Student Number

NORTH SYDNEY GIRLS HIGH SCHOOL

2024

Higher School Certificate

Trial Examination

Chemistry

General Instructions Total Marks – 100

 Reading Time – 5 minutes Weighting – 30%

 Working Time – 3 hours
 Write using blue or black pen
Section I 20 Marks
 Draw diagrams using pencil
 Calculators approved by NESA may be used  Attempt Questions 1 - 20
 A formulae sheet, data sheet and Periodic  Allow about 35 minutes for this section.
Table are provided
Section II 80 Marks
 Write your student number at the top of this
booklet and on the multiple-choice answer  Attempt Questions 21 - 34

sheet.  Allow about 2 hours and 25 minutes for this

section.
Section I
20 marks

Attempt Questions 1–20

Allow about 35 minutes for this section

Use the multiple-choice answer sheet provided for Questions 1-20. If you must use blank paper instead,
clearly indicate an answer of EITHER A, B, C or D for each question from 1-20.

2
1 Which of the following is NOT an appropriate safety precaution for an experiment investigating
the reaction of cyclohexene with bromine water in a school laboratory?

A. Wear safety goggles and apron.

B. Use large beakers.
C. Conduct reaction in a fume cupboard.
D. Collect reaction products in a waste bottle.

2 Which of the following rows correctly identifies the changes in entropy and enthalpy for
combustion and photosynthesis?

Entropy change Enthalpy change

Combustion Photosynthesis Combustion Photosynthesis

A. Increases Decreases Endothermic Exothermic

B. Decreases Increases Exothermic Endothermic

C. Increases Decreases Exothermic Endothermic

D. Decreases Increases Endothermic Exothermic

3 Which of the following correctly matches the molecular shape around the carbon atom in each
bond?

C–C C=C C≡C

A. Linear Trigonal planar Tetrahedral

B. Tetrahedral Trigonal planar Linear

C. Tetrahedral Trigonal planar Bent

D. Bent Linear Trigonal planar

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4 Which of the following titration curves shows the addition of a strong base to a weak acid?

5 The table below shows four separate tests used to identify a dilute, aqueous sample of a
compound.

Test Number Test Observation

1 Add HNO3 to the sample No bubbles
2 Flame test Apple green
3 Add Cl- No precipitate forms

Which compound would produce the observations shown?

A. Barium nitrate
B. Copper(II) nitrate
C. Barium carbonate
D. Copper(II) acetate

6 Hydrogen sulfide can be removed from natural gas according to the equation below.

2H2S(g) + SO2(g) ⇌ 3S(s) + 2H2O(g) ΔH = −145 kJ mol-1

Which of the following would maximise the removal of hydrogen sulfide from this system?

A. Decreasing the volume of the vessel

B. Removing some sulfur from the system
C. Increasing the temperature
D. Adding water vapour to the system

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7 Methyl methacrylate is a monomer that is able to undergo polymerisation. Its structural formula is
featured below.

What type of polymerisation is most likely to occur for methyl methacrylate?

A. Addition
B. Hydration
C. Condensation
D. Esterification

8 A solution was known to contain either potassium phosphate or sodium iodide. Which of the
following could be used to identify the salt present in the given solution?

A. Lead(II) nitrate
B. Iron(II) carbonate
C. Copper(II) acetate
D. Magnesium hydroxide

9 At a particular temperature, iodine trichloride dissociates into iodine gas and chlorine gas
according to the equation below.

2ICI3(g) ⇌ I2(g) + 3Cl2(g) ΔH = 240 kJ mol-1

Initially, 0.60 mol of iodine trichloride was introduced into a 500 mL container and allowed to
reach equilibrium. The concentration of chlorine gas at equilibrium was 0.60 mol L-1.

What is the value of Keq at this temperature?

A. 0.068
B. 0.15
C. 0.30
D. 0.60

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10 A manufacturer carried out tests to find the yield of an equilibrium reaction at different
temperatures and pressures. The graph below shows the results obtained.

Which of the following equations best matches the results shown in the graph above?

A. A(g) + B(g) ⇌ C(g) ΔH = −500 kJ mol-1

B. A(g) + B(g) ⇌ C(g) ΔH = +500 kJ mol-1
C. A(g) + B(g) ⇌ 3C(g) ΔH = −500 kJ mol-1
D. A(g) + B(g) ⇌ 3C(g) ΔH = +500 kJ mol-1

11 Which of the following compounds is most likely to have the lowest solubility in water?

A. (CH3)2COHCH2CH3
B. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2OH
C. CH3OH
D. CH3CH2OH

12 Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C), a monoprotic acid, has the molecular formula of C6H8O6 and a Ka
value of 8 x 10-5 at 25oC. A tablet containing 250 mg of Vitamin C was dissolved in 100 mL of
water at 25oC. What is the pH of this solution?

A. 2.97
B. 3.47
C. 3.70
D. 5.94

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13 The complete combustion of propanol releases more heat per mol of fuel compared to the
complete combustion of methanol. Which of the following statements best explains this
phenomenon?

A. More energy is required to break the bonds in the propanol molecules.

B. More molecules of carbon dioxide are formed in the combustion of propanol.
C. More molecules of oxygen are required in the combustion of propanol.
D. The boiling point for propanol is higher.

14 The enthalpy of combustion for ethyne is -1301 kJ mol-1. What is the mass of ethyne required to
produce 20 MJ of heat energy when combusted?

A. 1.7 g
B. 15.4 g
C. 400 g
D. 461 g

Questions 15 and 16 refer to the equilibrium below.

