IFET COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

GANGARAMPALAYAM, VILLUPURAM-60108.
DEPARTMENT OF ECE.
Questions with answers (2 marks)

SUBJECT CODE : SEM : III

SUBJECT NAME : SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS YEAR : II

UNIT II ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS TIME SIGNALS –

SYLLABUS

Fourier series analysis-spectrum of Continuous Time (CT) signals- Fourier and Laplace
Transforms in CT Signal Analysis – Properties
Fourier series analysis- spectrum of Continuous Time (CT) signals
1. Write down the trigonometric form of Fourier series representation of a periodic
signal x(t). (Dec’10)
The trigonometric Fourier series representation of a periodic signal
x(t) can be expressed as,
 
x(t ) = a0 +  ak cos(k0t ) +  bk sin(k0t )
k =1 k =1
T T T
1 2 2
where, a0 =  x(t )dt , ak =  x (t ) cos(k0t )dt , bk =  x (t ) sin(k 0t )dt ,
T 0 T 0 T 0
2
0 = , T is its fundamental period .
T
2. What are odd and even functions?
Even Function: If the function x(t) is even, then x(t)=x(-t).
Examples are cost, t2, t sint. The waveforms representing even functions are shown
below:

Geometrically, the graph of an even function will be symmetrical with respect to the
y-axis.
Odd function: If the function x(t) is odd, then x(t)= -x(-t). Examples are sint, t3, t cost
etc…
The graph of the odd function is shown below and is symmetrical about the origin.

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 3. Write the Complex form of Fourier series. (NOV 2007)

Let us consider a periodic signal x(t)with fundamental period T. If there exists a

convergent series

x(t ) = Ce
k =−
k
jk0t
'
T
1
where, Ck =  x(t )e − jk0t dt
T0
are the Fourier coefficients of x(t).

4. What do the Fourier series coefficients represent? (NOV 2002)

Fourier series is representing a periodic signal as a weighted superposition of complex
sinusoids. If we represent x(t) as, x(t ) =  Ck e 0 , where ω0=2π/T,
j t
is the
k

fundamental frequency of x(t). Here the frequency of kth sinusoid is kω0, and each
sinusoid has a common period T. The Fourier coefficients Ck represents the weight or
amplitude of the signal at kth harmonic. The presence of Fourier coefficients
represents the presence of signal at its corresponding harmonic frequency.

5. What is Parseval’s power theorem? (NOV 2006)

Parseval’s power theorem gives total average power of the periodic signal. The power
is equal to summation of squares of magnitudes of Fourier coefficients.

P= 
2
Ck
k =−
6. State Dirichlet conditions for existence of Fourier series of a function f(t).(NOV
2009)
(i) The function x(t) should be single valued within the interval T0
(ii) The function should have finite number of maxima and minima in the interval T0
(iii) The function should have finite number of maxima and minima in the interval T0.
(iv) The function should be absolutely integrable.
7. What is the difference between Fourier series and Fourier transform? (NOV
2004)
Fourier series Fourier Transform
Fourier series is calculated for periodic Fourier transform is calculated for non
signals periodic as well as periodic signals
Express the signal in time domain Represents the signal in frequency domain
Fourier series gives discrete spectrum at Fourier transform gives continuous spectrum
different harmonic of frequencies which shows the existence of different
frequencies in a signal.
.
8. Using the definition of FS coefficients, evaluate the Fourier coefficients of
x(t ) = sin(3 t ) + cos(4 t )

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 2 1
Note :T1 = , T2 = , T = lcm(T1 , T2 ) = 2, 0 = 
3 2
Solution:
x(t ) = sin(3 t ) + cos(4 t )
1 j (3) t 1 j ( −3) t 1 j (4) t 1 j ( −4) t
=
e − e + e + e
2j 2j 2 2
By inspection,
1
2 for k = 4

1 for k = 3

Ck =  2 j
 1
− for k = −3
 2 j
0 otherwise
9. Find the complex Fourier coefficients of the signal x(t ) = sin  t , shown below.

