ABSTRACT

This comprehensive collection of notes is accurately crafted to empower students

to excel academically, ensuring they achieve a minimum of 80% marks in
their examinations. The content is organized with clarity and precision,
focusing on key concepts, critical analyses, and practical applications tailored
to the syllabus. These notes serve as a reliable resource for both thorough
preparation and last-minute revision. Designed to inspire confidence and
mastery, this guide is an essential tool for students striving for academic
excellence.

Maha Malik
Introduction to ELT

ENG503
Quiz for Mid-Term
 ENG503_Introduction to ELT
Quiz for Mid-Term

1. % of multilingualism in world? (55,60,65,70)

2. Ensuring the test items meat specification is much more...? (problematic,
valuable, reliable)
3. Which grammar indicates the sound and meanings of language? (prescriptive
grammar, descriptive grammar, Universal/Mental grammar)

1. The level, at which assumptions and beliefs about language and learning are
specified, is called _______. (approach)
2. The level, at which theory is put into practice in language teaching, is called
_______. (method)
3. According to the divine source, the primitive words could have been imitations
of the natural sounds which early men and women heard around them. (False)
4. Task Based language learning focuses on the completion of learning task by using
the target language. (True)
5. Is the following correct or incorrect?
Learners of English usually commit mistakes like errors of grammar, vocabulary
and pronunciation. Many experts have recommended principles of teaching
English language. One of this is the selection and gradation of the material.
(correct)
6. Which of the following measures what it is supposed to measure in a language
test? (Validity)
7. Is the following correct or incorrect?

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Technique is the level at which classroom procedures are described. (Correct)

8. Which of the following countries led the Industrial Revolution? (Britain)
9. Which method focuses on learner’s linguistics and communicative needs?
(Learner centered)
10. Is the following correct or incorrect?
Language centered methods are organized around linguistic forms (usually
grammatical structure) whose major focus is on accuracy, for example, Audio
lingual and GTM. (Correct)
11. Choose the correct option.
The _________ languages are associated only with ethnic nationalism and
identity in Pakistan. (indigenous)
12. Which one of the following is the largest and oldest association in the field of
ELT? (TESOL)
13. Is the following correct or incorrect?
Language centered method focuses on the learners’ linguistic and communicative
needs. They are used only for specific elements of language learning (e.g., CLT).
(Incorrect)
14. Is the following correct or incorrect?
Drop-out rates for non-native students in multiple countries is much higher than
native students. (Correct)
15. Is the following correct or incorrect?
In order to become a primary level teacher in Government sector schools, one
ought to have Bachelor in Arts degree (BA). (Correct)
16. Kumaravadivelu divides the methods of teaching second language into
_______ groups. (three)
17. Is the following correct or incorrect?
Words are not stored in the mind independently. (correct)
18. Choose the correct option.

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The grammar for the communicative context is emergent and arises out of the
_________ strategies. (negotiation)
19. Choose the correct option.
The first step of input utilization is called _______input. (apperceived)
20. Early humans had already developed musical ability prior to language and
were using it “to charm each other”.
This theory of origin of Language was given by _______: (Charles Darwin)
21. Is the following correct or incorrect?
The Conative function is about the choosing of words wisely. How careful you
are when you speak? Do you attempt to be eloquent? It helps us develop an
appreciation for the literary and spoken word tradition of the target culture and is
essential in higher levels of communication. (incorrect)
22. The way in which the language system is represented in the mind of the learner
is termed as_________. (knowledge)
23. A language is at danger of falling out of usage as its speakers die out or move
to speaking another language. This state is called_____. (Language
endangerment)
24. Is the following correct or incorrect?
The Conative function is concerned with command. (correct)
25. According to Yule, _______ language must have developed between 100,000
and 50,000 years ago. (spoken)
26. Is the following correct or incorrect?
The process whereby a language is passed on from one generation to the next is
called cultural transmission. (correct)
27. Is the following correct or incorrect?
Popularly known as “small talk‟ or engage for the sake of conversation, phatic
function is the non-referential use of language to share feelings or establish a
mood of sociability rather than to communicate information or ideas. (correct)
28. According to a structural linguist Roman Jakobson, there are _____essential
functions of language. (six)
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29. Functional Typology is based on the comparative study and __________of a

wide range of the world’s languages. (classification)
30. Is the following correct or incorrect?
The Emotive function is about expressing something. We do not only state facts
but also add a little emotion to our conversation. (correct)
31. The way in which the language system is represented in the mind of the learner
is termed as_________. (knowledge)

