Welcome to engineering

science N3
Lecturer: KGOLE MM
Lesson: Friction
Date: 30 OCTOBER 2024

KGOLE MM 1
MODULE 4 FRICTION
Learning outcomes
When you have completed the section on friction, you should be able
to:
• Define & calculate the static & kinetic friction coefficients of friction
• Describe the method used to determine experimentally static &
kinetic coefficients of friction on horizontal & inclined planes
• Describe the effect of lubrication

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Friction
• force that resist the motion of the object
• resistance to movement
Two types of friction
• Static friction
• Kinetic friction

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Static friction
• Gradual increase in tensile force pulls the
block, it will at first not move.
• If the systems is in equilibrium, applied force
is equal to the opposing friction force.
• As tensile force increase the block will start
to moving
At this point friction
Static friction can be define as maximum
friction taking place just before an object
starts to move

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Kinetic friction
• wooden block is pulled so that it can slide across
the surface at a constant speed.
• Kinetic friction is less than static friction
Kinetic friction
• It is the friction which takes place if an object
slides across the bearing surface at a constant
speed

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Principles of kinetic friction

• Depends on nature of surfaces in contact
• Independent of slip speed
• Independent of the sizes of the areas in contact
• Is proportional to the perpendicular force between surfaces

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Advantage of friction
• Friction prevents slip between two contact surfaces
• Friction removes material
• Friction transmits movement by means of belt
• Friction brings moving to standstill

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Disadvantage of friction
• Causes wear
• Has retarding effect on moving parts
• Generates heat
• More power is needed

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Calculation based on friction

𝐹𝜇
𝜇= = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
𝑁𝑅
Parallel weight component
𝑓𝑠 = 𝑤𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Perpendicular weight component
𝑓𝑐 = 𝑤𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
On a horizontal plane and incline plane
𝑓𝑐 = 𝑤𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = NR
Smallest force need to move the body upward or downward
𝑓𝑢𝑝 = 𝑓𝜇 + 𝑓𝑠
𝑓𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 = 𝑓𝜇 − 𝑓𝑠

KGOLE MM 9
Calculations based on pre-qp APRIL 2020
A casting with a mass 0,2 tons rests on a sloping surface forming an
angle of 250 with the horizontal. The co-efficient of friction is 0,36.
Calculate each of the following
1. Component of the weight of the object perpendicular to the surface
2. Component of the weight of the object parallel to the surface.
3. Friction force between the casting and incline
4. Smallest force required to move the casting down the incline
Answer:
1 = 1776,363N | 2 = 828,322N”| 3 = 636,491N| 4 = -188,841N

KGOLE MM 10
APRIL 2022

During an experiment on an adjustable incline plane, a block weighing

2,65KN was placed on the plane. The incline is at angle of 300 to the
horizontal
If the frictional force is 0,325KN, determine the following:
1. Weight component of the block perpendicular with plane
2. Weight component of the block parallel to the plane
3. The smallest force required to pull the block downwards along the
plane
4. The power if the block moves at a constant speed of 12m/s
Answer:
1 = 2294,967N| 2= 1325N | 3 = -1 000N| 4 = 12 KW

KGOLE MM 11
April 2019

A body with a mass of 80 kg is sliding at a constant velocity down an

incline without any external force acting on it. The angle of inclination
is 300
calculate the following
1. The weight of component perpendicular to the sliding plane
2. The weight of the component parallel to the sliding plane
3. The friction force
4. The coefficient of friction of the plane
5. The external force required to pull the boy up plane at constant
velocity
Answer: 1= 678,964N | 2 = 392N | 3 = 392N | 4 = 0,577 | 5 = 784N

KGOLE MM 12
April 2024

A block with a mass of 0,5 tons on an inclined plane which is at an

angle of 350 to the horizontal. The friction force between the block and
the inclined plane is 0,21KN.
Determine the following:
1. The component of the weight of the block parallel to the plane
2. The component of the weight of the block perpendicular to the
plane
3. The component of the weight of the block upwards along the plane
4. The coefficient of friction between the plane and block
Answer
1 = 2810,252N | 2 = 4013,845N | 3 = 3020,525N| 4 = 0,052

KGOLE MM 13
NOV 2021

A granite block with mass of 0.1 tonne rests on an inclined plane of 20°
to the horizontal. Take the coefficient of friction as 0.36.
Calculate the following
1. The weight component perpendicular to the inclined plane
2. The weight component parallel to the incline
3. The frictional force.
4. The minimum force required to pull the block up the inclined plane.
Answer:
1 = 920,899N| 2 = 335,524N | 3 = 331,524N | 4 =666,704N

KGOLE MM 14
AUG 2023

A horizontal pulling force 8 N is just sufficient to move a block with

mass 3kg across a horizontal plane. The frictional coefficient between
the block and horizontal plane is 0,36.
Calculate the following :
1. The perpendicular weight of the block
2. The angle of friction
Answer:
1 = 22,222 N
2 = 𝟏𝟗, 𝟕𝟎

KGOLE MM 15
Nov 2015

The weight of an object is 4 tons and it rests on an incline of 30° to the

horizontal. The coefficient of friction is 0,6 for the surface.
Calculate the following:
1. The force required to pull the object upwards against the slope if the
pulling force forms an angle of 20° with the incline
2. The force required to push the object downwards along the slope if
the pushing force forms an angle of 25º with the incline
Answer:
1 = 34,92 KN
2 = 1,179 KN

KGOLE MM 16
April 2021

A minibus weighing 1 600 kg rests on a plane as shown in FIGURE 4

below
Calculate the smallest force F needed to pull the mass up the incline of
25° if the coefficient of friction is 0,36.

