in and out of the guard cells.
(c) Stimulus of light in the guard cells.
(d) Diffusion of CO2 in and out of the guard cells.
Ans : (b)