SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

LIBRARIES

DRAPER FAMILY COLLECTION

GIFT OF

DANIEL C. DRAPER
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S Y L V A
SYLVARUM. O R,

A Natural Hiftory
I N

TEN CENTURIES-
Whereunto is newly added,

The Hiftory 3\(atural and Experimental of LIEE

and DEATH, or of the Prolongation of L I F E.

Publiflicd after the Authors Death.

2j William Rawley, DoBor in Divinity,

One of His Majefties Chaplains:

Whereunto is added ^Articles of Enquiry, touch'

ins:Metals and Minerals. And the New Atlantis. As alio the LIFE
of the Right Honorable Francis "Bacon, never added to this Book before.

Written by tb e Right Honorable

F R A N C Vifcount
I S
Lord Verulam, St* <irf/bdn.

The U\[inih and Lajl Edition,

"With an Alphabetical Table of thcTmcipalTbings
contained in the Ten Centuries.

LONDON,
Printed by J. R. for William Lee > and ate to be fold by George Sawbridg,
Francis Ty ton, Thomas n illiams,john Martin, Thomas Vere, Randolph Taylor,
Henry Broom, EdwardT'romas, Thomas Pajfenger, ISTey'd Symmons, Robert
Clavel, William Crook., and James Magnes ; and other Bookfellers in
London znd veftminfter. 1670.
 S Y L
OR

A Natural
I N

TEN CENTURIES
"Whereunto is newly added,'

The Hi/lory JsQitural and Experimental of LIF E

and DEATH, or of the Prolongation of L 1 F E.

Publifhed after the Authors Death*

*By W*i LLiAM Rawley, T)oBorin Dh>iniiy c

i

One of HisMajefties Chaplains.

Whereunto is added ^Articles of Enquiry, touch-

ing CWetals and Minerals. And the Nev Atlantis.

FRANCISLord
Written by the Right Honorable

Ferulam, Vifcount St. aAlban.

The JsQntb arid Lafl Edition,

With an ^Alphabetical Table of the Trincipal Things

contained in the Ten Centuries,

LOTipON:
Printed bv* f. %
for Willkm Lee, and are to
be Sold by theBookfellersof London, 1670.
 NJ

wmmm^vMM&MmM^mgmm
T O T H E
MOST HIGH AND MIGHTY
PRINCE CHARLES,
By the Grace oFGod,
K i n g of (jreat 'Britain, France^ and Ireland^
Defender of the Faith, &c.

x^Mny itpleafe Tour Moji Excellent Majefty ,

jHe whole Body of the Natural

Hiftory, either defigned or writ-
by the late Lord Vifcount
ten ,
S. Alban, was dedicated to Your

Majefty, in his Book De Ventis, about

Four years paft, when Your Majefty was
Prince : So as there needed no new Dedica-
tion of this Work, butonely in all humble-
nefs, to let Your Majefty know, it is Yours.

It is true, if that Lord had lived, Your Ma-

jefty, ere long had been invoked to the Pro-

tectionof another Hiftory, whereof, not
Natures Kingdom, as in this y but thefe of
A l Your
 .

J • T-hc Epiftle Dedicatory.

J

Your-Majefties, (during the time and Reign

of King Henry the Eighth) had been the fub-
jedt $ which fince, it died under theDefig-
nation meerly : There is nothing left, but
1

YourMajeffcies Princely goodnefs, gracioufly

to accept of the undertakers Hqart and In-
tentions; who was willing to have parted
for a while with his darling Philofbphy, that

he might have attended Your Royal Com-

ma ndment in that other Work. Thus much
I have been bold, in all lowlinefs to reprefent
unto Your Ma/efty, as one that was trufted
with his Lordships Writings, even to the
lafi And as this Work affe&eth the Stamp
of Your Majefties Royal Protection, to make
itmore currant to the World (o under the :

protection of this Work I preiume in all

k
,

humblenefi to approach Your Majefties pfe-

fence and to offer it up into Ypur Sacred
Hands.

Your £\ddjeflies tnofl Loyal

and Devoted Servant

 —

'

IKf

TO THS
« "s

AVing had the Honor to be continually With

mylLord, in compiling of this IPorl^ and

to be employed therein, I haVe thought knot
ami fty (with his Lordfhips good leave and
likjng) for the betterfatiifaBion of thofe that
fhall read it, to make kpwnfomewbat of his Lordfhips inten-

tions, touching the ordering andpublifhing of thefame. I

have heard his Lordfkip often fay} That if hefhould have
ferved the glory of his own j\£ame, he had been better not to
have publifhed this Natural Hiftory 5 foritmayjeeman
indige/led heap of Particulars , and cannot have that luflre
which Hoofy cap into Methods\ have : Hut that be refolded
to prefer the good of z5A4en, arid that which might beflfecure

it, before any thing that might haye relation to himself <iAnd,
he tyeW Well, that there Was mother way open to unloofe Mens
mindeS) being bound ; and {as it were) *!J\da\eficiate, by the
charms of deceiving potions and theories • and thereby
made impotent for (feneration of Works : %lut onely no where
to departfrom the Senfe and clear experience, hut to keep c/ofe

to it, efpecially ifi the beginning. ^Befides, this Natural

Hiftory wasdDebtof his, being defgned andfet downfor
a third Tart of the Jnftauration. I haw alfo heard his

