CHAPTER #1

SHORT QUESTIONS
S.Q1 Define Dobereiner's law of triads.
Ans. Dobereiner's law of Triad:
In 1829, a German chemist, Dobereiner arranged then known elements in groups called triads,
as each contained three elements with similar properties. According to his law of Triads:
"The atomic mass of middle element is the average of atomic masses of the other two elements of triads"
Examples:
Triad Li Na K
Atomic mass 7 23 39
7 + 39
Atomic mass of Na = 2 = 23

S.Q2 Define
i. Mendeleev's periodic law
ii. Modern periodic law.
Ans. Mendeleev's Periodic Law
"If the elements are arranged in ascending order of their atomic masses, their chemical properties repeat in a
periodic manner."
Modern Periodic Law
"If the elements are arranged in ascending order of their atomic numbers, their chemical properties repeat in a
periodic manner."
S.Q3 Define Groups and periods in periodic table.
Ans: Groups: The vertical column in periodic table in which elements of similar chemical properties are
arranged are called Groups.
Examples: There are total 18 groups like that alkali metals, halogens and noble gases.
Periods: The horizontal rows of the periodic table are called Periods.
Examples: There are total 7 periods. First and second periods are known as short period while 6 th
th
and 7 periods are called long periods.
S.Q4 What are Lanthanides and actinides.
Ans: Lanthanides:
The series of elements after lanthanum are called lanthanides. It comprises the14
elements with atomic numbers 58to 71, from cerium to lutetium (58Ce to 71Lu).
Actinides:
The series of elements after actinium are called actnides. It comprises the14
elements with atomic numbers 90 to 103, from thorium to lawrencium (90Th to 103Lr).
Q5 Give brief reason for the following
'd' and f-block elements are called transition elements. Why?
Ans. 'd' and f-block elements are in between 's' and 'p' block elements. Their properties are in transition between
the metallic elements of s- block and non- metallic elements of the p-block. That is why they are called
transition elements.

Q 6. Write the name of Blocks present in periodic table.

Ans. The elements in the periodic table are also classified into four blocks on the basis of the valence orbital of
the elements involved in chemical bonding. i.e. s, p, d and f.
i. s- Block Elements:
ii. p- Block Elements:
iii. d- Block Elements:
iv. f- Block Elements:
v.
S.Q7 What are metalloids. Give examples.
Ans: Those elements which have properties of both metals as well as non-metal Are called metalloids.
Examples: Ge, Sb, Te and As.

S.Q8 What you know about halogen family and chalcogens family in periodic table.
Ans:
i) Chalcogens
The group 16 elements are called Chalcogens because most ores of copper (Greek chalkos)
are oxides or sulfides.
In this group, oxygen & sulphar are non-metals, Se, Te, Po are
metaloids and Liver monium is a metal.
ii) Halogens
Elements in group 17, known as halogens, are nonmetallic. The term ―halogen‖ means
―salt-former‖ because these elements easily react with alkali metals and alkaline earth
metals to form stable halide salts.

Examples are fluorine, chlorine, bromine. Halogens are

highly reactive nonmetals with high electron affinities. Halogens can easily accept one
electron to complete their outermost shell.

Q.9. Why Anions are larger in sizes than their parent atoms?
Or
Why the ionic radius of Cl- ion increases from 99pm to 181pm.
Ans: When an electron is added up in the valence shell of a neutral atom then number of
electrons increases but number of protons remain same.
Cl + 1e Cl-1
99pm 181pm
 As a result,electron-electron repulsion increases in the valence shell and the attraction of
nucleus on electrons decreases .Therefore, electrons move away and size become greater.

S.Q10 Why cations are smaller in sizes than their parent atoms?
Or
Why radius of Na+ ion is smaller than the atomic radius of Na atom.
Ans: When an electron removed from the valence shell of a neutral atom, number of electrons
decreased but the number of protons remain same.
Na Na+ + 1e
186pm 95pm
As a result, the attraction of nucleus on remaining electrons increased and valence shell
come close to the nucleus and size become smaller.

S.Q11 Define ionization energy. Give example and write units.

Ans: The minimum amount of energy required to remove an electron from its gaseous atom to form
a ion is called ionization energy.
Example: The ionization energy of magnesium is 738 kJ mol–1
Mg ——Mg+ + e– = +738 kJ mol–1
Units: kJmol-1 and eV.

Q 12. Why ionization energy decreases down the group and increases along a period?

Ans. Variation in Group:

Ionization energy decreases down the group from top to bottom.
Reason:
When we go down the group, the number of shells increase and shielding
effects also increase. These two factors decrease the force of attraction between the
nucleus and the outermost electrons and is a cause of decreasing ionization energy

Variation in period:
Ionization energy increases from left to right in a period.
Reason:
Along period, number of protons increases and thus positive charge on the
nucleus increases. This high nuclear charge powerfully attracts the electrons. Thus, more
energy is required to remove the electron, therefore, ionization energies increases.

S.Q13 Explain why sulphur has a lower first ionization energy than phosphorus.
Ans: Sulphur has a lower first ionization energy than phosphorus due to electron-electron
repulsion within the 3p subshell of sulfur, making it easier to remove an electron than in
phosphorus.
In sulfur, the 3p subshell contains a pair of electrons in one of the orbitals,
leading to increased repulsion between those electrons. This repulsion destabilizes the sulfur
atom and makes it easier to remove an electron, thus lowering the ionization energy.
S.Q14 Write the factors influencing the ionization energies.
Ans: There are four factors which influencing the ionization energies
(i) Atomic radius of atom
(ii) Nuclear charge
(iii) Shielding effect
(iv) Spin pair repulsion

S.Q.15 Define electron affinity. Give example.