HSO4-(aq) + HCO3-(aq) ⇌ SO42-(aq) + H2CO3(aq)

The equilibrium lies to the product side.

15 Which of the following species is the conjugate acid?

A. HSO4-
B. HCO3-
C. SO42-
D. H2CO3

16 Which of the following species would have the highest Ka?

A. HSO4-
B. HCO3-
C. SO42-
D. H2CO3

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17 What is the IUPAC name of the following compound?

A. 5-methyl-4-propylhept-2-ene
B. 5-ethyl-4-propylhex-2-ene
C. 3-methyl-4-propylhept-5-ene
D. 2-ethyl-3-propylhex-4-ene

18 The table below shows the conductivity of a range of 0.01 mol L-1 solutions.

Solution Conductivity (S m2)

HBr 411

KOH 257

HCOOH 43

NH3 11

H3BO3 0.14

Using the table above, which of the following statements is correct?

A. KOH is a stronger acid than HCOOH.

B. H3BO3 has low conductivity because it is triprotic.
C. HBr has a high degree of ionisation.
D. The OH- ions are better conductors than H3O+ ions.

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19 Which of the following compounds has the lowest molar solubility in water?

A. Barium nitrate
B. Calcium hydroxide
C. Iron (III) phosphate
D. Magnesium phosphate

20 The esters of glycerol (propan-1,2,3-triol), which can be referred to as fats or oils, can be used to
make soaps. This is done by reacting the ester functional groups with hydroxide ions to form
glycerol and the carboxylate ions. The diagram below shows the structural formula of a particular
fat used to make soap.

A student dissolved 8.0 g of sodium hydroxide in 50 mL of water and then added 10 g of the fat
shown above. After the reaction mixture was heated, the soap product was extracted and found to
weigh 6.45 g. The percentage yield in this process is closest to

A. 53%
B. 62%
C. 65%
D. 68%

9
Section II
80 marks

Attempt Questions 21 – 34. Allow about 2 hours and 25 minutes for this section.

Answer the questions in the spaces provided. These spaces provide guidance for the expected length of
response. Show all relevant working in questions involving calculations. If needed, extra writing space is
available on pages 30 – 32.

Question 21 (4 marks)

Complete the following table. 4

Polyvinyl chloride Polytetrafluoroethene

Monomer
structural
formula

Polymer
structural
formula

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Property
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Use
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Question 22 (4 marks)

A student mixed 500.0 mL of a 0.00123 mol L-1 solution of FeF2 with 500.0 mL of a 0.00314 mol L-1 4
solution of KOH at 25ºC.

Using calculations, determine if a precipitate will be formed from the mixture.

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Question 23 (4 marks)

a) Outline ONE advantage and ONE disadvantage of biofuels when compared to fossil fuel 2
alternatives.

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b) Outline ONE economic and ONE environmental implication of obtaining and/or using 2
hydrocarbons.

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Question 24 (6 marks)

Sodium hydroxide reacts with the weak oxalic acid according to the following equation.

2NaOH(aq) + H2C2O4(aq)  Na2C2O4(aq) + 2H2O(l)

a) Explain why solutions of sodium oxalate are basic. Support your answer with a relevant 2
chemical equation.

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b) A student wants to determine the concentration of a sample of oxalic acid using a standardised 2
solution of sodium hydroxide. The student is provided with the following indicators.

Indicator Colour Change pH range over which

colour changes
Bromocresol green yellow-blue 3.8 – 5.4
4-nitrophenol colourless-yellow 5.7 -7.6
phenolphthalein colourless-pink 8.3 – 10.0

Using the table above, determine the most appropriate indicator for this titration and justify
your choice.

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Question 24 continues on the next page.

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 c) Provide chemical equations to show the amphiprotic nature of the hydrogen oxalate ion. 2

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Question 25 (7 marks)

Benzoic acid, C6H5COOH, is used as a preservative in certain foods to prevent the growth of moulds.
This acid has a Ka value of 6.5 x 10-5 at 25oC.

a) How many grams of benzoic acid are needed to prepare 1.0 L of a solution with a pH of 2.80 at 4
25oC?

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b) A solution of benzoic acid and sodium benzoate was made at 25oC and was measured to have a 3
pH of 4.48. When NaOH was added to the solution, there was little change to the pH. This was
also observed when HCl was added. Using a relevant chemical equation, explain these
observations.

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Question 26 (3 marks)

The pH of the oceans has been maintained by the following equilibria. 3

1. CO2(g) ⇌ CO2(aq)
2. CO2(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ H2CO3 (aq)
3. H2CO3(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ HCO3-(aq) + H3O+(aq)

Since the start of the industrial age, the pH of the oceans has been decreasing. It is estimated that the
pH of the ocean will fall from 8.14 to 7.90 over the next 50 years.

Using the equations provided, explain how the combustion of fossil fuels is responsible for the change
in pH of the ocean.

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Question 27 (6 marks)

The equilibrium between two different coloured Co(II) complex ions, [Co(H2O)6]2+ and [CoCl4]2-, has
been used by ecologists in qualitative tests to determine water content in soil.

Solutions of cobalt chloride are pink, due to the formation of the complex ion, [Co(H2O)6]2+. The
equilibrium equation is shown below.

a) Using Le Chatelier’s Principle, explain the change in colour if drops of concentrated HCl were 2
added to the system.

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 b) In a second experiment, a solution of cobalt chloride was prepared and separated into three test 4
tubes. One test tube was placed in a beaker of water at room temperature, while the other two
were placed in a beaker of ice water and a beaker of hot water, respectively. The following
observations were made.

Using your understanding of collision theory, explain the observations above.