Lordfhipdifcourfi, That^fen (no doubt) will thinfyriany

of the Experiments contained in this Colle&ion, to be Vul-

— » _,,,, gar
Vre . .. . _ mw^jaii
 . »«" i .1'
••
*

To the Reader.

gar and Trivial , mean and fordid , curious and fruitle

and therefore he wifheth, that they would have perpetually ye

fore their eyes ^hat is noty in doing and the differencebetween >'

tfois JSfatural Hiftory, and others- Forthofe Natural |

Hiftpries 'which are extant , being gathered for delight \

and ufe> trefoil of pleafant Defcriptioris and TiSttres and ;

affeBandfee^aflerAdmkation^^ayhieSi and Secrets. *But

fontrariwifey fhefcepe y which his Lordfhipintendeth, is tq Write

fuch a t^tural Hiftqry , as may befundamental to the

ereBing and building of a true Thilofbphy : For the illumi-

nation of theVnderftanding ; the extruding of ^Axioms>

(ind the producing ofn\any noble Wor^and Effects. For he
hopethbythismpans, to acquit himfelf of that, for which he
ta^eth himfelf in fort bound • tindthtft is, the advancement
4
of JLearning and Sciences. For haying, in fhisprefent JVork^
collected the materialsfor th§ Bi$ildifig y
e
and in his No vqm
PrgaRun) (Qf^hic^hislfOrdjhip isyep to publifh ^Second

7^ art) fet fawn the Iriflrutrtents and 'DireBions for the

Wor]^ \ Men (hall now be wanting to if they then}felves>

faiff not tyowledge to thatpprfeflion, whereof the ^Qtture of

Mortal Men is capable. aJfnd in this behalf I have heard

his Lordfhip ffeah^complainingly> That hisLordfhip (who
thinkgth, that he defemeth to be an zArch?te& in this 'Build-

ing) fhouH beforced to beaWor^n^n, and a Laborer ; and

fo dig the ay> a nd bum theBrich^ y and more then that^
(acfqrding to the h^rd condition of the Ifraeli tes, at the lat-
ter end) fo gather the Straw and Stubble, oyer all the Fields,
to burr} thf ffiicl^ withql. For he I{noWeth, that except he dq

jt, nothing will be done 5

Aden areJofet to deffife the means
of Mir own good, And as for the bafenefiofmqny ofth?
Experiments , as long as they be (jods FFork^\ they are
honorable enough : And for -the vulgarmf of themr true

%Axiorr%{ mufi be drawn fro^ plain experience, and notfrom

doubtful 5 and his fcordlhips cwrfejs to make VVondersplaty,
and\
 To the Reader. -
arid not plain things VVonders . and that experiences Ukg-

Wife mull be broken and grinded y and n^t^yie^mif

i :
grvweth ^ and for V[e , his Lord/hip hath often in his
'
i

£\£out\h Experiments, Ex;pen-

the two kindes of

meritaFru&ifera, and Experimenta Lucifera.

Experiments of Ufe> ^Experiments of
Light oJfnd he reported himfelf, whether he were not
:

a flrange Man, thatfhedd thinly that Light hath no Vfe,

hecaufe it hath no Matter. Further lots Lordjhip thought
good alfo , to add unto many of the Experiments them-
selves , fome glofi of the Caufes i that in the fucceediw

wor\oj Interpreting Nature, and Framing Axi-

oms, all things maybe in more readinefi. <tAnd for the
(fauces herein by him aligned ^ his Lordjhip perfwadeth
j himfelf they are far more certain , thanthofe that are reri-
dred by others > not for any excellency of his own Wit, (
as
his Lordjhip is Wont to fay ) but in reffeil of his continual
conversation with Nature and Experience. He did
tonjider likgwife , That by this ^Addition ofCaufes,
sSMew mindes {which makefo much hafle to finde out the

causes of things ^ ) would not thinly themfelves utterly lofl

in a Vafl Wood df Experience , but flay upon thefe

Caufes (fuch as they are ) a little , till true Axioms
may be more fully difcohered. 1 have heard his Lordjhip
fay alfo, 7 hat one great reason, why he Would not put thefe

Particulars into any exail Method, (though he, thatlook^

eth attentively into them ,
[hall finde, that they have a fe-
cret order) was, Hecaufe he conceived that other men would
now thinly that they could do the likej and fo go on with a
further £ olleSion , which, if the Method had been exail,
many would have defpaired to attain by Imitation. (tAs
foz his Lordjhip* love of Order, I can refer any Man to
his Lordjhips Latin Ltook^ , De Augmentis Scien-
tiarum; which, if my judgment be any thing, is written in
S the
.
 in i
tirti i in mm i i nna ii

To the Reader.
The J.p iftle the exaffeft order, that I kpotn) any witing to be. 1 toiU
is the fame,
that lhould conclude; "frith a ttfual Speech of hi* Lordjhips. That this
have been
prefixed to Wor\pfhis Natural Hiftory, # EWorld, ^God
this Book, if

his Loidfhip
made it, and not as Men have made it ; for that it hath
had lived-

nothings if Imagination*
nj'

".
RAWLET.
 2

The Table.