F
200

250

Answer: 11,046KN

KGOLE MM 17
NOV 2019

A body with a mass of 0,6 ton is placed on an incline plane making an

angle of 25° with the horizontal. The co-efficient of friction is 0,36. A
force P, at an angle of 30° to the plane, is required to pull the body UP
the plane
Calculate :
1. Component of P parallel to the plane
2. Gravitational component parallel to the plane
3. Gravitational component perpendicular to the plane
4. Magnitude of P
Answer:
1 = 𝑷𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝟎𝟎 | 2 = 2484,99N | 3 = 5329,09N | 4 = 4209,809N

KGOLE MM 18
NOV 2022

Study the figure and calculate the smallest value of x to move the
0,5ton block up the plane. The coefficient of friction is 0,25

300

Answer: X= 222,547kg
KGOLE MM 19
April 2023

FIGURE 4 shows a body with a weight of 492 N being pulled along a

horizontal plane at a uniform velocity of 5 m/s by a force Q inclined at an
angle of α to the horizontal. The coefficient of friction between the body
and plane is 0,32. The power transmitted to the body is 0,62 kW.

Q
𝜗

Calculate
1. The mass of the body 50,204kg
2. The magnitude of the friction force. 124N
3. Normal reaction between the body & plane 387,5N
4. Vertical component of force Q 104,5N

KGOLE MM 20
JULY 2021

A steel container full of copper strips is pulled downwards against an

incline of 20° by a tractor. The mass of the steel container is 2 460 kg.
The pulling force of the rope forms an angle of 25° with the incline.
The coefficient of friction between the surfaces in contact is 0,46.
Calculate :
1. The tensile force in the rope
Answer: 1975,902 N

KGOLE MM 21
AUG 2023

The figure below shows body R, which is set at under the influence of
spring balance P and with a mass of Q of 15kg. The mass Q is attached
to the body by means of an inelastic rope that passes over frictionless
pulley at M. The component of the weight of the body parallel to the
plane is 50N. The static friction force between the body & the plane is
15N

Answer: 1 = 82 N |2 = 57,737N
KGOLE MM 22
AUG 2019

An object is pushed upwards against a slope by a pushing force (P)

which forms an angle of 15° with the slope. The object weigh 500 N,
and the slope forms an angle of 20° with the horizontal. The coefficient
of friction between the surfaces in contact is 0,2
Calculate
1. The mass of the object
2. The smallest force P needed to push the object upwards
Answer:
1. 51,02kg
2. 288,574 N

KGOLE MM 23
Aug 2016

The weight of an object in FIGURE 4 below is 2,5 tons. The object is

placed on an inclined plane that forms an angle of 20º to the
horizontal. The coefficient of friction is 0,35 for the surface.

Calculate the magnitude of P

Answer: 15 789, 969N

KGOLE MM 24
MARCH 2016

The weight of an object in FIGURE 6 below is 2 500 N. The object is

placed on an inclined plane that forms an angle of 20° to the
horizontal. coefficient of friction is 0,4 for the surface.
P

300

200
Calculate the following
1. The pushing force P require to push he object upwards against the
slope
2. The angle in degrees that the plane must be raised
Answer 1 = 2694,82N | 2 = 𝟐𝟏, 𝟖𝟎

KGOLE MM 25
Nov 2023

Mass of 50kg that is placed on an incline forming an Answer:

angle of 300 with the horizontal. Coefficient of friction is 1. 434,352N
0,36. a force Q, making an angle 200 upward with plane,
is required to pull the body up he plane 2. 374,545N

Calculate the following

1. Gravity component perpendicular to plane
2. The magnitude of Q

KGOLE MM 26
Aug 2019

Give TWO applications of the angle of repose.

Answer:
• Vehicles are tested against a specified angle of repose to ascertain
whether they can come to a stop and then start again.
• In the design of chutes in silos to convey grain
• In the design of scoops for power shovels
• In the design of railway carriages that transport iron ore

KGOLE MM 27
April 2021

Explain the difference between static friction and kinetic friction.

Answer:
• Static friction opposes the initial movement.
• The forces required to move the object is called static friction.
• Kinetic friction opposes the force causing the movement after the
body is in motion.
• The force required to keep the object in motion is called kinetic
friction.

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April 2019

State THREE advantages of friction as applicable to engineering

Answer
• Prevents slip between two contacts surfaces
• Removes material
• Transmits movement by means of belts
• Brings moving machinery to a standstill

KGOLE MM 29
April 2022

Name TWO disadvantages

Answer:
• Prevents slips between two contact surfaces
• Removes material
• Transmits movement by means of belts
• Brings moving machinery to a standstill
TWO advantages of friction
Answer:
• Wear between two objects in contact
• Cause objects like scissors to get blunt

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This is the end

of the session

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