IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 36, NO.

11, NOVEMBER 2021 12251

Bidirectional Soft Switching Push–Pull Resonant

Converter Over Wide Range of Battery Voltages
Jong-Won Lim , Student Member, IEEE, Jamil Hassan , Student Member, IEEE,
and Minsung Kim , Senior Member, IEEE

Abstract—This article presents a bidirectional soft-switching converters with high-voltage conversion ratio as a mediation
push–pull resonant converter that is highly efficient over a wide module; also, it must cope with the battery voltages that vary in
range of battery voltages. It is derived by integrating a current-fed a wide range. Thus, designing bidirectional dc/dc converters that
push–pull circuit and an active voltage doubler circuit with a
bidirectional switch. The converter operates as a pulsewidth mod- have high voltage gain and achieve high efficiency over a wide
ulation (PWM) current-fed push–pull resonant-boost converter range of battery voltages is the subject of considerable research.
in the forward direction, but as a PWM half-bridge resonant Bidirectional flyback converters are simple in structure and
converter in the backward direction. The most attractive feature control, and require few power components, and are therefore
of the proposed converter is that, by employing the bidirectional suitable for use in small- and medium-sized energy storage
switch and corresponding switching modulation, it can achieve
almost ZVS at turn-OFF instants under wide variations of battery systems (ESSs). Unfortunately, the leakage inductor of the
voltages. Therefore, the proposed converter achieves high efficiency transformer induces switching loss from the power switches
even during high-frequency operation. Moreover, no instantaneous and the output diode suffers from serious reverse-recovery
reactive current flows through the circuit under wide variations problems; these defects degrade power conversion efficiency
of battery voltages and loads. Furthermore, the proposed bidi- significantly. To alleviate the effect of leakage inductor, an
rectional resonant converter has a high conversion ratio in both
power flow directions without using a transformer that has high active-clamp circuit has been added to the flyback converter
turns-ratio. The operating principles and characteristics of the in [4]. The active clamp circuit recycles the energy that has
proposed bidirectional resonant converter are presented in detail. been stored in the leakage and magnetizing inductances of
Experimental results using a 1-kW prototype verified the feasibility the transformer. It also maintains the voltage on the power
and efficiency of the proposed converter. switches at a specific voltage level. Then, a low-voltage-rated
Index Terms—Bidirectional switch, high efficiency, minimized switch that has low ON-state resistance can be used, and so the
switching loss, PWM full-bridge resonant-boost converter, PWM converter’s power conversion efficiency increases. One proposed
half-bridge resonant-buck converter. bidirectional flyback converter [5] includes an auxiliary winding
in the coupled inductor, so all power switches and diode un-
dergo zero-current-switching (ZCS) that reduces the switching
I. INTRODUCTION
losses and voltage stresses. Another proposed parallel-input
HE ability to store energy is still just beginning to impact
T our energy systems. Energy storage industry targets three
main markets: mobility, stationary, electronic devices, which are
series-output converter that uses bidirectional flyback topol-
ogy [6] recycles the energy stored in leakage inductance by using
a dual-inductor-capacitor-diode snubber instead of traditional
expected to grow by 18-fold to 3082 GWh by 2035, up from the resistor-capacitor-diode snubbers; this change further increases
164 GWh in 2019 [1], [2]. The energy storage units, particularly efficiency. Bidirectional forward converters have been presented
the battery units, contain a number of low-voltage battery cells. and adopted for small-to-medium ESSs. Forward converters are
To realize the connection of the low voltage battery and high- promising because they have continuous output current and
voltage dc-bus and meanwhile maintain or improve the power its higher power density than flyback converters. In [7], the
quality and reliability, it is necessary to introduce bidirectional converter is developed by combining two identical two-switch
forward converters through a shared transformer. The voltage
Manuscript received September 23, 2020; revised December 8, 2020, Febru- stresses across the switches are clamped to the primary and
ary 6, 2021, and March 29, 2021; accepted April 24, 2021. Date of publication secondary side voltage source. A bidirectional forward resonant
May 7, 2021; date of current version July 30, 2021. This work was supported by converter has also been developed [8]; by transferring the power
the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Korea Government
under Grant 2021R1C1C1004276. Recommended for publication by Associate in resonant manner, it achieves ZCS for all switches. However,
Editor J. Ye. (Corresponding author: Minsung Kim.) converters that use single-ended topology must operate with ex-
The authors are with the Division of Electronics and Electrical En- tremely high duty-ratio to achieve a very high voltage conversion
gineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, South Korea (e-mail:
[email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]). ratio; such operation under an extremely high duty cycle may
This article has supplementary material provided by the authors and color result in serious reverse-recovery and electromagnetic-inference
versions of one or more figures available at https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2021. problems. Another converters [9], [10] achieve a high-voltage-
3078413.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPEL.2021.3078413 conversion ratio by using a transformer that has a high turns

0885-8993 © 2021 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See https://www.ieee.org/publications/rights/index.html for more information.