A TABLE OF THE
8 X <P 8 % I M E 3^? S.

Century I. ,

OF Straining or Percolation, Outward and Inward*

Of Motion upon Preffwe, Exp. %
Of Separations of Bodies Vejuid by weight Exp, 3
Experiment

.
8, page
pag. 2

P 9 g-3
1

Of I nfnitons in Water and *Air. Exr. 7 P a g-4

Of the Appet've of Continuation in Liquids, Exp. I a
P £-5
6f Artificial Springs. Exp. I pag. 6

Of the Venemous Quality of Mans Flefh. Exp. I : . . ibid.

Of Turning Air into water. Exp. I ibitf.

Of. Helping or Altering the Shape of the Body. Exp. I t-'&7

Of Condenfmg of Air 10 yield Weight, or Nourifhment. Exp. 1

Of flame and Air commixed. -Exp. 1

Of the fecret nature of Flame. Exp. r _ .

Of Fhme in the midland on the Sides. Exp; t ibid.

Of Motion of Cjravlty. Exp. 1 pag 10
Of Cdntratlion of Bodies in Bulk. Exp. I •
'•>,«
< , ibi<t.

Of making Vines more fruitful. Exp.: I jjg& ibid.

Of the fever al Operations of 7> urging Medicines. Exp. 9 ibid;

Of Meats and Drifts mofl Nourishing. Exp. 15 pag. 1

Of Medicines applied in 0-^e/-, Exp.i pag. i($

Of Cure byCufiome. E\p. i 5 -., pa?oi7,

Of Cure by Excefs. Uxp. 1 -ibid}

Of Cure by Motion of Confent. E p. I ibid.

'

Of Cure of Difeafes contrary to Predifpoftion. ibid.

OfrpreparatioH before and after Purging. Exp. t
Of Stanching Blood. Exp. I ibid,
I Of change of Aliments and Medicines. Exp'. I [
ibid.
Of Diets. Exp. 1 . '..... :
'
P-
J g-i9

OfProdutlimof Cold. Exp. 7 pag. 196

O "turning Air into water. Exp. 7 pag. 20
.Of Induration ofi>dies. Exp.8 P
3
g<
2*

Of Preying if *Air upon Water. Exp* t psg.iH

Of the- forte of Union. Exp. I '
ibid,
Of&4*k.ingFeatbers andR is
of divers colours. Fxp. I ibid.

OfKourifhment of young creatures in the Egge or Womb. Exfsl |>ag- 2 5

Of Sympathy and Antipathy. £x">. 3 ibid,

c
O the Spirits or P<:eur»*ticals in B>dses. Exp. 1
P g- 2 ^
3

c
O the Power of H°«t. Exp. 1 pag. 27
Of ImpeJJibllitj of Annihilation. Exp. I pag. 2 8

.
—
Century IL

o Of
F xMulckt Exp. 14
and Entity of Sounds, Exp. A
the Nnllitj
Of Produtltom Confervation, and Delation of Soundt, Expi 14
pSJg.2 9'

P a g-3*

Of Magnitude, Exility, and Damps-

of Sounds. Exn. 25 P J g« 37
Of Liudnef^'ar.d Softnefs, of Sound, Eip.3 pag. 41
B 2 Of
 3 !

TfeT A B L E.

Of Communication of Sounds. Exp. 3 ibid.

Of Equality and Inequality of Sounds. Exp. 9 ibid.
Of more treble and Bafe Tones* Exp. 6. P a g-43

Of proportion of Treble and Bafe. Exp. 4 P a F-4

Of Exteriour, Inttriour Sounds. Exp. 4 P a §-4T
Of Articulation of Sounds. E*p. 9. pag. 46

Century III.
OF Of
the Lines in which Sounds n:eve. Exp.
the Lifting or Periling of Sounds. Exp. f
6 pag.