32. There is no “natural” connection between a linguistic form and its meaning.
This property of human language is called_______. (arbitrariness)
33. Humans continually create new expressions and novel utterances to describe
new objects and situations. This property of human language is described as
_______. (reflexivity, )
34. Which of the following is called ‘the study of the sound system of a
language’? (Phonology)
35. The quality or state of being correct or precise in speaking is called
__________. (accuracy, proficiency, )
36. Choose the correct option.
Humans can refer to past and future time with the help of language. This property
of human language is called ______. (displacement, arbitrariness, reflexivity,
cultural transmission)
37. Is the following correct or incorrect?
The process whereby a language is passed on from one generation to the next is
called cultural transmission. (Arbitrary language)
38. Choose the correct option.
Early humans had already developed musical ability prior to language and were
using it 'to charm each other'. This theory of origin of Language was given by
_______: (Charles Darwin)
39. The phenomenon that occurs when the language has no more native speakers
and becomes a "dead language" is called? (Language loss, Arbitrary language,
Reflexive language, Moribund language)
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40. Is the following correct or incorrect?

Linguistic diversity is a specific measure of the density of language, or
concentration of unique languages together. (Correct)
41. Is the following correct or incorrect?
Language is a purely human and instinctive method of communicating ideas.
(Incorrect)
42. The teaching method that advocates teacher to be silent as much as possible
in the classroom and the learner should be encouraged to produce as much
language as possible is called___________. (The Silent Way)
43. Choose the correct option.
A language that is at risk of disappearing as its speakers die out or shift to
speaking other languages is called _______. (moribund language, displaced
language, reflexive language, )
44. In large-scale testing, there may be a need for more than one form of the test,
especially if testing is to take place at different times. This highlights which of
the following step? (Construction Systems)
45. Should grades not be contaminated by students’ tardiness, misbehavior, and
other extraneous factors? (No)
46. This kind of grading system is usually accomplished by ranking students in
the order of performance (percentile ranks). (numerical)
47. An established system of points for a midterm exam, or points for a final
exam, and points accumulated for the semester etc is an example of which type
of grading? (Absolute)
48. The criteria of exceptional, failing and average students depend on students’
_______. (grades)
49. Is the following correct or incorrect?
50. Grades should be based on students’ achievement only and should represent
the extent to which the intended learning outcomes are achieved. (correct)
51. Which of the following elements can threaten validity of a test? (Mistakes;
Abnormalities; All of the given options; Inconsistencies)
52. Which of the following assesses bilingual learners’ relative strength in two or
more languages? (Language Dominance Test)

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53. Is the following correct or incorrect?

54. A prototype is a pre-production model used to evaluate all types of validity,
perceived authenticity, and educational appropriateness of student assessments.
(correct)
55. All components of grading should be consistent with the _______.
(institutional philosophy)
56. Writing a test item is a difficult task. For this, writers need to be trained to
follow the test specifications and be supplied with item-writing templates. This
highlights which of the following step? (Item Writing and Review)
57. Physical test components need to be extracted from storage and dispatched by
secure means to centers. Receipt of materials needs to be confirmed and the
number of tests dispatched needs to match the number of test takers registered.
This highlights which of the following step? (Distribution Systems)
58. The presentation of a test should be uniform across all forms, i.e. a test should
resemble its previous forms. This highlights which of the following step?
(Preparation and Dispatch)
59. While both tests and assessment may be used interchangeably, a _______ is a
“product” that measures a particular behavior or set of objectives. (test)
60. “There is a strong criticism on the standardized tests because test industry has
become a powerful source of influence on decisions about people’s lives.” (Kohn,
2000)
61. When grading standards are pre-specified, it is called _______. (absolute
grading)
62. This is one of most common alternative in assessment. It includes materials
such as:
poetry and creative prose; artwork, photos, newspaper or magazine clippings;
audio and/or video recordings of presentations, demonstrations, etc. It is:
(Portfolio assessment)
63. A _______ is administered for a specific purpose within a strict time limitation
while _______ is a broader concept. (test, assessment)
64. Which of the options is appropriate in the following blank?
When testing takes place at different times then _______. (more than one form
of test is required)

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65. If one pre-specifies standards of performance on a numerical point system, it

is known as ________ system of grading. (absolute)
66. When testing is taking place at different times, we need multiple forms of tests
to ensure _______. (test security)
67. Which of the following should be considered while assigning grades to the
students? (Students’ achievement)
68. Physical test components need to be extracted from storage and dispatched by
secure means to centers. Receipt of materials needs to be confirmed and the
number of tests dispatched needs to match the number of test takers registered.
This highlights which of the following step? (Distribution Systems)
69. In what year did many people opposed the idea that all skills of all people can
be measured by traditional tests? (Early 1990s)
70. The study of how speech sounds are made or articulated is called _____.
(Articulatory Phonetics)
71. What discovery is of central concern in phonetics?
72. (How they are used in spoken language; How we can record speech sounds
with written symbols; How speech sounds are producedHow speech sounds are
produced; All of the given options)
73. Which of the following is not a branch of phonetics? (Traditional Phonetics)
74. Is the following correct or incorrect?
Phonetics is about sounds of language, whereas phonology is about the sound
system of a language. (correct)
75. Is the following correct or incorrect?
Phonetics is a descriptive tool necessary to the study of the phonological aspects
of a language while Phonology is, in effect, based on a theory of what every
speaker of a language unconsciously knows about the sound patterns of that
language. (correct)
76. When the vocal folds are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between
them unimpeded. Sounds produced in this way are described as _______.
(voiceless)
77. Is the following correct or incorrect?
The total number of diphthongs in English is nine. (Incorrect)