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 12252 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 36, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2021

ratio, but suffers from the large leakage inductance and parasitic
capacitance, which together cause high voltage spikes or high
current spikes on the switching devices.
Current-fed push–pull converters can meet the requirement
of high-voltage conversion ratio because they function as boost
converters owing to the inherent boost inductor, so the trans-
former turns-ratio can be greatly reduced; as a result, leakage
inductance and parasitic capacitance are reduced, so voltage or
current spikes on the power devices are also reduced. Further-
more, these converters utilize transformer more efficiently than Fig. 1. Circuit diagram of the proposed converter. Si , Dsi , Csi (i = 1, . . ., 8):
single-flyback or single-forward converters, and therefore can equivalent models of the switches; T : transformer with turns ratio Np1 :Np2 :Ns ,
work at significantly higher power levels than single-flyback or where Np1 is the number of upper side primary winding turns, Np2 is the number
of lower side primary winding turns, and Ns is the number of secondary winding
single-forward converters. A bidirectional current-fed push–pull turns. Lm1 : upper side primary magnetizing inductor Lm2 : lower side primary
converter [11] uses a switching control strategy to obtain ZCS magnetizing inductor; Lr : resonant inductor; Lp : primary inductor; Cc : clamp
and zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) at turn-OFF and turn-ON of capacitor; Cr1 and Cr2 : resonant capacitors; Cs : secondary-side capacitor; Vp :
primary-side voltage source; Vs : secondary-side voltage source; vcr1 and vcr2 :
the primary side power switches. Since then, the pulsewidth voltage across Cr1 , Cr2 ; vCc : voltage across Cc ; Ip : primary current through
modulation (PWM) plus phase shift control strategy has been Lp ; vpri : primary upper-side voltage of T ; iLm1 : upper-side magnetizing
applied in the converter to reduce the peak current of the current; iLm2 : lower-side magnetizing current; iLr : current through Lr ; iSi
(i = 1, . . . , 8): the current through Si (i = 1, . . . , 8); Is : secondary current.
switches [12]. Impulse commutation is a resonance impulse
that exploits transformer leakage inductance and parallel ca-
pacitance for a short time interval. This has been used to
achieve ZCS turn-OFF of the switching devices [13]. Three- the circuit; this current further reduces the power conversion
phase bidirectional push–pull converters have been proposed efficiency.
for high-power applications [14]–[16]; these converters inherit To overcome the problem, we propose a bidirectional push–
the advantages of single-phase push–pull converters and have pull resonant converter that uses a bidirectional switch on the
the higher power capability with a small number of power secondary side of the transformer. With this circuit, the con-
components, so the development cost is decreased and the verter operates as a PWM current-fed push–pull resonant-boost
system reliability is increased. However, at duty cycle <1/3 converter in the forward direction, but as a PWM half-bridge
or >2/3, the circulating current increases, so these converters resonant-buck converter in the backward direction. This topol-
have limited power-transfer capability and significantly reduced ogy and the corresponding modulation scheme realize almost
efficiency. Thus, a hybrid dual-asymmetrical-PWM and PWM- ZVS at the turn-OFF instants under wide voltage variation at
plus-phase-shift switching method was introduced to increase the low voltage side, and thereby achieves high-power conver-
the efficiency over a wide voltage range [17]. In another soft- sion efficiency even with high frequency operation. Moreover,
switching bidirectional three-phase push–pull converter [18], instantaneous reactive current is absent under a wide range of
the modulation of the switches clamps the voltage across the battery voltages and loads. Furthermore, the proposed bidirec-
low voltage-side switches without any auxiliary power circuits. tional resonant converter accomplishes a high conversion ratio
The device also achieves natural zero current commutation of in both directions without using the transformer that has high
low-voltage side switches and ZVS turn-ON of the high-voltage turns-ratio. A prototype bidirectional converter was built; it
side switches so switching losses are low. However, these push– operates at 48 to 72-V input voltage, 380-V output voltage, and
pull converters inevitably suffer from hard-switching problem 1-kW output power.
at the several active switches. The seriousness of the problem The rest of the article is organized in the following sections.
increases with the switching frequency at which the circuit Section II describes the circuit operations of the proposed con-
operates. A unidirectional resonant push–pull converter [19] verter. Section III analyzed its switching loss of the proposed
may avoid hard switching by using a resonant tank and oper- converter and Section IV gives its controller design. Section V
ating in resonant mode, so the switching loss is significantly presented the steady-state analysis of the proposed converter
reduced. The forward-operation case has since been extended and Section VI describes its design guidelines. Section VII rep-
to bidirectional operations by replacing the secondary diodes resents the experimental setup and results. Finally, Section VIII
with active switching devices [20], but during backward power provides the conclusion of this article.
transfer, the proposed modulation is only valid at unity voltage
gain. If the secondary-side switches use a symmetric duty cycle
with a phase-shift technique, the power can be transferred at II. TOPOLOGY AND SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
different voltage gains in the backward power flow direction. The proposed converter (see Fig. 1) consists of a primary side
However, one of the main limitation of this converter is that it and a secondary side. On the primary side of the transformer T ,
experiences significant turn-OFF loss when the nominal voltage the converter exploits a current-fed push–pull circuit using two
gain is far from one; this loss reduces the power conversion main switches S1 , S2 and two active clamp-switches S3 , S4 , a
efficiency significantly at the high switching frequency. Also, primary inductor Lp , and a clamp capacitor Cc . On the secondary
a large amount of instantaneous reactive current flows through side of T , the converter employs a PWM resonant half-bridge