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Question 28 (5 marks)

150.0 mL of a 0.564 mol L-1 barium hydroxide solution was placed in a well-insulated beaker. The
temperature of the solution was 20.3oC. Subsequently, 400 mL of a 1.25 mol L-1 nitric acid solution
was placed in another beaker and brought to the same temperature. The two solutions were then mixed,
and the final maximum temperature was recorded to be 23.7 oC. Assume that the density of the
solutions was 1.00 g mL-1.

a) Calculate the molar enthalpy of neutralisation. 3

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b) A student repeated this experiment with the same volume and concentration of barium 2
hydroxide solution, but this time used 400 mL of 1.25 mol L-1 hydrochloric acid. The initial
temperature of the solutions was once again 20.3oC.

Predict if the final temperature would be higher, lower or the same as the original reaction and
justify your response.

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Question 29 (5 marks)

Sodium laurylbenzene sulfonate is used as a detergent in cleaning products and in pesticides. Its 5
structure is shown below.

With reference to its structure, explain the cleaning action of sodium laurylbenzene sulfonate.

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Question 30 (9 marks)

The structural formulae for Compound A, B and C are shown below.

A B C

a) Describe how you could distinguish between the compounds featured above using simple 4
reactions in a school laboratory. Include relevant reagents and observations in your response.

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b) Compounds A and B are isomers. Draw FIVE other isomers of this compound and provide their 5
IUPAC names.

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Question 31 (6 marks)

Gases A2 and B2 react according to the equation below.

A2(g) + 2B2(g) ⇌ 2AB2(g) ΔH < 0

A mixture of A2 and B2 was placed into a sealed vessel. The initial concentration of A2 was 1.4 mol L-1
and the initial concentration of B2 was 1.0 mol L-1. At 5 minutes, the system had reached equilibrium
where the concentration of A2 was 1.2 mol L-1. The system remained at equilibrium until at 10
minutes, the temperature of the system was reduced. At 15 minutes, the system re-established
equilibrium.

a) On the graph below, complete the key and draw a trendline for each of the chemical species 4
involved in this equilibrium to show their changes in concentrations over time.

1.6

1.4
Key:
A2
1.2
B2
Concentration (mol L-1)

1 AB2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 5 10 15 20
Time (min)

Question 31 continues on the next page.

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 b) Calculate the Keq at 7 minutes. 2

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Question 32 (9 marks)

0.050 mol of ethanoic acid was reacted with 0.050 mol of ethanol in 100 mL of solution at a certain
temperature. The reaction mixture was then cooled, and the excess ethanoic acid was titrated needing
34 mL of 0.50 mol L-1 NaOH for neutralisation.

a) Draw the structural formulae of the products formed in the reaction between ethanoic acid and 2
ethanol.

b) What reagent could be added to act as a catalyst for this reaction? 1

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c) Identify a laboratory technique that could be used to help this reaction reach equilibrium 2
quicker and provide another advantage of using this technique.

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 d) Calculate the equilibrium constant for this reaction. 4

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Question 33 (5 marks)

The following structural diagram shows a section of Polymer A

a) Draw the monomers for Polymer A. 2

b) Determine the molar mass of a section of Polymer A that consists of 40 monomers. 3

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Question 34 (7 marks)

Fill in the blanks in the following flow chart. 7

End of Exam

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If you use this space, clearly indicate which question you are answering.

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 Student Number

NORTH SYDNEY GIRLS HIGH SCHOOL

2024

Higher School Certificate

Trial Examination

Chemistry

General Instructions Total Marks – 100

• Reading Time – 5 minutes Weighting – 30%

• Working Time – 3 hours
• Write using blue or black pen
Section I 20 Marks
• Draw diagrams using pencil
• Calculators approved by NESA may be used • Attempt Questions 1 - 20
• A formulae sheet, data sheet and Periodic • Allow about 35 minutes for this section.
Table are provided
Section II 80 Marks
• Write your student number at the top of this
booklet and on the multiple-choice answer • Attempt Questions 21 - 34

sheet. • Allow about 2 hours and 25 minutes for this

section.
Section I
20 marks

Attempt Questions 1–20

Allow about 35 minutes for this section

Use the multiple-choice answer sheet provided for Questions 1-20. If you must use blank paper instead,
clearly indicate an answer of EITHER A, B, C or D for each question from 1-20.

2
1 Which of the following is NOT an appropriate safety precaution for an experiment investigating
the reaction of cyclohexene with bromine water in a school laboratory?

A. Wear safety goggles and apron.

B. Use large beakers.
C. Conduct reaction in a fume cupboard.
D. Collect reaction products in a waste bottle.

2 Which of the following rows correctly identifies the changes in entropy and enthalpy for
combustion and photosynthesis?

Entropy change Enthalpy change

Combustion Photosynthesis Combustion Photosynthesis

A. Increases Decreases Endothermic Exothermic

B. Decreases Increases Exothermic Endothermic

C. Increases Decreases Exothermic Endothermic

D. Decreases Increases Endothermic Exothermic

3 Which of the following correctly matches the molecular shape around the carbon atom in each
bond?

C–C C=C C≡C

A. Linear Trigonal planar Tetrahedral

B. Tetrahedral Trigonal planar Linear

C. Tetrahedral Trigonal planar Bent

D. Bent Linear Trigonal planar

3
4 Which of the following titration curves shows the addition of a strong base to a weak acid?

5 The table below shows four separate tests used to identify a dilute, aqueous sample of a
compound.

Test Number Test Observation

1 Add HNO3 to the sample No bubbles
2 Flame test Apple green
3 Add Cl- No precipitate forms

Which compound would produce the observations shown?