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78. When the vocal folds are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeatedly
pushes them apart as it passes through, creating a vibration effect. Sounds
produced in this way are described as_______. (voiced)
79. The total number of diphthongs in English language is ____. (eight)
80. A word is a sequence of one or more morphemes that can stand alone in a
language. When a word is used in some text or in speech, that occurrence of word
is sometimes referred to as a _________. (Word token)
81. The sound which consists of a movement or glide from one vowel to another
is called_____. (diphthongs)
82. Is the following correct or incorrect?
The total number of diphthongs in English is nine. (Incorrect)
83. The presentation of a test should be _______ across its various forms.
(uniform)
84. Which of the following is concerned with how sounds function in relation to
each other in a language? (Phonology)
85. For which type of vowel is the tongue quite high in the mouth? (Close vowels)
86. The distinct unit in the sound system of a language is called _____. (phoneme)
87. It produces a type of sound for which there is no closure of the throat or mouth
at any point where vocalization occurs. It is: (Vowel)
88. For which type of vowel is the tongue neither high nor low in the mouth? (Mid
vowels)
89. Which of the following is concerned with how sounds are produced,
transmitted and perceived? (Phonetics)
90. In ______, morph means shape or form. (Greek)
91. There are _____ long vowels in English language. (five)
92. Which of the following is the study of the internal structure of words, word
formation, including the ways new words are coined in the languages of the
world? (Morphology)
93. The most basic concept of morphology is the concept of________. (word)
94. Which of the following terms literally mean ‘study of form’? (Morphology)
95. The tongue is low in the mouth for ____vowels. (open)
96. Is the following correct or incorrect?
Morphology is equally prominent in all (spoken) languages. (Incorrect)

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97. Which of the following is the most basic concept in Morphology? (Word)
98. The words which are used frequently in spoken language, but far less
frequently in formal language, for example, grubby, etc. are called ______.
(colloquial words)
99. This kind of morpheme cannot stand alone as a word – attached to other forms,
e.g., the ‘s’ in ‘cats’ is a bound morpheme. It is: (Bound morpheme)
100. The minimal meaningful units that are used to form words are called_____.
(morphemes)
101. The morphemes which are used to make new words of a different grammatical
category from the stem are known as ______. (derivational morphemes)
102. This kind of morpheme are of purely grammatical purposes. They consists
largely of the functional words in the language; conjunctions, prepositions,
articles and pronouns. (Functional morpheme)
103. New words, based on the name of a person or a place, are called _______.
(eponyms)
104. This kind of morpheme can stand alone as a word and does not need anything
attached to it to make a word. It is: (Free morpheme)
105. A different phonetic variation of a morpheme is called ______. (allomorphs)
106. Is the following correct or incorrect?
Syntax is the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences
in a language. (Correct)
107. Is the following correct or incorrect?
Syntax is one of the major components of grammar other than morphology and
semantics. (Correct)
108. Is the following correct or incorrect?
There are two types of constituents namely immediate constituent and ultimate
constituent. (Correct)
109. Is the following correct or incorrect?
A noun phrase is a word/group of words in which the head word is a noun.
(Correct)
110. Is the following correct or incorrect?

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A syntactic unit that functions as part of a larger unit within a sentence. (Correct)
111. Is the following correct or incorrect?
A phrase can be a single word or group of words. The words other than head are
called modifiers. (Correct)
112. The field of linguistics that studies the pattern of words, phrases, and clauses
within a sentence is called _______. (Syntax)
113. Which of the following is a syntactic unit that functions as part of a larger unit
within a sentence? (Constituent)
114. It refers to the category labels we use for the building blocks of grammar, i.e.
word classes, phrases, and clauses. It is: (Form)
115. Is the following correct or incorrect?
Syntax is one of the major components of grammar other than morphology and
semantics. (Correct)
116. Is the following correct or incorrect?
Syntax is the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences
in a language. (Correct)
117. Is the following correct or incorrect?
A noun phrase is used as a subject, object, compliment or adverbial in a sentence.
(Correct)
118. Is the following correct or incorrect?
A phrase can be a single word or group of words. The words other than head are
called modifiers. (Correct)
119. Is the following correct or incorrect?
A noun phrase is a word/group of words in which the head word is a noun.
(Correct)
120. Is the following correct or incorrect?
The difference between modifiers and compliments is that modifiers are optional
and compliments are obligatory. (Correct)

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121. Is the following correct or incorrect?