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 LIM et al.: BIDIRECTIONAL SOFT SWITCHING PUSH-PULL RESONANT CONVERTER OVER WIDE RANGE OF BATTERY VOLTAGES 12253

circuit that use two switches S5 and S6 , and bidirectional switch

S7 and S8 , two resonant capacitors Cr1 and Cr2 , and a resonant
inductor Lr that is composed of the leakage inductance of the
transformer and an external inductor.
The proposed converter operates as a PWM push–pull
resonant-boost converter in the forward direction. (S1 , S4 ) and
(S2 , S3 ) are treated as two diagonal switch pairs, and each of
which is driven by two left-aligned PWM signals that have the
same duty cycle 0.5−tdf /Ts and the same dead-time tdf , but are
180◦ out of phase with each other. S8 is turned ON when S2 and
S3 are turned ON, whereas S7 is turnedON when S1 and S4 are
turned ON. After S7 and S8 are turned ON, they are turned OFF
after (Ds +0.5)Ts . The proposed converter operates as a PWM
half-bridge resonant-buck converter in the backward direction.
S1 and S2 are turned OFF. S3 and S4 are driven by two PWM
signals that have the same duty cycle 0.5−tdb /Ts and the same
dead-time tdb , but are 180◦ out of phase with each other. (S5 ,
S7 ) and (S6 , S8 ) are treated as two diagonal switch pairs, each
of which is driven by two left-aligned PWM signals that have
the same duty cycle Db and the same dead time tdb .
To analyze the steady-state operation of the proposed con-
verter, we make four assumptions.
1) All switches S1 , . . . , S8 are ideal except for their body
diodes Ds1 , . . . , Ds8 and output capacitors Cs1 , . . . , Cs8 .
2) Clamp capacitor Cc and secondary-side capacitor Cs
are sufficiently large that clamp capacitor voltage VCc and
secondary-side voltage source Vs can be considered constant.
3) T is composed of an ideal transformer that has magne-
tizing inductance Lm1,2 and secondary leakage inductance. Lr
is the series connection of the transformer leakage inductance
and an external inductance.
4) The resonant capacitors Cr1 and Cr2 are identical, with
capacitances Cr1 + Cr2 = Cr .
In forward direction, the operation of the proposed converter
can be divided into four modes (see Fig. 2) that have the
corresponding waveforms (see Fig. 3). The converter operated
symmetrically, so we describe only the modes during the first
half of the switching period.

A. Analysis of PWM Push–Pull Resonant-Boost Converter

Mode 1 [t0 , t1 ]: At time t0 , the voltage across S8 is zero, and Fig. 2. Equivalent circuits of the proposed converter operating in forward
the current begins to flow through DS8 . Thus, S8 is turned ON mode. (a) Mode 1. (b) Mode 2. (c) Mode 3. (d) Mode 4.
with ZVS. During this interval, nVCc increases the current flow-
ing through the resonant inductor linearly. The state equation of
this equivalent circuit is The operation point moves along the trajectory curve from A1
to B1 (see Fig. 4).
diLr (t)
Lr = nVCc (1) Mode 2 [t1 , t2 ]: At time t1 , S7 is turned OFF with almost
dt
ZVS, because vds7 is equal to Vs /2 − ΔVCr . The current on the
with the initial condition iLr (t0 ) = 0. Solving (1) for iLr (t) primary side then flows through DS5 . During this interval, the
yields active clamp capacitor, the resonant inductor, and the resonant
nVCc capacitor form an equivalent closed circuit, and the resonant
iLr (t) = (t − t0 ). (2) inductor current goes to zero following the sinusoidal waveform.
Lr
The state equation that corrresponds to this equivalent circuit can
Meanwhile, the resonant capacitor voltage stays at be written as
Vs diLr (t)
vcr1 (t) = − ΔVcr . (3) Lr = nVCc − vcr1 (t) (4)
2 dt

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 12254 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 36, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2021

dvcr1 (t)
iLr (t) = Cr (5)
dt
with iLr (t1 ) = Zr1r sin α and vcr1 (t1 )=nVCc − r1 cos α, where
α = sin−1 ( nVLCc Zr
r r1
(t1 − t0 )). Solving (4) and (5) yields
r1
iLr (t) = sin[α + ωr (t − t1 )] (6)
Zr
vcr1 (t) = nVCc − r1 cos[α + ωr (t − t1 )] (7)
where r1 = V2s + ΔVCr − nVCc is the radius of the circular path
that has a center at (nVCc , 0) (see Fig. 4). The operating point
moves along the trajectory curve from B1 to A2 (see Fig. 4),
and the resonant angular frequency ωr and the characteristic
impedance Zr are obtained as

1 Lr
ωr = √ , Zr = . (8)
Lr C r Cr
Mode 3 [t2 , t3 ]: At time t2 , iLr is zero and vCr1 is at its
maximum. is2 and is3 are increased linearly because of iLm1 ,
iLm2 , and iLr . At t2 , DS5 is turned OFF with no reverse recovery
problem. At this time, the trajectory path stays at A2 (see Fig. 4).
Mode 4 [t3 , t4 ]: At time t3 , S2 and S3 are turned OFF. Then,
the circuit enters the dead-time zone. During this time, iLm1 and
iLr appear as the current source to the primary side, and charge
CS2 and CS3 while discharging CS1 and CS4 . Thus, S1 and S4
are turned ON with ZVS. The trajectory path still stays at A2
during this interval.