Solution:

T = 1, 0 = 2
1  j (1− 2 k ) t 
1 1 1
1
2 j 0  2 j  0 0
j t − j t − jk 2 t − j (1+ 2 k ) t
Ck =  e − e 
 e dt =  e dt − e dt 

1  1
1
  1
 
1
=  e j (1− 2 k ) t − e − j (1+ 2 k )t 
2 j  j (1 − 2k ) 0 − j (1 + 2k ) 0

1  
= 
1
2 j  j (1 − 2k )

e j (1− 2 k ) − 1 −  1
− j (1 + 2k )

e − j (1+ 2 k ) − 1   e − j (1+ 2 k ) = e j (1+ 2 k ) = −1

1  −2 2  2
=  −  =
2 j  j (1 − 2k ) j (1 + 2k )   (1 − 4k 2 )

10. Find the Fourier coefficients of the signal shown below.

IFETCE/ECE /II YEAR/III SEM/EC 6303/SS/UNIT-2/QB-2M-solved/VER 1.0

 Solution:
T = 2, 0 = 
1
1  e − t (1+ jk ) 
1 1
1 1
Ck =  e − t e − jk t dt =  e −t (1+ jk ) dt =  
20 20 2  −(1 + jk )  0
1  e − (1+ jk ) − 1  1 − e−1(1+ jk )
=   = Ck =
2  −(1 + jk )  2( j k + 1)
Fourier transform in CT signal analysis:
11. Define Fourier transform of a signal x(t).(NOV 2007) (MAY 2005)

Let x(t) be a signal such that 
−
x(t ) dt   and with finite number of maxima and

minima, then the Fourier transform of x(t) is defined as



 x(t )e
− jt
FT {x(t )} = X ( j ) = dt
−


1
and x(t ) = F ( X ( j ) ) =
−1
 X ( j )e
+ jt
d
2 −

called Fourier transform pair.

12. State linearity property of Fourier transform and hence compute the FT of
x(t ) =  (t ) + u (t ) .
Solution:
FT FT
If x(t )  X ( j ) and y (t )  Y ( j )
Linearity property: FT
Then, ax(t ) + by (t )  aX ( j ) + bY ( j )
1
FT { (t )} = 1; FT {u (t )} =
j
1
 FT { (t ) + u (t )} = 1 +
j
13. Find the inverse Fourier transform of 2πδ(ω).Sketch the time and frequency domain
signals.

1
  ( )e
+ jt
F [ ( )] =
−1
d
2 −

1
= 1   ( ) is valid only at  = 0
2
FT 1 FT
 ( )  or 2 ( )  1
2

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 14. Find the FT of the signal shown below.

Solution: The given signal is called signum function.

 0 

 x(t )e − jt dt =  (−1)e dt +  (1)e dt

− jt − jt
X ( j ) =
− − 0
−  − 
 e jt   e − jt 
 (−1)e dt +  (1)e
jt − jt
= dt = −   + 
0 0  j  0  − j  0
1 1 2
= + =
j j j
2
FT ( sgn(t ) ) =
j
15. Find the Fourier transform of unit step signal.
Solution: The unit step signal u(t) can be decomposed as shown below.

The Fourier transform of signum function with amplitude ½ is, 1/jω. (refer previous
problem.)
A DC signal with amplitude ½ has the Fourier transform, 2πδ(ω)/2=πδ(ω) (Problem
no.13)
1
Therefore, Using linearity property, the Fourier transform of u (t ) =  ( ) +
j
16. State and prove the time shifting property of Fourier transform.
Time shifting property:

IFETCE/ECE /II YEAR/III SEM/EC 6303/SS/UNIT-2/QB-2M-solved/VER 1.0

 T
If x(t )  X ( j )
T
then x(t − t0 )  e − jt0 X ( j )
Proof:

1
 X ( j )e
jt
x(t ) = d
2 −

replacing t by (t − t0 ),
 
1 1 − jt0
 X ( j )e j (t −t0 ) d  = − X ( j )e d
jt
x(t − t0 ) = e
2 −
2
 FT ( x(t − t0 ) = e − jt0 X ( j )
Hence proved.
17. State Frequency shifting property of Fourier transform hence find the FT of
x(t ) = cos 0t

FT
If x(t )  X ( j )
FT
Then x(t )e j0t  X [ j ( − 0 )]
e j0t + e − j0t
Given : x(t ) = cos 0t =
2
FT (1) = 2 ( )
( )
 FT 1.e j0t = 2 ( − 0 ) ( Frequency shifting )

