THE MULTIPLICITY OF FINITE BEINGS: ESSENCE, EXISTENCE, POTENCY, AND ACT
The Enigma of Multiplicity
The enigma of multiplicity is a central concern of metaphysics, the branch of philosophy that
investigates the fundamental nature of reality. Metaphysicians seek to understand the nature of
being, existence, and the relationships between different entities. The question of why there are
many things, rather than just one, is a fundamental metaphysical question that has occupied
philosophers for centuries.
The universe teems with diverse finite beings.
Why this multiplicity? What accounts for it?
Metaphysical explanation rooted in Aristotelian and Thomistic thought.
Essence and Existence – The Fundamental Distinction
Two Sides of the Same Coin?
- Two Sides of the Same Coin" is an idiom that means two things are very closely related,
even though they may seem different or even opposite at first glance. It implies that the
two sides are inseparable and that they are both essential parts of a whole.
For example, you might say that "joy and sorrow are two sides of the same coin" because they
are both natural human emotions that exist in close proximity to each other.
A simple Venn diagram showing the overlap (or lack thereof) between Essence and Existence for
finite beings vs. God.
Finite Beings:
For finite beings, there's a significant overlap between Essence and Existence. Their
essence (what defines them) determines their existence (the fact that they are). For
example, a human is a human because of their essence, and their existence is bound by
that essence.
God:
For God, the concept is debated. Some theologies hold that God's
essence is his existence, meaning they are inseparable. This would be
represented by two completely overlapping circles, with no distinct
area representing one without the other.
Essence: The "whatness" – defining characteristics, nature.
Existence: The "thatness" – the fact of being.
Infinite Being (God): Essence and Existence are identical.
Finite Beings: Essence and Existence are distinct.
Potency and Act – The Dynamic Duo
Potency:
Definition: The potential or capacity for something to become or do something else. It's
the unrealized possibility within a thing.
Examples:
o A seed has the potency to become a tree.
o A student has the potency to learn a new skill.
Act:
Definition: The actualization or realization of potency. It's
the manifestation of potential.
Examples:
The seed grows into a tree.
The student masters the new skill.
From Potential to Reality
-From Potential to Reality is about the journey of growth, transformation, and the realization of
possibilities. It's a reminder that with awareness, effort, and perseverance, we can bring our
potential into the world and make a difference.
Potency: The capacity or potential to be. (Essence is potency)
Act: The actualization of that potential. (Existence is act)
Co-principles: Both potency and act are necessary for complete reality. Neither alone
suffices.
Metaphysical Distinction and Multiplication
The metaphysical distinction between essence and existence is what allows for the
multiplication of finite beings. Because existence is not inherent in essence, the same essence
can be actualized in multiple instances. Consider, for example, the essence of "human being."
This essence can be actualized in countless individual human beings, each possessing the same
essential nature but existing as distinct individuals. The act of existence is what differentiates
one instance of the essence from another, leading to multiplicity.
The separation of essence and existence allows for the same essence to be actualized
multiple times.
Example: The essence "human being" can be actualized in countless individuals.
Each individual is distinct due to the unique act of existence.
Illustrative Example
Understanding Through Example
-Understanding something through examples means using specific instances or scenarios to
illustrate a concept, idea, or process, making it easier to grasp and apply the knowledge. This
approach helps clarify abstract ideas by grounding them in relatable situations, leading to a
more concrete and practical understanding.
Image: A picture illustrating the concept, perhaps showing multiple instances of the same type
of object (e.g., many trees, all with the essence "tree" but individually distinct).
Caption: Each tree shares the essence "tree" but has a unique existence.
Implications and Further Considerations
-This understanding of essence, existence, potency, and act has profound implications for
various philosophical areas, including ontology, cosmology, and theology. It provides a
framework for understanding the relationship between God as the ultimate source of existence
and the multitude of finite beings that participate in existence. Further exploration could delve
into the nature of individual substance, the role of causality in the multiplication of beings, and
the potential limitations of this model in explaining certain aspects of modern science.
Understanding being itself.
-Ultimately, "understanding being itself" is a journey of self-discovery and
exploration. It requires a willingness to question assumptions, delve into
abstract concepts, and engage in critical thinking.
The origin and structure of the universe.
The universe is a vast and complex place, and we are still uncovering its
secrets. The Big Bang theory provides a framework for understanding its
origin and structure, but many mysteries remain. Ongoing research
continues to refine our understanding of the universe and its history.
The relationship between God and creation.
Understanding the relationship between God and creation involves a deep
exploration of religious beliefs, philosophical perspectives, and personal
interpretations. It's a journey of faith, reason, and reflection that continues to
engage thinkers and believers across the globe.
A Metaphysical Foundation for Diversity
The question of a metaphysical foundation for diversity is a complex and
multifaceted one, with no easy answers. However, exploring these different
perspectives—from monism and pluralism to trinitarian metaphysics and the
concept of authenticity—can help us better understand the nature of reality,
the importance of embracing diversity, and the disconnectedness of all
things. Ultimately, recognizing and celebrating diversity is essential for
fostering a more just, equitable, and harmonious world.
The distinction between essence and existence, and the co-principles of potency and act,
offer a powerful explanation for the multiplicity of finite beings.
These concepts work together to explain the multiplicity of finite beings.
Consider the example of a cat:
EXAMPLE:
1. Essence: The essence of a cat includes its defining characteristics like
being a feline, having fur, and possessing certain instincts.
2. Existence: Each individual cat exists as a unique being, with its own
specific features, personality, and life experiences.
3. Potency: A kitten has the potency to grow into a mature cat, to
develop its senses and abilities.
4. Act: As the kitten grows, it actualizes its potency, becoming a cat in
act, with all its feline characteristics and abilities.