B. Analysis of PWM Half-Bridge Resonant-Buck Converter

In backward direction, the operation of the proposed converter
can also be divided into four modes (see Fig. 5), which have
corresponding waveforms (see Fig. 6). The converter is operated
symmetrically, so again we describe only the modes during the
first half of the switching period.
Mode 1 [t0 , t1 ]: At time t0 , the voltage across S6 is zero
and iLr starts to flow through DS6 . Thus, S6 is turned ON
with ZVS. During this interval, the primary-side voltage of T is
equal to nVCc and the primary side current ipri begins to flow
through DS1 and DS4 . The state equation that corresponds to
this equivalent circuit is
Fig. 3. Theoretical waveforms of the proposed converter operating in forward
mode. vgs i is the gate-source voltage of the ith switch. diLr (t)
Lr = nVCc − vCr2 (t) (9)
dt
dvCr2 (t)
iLr (t) = Cr (10)
dt
with iLr (t0 ) = 0 and vCr2 (t0 ) = Vs /2 + ΔVCr .
Solving (9) and (10) yields
r2
iLr (t) = − sin[ωr (t − t0 )] (11)
Zr
vCr2 (t) = nVCc − r2 cos[ωr (t − t0 )] (12)
where r2 = V2s + ΔVCr − nVCc is the radius of circular path
with center at (nVCc , 0) (see Fig. 7). Here the operating point
Fig. 4. State-plane trajectory of the proposed converter operating in forward moves along the trajectory curve from A2 to B2 (see Fig. 7).
mode.
Mode 2 [t1 , t2 ]: At time t1 , S6 is turned OFF with almost
ZVS because vds6 is equal to Vs /2 − ΔVCr . The current flows

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 LIM et al.: BIDIRECTIONAL SOFT SWITCHING PUSH-PULL RESONANT CONVERTER OVER WIDE RANGE OF BATTERY VOLTAGES 12255

Fig. 5. Equivalent circuits of the proposed converter operating in backward

mode. (a) Mode 1. (b) Mode 2. (c) Mode 3. (d) Mode 4.

Fig. 6. Theoretical waveforms of the proposed converter operating in back-

through DS8 . After the given dead time, S8 is then turned ON ward mode.
with ZVS. During this mode, only the primary side voltage nVCc
is applied to Lr and the primary side current ipri flow through
DS1 and S4 . Thus, iLr quickly goes to zero. In this mode, the Meanwhile, the resonant capacitor voltage stays at
state equation of the circuit can be written as
Vs
diLr (t) vcr2 (t) = − ΔVCr . (15)
Lr = nVCc (13) 2
dt
with iLr (t1 )=− Zr2r sin(π − β), β = cos−1 ( ΔVCr −Vrs2/2+nVCc ). The operating point moves along the trajectory curve from B2
Solving (13) yields to A1 (see Fig. 7).
Mode 3 [t2 , t3 ]: At time t2 , iLr and vCr2 is at its minimum
nVCc r2 value. During this interval, the current that flows through S7
iLr (t) = (t − t1 ) − sin(π − β). (14)
Lr Zr and DS8 is the magnetizing current iLm1 /n. By selecting Lm1

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 12256 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 36, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2021

Fig. 7. State-plane trajectory of the proposed converter operating in backward

mode.

to make iS7 and iS8 small, S7 can be turned OFF with almost
ZCS at time t3 . Here, the trajectory path stays at point A1 (see
Fig. 7).
Mode 4 [t3 , t4 ]: At time t3 , the converter enters the dead-time
zone. During this mode, iLm1 /n acts as the current source to the
primary side. This current discharges CS5 and CS7 and charges
CS6 . When CS5 is completely discharged, the voltage across
S5 becomes zero and iLm1 /n flows through DS5 . Therefore, at
time t4 , S5 is turned ON with ZVS. The trajectory path remains
at point A1 during the interval.

III. SWITCHING LOSS ANALYSIS

In the proposed converter, vCr1 = Vs /2 − ΔVCr is applied
to S7 and S8 at turn-OFF instant in forward operation, vCr2 =
Vs /2 − ΔVCr is applied to S5 and S6 at turn-OFF instant in
backward operation. The turn-OFF voltage in the proposed con-
verter decreases by a large extent compared to that in [20],
whereas in the converter in [20], hard-switching turn OFF occurs
at secondary side. Fig. 8 describes that the corresponding dissi-
pated power at S7 and S6 decreases in forward direction and in
backward direction, respectively. The next sections will evaluate
the switching losses and conduction losses of the converters.

A. Switching Losses
The total switching losses Psw can be calculated as
 
Psw = Pon,S  i + Pof f,S  i (16)

where Pon,S  i is the turn-ON loss of the ith switch and Pof f,S  i Fig. 8. Zoom-in waveforms of the switching loss in the proposed converter
at the turn-OFF instant. Eof f,S  i is the dissipated power of ith switch at the
is the turn-OFF loss of the ith switch. The proposed converter turn-OFF instant. Vof f,S  i is the voltage across the ith switch at turn-OFF instant.
can achieve ZVS turn ON from the all of switching, so we can Iof f,S  i is the current flowing through the ith switch at turn-OFF instant. Vds i
ignore Pon,S  i , which is virtually zero. is the drain-source voltage across the ith switch. tof f,S  i is the fall time of the
ith switch. (a) At S7 in forward direction. (b) At S6 in backward direction.
Pof f,S  i can be calculated as
1 tof f,S  i
Pof f,S  i = Vof f,S  i · |Iof f,S  i | · . (17)
2 Ts  
1  tof f,S2
Pof f,S  i can be used to obtain the total switching losses in both = 2Vof f,S2 ·  Ip (t3 ) + iLm2 (t3 ) ·
 + 2Vof f,S3
2 2Ts
power flow directions as follows.  
In forward mode  1  tof f,S3
 · − Ip (t3 ) + iLm1 (t3 ) ·
 + 2Vof f,S7 · |iLr (t1 )|
2 2Ts
Psw = Pof f,S  i = Pof f,S1,2 + Pof f,S3,4 + Pof f,S7,8
tof f,S7
= 2(Pof f,S2 + Pof f,S3 + Pof f,S7 ) ·
2Ts

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 LIM et al.: BIDIRECTIONAL SOFT SWITCHING PUSH-PULL RESONANT CONVERTER OVER WIDE RANGE OF BATTERY VOLTAGES 12257

Fig. 9. Turn-OFF switching loss values of the proposed converter and the Fig. 10. Conduction losses of the proposed converter and the conventional
conventional converter in [20] at rated power subject to input voltage variations. converter in [20] at rated power subject to input voltage variations. (a) Per-unit
(a) Per-unit Psw in forward direction. (b) Per-unit Psw in backward direction. Pcond in forward direction. (b) Per-unit Pcond in backward direction.