A. Barium nitrate
B. Copper(II) nitrate
C. Barium carbonate
D. Copper(II) acetate

6 Hydrogen sulfide can be removed from natural gas according to the equation below.

2H2S(g) + SO2(g) ⇌ 3S(s) + 2H2O(g) ΔH = −145 kJ mol-1

Which of the following would maximise the removal of hydrogen sulfide from this system?
100
A. Decreasing the volume of the vessel 80
B. Removing some sulfur from the system 60
40
C. Increasing the temperature
20
D. Adding water vapour to the system
0
A B C D

4
7 Methyl methacrylate is a monomer that is able to undergo polymerisation. Its structural formula is
featured below.
100
80
60
40
20
0
A B C D

What type of polymerisation is most likely to occur for methyl methacrylate?

A. Addition
B. Hydration
C. Condensation
D. Esterification

8 A solution was known to contain either potassium phosphate or sodium iodide. Which of the
following could be used to identify the salt present in the given solution?

A. Lead(II) nitrate (different colour ppt)

B. Iron(II) carbonate
C. Copper(II) acetate (only phosphate ppt)
D. Magnesium hydroxide

9 At a particular temperature, iodine trichloride dissociates into iodine gas and chlorine gas
according to the equation below.

2ICI3(g) ⇌ I2(g) + 3Cl2(g) ΔH = 240 kJ mol-1

Initially, 0.60 mol of iodine trichloride was introduced into a 500 mL container and allowed to
reach equilibrium. The concentration of chlorine gas at equilibrium was 0.60 mol L-1.

What is the value of Keq at this temperature?

A. 0.068
B. 0.15
C. 0.30
D. 0.60

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10 A manufacturer carried out tests to find the yield of an equilibrium reaction at different
temperatures and pressures. The graph below shows the results obtained.

Which of the following equations best matches the results shown in the graph above?
100

A. A(g) + B(g) ⇌ C(g) ΔH = −500 kJ mol -1 80

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B. A(g) + B(g) ⇌ C(g) ΔH = +500 kJ mol-1 40

C. A(g) + B(g) ⇌ 3C(g) ΔH = −500 kJ mol-1 20

0
D. A(g) + B(g) ⇌ 3C(g) ΔH = +500 kJ mol-1 A B C D

Yield higher at lower pressure  forward reaction produces more moles of gas

11 Which of the following compounds is most likely to have the lowest solubility in water?

A. (CH3)2COHCH2CH3 (tertiary alcohol)

B. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2OH
C. CH3OH
D. CH3CH2OH

12 Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C), a monoprotic acid, has the molecular formula of C6H8O6 and a Ka
value of 8 x 10-5 at 25oC. A tablet containing 250 mg of Vitamin C was dissolved in 100 mL of
water at 25oC. What is the pH of this solution?

A. 2.97
B. 3.47
C. 3.70
D. 5.94

6
13 The complete combustion of propanol releases more heat per mol of fuel compared to the
complete combustion of methanol. Which of the following statements best explains this
phenomenon?

A. More energy is required to break the bonds in the propanol molecules.

B. More molecules of carbon dioxide are formed in the combustion of propanol.
C. More molecules of oxygen are required in the combustion of propanol.
D. The boiling point for propanol is higher. 100
80
60
Forming bonds releases heat energy – the more C=O bonds
40
formed, the energy released per mol of fuel 20
0
A B C D

14 The enthalpy of combustion for ethyne is -1301 kJ mol-1. What is the mass of ethyne required to
produce 20 MJ of heat energy when combusted?

A. 1.7 g
B. 15.4 g
C. 400 g
D. 461 g

Questions 15 and 16 refer to the equilibrium below.

HSO4-(aq) + HCO3-(aq) ⇌ SO42-(aq) + H2CO3(aq)

The equilibrium lies to the product side.

15 Which of the following species is the conjugate acid?

A. HSO4-
B. HCO3-
C. SO42-
D. H2CO3

7
16 Which of the following species would have the highest Ka?

100
A. HSO4-
80
B. HCO3-
60
C. SO42-
D. H2CO3 40

20

Read the stem carefully. 0

A B C D

17 What is the IUPAC name of the following compound?

A. 5-methyl-4-propylhept-2-ene
B. 5-ethyl-4-propylhex-2-ene
C. 3-methyl-4-propylhept-5-ene
D. 2-ethyl-3-propylhex-4-ene

8
18 The table below shows the conductivity of a range of 0.01 mol L-1 solutions.

Solution Conductivity (S m2)

HBr 411

KOH 257

HCOOH 43

NH3 11

H3BO3 0.14

Using the table above, which of the following statements is correct?

A. KOH is a stronger acid than HCOOH.

B. H3BO3 has low conductivity because it is triprotic.
C. HBr has a high degree of ionisation.
D. The OH- ions are better conductors than H3O+ ions.
19 Which of the following compounds has the lowest molar solubility in water?
100
A. Barium nitrate 80
B. Calcium hydroxide 60

C. Iron (III) phosphate 40

20
D. Magnesium phosphate
0
A B C D

Magnesium phosphate has the lowest Ksp BUT in order to compare this ionic compounds you
must find s using their Ksp expressions (which are different due to the stoichiometric ratio of their
constituent ions)

9
20 The esters of glycerol (propan-1,2,3-triol), which can be referred to as fats or oils, can be used to
make soaps. This is done by reacting the ester functional groups with hydroxide ions to form
glycerol and the carboxylate ions. The diagram below shows the structural formula of a particular
fat used to make soap.