( )
and FT 1.e − j0t = 2 ( + 0 )
2 ( − 0 ) + 2 ( + 0 )
 FT ( cos 0t ) = =  ( − 0 ) +  ( + 0 )
2

18. Find the Fourier transform of x(t ) = sin 0t

e j0t − e − j0t
Given : x(t ) = sin 0t =
2j
FT (1) = 2 ( )
( )
 FT 1.e j0t = 2 ( − 0 ) ( Frequency shifting )

( )
and FT 1.e − j0t = 2 ( + 0 )
2 ( − 0 ) − 2 ( + 0 )  ( − 0 ) −  ( + 0 )
 FT ( sin 0t ) = =
2j j

FT (sin 0t ) = j  ( + 0 ) −  ( − 0 ) 

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 19. Find the Fourier Transform of x(t ) = e−3t u (t + 2) − u (t − 3) 
Solution:

 3

 x(t )e dt =  e −3t e − jt dt

− jt
X ( j ) =
− −2

−1
3
=  e− (3+ j )t dt = e− (3+ j )3 − e− (3+ j )2 
−2
3 + j
20. Find the Fourier transform of δ(t)+ 2δ(t-1).
Solution:
 (t ) ⎯→
FT
1
f {δ(t-1)}= 1.e-jω By time shifting property
f {δ(t) + 2δ(t-1) }= 1+2e-jω (Using linearity property)
21. State and prove the differentiation in time property of FT.
d 
If F ( x(t ) ) = X ( j ) Then, F  x (t )  = j X ( j )
 dt 

1
 X ( j )e
jt
Proof: x(t ) = d
2 −

d 1
 X ( j )( j )e
jt
x(t ) = d
dt 2 −

d 
which gives, F  x(t )  = j X ( j )
 dt 
d n

In general , F  n x(t )  = ( j ) n X ( j )
 dt 
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 22. State and prove the differentiation in frequency property of FT.
Frequency differentiation:
d
if F  x(t )  = X ( j ) Then, F tx(t )  = j X ( j )
d


 x(t )e
− jt
Proof: X ( j ) = dt
−
 
d
X ( j ) =  x(t )(− jt )e − jt dt = − j  tx (t )e − jt dt = − jF tx (t ) 
d − −

d
 F tx(t )  = j X ( j )
d
23. State integration property of FT.
Integration of a signal results in a division of Fourier transform by jω. To account for
the DC or average value that can results from integration, we must add the term
πX(0)δ(ω)
If F  x(t ) = X ( j ),
t  1
Then, F   x( )d  = X ( j ) +  X (0) ( )
 −  j
24. State modulation theorem of Fourier transform. (NOV 2009)

Consider a signal x(t) with frequency spectrum X(jω) centered at ω=0, and a carrier
signal cosωct, with carrier frequency ωc. The modulated signal y(t) then equal to,

y(t)=x(t) cosωct and the spectrum of the signal y(t) can be calculated using Fourier
transform as,

If , F  x(t )  = X ( j ),

Then, Y ( j ) = F  x(t ) cos ct  =

1
2
 X  j ( + c ) + X  j ( − c )
25. State the convolution property of Fourier transform.

Convolution of two signals in the time domain is multiplication of their respective

spectrums.
t
i.e.x(t )* h(t ) = y (t ) =  x( )h(t −  )d
−

The spectrum of the convoluted output ,

Y ( j ) = F  y (t )  = X ( j ).H ( j )
where, X ( j ) = F  x(t )  and H ( j ) = F  h(t ) 

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 26. State multiplication property of Fourier transform.

The multiplication property is the dual of the convolution property. According to this
property, the multiplication of two signals in the time domain results in the
convolution of their respective spectrums.
FT
If x1 (t )  X 1 ( j )
FT
and x2 (t )  X 2 ( j )
1
Then, F  x1 (t ) x2 (t )  =  X1 ( j ) * X 2 ( j )
2

27. Find the inverse Fourier transform of X ( j ) = e− 

Solution:

2
We have F e  =
−t

1+ 2
Using duality property,
 2 
= 2 e 
−
F 2
1 + t 
1
F −1 e =
−
  (1 + t 2 )

28. Determine the Fourier transform of the following x(t)=tcos2t

We have F [cos 2t ] =  [ ( − 2) +  ( + 2)]