   
 Ps VCc  tof f,S2  Ps VCc 
= VCc ·  + · 
+ VCc · − + Psw is defined as Psw /|Ps | with the output power Ps and is
2Vp 2Lm1  Ts 2Vp 2Lm2  calculated using (18) and (19). Calculated switching losses are
 
tof f,S3  Vs  nVCc tof f,S7 much smaller in the proposed converter than in the converter
· +  − ΔVCr  · · . (18) in [20].
Ts 2 Lr Ts
In backward mode
 B. Conduction Losses
Psw = Pof f,S  i = Pof f,S3,4 + Pof f,S5,6 The conduction losses are estimated for the interval in which
= 2(Pof f,S4 + Pof f,S6 ) the active components are conducting. The total conduction
losses Pcond can be calculated as
tof f,S4 tof f,S6
= 2Vof f,S4 · |Ip (t3 )| · + 2Vof f,S6 · |iLr (t1 )| ·  
2Ts 2Ts Pcond = Pcond,S  i + Pcond,D j  (20)
   
 Ps  tof f,S4 Vs
= VCc ·   · + − ΔVCr
Vp Ts 2 where Pcond,S  i is the conduction loss when the ith switch is ON
  and Pcond,D j  is the conduction loss when the ith switch is OFF.
 r2  tof f,S6

· sin[wr (t1 − t0 )] · . (19) The conduction loss of the each MOSFET switch while it is
Zr Ts turned ON can be calculated as
Fig. 9 depicts the per-unit switching loss values of the pro-
posed converter and the conventional converter [20]. Per-unit Pcond,S  i = I 2 S  i Rds i (21)

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 12258 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 36, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2021

Fig. 11. Voltage gain surfaces of the proposed converter. (a) Mf . (b) Mb .

where IS  i is the root-mean-square (rms) current flowing

through the ith switch and Rds i is the drain to source ON-state Fig. 12. Configuration of the control scheme for the proposed bidirectional
resistance of the ith switch. converter. Ip,ref is the reference primary current. PI controller stands for
The conduction loss of the each MOSFET switch while the proportional-integral controller.
switch is turned OFF can be calculated as

Pcond,D j  = VD j  ID j  (22)

where VD j  is the voltage of the each switch and ID j  is the
average current flowing through the jth switch’s internal diode.
Fig. 10 depicts the per-unit conduction loss values of the
proposed converter and the conventional converter [20]. Per-unit
Pcond is defined as Pcond /|Ps | and can be calculated using
(20)−(22). Note that we have used different values of VD j 
on the primary-side switches and constant value of VD j  on
the secondary-side switches in (22), because only primary-side
switches provide the I–V curve of their reverse diodes. The
proposed converter have the additional conduction loss due to
the use of bidirectional switch, but does not experience instan-
taneous reactive current flow irrespective of wide variations of
input voltages, whereas the converter in [20] suffers from larger Fig. 13. ZVS region in backward direction with respect to Lm1,2 , Ps , and
instantaneous reactive current as the voltage gain increases. Mb .
Therefore, calculated conduction losses in forward direction are

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 LIM et al.: BIDIRECTIONAL SOFT SWITCHING PUSH-PULL RESONANT CONVERTER OVER WIDE RANGE OF BATTERY VOLTAGES 12259

Fig. 14. Experimental setup of the proposed converter system.

Fig. 16. Experimental waveforms of vgs7 , vds7 , and iS7 in forward mode at
full load. (a) Vp = 48 V. (b) Vp = 72 V.

IV. STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF THE PROPOSED CONVERTER

A. Voltage Gain of PWM Push–Pull Resonant-Boost
Converter
During the switching period Ts , the voltage-second balance
law of L can be written as
Vp · 0.5Ts + (Vp − VCc ) · 0.5Ts = 0. (23)
Rearranging (23) gives
VCc = 2Vp . (24)
To calculate the voltage gain of the PWM push–pull resonant
converter, we first compute the resonant-capacitor voltage ripple
ΔVCr . Due to symmetric operation of the voltage-doubler dur-
ing the steady state, the average value of the resonant inductor
Fig. 15. Experimental waveforms of vpri , vCr1 , and iLr in forward mode at current is twice the average value of the secondary source current
full load. (a) Vp = 48 V. (b) Vp = 72 V. Is . So Is can then be determined as
 t2
Ps 2 r1
Is = = sin[α + ωr (τ − t1 )] dτ
Vs Ts t1 2Zr
slightly smaller in the proposed converter than in the converter
in [20] [see Fig. 10(a)]. In backward direction, the proposed 1 2ΔVCr 2Cr ΔVCr
= [r1 (1 + cos α)] = = . (25)
converter does not use the body diodes of the secondary-side Ts Z r ωr Ts Z r ωr Ts
switches in power transfer, but the converter in [20] uses the body Rearranging (25) for ΔVCr yields
diodes of the secondary-side switches. As a result, calculated
conduction losses in backward direction are much smaller in the Ps T s
ΔVCr = (26)
proposed converter than in the converter in [20] [see Fig. 10(b)]. 2Vs Cr

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 12260 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 36, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2021

Fig. 17. Experimental waveforms of vgs2 , vds2 , and iS2 in forward mode at
Fig. 18. Experimental waveforms of vgs3 , vds3 , and iS3 in forward mode at
full load. (a) Vp = 48 V. (b) Vp = 72 V.
full load. (a) Vp = 48 V. (b) Vp = 72 V.