P
49
a g-5c

Of the Pcffage in interception of Sounds. Ixr. J P a g-5i

Of the Medium of Sounds. Exp. 4 P a £*52
Of the Figures of Bedies yielding Sounds* Exp f -
ibid.
Of Mixture of Sounds. Jtxp. 5. P a 8- 5 3
Of Melioration of Sounds Exp. 7
P*g-54
Of Imitation of Sounds. Exp. 6 r
P a g. 55
of r< flexion of Sounds. Exp. 1 pag. 56
Of Coyifent and Diftent between Audible*., and Vifiblcs, Exp. 23 P a g- 58
Of Sympathy and Antipathy of Sounds. Exp. 5 pag.tfi
Of hindring or Helping of Hearing, fc'xp. 4 pag.^a
Of the Spiritual and Fine Nature of Sounds, Exp. 4 pag.63
Of Orient Colours in T>iff olutions of Metals. Exp. I P»g.<H
Of Prolongation of Life. Exp. I P a g. *4
Of the Apyethe of Vnion in Bodies. Exp. I ibid,
Of the lik^e Operations of Heat and Time* Exp. I pag. 6$
Of the Differing operations of Fire and Time. Exp.I ibid.
Of Motions by Imitation, Exp. I ibid.
Of InfeBious Difeafes, Exp. I ibid.
Of the incorporations of Powders, and liquors. Ii<p, t~ ibid,

Of Exefcife of the Body, and the Benefits or Svils thereof. Exp. I pag. 66
Of Meats feme Glutting, or not Glutting. Exp, 1 Ibid.

Century IV,

OF Of and the
and the Acclerafing thereof. Exp. I I
Clarification of Liquors,
Maturation, Accelerating
pag.^7
thereof'; and of the Maturation of Driukj,
.and Fruits. Exp. 15. pag. 69
Of Making Gold. Exp. I
f P a g-7 l

Of the Several Matures of (jold. Exp. I P*g-73

Of Inducing and Accelerating PutrefaBion, Exp. 12 ibid.
Of Prohibiting and Preventing Putrefaclion, Exp. i< pag. 75
Of Rotten Wood (hining. Exp. 1 P a g-77
Of Acceleration of Birth. Exp.I pag. 7 8
Of ^Acceleration of Growth and Statute. Exp. I ibid.
; Of'Bodies Sulphureous and Mercurial* E*p. 5 ibid,
Of the Chameieon. Exp. 1 pag. 80
Of lukerrany Fires^ _Ex.Ee.JL, - ibid.
Of Jtfitrous Water. Exp. I ibid,
'

fff Congealing of Air. Exp. 1 r ? ibid,

Of Congealing of Water 'into Cryftal. Exp.I pag. 81

Of ffrreferving the Smell and Colour in Rofe. Leaves, Exp. I ibid.
OftheLaflingofFlame. Exp. 10 ibid,
Oflnfufions or Burials of divers Bodies in Earth, Exp. 5 pag. 83
Of the AffeBs of Mens Bodies from feveral Winds, Exp. I pag. 84
Gf winter and Summer sickneffes. Esp. 1 ioid.
off

£
 1 5

The Tabl e.
Of Ptflilential Tears. Exp. I
ibid.
Of Epidemical Difeajes. Exp. I
Of Prefervation of Liquors in Wells or Faults. Exp.
ibid,
ibid.
Of Stutting. Exp. I
'

Offweet Smells. Exp. 4

Waters,. Exp lb:d.
the G
Of tke Goodnef sand
oodncfs of waters.
find Choice of £.xp. 7
Heats under the %4Lcjulno£lial. Exp. t
Of Temperate
Black and Tawnej Moors. Exp. ib;d,
Of the Coloration of
the tnslant Death, £xp. I pag. 8 8
Of Motion after of

Century V.

OF Accelerating or Hafienlng forward Germination. £xp.I*

"Retarding or putting hack Germination* £xp. 9
Of
pag.
pag.
89
92
Of ^Meliorating, or making better; Fruits and Plants. Exp. 5 P a S-93
Of Compound Fruits, and Flowers. £xp. 5 <y pag* 100
Plants. Exp. I9 ptg.ioi
Of sympithy and Antipathy of
Of making Herbs and Fruits Medlclnable. £xp. 2 pag. 104

Century VI.

O F Curlofitles abont Fruits

Of the Degeveratingof Plants

and Plants. *xp. 17
j and of their Tranf
mutation one
pag. 107
into another. £xp.i^
P'g. no
Of the Troeerlty and Lownefs of Plants; and of Artificial dwarfing them. £xp.5« pag. 1 38
Of the Rudiments of Plants ; and of the Excrefcences of PUxts, orfuper-Plants. £xp. 36
ibid.

Of Producing perfefl Plants without Seed. £xp» 1 pag. 1

17
Of Forrain Plants. Exp. 3 pag. 118
O/rAtf Seafons of feveral Plants. Exp.6 P a g-H£
Of the Lifting of Tlants, Exp. 5 pag. 120
Of fever al Figures of Plants. £xp. 5 pag; 121
Of fome Principal differences in Plants, ^xp.4 ibid,

0/ *// Manner of Compofts and Helps for 9round. £xp. 6 pag. 122

Century VII.