Using frequency differentiation property F [tx(t )] = j d X ( j)

d

d
F [t cos 2t ] = j [ ( − 2) +  ( + 2)]
d

29. State Rayleigh’s energy theorem.

Energy of the signal may be written in frequency domain as the superposition of

energies due to individual spectral frequencies of the signal. The total normalized

energy of the signal x(t) is given as E =  | x(t ) | dt .The energy of the signal due to
2

−

individual spectral frequencies in frequency domain is defined as, E =  | X ( f ) |2 df
−

30. A signal x(t)=cos2πft is passed through a device whose input-output is related

by y (t ) = x 2 (t ) .What are the frequency components in the output?(NOV 2004)
IFETCE/ECE /II YEAR/III SEM/EC 6303/SS/UNIT-2/QB-2M-solved/VER 1.0
 Since an input is squared, y(t) = (cos 2 ft ) 2 = 1 + cos 4 ft = 1 + 1 cos[2 (2 f )t ]
2 2 2

Thus the frequency present in the output is ‘2f’

31. Compare double sided and single sided spectrums.

The method of representing spectrums of positive as well as negative frequencies is

called double sided spectrums.

The method of representing spectrums only in the positive frequencies is known as

single sided spectrums.

Laplace Transforms in signal analysis-Properties

32. Define Laplace transform.

The Laplace transform of a signal x(t) is defined as



 x(t )e
− st
X ( s) = dt
−
 + j
1
2 j  −j
and x(t ) = X ( s )e st ds

Where s is the complex variable denoted by s=σ+jω. The above two equations
are called Laplace transform pair.

33. What is the difference between Fourier transform and Laplace transform?(NOV
2007)

➢ Laplace transform is evaluated over complete s-plane, but Fourier transform is

evaluated over jω axis in s-plane

➢ Laplace transform is broader compared to Fourier transform. In other words,

Fourier transform is the special case of Laplace transform.

➢ The Laplace transform exists for signals for which Fourier transform does not
exits. If x(t) is absolutely integrable, then the Fourier transform of x(t) can be
obtained from its Laplace transform using the relation X ( j ) = X ( s ) s = j

34. Arrive the condition for the existence of Laplace transform.



 x(t )e
− st
The bilateral Laplace transform of a signal x(t) exists if X ( s ) = dt is finite.
−

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 Put , s =  + j ,
 

 x(t )e − ( + j )t dt =  x(t )e
− ( ) t − jt
X (s) = e dt
− −

The above equation indicates, the Laplace transform is the Fourier transform of x(t )e − ( )t .
Therefore, the necessary condition for the existence of the Laplace transform is,



−
x(t )e − ( )t dt  

35. What is ROC? For the signal x(t ) = e2t u(t ) check the existence of Laplace and Fourier
transforms. (Nov’12)

The range of σ, for which the Laplace transform converges is called Region of
Convergence.(ROC).

For the given signal, the Fourier transform does not exists because it is not absolutely
integrable. But x(t )e− t = e(2− )t u (t ) is absolutely integrable for σ>2. Therefor Laplace
transform exists for some values of σ.

36. What is the Laplace transform of the function x(t) =u(t)-u(t-2)? (Nov’09)

1
W.k.t u (t ) ⎯
L
→ f (t − t0 ) ⎯
L
→ e − st0 F ( s )
s
−2 s
X(s)= L { u(t)}-L[u(t-2)}= 1 − e
s s
1 − e−2 s
= .
s

37. What is the relationship between Fourier transform and Laplace transform?
( Apr’03,Nov2008, MAY 2007)
X(s)=X(jω) when s= jω
This means Fourier transform is same as Laplace transform when s=jω. In the s-plane
this corresponds the points on imaginary axis.