B. Voltage Gain of PWM Half-Bridge Resonant-Buck

and applying (t1 − t0 ) = Df Ts (see Fig. 3) to (2) and from (3), Converter
we can calculate iLr (t) and vCr1 (t) at t1 as
By using the same method as that used to derive the voltage
gain of the PWM push–pull resonant-boost converter, we have
nVCc  t1
iLr (t1 ) = Df Ts (27) Ps 2 r2
Lr Is = = − sin[ωr (τ − t0 )] dτ
Vs T s t0 2Zr
Vs
vCr1 (t1 ) = − ΔVCr . (28) 1
2 = (r2 (cos[ωr (t1 − t0 )] − 1))
Ts Z r ωr
As shown in Fig. 4, the circle equation with center (nVCc , 0) 2ΔVCr 2Cr ΔVCr
=− =− . (31)
and radius r1 is described as Ts Z r ωr Ts
Rearranging (31) for ΔVCr yields
(vCr1 (t) − nVCc ) + (Zr iLr (t)) =
2 2
r12 . (29) Ps Ts
ΔVCr = − (32)
2Vs Cr
Substituting (27) and (28) into (29) yields and applying (t1 − t0 )=Db Ts (see Fig. 7) to (14) and from (15),
we can calculate iLr (t) and vCr2 (t) at t1 as
  r2
2Mf Lr Ps 1 iLr (t1 ) = − sin[ωr Db Ts ] (33)
Df = 1− (30) Zr
Vs Ts Mf
Vs
vCr2 (t1 ) = − ΔvCr . (34)
2
where Mf = 2nV Vs
Cc
is the voltage gain of the PWM push–pull As shown in Fig. 7, the circle equation with center (nVCc , 0)
resonant–boost converter. and radius r2 is described as
A three-dimensional graph of Mf with respect to Df and Ps
is shown in Fig. 11(a). (vCr2 (t) − nVCc )2 + (Zr iLr (t))2 = r22 . (35)

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 LIM et al.: BIDIRECTIONAL SOFT SWITCHING PUSH-PULL RESONANT CONVERTER OVER WIDE RANGE OF BATTERY VOLTAGES 12261

Fig. 19. Experimental waveforms of vpri , vCr1 , and iLr in backward mode Fig. 20. Experimental waveforms of vgs5 , vds5 , and iS5 in backward mode
at full load. (a) Vp = 48 V. (b) Vp = 72 V. at full load. (a) Vp = 48 V. (b) Vp = 72 V.

Substituting (33) and (34) into (35) yields and S4 . The primary-side switches S1 and S2 are set to be turned
 2  OFF.
1 4n Cr VCc2
(1 − Mb ) + Mb2 Ps Ts
Db = cos−1 (36)
ωr Ts 4n2 Cr VCc
2 (1 − M ) − M 2 P T
b b s s
VI. DESIGN GUIDELINE
where Mb = 2nV Vs
Cc
is the voltage gain of the half-bridge A. Selection of Transformer Turns Ratio
resonant-buck converter.
A three-dimensional graph of Mb with respect to Db and Ps The turns ratio of transformer can be determined from the
is shown in Fig. 11(b). voltage gain of the proposed converter. It then follows that

Vs
V. CONTROLLER DESIGN n≤ (37)
2Vp_max
We developed a bidirectional control strategy for the proposed
bidirectional converter as given in Fig. 12. In the forward power where Vp_max is the maximum value of the primary source
transfer, the current controller first determines the high-voltage voltage.
side current error first by subtracting Is from Is,ref . It is then
supplied as an input to the proportional-integral (PI) current
controller. The controller output is added with 0.5 and the B. Magnetizing Inductance
resulting value is then used to control the bidirectional switch S7 We define tdf and tdb as the dead times for the switches
and S8 . The fixed duty-ratio 0.5 is applied to the primary-side in forward and backward directions. Since the dead times are
switches S1 –S4 . The secondary-side switches S5 and S6 are set very short compared to the switching period, iLm1 and iLm2
to be turned OFF. In the backward power transfer, the current essentially serves as constant current sources ILm1 and ILm2 . In
controller first determines the low-voltage side current error the forward mode, iLm1 and iLr discharge the parasitic capacitor
first by subtracting Ip from Ip,ref . The error is then supplied CS1 , CS4 and charge the parasitic capacitor CS2 , CS3 during the
as an input to the PI controller. The controller output is then dead time at the end of first half switching period. To achieve
utilized in controlling the secondary-side switches S5 –S8 . The ZVS, iLm1 and iLr must fully discharge CS1 and CS4 . Here,
fixed duty-ratio 0.5 is applied to the primary-side switches S3 ZVS condition for S1 is more strict than the ZVS condition for

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 12262 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 36, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2021

Fig. 21. Experimental waveforms of vgs3 , vds3 , and iS3 in backward mode Fig. 22. Experimental waveforms of vgs7 , vds7 , and iS7 in backward mode
at full load. (a) Vp = 48 V. (b) Vp = 72 V. at full load. (a) Vp = 48 V. (b) Vp = 72 V.