O F the Affinities and Differences between Plants , and Bodies Inanimate. JBxrjS.
pag. 1 25
Of and Differences between Plants^ and Living Creatures ;
Affinities And of the Confiners
and Participles of Bjth. Exp. 3 pag. 116.
Of ^plants Experiments fromlfcuous. Exp. 6~f pag. 1 27
Of Healing of woi.nls, Exp. 1 pag. 1 39
Of F.it dffufed in Flefh. Exp. 1 ibid,
Of Ripening Drlnk^ fpecdlly. £xp. I ibid,
Of Pi tofitj and Plumage. Sxp. I. ibid,
Of the £>uli.\nefs of Motion in Birds. Exp, I ibid.
Of the Clear nefs of the Sea, the North wind blowing. Sxp'.t ibid,
Of the different heats of Fire and boyllng water. Exp. 1 pag. 140
\ Of the Qualification of heat by Molflare. Exp. \ ibid.
\ Of Yawning. Ex?. 1 ibid,
F the Hiccottchs. Ext). 1 ibid.

-
I
*/ -Ui! ' " •
of A
 I

Tfe Table.
Of SnetZ.ing. fxp.I ibid*

0/ /&* Tender nefs of the Teeth. Exp. I pag.141

Of the Tongue. Exp. l ibid.

of the Mouth out of Tafle. Exp. i ibid.

Of fame Prognoftic\t of Peililential Seafons. Exp. ibid.

Of facial Simple? for Medicines. Exp. i ibid.

Of fetips. %xp. 3 142

Of the ivfefta, or Creatures bred of FutirefaEiion. Exp. I pag; 142

Of Leaping. 5x~>. I P a g--45

Of the P leafures and Bifpleafures of Hearings and of the other Senft s. Exp. I ibid.

Century VIII
.

OF Veins of Earth Medicinall, Exp. I

Of Sponges. Exp. 1
P»g-M7
ibid.
Of Sea.fifh in frefh Waters. Exp. x ibid.
Of AttraUion bj firm lit tide of fubfiance. ixp, I pag.148
Of certain Drinks in Turkey. Exp. I ibid.
of Sweat. Exp. 6 i'bfd.

Of the Clo. worm. Exp. 1 pag. 149

Of the impreffions upon the Body^ from feveral Pajjions of theUHind. ixp.io ibid.
Of Drti>,kenne(s. £xp. 4 pag.i 5
2
of the Hurt, or Help of wine ta\en moderately. Exp. 1 pag*i53
Of Catterpillers. Exp. 1 • ~ *
% Mi.-
Of the Flies Cantharides, Exp. i pag. 161
F
Liffitude. Exp. 2 pag.154
Of eaUing the Skin and Shell infome Creatures. Exp. % ibid.
of. the Poflures of the iody. Exp. 3 ibid.
Of Peffilential year:. Exp. I P a g.*55
Of fome Progneflichj of h^rd Winters. Exp." 1 ..ibid.

Of certain, Medicines that condenfe and relieve the Spirits Exp. I ibid,
of Paintings of Exp, 1
the Body. ibid,

Of the ufe of 'Bathing and Anointing. Exp. I pag.156

Of Chamolletting of Taper. Exp, 1 ibid.
Of Cuttle-Ink^, Exp. 1 ibid.
Of tArth increafng in weight, Exp. i mi.
Of Sleep. Exp. 3 ibid.
Of~&e*h-an<t Ha rd fu bft a nces in th Bodies of Living Creatures. Exp. 11 pag.157
•/ the Generation^ and Bearing of living Creatures in the womb. Exp. 3 pag. 159
Of fpeeies Vifible. Exp. 2 I J pag. 160
Of Impulfion and Percufiion. Exp. 3 ibid.
Of Titilation. Exp. I pag.i*i
Of fcarcity of Rai»inv£gyp,J£L<ip,i ibid;-
Of Clarification. Exp. 1 pag. 152
Of Plants without leaves. Exp. 1 nid,-
Of the materials of Glafs. Exp. 1 ibid.

Of Prohibition ofPutrefatlion, and the long confervation of Bodies. Ixp. I '

ibid.
1-

of Abundance of Nitre in certain Sector es, Exp. I pagi(53

Of Bodies born up by water. Exp. 1 ibid.

of Fuel confuming little ornothirg. Exp. I ibid.

Of cheap Fuel. Exp. 1 ' pag. 1 ^4

Of Gathering of wind for Frefhnefs. £xp. 1 ibid.

Of Trials of Aires. Exp. 1 ........ i-bid. |

Of Encreafwg Milk^in Milch- Beafls. Exp. I ihid.

Of Sand of the Nature of Glafs. Exp, I- ib.d.

°£ th? Growth of Corral. Exp. 1 pag. 165

Of the Gathering of Manna. Exp.x ibid.-
OF-
J_-
 —
The T A B'LE.
Of Cor retting of wines. Exp. I I .
. j bid.