38. State the initial and final value theorem of Laplace transform.(MAY 2011)
The initial value theorem allows calculate f(0) directly from the transform F(s)
Initial value theorem: f (0+) = lim[ sF ( s)]
s →

Final values of f(t) can be calculated from F(s) as,

Final value theorem : lim f (t ) = lim[ sF ( s)]
t → s →0

39. If the signal is expanded in time domain what is the effect in frequency domain?
The scaling properties of Fourier transform and Fourier series show that if the signal
is expanded in time domain, its frequency domain is compressed.
IFETCE/ECE /II YEAR/III SEM/EC 6303/SS/UNIT-2/QB-2M-solved/VER 1.0
 40. Find the Laplace transform of the signal u(t).

 u (t )e
− st
L[u (t )] = dt
−

1 1
=  e − st dt = − [e − st ]0 =
0
s s

41. Find the Laplace transform of the signal x(t ) = −te−2t u (t ) (NOV 2006)

t n −1 − at 1
e u (t ) ⎯
L
→ , Re( s)  −a
( n − 1)! ( s + a)n

t 1
With n=2, e − at u (t ) ⎯
L
→
( 2 − 1)! ( s + a) 2

1 1
With a=2, te −2t u (t ) ⎯
L
→ −te −2t u (t ) ⎯
L
→− , Re( s )  −2
( s + a)2 ( s + 2) 2

42. . State time shifting and frequency shifting property of Laplace transform.

Time shifting property:

If L[x(t)] = X(s) then L[x(t-t 0 )] = e − st0 X(s).

Frequency shifting property:

If L[x(t)] = X(s) then L[e − at x(t)]=X(s+a)

43. Write the Laplace transform of the following signal?(i)  (t ) (ii) u(t) (iii) cos
 0 t u(t ) (iv) sin  0 t u(t ) ? (MAY 2006)

L[  (t ) ]= 1;

L[u(t)}= 1/s;

s
L [cos  0 t u(t ) ]= ;
s +  02
2

0
L[sin  0 t u(t ) ]=
s +  02
2

44. Find Laplace transform of unit ramp function.

IFETCE/ECE /II YEAR/III SEM/EC 6303/SS/UNIT-2/QB-2M-solved/VER 1.0

 r (t ) = tu (t )

  
 te − st  1.e − st 
L  r (t )  =  te dt = 
− st
 − 2 
0  − s 0  s 0
 0 − 1 1
= 0− 2  = 2
 s  s
45. State time convolution property of Laplace transform.

If L[x(t)] = X(s) and If L[h(t)] = H(s) then,

t
i.e.x(t ) * h(t ) = y (t ) =  x( )h(t −  )d
−

The spectrum of the convoluted output ,

Y ( s ) = L  y (t )  = X ( s ).H ( s )

46. If x(t ) ⎯
→ X ( s), derive the Fourier transform of x(t-τ) (NOV 2002)

We know that,

L[x(t-t0)] = e-st0X(s)

L[x(t-τ)] = e-sτX(s) Fourier transform is obtained by putting s=jω. i.e.,

FT[x(t-τ)] = e-jωτX(jω)

47. Determine Laplace transform of x1 (t ) = u (t − 2) (NOV 2009)

1
x1 (t ) = u (t − 2) We know that, u (t ) ⎯
L
→
s

−2 s 1 e −2 s
By time shifting property, f (t − t0 ) ⎯→ e L − st0
F (s) X 1 (s) = e =
s s

48. What are the methods for evaluating inverse Laplace transform?

The Two methods for evaluating inverse Laplace transform are

(i). By Partial fraction expansion method.

(ii). By convolution integral.

3
49. Determine the initial value x(0+) for the Laplace transform X(s) =
s + 5s − 1
2

IFETCE/ECE /II YEAR/III SEM/EC 6303/SS/UNIT-2/QB-2M-solved/VER 1.0

 3x 3
x(0+) = lim  sX ( s )  lim [ ] = lim s[ ] =0 (s=1/x)
s→ = x →0 1`+5 x − x 2 s → s 2 + 5 s −1

50. State properties of ROC

Property 1: The ROC of X(s) consists of strips parallel to the j - axis in the s plane

Property 2: The ROC does not contain any poles.

Property 3 : If x(t) is of finite duration and is absolutely integrable,then the ROC is

the entire s plane

Property 4: If x(t) is a two sided signal ,then the ROC is of the form  1  Re( s )   2

51. Define Unilateral Laplace transform.

The Unilateral Laplace transform of a signal x(t) is defined by

 
X ( s) =  x(t ) e − st dt =  [ x(t ) e −t ] e − j dt Because |ejt|=1 ,the integral converges if
0 0

 | x(t )e
−t
| dt 
0

( s − 1) 2
52. Sketch the ROC and pole zero plot of X ( s ) =
( s + 1)( s − 2)

The ROC is the set of values of s for which the given LT concerges. Here ROC is the
region, where, Re(s)>2.