  
 tdb
1 
S4 . Thus, we use (Vs /2 + ΔVCr )(CS5 + CS6 + CS7 ) <  iLm1 (τ ) dτ 
0 n
  1
 tdf  =
VCc CS1 <  [iLm1 (τ ) + niLr (τ )] dτ  n
ILm1 tdb . (40)
0
 tdf Substituting ILm1 = VCc (D4L
b +Dbz )Ts
− 12 Ip = VCc (Db +Dbz )Ts
nVCc m1 4Lm1
= ILm1 tdf + n τ dτ − 2Vp into (40), we have
Ps
0 Lr
n2 VCc 2 VCc (Db + Dbz )Ts tdb
= ILm1 tdf + t . (38) Lm1 <
2Ps tdb
.
2Lr df 4n(Vs /2 + ΔVCr )(CS5 + CS6 + CS7 ) +
Vp
Substituting ILm1 = V8L Cc Ts
+ 12 Ip = V8L
Cc Ts
+ 2V
Ps
into (38) and (41)
m1 m1 p
rearranging it with respect to Lm2 , we have Here, falling duty-ratio Dbz is
t2 − t1 Lr r2
VCc Ts tdf Dbz = = sin[wr (t1 − t0 )]
Lm1 < . (39) Ts nVCc Ts Zr
4n2 VCc t2df 4Ps tdf
8VCc CS1 − −  2
Lr Vp Lr 1 Vs
= r2 2 − − ΔVCr − nVCc
nVCc Ts Zr 2
Solving (39), we obtain simple ZVS region in forward direction 
2 Lr Ps
according to the value of Lm1,2 . Given Lm1,2 , the primary-side = − (1 − Mb ). (42)
switches can achieve ZVS in forward direction except for the Mb V s Ts
light load. Substituting (36), (42), into (41), we are able to obtain ZVS
In the backward mode, iLm1 /n discharges CS5 , CS7 and region of the switches in backward direction according to the
charges CS6 during the dead time. To achieve ZVS, iLm1 /n value of Lm1,2 , Ps , and Mb as in Fig. 13. Larger Lm1,2 reduces
must fully discharge CS5 . Then, the condition to achieve ZVS the ZVS region of the proposed converter. However, smaller
in the backward mode becomes Lm1,2 generates high peak in iLm1,2 and disturbs ZCS. In

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 LIM et al.: BIDIRECTIONAL SOFT SWITCHING PUSH-PULL RESONANT CONVERTER OVER WIDE RANGE OF BATTERY VOLTAGES 12263

Fig. 24. Measured efficiency curves of the proposed converter for various
ranges of battery voltages according to the output power. (a) Forward mode. (b)
Backward mode.

Fig. 23. Experimental waveforms of vpri , Vp , Ip , and iLr when the step
change in output power occurs at Vp = 72 V and Vs = 380 V. (a) Load transient
in forward mode. (b) Load transient in backward mode. (c) Load transient from
backward mode to forward mode and vice versa.

backward direction, we selected the value of Lm1,2 , which has

acceptable ZVS region and generates low peak in iLm1,2 .

C. Resonant Inductance and Resonant Capacitance

To ensure the proper resonant power transfer, the volt- Fig. 25. Power loss breakdown of the proposed converter at Vp = 72 V and
age across the resonant capacitor must be lower than half of full load. (a) Forward mode. (b) Backward mode.
the secondary source voltage for all operating conditions, i.e.,

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 12264 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 36, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2021

becomes zero. As a result, the ripple of the primary inductor

current is theoretically zero in forward operation.
In backward operation, the voltage across Lp at the steady
state is VCc /2 − Vp during 0 < t < (Db + Dbz )Ts and VCc −
Vp during (Db + Dbz )Ts ≤ t < (1/2 − Db − Dbz )Ts . The rip-
ple of the primary inductor current becomes
 
VCc
− Vp (Db + Dbz ) Ts
2
ΔIp =
Lp
   
VCc 2 Lr Ps
− Vp Db + − (1 − Mb ) Ts
2 Mb V s Ts
= .
Lp
(45)

E. Switch Consideration
The maximum drain-source voltage stress determines the
voltage rating of the switch. The maximum current stress also
determines the current rating of the switches. Both stresses are
listed in Table I.