A student dissolved 8.0 g of sodium hydroxide in 50 mL of water and then added 10 g of the fat
shown above. After the reaction mixture was heated, the soap product was extracted and found to
weigh 6.45 g. The percentage yield in this process is closest to
100
A. 53%
80
B. 62%
60
C. 65% (% mass of soap from mass of fat)
40
D. 68% (leaving out Na from soap molar mass)
20

0
A B C D

C51H98O6 + 3NaOH  C3H5(OH)3 + 3NaC16H31O2

n(NaOH) = 8.0 / (22.99+16+1.008) = 0.2000…mol

n(C51H98O6) = 10 / (51 x 12.01 + 98 x 1.008 + 16 x 6) = 0.01238…mol

theoretical n(NaC16H31O2) = 0.01238…x 3 = 0.03716… mol

expt n(NaC16H31O2) = 6.45 / (22.99 + 16 x 12.01 + 31 x 1.008 + 2 x 16) = 0.02316… mol

yield = (0.02316…/ 0.03716… ) x 100

10
Section II
80 marks

Attempt Questions 21 – 34. Allow about 2 hours and 25 minutes for this section.

Answer the questions in the spaces provided. These spaces provide guidance for the expected length of
response. Show all relevant working in questions involving calculations. If needed, extra writing space is
available on pages 30 – 32.

Question 21 (4 marks)

Complete the following table. 4

Polyvinyl chloride Polytetrafluoroethene

Monomer
structural
formula

Polymer
structural
formula

e.g. strong, high melting point, flexible e.g. non-stick, high melting point,
Property waterproof

e.g. water pipes, wire covering, raincoat, e.g. non-stick frying pans, waterproof
Use floor tiles fabric

11
Question 22 (4 marks)

A student mixed 500.0 mL of a 0.00123 mol L-1 solution of FeF2 with 500.0 mL of a 0.00314 mol L-1 4
solution of KOH at 25ºC.

Using calculations, determine if a precipitate will be formed from the mixture.

(n) 1 mark calculates number of mol for Fe2+ and OH-

n(Fe2+) = 0.00123 x 500.0 x 10-3 = 0.000615 mol

n(OH-) = 0.00314 x 500.0 x 10-3 = 0.00157 mol

Note: c = n since in 1 L

(e) 1 mark Ksp or Q expression

Ksp = [Fe2+][OH-]2

(q) 1 mark calculates Q (or longwinded approach using molar solubility) – did not award this mark if
concentrations were substituted into Ksp

Q = [0.000615][0.00157]2 = 1.51 x 10-9

(p) 1 mark determines if a ppt will form using above AND correct value from data sheet

Since Ksp = 4.87 x 10-17, Q > Ksp so a precipitate will form.

Common errors:

- Substituting concentrations using limiting reagent into Q

- Using Ksp value for lead hydroxide

12
Question 23 (4 marks)

a) Outline ONE advantage and ONE disadvantage of biofuels when compared to fossil fuel 2
alternatives.

Criteria Mk

- Outlines ONE advantage and ONE disadvantage 2

- Outlines ONE advantage or disadvantage 1

OR

- Identifies ONE advantage and ONE disadvantage e.g. biofuels are more expensive
and renewable

Advantage e.g.

- Made from renewable resources such as plant material that can be regrown
- Less incomplete combustion so less likely to produce carbon monoxide and soot emissions
- More biodegradable so less harm caused to the environment

Note: biofuels do NOT produce less carbon dioxide (it is the NET production that is lower due to
carbon dioxide having been removed during the growth of the crops)

Disadvantage e.g.

- Lower heat of combustion or energy released per gram i.e. less energy efficient
- Slow reaction rate/refining process uses lots of energy/production cost  could be expensive
- Requires food crops to be grown  food shortages or land usage
- Incompatible with some vehicles; engine modifications needed

13
 b) Outline ONE economic and ONE environmental implication of obtaining and/or using 2
hydrocarbons.

Criteria Mk

- Outlines ONE economic and ONE environmental implication of obtaining and/or 2

using hydrocarbons

- Outlines ONE economic OR ONE environmental implication of obtaining and/or 1

using hydrocarbons

OR

- Identifies ONE economic and ONE environmental implication of obtaining and/or

using hydrocarbons

Economic implications e.g.

- oil industry employs millions of people worldwide, providing stable jobs and incomes
- oil industry contributes significant taxes to the host country
- technological expansion; mass manufacturing; globalisation; industrialisation

Note: yes, costs are involved with the obtaining hydrocarbons but what is the overall economic
impact?

Environmental implications e.g.

- oil spills can damage nearby ecosystems/organisms

- extracting hydrocarbons requires land clearing which can also damage ecosystems
- burning hydrocarbons produces a lot of harmful emissions that pollute the atmosphere

Note: CO2 does not lead to acid rain or damage to the ozone layer

14
Question 24 (6 marks)

Sodium hydroxide reacts with the weak oxalic acid according to the following equation.

2NaOH(aq) + H2C2O4(aq)  Na2C2O4(aq) + 2H2O(l)

a) Explain why solutions of sodium oxalate are basic. Support your answer with a relevant 2
chemical equation.

1 mark provides the following chemical equation (this is the most relevant one!)

C2O42-(aq) + H2O(l)  HC2O4-(aq) + OH-(aq)

Note: accepted production of H2C2O4 but better to use the above!

1 mark explanation (must acknowledge the Na+ - though this alone does not warrant a mark) e.g.

Na+ are spectator ions and therefore have no impact on pH. However, the oxalate ion is able to
hydrolyse water and produce hydroxide ions, resulting in a basic solution.