Of Bitumen one of the Materials of Wild-fire. Exp. I ibid,

Of Plaifter a rowing as hard as Marble, Exp. I bid.

Of the Cure of fonie ulcers and, Hurts. Exp. i pag. 16 6*
Of the Healthfulnefs or Vnhealthfulnefs ef the Southern wind. Exp. t ibid.

Of wounds made with Brafs or with Iron t Exd. I ib.d,

OfMjrtificatienbfCold.JLxp.l ibid.

Of weight. Exp. i ibid.

Of fuper-Natation of Bodies. Exp. I ibid,

Of the Flying of unequal todies in the Air. Exp. I pag. 1 6i

Of'water that it may be the J[d:diumof Sounds. Exp, i ibid.

Of the Flight of the Sp'.rits upon odious objects. Exp. I ibid

Of the fuper-R'flexion of Sccho's . Exp. I i Vid.

Of the force of imagination imitating that of the Senfe. Exp. t pag. 168

Of Prefervation of Bodies, Exp. i ibid;

Of che Growth or Multiplying of CMctalls. Exp. i ibid.

©f the drewningthemore bafe Metall in the more pretious. Exp. I ibid.

Of Fixation of Bodies. Exp. I .pag- -169

Of the refilefs Nature of things in themfelves % and their dejire to change. Exp. 1 ibid.

Century IX^

OF Perception in Bodies infenjible, tending to natural Dlvinatiin and fp.btle tfi-

als. Exp. 30 pag. 171
Of the Castfes of Appetite in the Stomach. Exp. X pag. 176
of fweetnefs of Odour from the Rai%baw; Exp. 1 ibid.
Offweet Smels. Exp. I P
3
g- '77
Of the Corporeal fubftance of Smets. Exp; I ibid.
Of Fetide and Fragrant Odours. Exp. i ibid,
Of the Castfes of Putrefaction. Exp. X pag. i
78
Of Bodies unperfetlly mixt. Exp. 1 lag- 1
19
0^ C°ncofiton and Crudity. Exp. I ibid,
Of Alterations'rohich may be called Majors. Exp. I ibid.
Of Bodies Vquefble, and not Ltqttefible. Exp. 1 pag. 1 80
O f Bodies Fragile and tough. Exp. I ibid,
Of the' two t{inds of Pneumatic alls in tidies. Exp. i pag. 1 81
Of'Concretion and d'folution of Bodies. Exp. i ibid.
Of Brdies hard and f»ft. Exp, I ibid.
Of Bodies dfttlile axd tenfile. Expo I ibid,
Of fevers I pa/sions of Matter^ and characters of Bodies, Ex®, i pag. 1 82
Of Induration by fmJipathj. fxp; I ibid.
Of Hor.ej and Sugar. Exp. I p3g. 183
Of the finer fort of bafe Metals. Exp. I ibid.
Of t'.rtAinZemer.i and Quarries. Exp. I ibid.
c
C, tht Alien; g Hairs and Feathers, tup. I
if colours in ibid,
Of the d.ffz^e-.ce of Living Cr enures, Male and Female, tip, i pag. 1
84
Of the Comparative Magnitude of Livinr Creatures. Exp. 1 ibid.
Of Producing Fruit without foaror Stone. Exp. 1 ibid,
Of the Melioration of Tobacco. Exp. ;, pag. 1 85
O c (ever at Heats wording the fame Fffefls. £ xp.' I ibid.
Of Swelling and Dilatation in Boyling. Exp, i ibid,
C
the-DulCoration of Fruits. Ex?. 1 pag. 186
OfFlefh Edible, and not Edible, Exp. 1 ibid.
6'r the S*lamar,de r « Exp. I ibid.
,

Of the contrary operations of Time, upon Frttits and Liquors, §ib» i rag.187
Qf blows and bruifes, Exp.'I ibid.
O c the Or is Root. £xp. 1 ibid.

1
_ ,

~XIL
• #
 1

TbeT ABLE.
Of the comprejfitn of liquors. Exp. I ibid.
Of the working of water upon Air contiguous. i ip. I ,
ibid.
°fthe Nature of Air. Exp. I pag. 1*8
'*°f the Eyes and Sight, Exp. 7 ibid.

°f the colour of the Seay or other water. Exp. 1

P a
S-
189
of Shell-Fifh. E<p. 1
; ibid,
°fft he Right fide and the Left. Exp. 1 v pag. 1 90
Of Frisians. Exp. I ibid.
Of globes appearing flat at dijfaxcf. Exp. I ibid.
Of Shadows. Exp. 1 ibid.'
Of the Rowling And breaking of the Seat. Exp; I ibid.
Of the Dulcoration of Salt-water, Exp. 1 ibid.
Of the return of faltnefs in pits by the Sea-fhorti Exp. i pa?. 191
Of Attraction by (imilitude of fubftanfe. Exp. 1
'>•
"ibid.
Of sAttrattiin. Exp. 1 ibid.
Of Heat under earth. Exp. 1 ibifl.