VII. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

To evaluate the efficiency of the proposed converter, we
conducted experimental tests using a 1-kW converter prototype
(see Fig. 14, Table II). We selected the primary source voltage
48 ≤ Vp ≤ 72 V; secondary source voltage Vs =380 V, and
Fig. 26. Calculated efficiency curves of the proposed converter at full-load
across a range of switching frequencies. (a) Forward mode. (b) Backward mode. output power Ps =1 kW. The PWM duty control functions were
implemented on a TMS320F28377D digital signal processor.
In the forward direction, the converter operates as a PWM
push–pull resonant-boost converter. As S8 is turned ON, the res-
ΔVCr ≤ Vs /2, from which we can drive
onant inductor current increases linearly. When S7 is turned OFF,
|Ps |Ts the resonant inductor current decreases following the downhill
Cr ≥ . (43) part of sinusoidal curve (see Fig. 15). When S7 is turned OFF,
Vs2
vds7 is very small. Thus, the switch S7 are turned OFF with
Since large Ps increases the capacitor voltage fluctuation, the almost ZVS (see Fig. 16). Before S2 and S3 are turned ON, the
capacitor value must be large enough to satisfy (43). Using (8) negative currents flow through S2 and S3 , which fully discharge
and (43) yields the parasitic capacitances of S2 and S3 . Then, S2 and S3 are
turned ON with ZVS (see Figs. 17 and 18). The waveforms of
Vs2
Lr ≤ . (44) the circuit in the first half period are symmetric and essentially
ωr2 |Ps |Ts the same as those in the next half switching period. So, S8 also
At higher rated power Ps , Lr needs to be lower. But considering is turned OFF with almost ZVS and S1 and S4 are turned ON with
the peak current stress, Lr value should be as large as possible. ZVS in the second half of the switching period.
In the backward direction, the converter operates as a half-
bridge resonant-buck converter. As S6 is turned ON, the current
D. Ripple of Primary Inductor
begins to flow through Lr and follows a sinusoidal curve. When
Let us define VLm i as the voltage across the magnetizing S6 is turned OFF and S8 is turned ON, iLr goes to zero linearly
inductor Lm i (i = 1, 2). In forward operation, the duty-cycle (see Fig. 19). The switch S5 is turned OFF with almost ZVS (see
of primary-side switches are fixed to be 0.5 and so the values of Fig. 20). S3 and S7 are turned ON with ZVS (see Figs. 21 and
VCc = 2Vp . The voltage applied to the primary inductor Lp at the 22). Due to the symmetric operation, the switch S6 also is turned
steady state is Vp − VLm2 during first half switching period and OFF with almost ZVS and the switches S4 and S8 also are turned
Vp − VLm1 during second half switching period. The proposed ON with ZVS in the next half switching period.
current-fed push–pull resonant converter has theoretically the To show the dynamic performance of the proposed converter,
same values of Lm1 and Lm2 ; VLm2 =VCc /2=Vp during first we varied the reference output power from 1 kW to 500 W
half switching period and VLm1 =VCc /2=Vp during second half and vice versa in both power flow directions (see Fig. 23). The
switching period. Thus, the voltage across Lp at the steady state primary-side current occasionally experienced an overshoot at

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 LIM et al.: BIDIRECTIONAL SOFT SWITCHING PUSH-PULL RESONANT CONVERTER OVER WIDE RANGE OF BATTERY VOLTAGES 12265

TABLE I TABLE II
MAXIMUM CURRENT STRESS AND VOLTAGE STRESS ON THE SWITCHES OF THE PARAMETERS AND COMPONENTS OF THE PROTOTYPE
PROPOSED CONVERTER

total power loss in backward mode, because the body diodes of

S1 and S2 conduct during the backward power transfer.
We have calculated the efficiency of the proposed converter
at full-load across a range of switching frequencies from 20 to
150 kHz (see Fig. 26). As the switching frequency increases,
the calculated efficiency becomes lower because the primary
inductor current generates offset current at the switches; this
offset current incurs the switching loss at every switching instant.
This switching loss is inevitable in the current-fed type converter.
However, the proposed converter can achieve almost ZVS turn
OFF at S7 and S8 in forward direction and S5 and S6 in backward
direction. This aspect ensures relatively high efficiency upto
100 kHz.
We have compared proposed topology with existing ones in
terms of the number of power components, operation modes,
power conversion efficiency, input/output voltages, and rated
power (see Table III). In bidirectional current-fed push–pull
converters, the current mismatch between the primary-side in-
ductor and leakage inductance of the transformer generates a
large voltage overshoot at the primary-side switching devices.
This problem can be alleviated with the resonant active-clamp
circuit [21]. However, two resonant active-clamp circuits are
IS  i, peak is maximum current stress applied to the ith switch.
required for bidirectional power transfer. These circuits include
VS  i, peak is maximum voltage stress applied to the ith switch. many power components and so complicate the overall circuit
design. By using secondary-side switches and their modula-
tion [22], [23], the bidirectional current-fed push–pull converters
the transient, but it was not so large enough to destroy the active naturally clamp the voltage at the primary-side switches without
power components. using additional snubber circuits. Therefore, this aspect reduces
The power conversion efficiency was measured by Yokogawa the required number of power components. However, the large
WT1800 digital power meter. The maximum measured effi- amount of reverse current flows through the secondary-side
ciency was 96.85% in the forward direction [see Fig. 24(a)] switches. This current enables ZVS turn ON of the secondary-
and 96.44% in the backward direction [see Fig. 24(b)]. Power side switches, but increases the conduction loss occurred at
loss distributions of the proposed converter are obtained in the secondary-side switches significantly. The current-fed push–
both power flow directions at full load. In Fig. 25(a), each loss pull resonant converter [20] transfers the power in resonant way
occurred at the primary-side switches and the secondary-side and so achieve ZCS turn OFF of the secondary-side switches
switches takes 44.44% and 30.20% of the total loss in forward when the voltage gain is unity. This circuit does not experience
mode, respectively. In Fig. 25(b), the conduction loss occurred the reverse current at the secondary-side switches. However, this
at the primary-side switches S1 and S2 occupies 36.97% of the circuit suffers from hard switching turn OFF at the secondary-side

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 12266 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 36, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2021

TABLE III
COMPARISON OF CONVENTIONAL PUSH–PULL CONVERTERS AND PROPOSED CONVERTER

Note: N/A stands for not available,

switches when the voltage gain is far away from unity. By using Given the designated power and input voltage ranges, the peak
the bidirectional switch at the secondary side, the proposed efficiency reaches 96.85% in forward direction and 96.44% in
converter can achieve almost ZVS turn OFF at the secondary the backward direction.
side of the switches irrespective of the voltage gain. This aspect
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