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DBMS - Set 1

The document provides an overview of SQL window functions, including ranking and aggregate functions, with examples of RANK(), DENSE_RANK(), ROW_NUMBER(), and aggregate functions like SUM() and AVG(). It also covers the use of LIMIT and OFFSET for querying specific rows, along with exercises to practice SQL queries. Additionally, it introduces the CASE statement for categorizing data based on conditions.

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13 views10 pages

DBMS - Set 1

The document provides an overview of SQL window functions, including ranking and aggregate functions, with examples of RANK(), DENSE_RANK(), ROW_NUMBER(), and aggregate functions like SUM() and AVG(). It also covers the use of LIMIT and OFFSET for querying specific rows, along with exercises to practice SQL queries. Additionally, it introduces the CASE statement for categorizing data based on conditions.

Uploaded by

info774623mail
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Window Functions in SQL

●​ Ranking Windows Function


●​ Aggregate Windows Function

Ranking Windows Function-

These functions provide rankings of rows within a partition based on specific criteria.
Common ranking functions include:

RANK():

Assigns ranks to rows, skipping ranks for duplicates.

SELECT Name, Department, Salary,

RANK() OVER(PARTITION BY Department ORDER BY Salary DESC) AS Rank

FROM employee;

Employee table-

Name Age Department Salary Output table-

Ramesh 20 Finance 50,000


Name Age Dept. Salary Rank
Suresh 22 Finance 50,000
Ramesh 20 Finance 50,000 1
Ram 28 Finance 20,000
Suresh 22 Finance 50,000 1
Deep 25 Sales 30,000
Ram 28 Finance 20,000 3
Pradeep 22 Sales 20,000
Deep 25 Sales 30,000 1

Pradeep 22 Sales 20,000 2


DENSE_RANK():

Assigns ranks to rows without skipping rank numbers for duplicates.

SELECT Name, Department, Salary,


DENSE_RANK() OVER(PARTITION BY Department ORDER BY Salary DESC) AS
D_Rank
FROM employee;

Employee table-

Name Age Department Salary Output table-

Ramesh 20 Finance 50,000


Name Age Dept. Salary D_Ran
Suresh 22 Finance 50,000 k
Ram 28 Finance 20,000 Ramesh 20 Finance 50,000 1
Deep 25 Sales 30,000 Suresh 22 Finance 50,000 1
Pradeep 22 Sales 20,000 Ram 28 Finance 20,000 2

Deep 25 Sales 30,000 1

Pradeep 22 Sales 20,000 2

ROW_NUMBER():
Assigns a unique number to each row in the result set.

SELECT Name, Department, Salary,


ROW_NUMBER() OVER(PARTITION BY Department ORDER BY Salary DESC)
AS emp_row_no
FROM employee;

Employee table -

Name Age Department Salary Output table -

Ramesh 20 Finance 50,000


Name Age Dept. Salary R_no.
Suresh 22 Finance 50,000
Ramesh 20 Finance 50,000 1
Ram 28 Finance 20,000
Suresh 22 Finance 50,000 2
Deep 25 Sales 30,000
Ram 28 Finance 20,000 3
Pradeep 22 Sales 20,000
Deep 25 Sales 30,000 1

Pradeep 22 Sales 20,000 2

Aggregate Window Function-

Aggregate window functions calculate aggregates over a window of rows while


retaining individual rows. Common aggregate functions include:

●​ SUM(): Sums values within a window.


●​ AVG(): Calculates the average value within a window.
●​ COUNT(): Counts the rows within a window.
●​ MAX(): Returns the maximum value in the window.
●​ MIN(): Returns the minimum value in the window.

SUM() over - Total salary per department

SELECT *,
SUM(Salary) OVER (PARTITION BY Department) AS dept_total_salary
FROM Employees;

Employee table

Name Age Department Salary Output table

Ramesh 20 Finance 50,000


Name Age Dept. Salary dept_tot
Suresh 22 Finance 50,000 al_sal
Ram 28 Finance 20,000 Ramesh 20 Finance 50,000 120,000
Deep 25 Sales 30,000 Suresh 22 Finance 50,000 120,000
Pradeep 22 Sales 20,000 Ram 28 Finance 20,000 120,000

Deep 25 Sales 30,000 50,000

Pradeep 22 Sales 20,000 50,000

AVG() over - Calculate the Average Salary within each department


SELECT Name, Age, Department, Salary,
AVG(Salary) OVER( PARTITION BY Department) AS Avg_Salary
FROM employee