Ans: The energy released when an electron adds to an empty or partially filled orbital of an isolated
gaseous atom in its valence energy level to form an anion having uni-negative charge is called
electron affinity.
Example:The electron affinity of chlorine is -349Kj/mol
Cl + 1e —— Cl-1 △H = -349Kj/mol

S.Q.16 Why the electron affinity decreases down the group.

Ans: When we go down the group, the number of shells increase and shielding effects also
increase. These two factors decrease the force of attraction between the nucleus and
incoming electrons and is a cause of decreasing electron affinity.

S.Q.17 Why the electron affinity increases along the period.

Ans: Along period, number of protons increases and thus positive charge on the nucleus
increases. This high nuclear charge powerfully attracts the electrons. Thus, electron
affinity increases from left to right in a period.

Q 18. Why the second value of electron affinity of an element is usually shown with positive sign?
Ans. Most of the elements of the periodic table have the capacity to accommodate the electrons in
one of the outermost orbitals. They feel stability by gaining the electrons and evolve the
energy.
O + 1e —— O-1 △H = -141Kj/mol
-1 -2
O + 1e —— O △H = +798Kj/mol
When the second electron is given to the uni-negative ions, it is repelled by the negative ion and
energy has to be provided. So, the second electron affinity of all the elements is positive

Q.19 Why the electron affinity of fluorine is less than chlorine.

Or
Why the electron affinity of fluorine is less than the expected value.
Ans: Fluorine has very small size and seven electrons in 2s and 2p subshells have thick
electronic cloud. When electron is added in fluorine, it is strongly repelled by the thick
electronic cloud. An extra amount of energy is provided to add an electron, therefore, its
electron affinity is less than the expected value.

Q.20 Define electronegativity. Write its unit and example.

Or
What is electronegativity. Give the names of most and the least electronegative
elements.
Ans: The tendency of an atom at attract shared pair of electrons towards itself in a bond is called
electronegativity.
 Unit: Electronegativity has no units.
Examples: The electronegativity of fluorine is 4.0 while that of cesium is 0.7.

Q21. Why metallic character increases from top to bottom in a group of metals?
Ans. Atomic sizes increases from top to bottom in a group. It becomes easier to remove the electron of an
atom bigger in size. Greater the atomic Size, greater the ability to give electrons. Due to the reasons,
metallic Character increases down the group.
Q22 Justify oxides of Al is amphoteric in nature.
Ans: Amphoteric oxides are oxides that can react with both acids and bases. This means they have the
ability to behave as either an acid or a base, depending on the conditions. Aluminum oxide
(Al2O3) is insoluble in water but reacts with hydrochloric acid to form salt and water. It also react
with base to form sodium aluminate and water
Al2O3(s) + 6HCl(aq) —— 2AlCl3(s) + 3H2O(l)
Al2O3(s) + 2NaOH(aq) —— Na2Al2O4(s) + H2O

LONG QUESTIONS

1. Ionization energy
2. Electron affinity
3. What are oxides. How they are classified.
4. Write reaction of Na and Mg with oxygen and water.

EXERCISE MCQS SOLUTION

I. Which scientist first time observed the periodicity in the elements?

a) J. Newlands b) L. Meyer
c) J.W. Döbereiner d) D. I. Mendeleev
II. Recognize the element if it has 3 electron shells, belongs to “s” block and has 2
electrons in its outer most shell.
a) Calcium b) Sodium
c) Magnesium d) Potassium
III. Which one do you think is correct about metallic character?
a) It decreases from top to bottom in a group.
b) It increases from top to bottom in a group.
c) It remains constant from left to right in a period.
 d) It increases from left to right in a period.
IV. Which one is the correct statement among the following?
a) Anionic radius is generally smaller than atomic radius.
b) Cationic radius is generally bigger than atomic radius.
c) Cationic ionic radius is generally smaller than atomic radius.
d) Both anionic and cationic radii are smaller than atomic radius.
V. Which property increases as you go down a group in the periodic table?
a) Atomic radius b) Electron Affinity
c) Electronegativity d) Ionization energy
VI. Which set of the following conditions results in higher ionization energy?
a) Smaller atom and greater nuclear charge.
b) Smaller atom and smaller nuclear charge
c) larger atom and greater nuclear charge
d) larger atom and the smaller nuclear charge
VII. Which of the following atoms show more than one (variable) oxidation states?
a) Sodium b) Magnesium
c) Aluminum d) Phosphorous
Prof. Noman ahmer Chapter 1

d) It has no definite trend and changes irregularly.

IX. What is the oxidation state of sulfur in the (SO 2-).
a) + 4 b) + 2
c) + 6 d) 0
X. Which is the correct trend in variation of electronegativity along a period of the
periodic table?
a) It decreases from left to right across a period.
b) It increases from left to right across a period.
c) It remains constant.
d) It has no definite trend.
XI. The atomic radius generally… ......... across a period in the periodic table.
a) Increases b) Decreases
c) Remains constant d) First increases then decreases
XII. Which one of the following elements has the highest ionization energy?
a) Sodium (Na) b) Magnesium (Mg)
c) Aluminium (Al) d) Argon (Ar)