Note:

- Avoid saying Na+ are neutral

- C2O42- is NOT the conjugate of H2C2O4 (no marks gained for saying this; mentioning this also
restricted your answer to a 1 out of 2)

b) A student wants to determine the concentration of a sample of oxalic acid using a standardised 2
solution of sodium hydroxide. The student is provided with the following indicators.

Indicator Colour Change pH range over which

colour changes
Bromocresol green yellow-blue 3.8 – 5.4
4-nitrophenol colourless-yellow 5.7 -7.6
phenolphthalein colourless-pink 8.3 – 10.0

Using the table above, determine the most appropriate indicator for this titration and justify
your choice.

15
1 mark determines most appropriate indicator i.e. phenolphthalein

1 mark justification (MUST link to the data) e.g. this titration is between a strong base and a weak
acid, resulting in a basic salt being produced. Therefore, at the equivalence point, the pH of the
solution will be >7, corresponding to the pH range (8.3 – 10.0) for phenolphthalein.

Comments:

- Insufficient to say ‘the solution is basic’ – what solution??

- End point and equivalence point are NOT interchangeable

c) Provide chemical equations to show the amphiprotic nature of the hydrogen oxalate ion. 2

1 mark per correct equation

HC2O4-(aq) + OH-(aq)  C2O42-(aq) + H2O(l)

HC2O4-(aq) + H3O+(aq)  H2C2O4(aq) + H2O(l)

Mistake carried for using H2O or H2C2O4

16
Question 25 (7 marks)

Benzoic acid, C6H5COOH, is used as a preservative in certain foods to prevent the growth of moulds.
This acid has a Ka value of 6.5 x 10-5 at 25oC.

a) How many grams of benzoic acid are needed to prepare 1.0 L of a solution with a pH of 2.80 at 4
25oC?

1 mark calculates [H3O+]

[H3O+] = 10-2.80 = 0.001584… mol L-1

1 mark calculates [C6H5COOH]eqm

Ka = [C6H5COO-][H3O+]/[C6H5COOH] = 6.5 x 10-5

[0.001584…][0.001584…]/[C6H5COOH] = 6.5 x 10-5

[C6H5COOH]eqm = [0.001584…][0.001584…]/6.5 x 10-5 = 0.03864… mol L-1

1 mark calculates [C6H5COOH]initial

[C6H5COOH]initial = 0.03864… + 0.001584… = 0.04018… mol L-1

1 mark calculates mass of C6H5COOH

m(C6H5COOH) = 0.04018… x (7 x 12.01 + 6 x 1.008 + 2 x 16.00) = 4.90 g

Mark deduction for units (no one got this deduction!

17
 b) A solution of benzoic acid and sodium benzoate was made at 25oC and was measured to have a 3
pH of 4.48. When NaOH was added to the solution, there was little change to the pH. This was
also observed when HCl was added. Using a relevant chemical equation, explain these
observations.

Criteria Mark

• Correct equation(s) with phase descriptors 3

• Explains effect of addition of OH- and H3O+
• Links to minimal change in pH

• Correct equation(s) with phase descriptors 2

• Explains effect of either OH- or H3O+ OR
• Explains effect of addition of OH- and H3O+ but does not link to minimal change
in pH

• Some relevant information 1

C6H5COOH(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ C6H5COO-(aq) + H3O+(aq)

When NaOH is added, the hydroxide ions react with the hydronium ions in the buffer system,
decreasing its concentration. As a result, the system shifts to the right to minimise the disturbance.
Therefore, there is little change to the pH.

When HCl is added, hydronium ion concentration of the system increases. As a result, the system
shifts to the left to minimise the disturbance. Therefore, there is little change to the pH.

Also accepted:

C6H5COOH(aq) + OH-(aq) ⇌ C6H5COO-(aq) + H2O(l)

C6H5COO-(aq) + H3O+(aq) ⇌ C6H5COOH(aq) + H2O(l)

If you used both/either of these eqns, you had to say that there was minimal pH change due to the
consumption of the H+/OH- ions, not because the reactions produce water etc.

18
Question 26 (3 marks)

The pH of the oceans has been maintained by the following equilibria. 3

1. CO2(g) ⇌ CO2(aq)
2. CO2(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ H2CO3 (aq)
3. H2CO3(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ HCO3-(aq) + H3O+(aq)

Since the start of the industrial age, the pH of the oceans has been decreasing. It is estimated that the
pH of the ocean will fall from 8.14 to 7.90 over the next 50 years.

Using the equations provided, explain how the combustion of fossil fuels is responsible for the change
in pH of the ocean.

1 mark links combustion of fossil fuels to [CO2]

Combustion of fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, resulting in an increase in
[CO2(g)].

1 mark links the above to changes to the position for ALL three equilibria

Note: some did not achieve this mark as the shifting of eqm/increase in yield was not mentioned. If
you do not talk about how eqm shifts, you are essentially just stating the equation…

This increase in [CO2(g)] causes the system to favour the forward reaction for reaction 1, increasing
[CO2(aq)]. As a result, reaction 2 also shifts to favour the forward reaction, increasing [H2CO3(aq)].
Finally, for reaction 3, the forward reaction is also favoured to minimise the disturbance, resulting in
an increase in [H3O+].

1 mark links the increase in H3O+ to pH

Due to increasing [H3O+], pH of the ocean has fallen.

19
Question 27 (6 marks)

The equilibrium between two different coloured Co(II) complex ions, [Co(H2O)6]2+ and [CoCl4]2-, has
been used by ecologists in qualitative tests to determine water content in soil.