Employee table

Name Age Department Salary Output table

Ramesh 20 Finance 50,000


Name Age Dept. Salary avg_sa
Suresh 22 Finance 50,000 lary
Ram 28 Finance 20,000 Ramesh 20 Finance 50,000 40,000
Deep 25 Sales 30,000 Suresh 22 Finance 50,000 40,000
Pradeep 22 Sales 20,000 Ram 28 Finance 20,000 40,000

Deep 25 Sales 30,000 25,000

Pradeep 22 Sales 20,000 25,000


LAG() and LEAD() – Previous and next salary in department

SELECT *,
LAG(Salary) OVER (PARTITION BY Department ORDER BY Salary) AS
prev_salary,
LEAD(Salary) OVER (PARTITION BY Department ORDER BY Salary) AS
next_salary
FROM Employees;

Employee table

Name Age Dept. Salary Output table

Ramesh 20 Finance 50,000


Name Age Dept. Salary prev_s next_sa
Suresh 22 Finance 50,000 alary lary
Ram 28 Finance 20,000 Ramesh 20 Finance 50,000 NULL 50,000
Deep 25 Sales 30,000 Suresh 22 Finance 50,000 50,000 20,000
Pradee 22 Sales 20,000 Ram 28 Finance 20,000 50,000 NULL
p
Deep 25 Sales 30,000 NULL 20,000

Pradeep 22 Sales 20,000 30,000 NULL


LIMIT OFFSET –

ID Name Salary

1 Alice 50000

2 Bob 60000

3 Carol 55000

4 David 70000

5 Eva 65000

SELECT * FROM table_name


ORDER BY some_column
LIMIT count OFFSET skip;

LIMIT: Number of rows to return.​


OFFSET: Number of rows to skip before starting to return results.
Get Top 2 Salaries:

SELECT * FROM Employees


ORDER BY Salary DESC
LIMIT 2;

Output table -

Name Salary

David 70000

Eva 65000

Skip Top 3, Get Next 2

SELECT * FROM Employees


ORDER BY Salary DESC
LIMIT 2 OFFSET 3; // or LIMIT 3,2 ;

Output table -

3 Carol 55000
1 Alice 50000

Exercise 1

Sample employees Table


employee_i name department salary experienc city
d e

1 Alice IT 90000 7 New York

2 Bob HR 85000 6 Chicago

3 Charlie IT 85000 5 San


Francisco

4 David Finance 80000 4 Boston

5 Eve HR 75000 3 Los Angeles

6 Frank Finance 75000 2 Miami

7 Grace IT 70000 5 Chicago

8 Henry HR 72000 4 New York

9 Ian IT 68000 3 San Diego

10 Julia Finance 77000 6 Dallas

1-Whis is the highest salary?


2-Second highest salary?
3-Fourth highest salary? Fetch all the employees who have the fourth highest salaries?
4-Group departmentwise and salarywise?
5-Select the top 2 highest salaries from each dept.
6-Return three columns of Rank,dense rank,row number and compare.
CASE WHEN THEN:

CASE
WHEN condition1 THEN result1
WHEN condition2 THEN result2
...
ELSE resultN
END

Sample output table-

Name Dept Salary

Alice HR 50,000 Name Dept Salary Salary level

Bob HR 60,000 Alice HR 50,000 Low

Carol HR 70,000 Bob HR 60,000 Medium

David IT 90,000 Carol HR 70,000 Medium

Eva IT 70,000 David IT 90,000 High

Eva IT 70,000 Medium


Exercise 2
Ques 1 -

Write a SQL query to display each employee’s name, salary, and a new column called
Salary_Level which categorizes the salary as follows:

●​ 'High' if the salary is greater than or equal to 80000​

●​ 'Medium' if the salary is between 60000 and 79999​

●​ 'Low' if the salary is less than 60000

SELECT Name, Salary,


CASE
WHEN Salary >= 80000 THEN 'High'
WHEN Salary >= 60000 THEN 'Medium'
ELSE 'Low'
END AS Salary_Level
FROM Employees;

Ques 2 -
Show patient_id, weight, height, isObese from the patients table.
Display isObese as a boolean 0 or 1.
Obese is defined as weight(kg)/(height(m)2) >= 30.
weight is in units kg.
height is in units cm.
(refer table mentioned at the end)

SELECT patient_id, weight, height,


(CASE
WHEN weight/(POWER(height/100.0,2)) >= 30 THEN
1
ELSE
0
END) AS isObese
FROM patients;

JOINS -

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