A verb phrase is used as a verb in the sentence and is the most important element
in predicate. (Correct)
122. Is the following correct or incorrect?
Words make phrases, phrases make clauses, clauses make sentences, and
sentences make speech. (Correct)
123. Is the following correct or incorrect?
Head is a central part of any phrase. Generally, it is a lexical word and defines
the category of the phrase. (Correct)
124. Is the following correct or incorrect?
There are two types of constituents namely immediate constituent and ultimate
constituent. (Correct)
125. It is a word, especially an adjective or noun used attributively, that restricts or
adds to the sense of a head noun (e.g., good and family in a ‘good family house’)
- make its meaning more specific. (Head; None of the given options;
Compliment; Modifier)
126. Which of the following is a syntactic unit that functions as part of a larger unit
within a sentence? (Lexeme; Phoneme; Word token; Constituent)
127. It refers to the category labels we use for the building blocks of grammar, i.e.
word classes, phrases, and clauses. It is: (Form; Lexeme; None of the given
options; Function)
128. Read the given sentence and identify the type of phrase.
"My daughter" is very intelligent. (verb phrase, noun phrase, adjective phrase,
prepositional phrase)
129. The central part of a phrase which is a lexical word and defines the category
of the phrase is known as ______. (subject, head, compliment, clause)
130. Syntacticians have identified _____ different levels of structure at which
constituents occur. (five, seven, six, four)
131. The field of linguistics that studies the pattern of words, phrases, and clauses
within a sentence is called _______. (Morphology; Syntax; Phonetics;
Semantics)
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132. Is the following correct or incorrect?

In semantic analysis, there is always an attempt to focus on what the words
conventionally mean, rather than on what an individual speaker might want
hearer to mean on a particular occasion. (Correct)
133. Is the following correct or incorrect?
An indexical sign is related with some sensory feature (something directly
visible, audible, etc.) e.g., smoke signifies fire, whereas, a symbolic signs have
no relation with what they refer to. (Correct)
134. Is the following correct or incorrect?
Language uses a system of linguistic signs, each of which is a combination of
meaning and phonological and/or orthographic forms. (Correct)
135. The term semantics was coined by French linguist ______. (Michel Bréal;
Frawley; Kreidler; George Yule)
136. The phrase in which both parts, head word and modifier are obligatory is
known as_____. (verb phrase, noun phrase, adjective phrase, prepositional
phrase)
137. Semantics is closely linked with another sub discipline of linguistics _____.
(Sociolinguistics, Syntax, Discourse Analysis, Pragmatics)
138. Semantics is the study of ______. (signs, meaning, symbols, sound)
139. Read the given sentence and identify the type of phrase.
We had a picnic "in the park". (verb phrase, noun phrase, adjective phrase,
prepositional phrase)
140. It is the study signs and symbols, not necessarily linguistic. (Semantics,
Semiotics; Signs; Morphology)
141. It is the study of meaning within a linguistic system e.g., words and sentences.
(Semantics; Semiotics; Signs; Morphology)
142. Semantic/Thematic roles were introduced in generative grammar during the
mid 1960s and early 1970s and are also called ______ roles, ______ roles,
semantic cases and deep cases. (participant, theta; none of the given options;
theta, semiotic; semiotic, sytanctic)
143. In thematic roles the entity for whose benefit the action was performed is
known as_______. (beneficiary, goal, instrument, location)
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144. Is the following correct or incorrect?

Such a relationship between opposites where the positive of one term does not
necessarily imply the negative of the other, for example rich/poor, is known as
gradable antonym. (Correct)
145. Is the following correct or incorrect?
Words with very closely related/similar meanings are called antonyms.
(Incorrect)
146. Is the following correct or incorrect?
A relation of inclusion; a hyponym includes the meaning of a more general word,
e.g., dog and cat are hyponyms of animal. (Correct)
147. Is the following correct or incorrect?
A collocation is made up of two or more words that are commonly used together
in English. E.g., ‘close a deal’, ‘open an account.’ (correct)
148. Thematic roles were introduced in _____ grammar during the mid 1906s and
early 1970s. (descriptive, perspective, generative, traditional)
149. ‘Crown’ for ‘royalty’ is an example of ____. (collocation, polysemy,
metonymy, homonomy)
B.Ed. (1.5 Years) BS English Files

Maha Malik’s Compilation