Solutions of cobalt chloride are pink, due to the formation of the complex ion, [Co(H2O)6]2+. The
equilibrium equation is shown below.

a) Using Le Chatelier’s Principle, explain the change in colour if drops of concentrated HCl were 2
added to the system.

1 mark explanation using LCP

As HCl is added, [Cl-] increases and the system will shift to decrease this by favouring the reverse
reaction.

1 mark identifies colour change and increase in blue ion

As a result, the [CoCl42-] increases and solution would become more blue/purple in colour.

Question 27 continues on the next page.

20
 b) In a second experiment, a solution of cobalt chloride was prepared and separated into three test 4
tubes. One test tube was placed in a beaker of water at room temperature, while the other two
were placed in a beaker of ice water and a beaker of hot water, respectively. The following
observations were made.

Using your understanding of collision theory, explain the observations above.

1 mark relates effect of temperature on KE of particles and collisions

When temperature increases, kinetic energy of all the particles in the system increases, resulting in
more frequent, successful collisions (more collisions with energy > EA).

1 mark explicitly identifies that the rate of BOTH the forward and reverse reaction would change with
change in temperature

Therefore, the rate of both the forward and reverse reactions will increase.

1 mark explains why the endothermic reaction is impacted more

The proportional increase in rate of reaction is greater for the endothermic reaction as it has a
greater activation energy, resulting in the endothermic reaction being favoured.

Similarly, when temperature decreases, rate of both the forward and reverse reaction decreases, but the
endothermic reaction has a larger proportional decrease, so the exothermic reaction is favoured.

1 mark links the above to the observations, including stating whether exothermic/endothermic

The reaction mixture appears blue when heated, indicating that the reverse reaction is favoured when
temperature is increased. This is due to the reverse reaction being endothermic. When cooled, the
solution turns pink as the forward reaction is favoured because it is exothermic.

21
Common mistakes:

• Endothermic reaction is ALWAYS affected more by the increase/decrease in temp. Some

students got this correct to then contradict themselves later in their response
• The purple soln is not purple because it is at equilibrium. It just means the blue and pink ion
are present in equal concs
• One reaction does not stop just because the other is favoured
• Concentration of reactants and products does not affect changes in eqm due to temperature.
This is all about EA and whether the reaction is endothermic/exothermic

22
Question 28 (5 marks)

150.0 mL of a 0.564 mol L-1 barium hydroxide solution was placed in a well-insulated beaker. The
temperature of the solution was 20.3oC. Subsequently, 400 mL of a 1.25 mol L-1 nitric acid solution
was placed in another beaker and brought to the same temperature. The two solutions were then
mixed, and the final maximum temperature was recorded to be 23.7 oC. Assume that the density of the
solutions was 1.00 g mL-1.

a) Calculate the molar enthalpy of neutralisation. 3

(q) 1 mark calculates q

q = m c Δ T = (150.0 + 400) x 10-3 x (23.7 – 20.3) x 4.18 x 10-3 = 7816.6 J

(n) 1 mark calculates n(reactants) available

Ba(OH)2 + 2HNO3  Ba(NO3)2 + 2H2O

n(Ba(OH)2) = 0.564 x 0.150 = 0.0846 mol ===> limiting reagent

n(HNO3) = 1.25 x 0.4 = 0.5 mol

(H) 1 mark calculates molar enthalpy

n(H2O) = 0.0846 x 2 = 0.1692 mol

ΔH = – (7816.6 x 10-3) / 0.1692 = –46.197… = –46.2 kJ mol-1

Mark deduction for sig figs

Common error:

- absence of negative sign

- stoich ratio to determine n(H2O)

23
 b) A student repeated this experiment with the same volume and concentration of barium 2
hydroxide solution, but this time used 400 mL of 1.25 mol L-1 hydrochloric acid. The initial
temperature of the solutions was once again 20.3oC.

Predict if the final temperature would be higher, lower or the same as the original reaction and
justify your response.

1 mark identifies final temperature will be the same

1 mark justification (MUST acknowledge strength of acid AND n(H2O) produced) e.g.

HCl is a strong and monoprotic acid like HNO3 so will be completely dissociated in solution and the
quantity used will produce the same number of moles of water. This means the energy released when
forming the molecules of water will be the same.

Common error:

- Not explicitly addressing strength OR n(H2O)

- Nitric acid is strong!  mark deduction for incorrect chemistry

24
Question 29 (5 marks)

Sodium laurylbenzene sulfonate is used as a detergent in cleaning products and in pesticides. Its 5
structure is shown below.

With reference to its structure, explain the cleaning action of sodium laurylbenzene sulfonate.

1 mark identifies long hydrocarbon chain as non polar

1 mark identifies O-SO2-O- / sulfonate group as anionic/polar

1 mark identifies that sodium laurylbenzene sulfonate will dissociate in water to produce
laurylbenzene sulfonate ions

1 mark relates structure to interactions with oil and water i.e. non polar region can dissolve in oil and
polar region can dissolve in water

1 mark relates the above to formation of micelles that lift/suspend oil particles in water to be washed
away
Examiners Comments:
Many candidates omitted to state that sodium laurylbenzene sulfonate will dissociate in water.
Some candidates referred to polar or hydrophilic ends/heads without identifying which part of the
molecule this was.

25
Question 30 (9 marks)

The structural formulae for Compound A, B and C are shown below.

A B C

a) Describe how you could distinguish between the compounds featured above using simple 4
reactions in a school laboratory. Include relevant reagents and observations in your response.