The poles are at s=-1 and s=2. The zeros are s=1( second order zeros). The plot is
shown below.

IFETCE/ECE /II YEAR/III SEM/EC 6303/SS/UNIT-2/QB-2M-solved/VER 1.0

 53. Find the LT of x(t ) = e−t u (t )

Solution:


 x(t )e
− st
X (s) = dt
−

=  e −t u (t )e − st dt u (t ) = 1 for t  0
0

  
 e −t ( s +1) 
=  e e dt =  e
− t − st − t ( s +1)
dt =  
0 0  −( s + 1)  0
−
e −e 0
1
= =
−( s + 1) s + 1

54. Find the LT of x(t ) = e−t u(t ) + e−2t u(t )

Solution:

Using linearity property,

L 1
e −t u (t )  Re( s )  −1
s +1
L 1
e −2t u (t )  Re( s )  −2
s+2
1 1 2s + 3
Thus LT e −t u (t ) + e −2t u (t )  = + = Re( s )  −1
s + 1 s + 2 ( s + 1)( s + 2)

55. Find the LT of x(t ) = −e−t u(−t ) + e−2t u(−t )

IFETCE/ECE /II YEAR/III SEM/EC 6303/SS/UNIT-2/QB-2M-solved/VER 1.0

 L 1
−e − t u (−t )  Re( s )  −1
s +1
L 1
−e −2t u (−t )  Re( s )  −2
s+2
1 1 1
Thus LT  −e − t u (−t ) + e −2t u (−t )  = − = Re( s )  −2
s + 1 s + 2 ( s + 1)( s + 2)

1
56. Find the Inverse Laplace transform of X ( s) =
( s + 1)( s + 2)

Solution:

1 A B
X (s) = = +
( s + 1)( s + 2) s + 1 s + 2
A =  ( s + 1) X ( s ) s =−1 = 1
B =  ( s + 2) X ( s) s =−2 = −1
1 1
 X (s) = −
s +1 s + 2
and x(t ) = e− t u (t ) − e −2t u (t )

57. State the differentiation property of Laplace transform.

Differentiation in time domain:

If , LT ( x(t ) ) = X ( s ), with ROC = R

 dx(t ) 
then, LT  = sX ( s) with ROC containing R
 dt 

Differentiation in frequency domain:

If LT ( x(t ) ) = X ( s ), with ROC = R,

dX ( s )
then LT  −tx (t )  = with ROC = R
ds

58. Find the Laplace transform of the signal x(t ) = t 2e−2t u (t )

Solution:

IFETCE/ECE /II YEAR/III SEM/EC 6303/SS/UNIT-2/QB-2M-solved/VER 1.0

 1
W .K .T , L e −2t u (t )  =
s+2
Using differentiation in s-domain property,
d n X (s)
L (−t ) n x(t )  =
ds n
d 2 X (s)
For n = 2, L t 2 x(t )  =
ds 2
d 2  1  d  −1  2
 L t 2 e −2t u (t )  = 2   =  2
=
ds  s + 2  ds  ( s + 2)  ( s + 2)3

59. Find the LT of x(t ) = u (t − 2) .

u(t-2) is shown below.


X ( s ) =  x(t )e − st dt
0

 
 e − st  e − − e 2 s
=  1.e dt = 
− st
 =
2  −s  2 −s
e −2 s
=
s
e −2 s
L u (t − 2) =
s

60. The signal x(t)=sin2t oscillates between +1 and -1 as t→∞. So it does not have a final
value. Show that application of final value theorem gives an incorrect result for the
signal.

IFETCE/ECE /II YEAR/III SEM/EC 6303/SS/UNIT-2/QB-2M-solved/VER 1.0

 Given x(t ) = sin 2t
2
L sin 2t  =
s +4
2

Final value theorem states that ,

Solution: lim x(t ) = lim sX ( s)
t → s →0

 2 
x() = lim s  2 =0
s →0
 s + 4 
The result shows that the final value theorem gives an incorrect result.

IFETCE/ECE /II YEAR/III SEM/EC 6303/SS/UNIT-2/QB-2M-solved/VER 1.0