Of Flying in the i/iir. i xp. I ibiJ.

Of the Scarlet T>y. Exp. I ibid,
Of Malifie tat ing. Exp. 1 pag. i©£
of the Rife of Liquors or *pouders t by means of flame. Exp. I ibid.

of the influences of the Afoon. Exp. i ibid,

Of Vinegar. Exp. I pag. 194
Of Creatures that fleep all Winter. Exp. I ibid.
Of the Generating of Creatures by Copulation, andbyPutrefaElion. Exp«i ibid.

Century X.

OF the 7 /anfmiffion andhftux oflmmateriate Virtues and the Force of Imagination',

whereof there be Experiments Monitory, three in all. Exp. 1 pag. 197
Of Smiffion of Spirits in Vapour, or Exhalation, odour lil^e. I xp. 26 pag. *oi
Of Emiffion of fpiritual Species which ifeil the Senfes % Exp. 1 pag. 204
Of Emiffion of immateriate Vertues, from the Minds, and the Spirits of Men, by Affecti-
ons, Imagination^ or other I mprejfio or. Exp. ii ibid.
Of the fecretvertue of Sympathy, and Antipathy, Exp. 39 pag. 20c/
Of fecret Vertnes and Properties, Exp. 1 P 9 g. 2I 4
Of the General Sympathy of mens Spirits. Exp. 1 < pag. 215

,
 X
THE

L I
O F TH E

RIGHT HONOURABLE
FRANCIS CON
Baron of Veru lam, Vifcount St Alb an.
/
B Y

WILLI AM RAWLET. D.D.,

His Lordfhips firftand laft Chaplain, and of late his
Majefties Chaplain in Ordinary.

L O N D O N }

Printed by S. G. & B. G. for William Lee, and are to be fold at the fian
of the lurks-Head 3
in F/^/fr^, over agairift fe%ter-Lwe% 1670.
 */'*

, -i. »

, 1
 \

Right Honourable
FRANCIS BACON
Baron of Verttlam, Vifcount St. Alban.

&***•*» &ANC IS BACON the Q lory $ of his

*E .p. 3* Age and Nation The Adorner, and Orna-
•

% V |* mcnt oy Learning j FF^ forwrnYork-houie

<&<&"&i<£ ,

or York-Place, in the Strand, On the nth.

ty*
Day 0/ January j i» fta Year of our Lord^6o,
His Father was that fanions Councellor to Queen Elizabeth;
The fecond prop ofthe Kingdom in his Time^ Sir Nicholas
Bacon, Knight, Lord Keeper of the Great Seal 0/Eng-
land ; a Lord of known Trudence, Sufficiency, Moderation,
and Integrity, His Mother Ann, one of the Daugh-
yoas

ters of Sir Anthony Cookj unto whom the Erudition, of

'

King Edward the Sixth; had been committed A choice :

Lady, and Eminent jor Piety Vertue, and Learning TSeiag

t
y

exquiftely skilled, for a Woman* in the Greek, d»^Latine 3

Tongues. Thefe being the Parents ,
you may eafily imagine*
a x what
 The Life of the Right Honorable
what the I flue, was like to be • Ha*vin? had VoatfoeVer Na
ture or Breeding could put into him.
Bis fir U and cbildifh years if ere not without fo me Mark of
Eminency^ \At "which time he was indued with that Tregnaney,
and Towardlinefs, of"Wit ; As they Ti^fvPrefages, of that
Deep, and Univerfal Apprehenfion, which was manifeflin
him, afterward ' Andcaufei him to be taken notice of byfeve-
y

n*/Per(bns,o£ Worth and flacej Jlnd f

e(pecially
y
bythe
Queen ; "who (as I bane been informed) deligi. ted much, then,
to confer "With him J^nd to prove him with Queftions un-
j •

to whom, he delivered Himfelf with that -Gravity, and Matu-

rity, abo^e That Her Majefty would often term
his years
-

to, The young Lord Keeper* ^Being asked'by the Queen,

how old he was ? Be anfwered with much diJcretion> being
then but a Boy ; That he was two years younger than her
Majefties happy Reign -,
"With which anfwer the Queen was
much taken.
At the ordinary years, ofWpenejs, for the univerfity .
or
I rather Something earlier ; be was fent by his Father, to Tri-
nity Colledge*i» Cambridge To be educated, and bred un- ;

der the Tuition of Do&or John White-Gift, then Matter

of the *Tolledge afterwards the renowned Arch BiHiop cf
;

Canterbury ;
a Prelate of the firft Magnitude ofSanclity,
Learning* Patience, and Humility ; ^ZJnder whom, He 7>>as ob-
ferVed, to have been more, than an Ordinary Proficient in
the federal Arts and Sciences. Whilft he was commoranu in
the Vniverfityj about i6years of age* (as feLordfhip hath
been pleafed to impart unto my felf ; ) he firft fell 4nto
the foiflike, of the philoiophy of Ariftotle; Not for the
WorthlelTenefs ofthe Author, to whom he would eierafcribe
ail High Attributes j But for the Vnfruitfuinefs, ofthe way.
Being a Philofophy, ( as his Lordfhip nfedtofay) only
ftrong* for Difputations , and Contentions ; But Barr en , of
the production of Works^r the Benefit of the Life ofMan.
In which Mind he continued to bis tying Day, -
After he had pa/Jed, ^Circle ofthe Liberal Artsy Hu
Father thoughtfit, to frame, and mould him for the Arts of
State 5 and , for that end} fent him onjer into Frances with
Sir
 .