2 marks reagent and observations distinguish between tertiary and primary alcohol

2 marks reagent and observations distinguish between alcohols and acid

Examiner’s Comment : Some candidates attempted to name Compounds A & B if nomenclature was
incorrect a Mark was deducted, please note students were not asked to name compounds.

Question 30 continues on the next page.

26
b) Compounds A and B are isomers. Draw FIVE other isomers of this compound and provide 5
their IUPAC names.
Examiner’s Comment : Some candidates provided the structure and name of Compound B.

27
Criteria Mk

5 correctly drawn isomers and corresponding IUPAC names 5

AT LEAST 4 correct isomers and 4 correct IUPAC names 4

AT LEAST 3 correct isomers and 3 correct IUPAC names 3

AT LEAST 2 correct isomers and/or 2 correct IUPAC names 2

1 correct isomer or name 1

28
Question 31 (6 marks)

Gases A2 and B2 react according to the equation below.

A2(g) + 2B2(g) ⇌ 2AB2(g) ΔH < 0

A mixture of A2 and B2 was placed into a sealed vessel. The initial concentration of A2 was 1.4 mol L-1
and the initial concentration of B2 was 1.0 mol L-1. At 5 minutes, the system had reached equilibrium
where the concentration of A2 was 1.2 mol L-1. The system remained at equilibrium until at 10
minutes, the temperature of the system was reduced. At 15 minutes, the system re-established
equilibrium.

a) On the graph below, complete the key and draw a trendline for each of the chemical species 4
involved in this equilibrium to show their changes in concentrations over time.

1.6

1.4 Key:
A2
1.2
B2
Concentration (mol L-1)

1 AB2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 5 10 15 20
Time (min)

Question 31 continues on the next page.

29
1 mark per region of graph

In 0 to 5 min gradient should be concave up for A2 and B2 to indicate slowing rate of reaction and
concave up for AB2.

In 10 to 15 min stoichiometric ratio of change in products and reactants to be correct

Mark deduction for missing or incorrect key or for sudden jump or rise (vertically) of products or
reactants.

b) Calculate the Keq at 7 minutes. 2

1 mark intrapolates correct data (mistake carried based on trendline)

1 mark correction substitution into Keq

K = [AB2]2 / [A2][B2]2 = [0.4]2 / [1.2][0.6]2 = 0.37037… = 0.4

30
Question 32 (9 marks)

0.050 mol of ethanoic acid was reacted with 0.050 mol of ethanol in 100 mL of solution at a certain
temperature. The reaction mixture was then cooled, and the excess ethanoic acid was titrated needing
34 mL of 0.50 mol L-1 NaOH for neutralisation.

a) Draw the structural formulae of the products formed in the reaction between ethanoic acid and 2
ethanol.

b) What reagent could be added to act as a catalyst for this reaction? 1

Concentrated sulfuric acid

c) Identify a laboratory technique that could be used to help this reaction reach equilibrium 2
quicker and provide another advantage of using this technique.

1 mark identifies the technique i.e. reflux

1 mark provides another advantage e.g. keeps volatile reactants in the reaction vessel

Question 32 continues on the next page.

31
 d) Calculate the equilibrium constant for this reaction. 4

1 mark calculates n(NaOH) and n(CH3COOH)

n(NaOH) = 34 x 10-3 x 0.5 = 0.017 mol

n(CH3COOH) = 0.017 x 1/1 = 0.017 mol

1 mark calculates [CH3COOH]eqm, [CH3COOH]initial and [C2H5OH]initial

[CH3COOH]eqm = 0.017 / 100 x 10-3 = 0.17 mol L-1

[CH3COOH]initial = [C2H5OH]initial = 0.05 / 0.1 = 0.5 mol L-1

1 mark calculates remaining eqm [ ]s

CH3COOH + C2H5OH  CH3COOC2H5 + H2O

I 0.5 0.5 0 -

C -x -x +x -

E 0.17 0.17 0.33 -

1 mark calculates Keq

K = [CH3COOC2H5] / [CH3COOH][C2H5OH] = [0.33]/[0.17]2 = 11.418… = 11

32
Question 33 (5 marks)

The following structural diagram shows a section of Polymer A

a) Draw the monomers for Polymer A. 2

b) Determine the molar mass of a section of Polymer A that consists of 40 monomers. 3

1 mark calculates M(monomer 1) and M(monomer 2) OR repeating section (mistake carried from part
a) ONLY if the numbers match your incorrect monomers)

1 mark understands 40 monomers = 20 x monomer A + 20 x monomer B (mistake carried if you drew

only one monomer for part a))

1 mark understands final structure of polymer e.g. removal of water molecules (Method 1), extra H
and OH on the ends (Method 2)

33
Method 1

M(monomer featured on the left) = [12.01 x 3 + 16.00 x 2 + 1.008 x 8] = 76.094

M(monomer featured on the right) = [12.01 x 3 + 16.00 x 4 + 1.008 x 4] = 104.062

M(polymer) = 20(76.094 + 104.062) – 39 x (1.008 x 2 + 16.00) = 2900.496 = 2900 g mol-1

Method 2

M(repeated section i.e. O(CH2)3OCOCH2COO) = [12.01 x 6 + 16.00 x 4 + 1.008 x 8] = 144.124

M(polymer) = 20(144.124) + (1.008 + 16.00 + 1.008) = 2900.496 = 2900 g mol-1

add H add OH

also accepted leaving answer as M(polymer) = 20(144.124) due the interpretation of the word ‘section’

34
Question 34 (7 marks)

Fill in the blanks in the following flow chart. 7

End of Exam

35