Francis Lord Bacon. 3

Sir Amyas Pauler, then Employed Ambaffadour Lieger,
into France ; By whom, be was, after awhile, held fit to be en-

truftea\ "frithfome MeflTage, or ^dvertifement, to the

Queen ; -which baring perfor medwith great approbation, he

returned back into France again -,

with intention to continue
,

for fome years , there. In his abjence, in France, his Father,

the Lord Keeper, died

5
Haloing collected, (as I have heard,
of Knowing Perions ) a conftderablefum of Money, which
he had feparated, with Intention, to have
' made a competent
Purchafe 0/Land , for the Lively-hood ofthu his youngefl

Son ; ( who "Was onely unprorvided for ; andthough h? was

theyoungeft in years, yet be was not the lowefl, in ^/V Fathers
ajfeclion -,) But the faid.Pur ch&fe, being unaccomplished, at

bis Fathers Death there came no greater [bare to him, than bis
fingle Part,and Portion, of the Money , di<vidable among ft
f
firve Brethren; By which means, be linked, in fome ftreits,
and Neceffities, in his younger years. For as for that pleajant
Sc!te,d»^Mannor of Goxhzmbuxy, be came not toit y till
many years after, by the Death, of his Deareft Brother, Mr.
Anthony Bacen ; a Gentleman, equal to him, in Height of
Wit ; Though infer tour to him, in the Endowments of Lear-
ning and Knowledge 3 ^Dnto whom be was, mo ft nearly con-
-

joynedin affeBhn -, Tbeyffro being tbefole A/ale- iffue of tife*

cond Venter.
Being returned from Travail > be applied himjelf, to the
iludy oj the Comrnon-Law j which be took upon htm to be
his Trofeffion. In which, he obtained to great Excellency
Though he made that, ( as himfelfjaid ) but as an accejfary,

and not as his Principal ftudy. He wrote fever alTx&£ta£$s,

upon that Subj eel. Wherein , though jome great Matters,
oftbehnw did out-go him in Bulk, and Particularities of
Cafes ; yet, in the Science, of'the Grounds, and Myftcries,
of the Law, he was exceeded by none. In this way, hewas af-
ter awhile, j worn, of the Queens Counlel Learned? Ex-
traordinary ;
agrace, (iflerre not) fcarce known before.
He feated himfelf for the commodity of his ftudies, and Pra-
Eiije; amongft the Honourable Society, of Greyes-Inn ;
Of which Houfe he Ttas a Member ; where he ErecJed,
;

that
 ),

The Life ok the Right Honorable

4
that Elegant Pilc> or Structure, commonly known by the Name
ofthe Lord Bacons Lodgings ; which he Inhabited by Turns,
the mofipart of his Life, ( fome few years onely excepted,

unto his Dying Day. In which Houfe^ carried himfelf,

with fuch Sweetnejs, Comity,and Generofity ; That he "was
much revered, and beloved, bypheKcaicrs and Gentlemen
ofthe Houfe.
Not witbfianding, that he profeffed the L aw for his Lively-
hood, andSubfiflence-y yet his Heart and /ijfeclion Tbas more
and Places o/Eftace for which, if
carried after the Affairs ;

the Majefty Royal then, had been pleafed, he was mottfit. In

his youngeryears, he fiudieithe Service, and Fortunes, {as
they call them,) of that Noble* but unfortunate Earl, the
Earl of EfTex ; unto whom he was, in a fort, a Private and free
Counieller, and gate him Safe and Honourable J\ device, tiQ>
inthe end^ the Earl inclined too much, to the violent andpreci-
tate Counfell of others, bis Adherents, and Followers \ which
was his ¥ sue and Ku'mc,
His Birth and other Capacities qualified him, above o-
thers 0/MProfeflionj to have ordinary accejfes at Court •
and to come frequently into the Queens Eye ; w bo Tt>ould of-
ten grace him with private and free Communication :
Not onely about Matters of his Profeffion, or Bufineis in
Law • Butalfo. about the arduous Affairs o/Eftate From •

whom/he received, from time to time, great Satisfaction. Ne-

<vertbele[s though fhe cheered him much, with the Bounty of

her Countenance ; yet jhe never cheered him with the

bounty ofher Hand Having ne^ver conferred upon him, a~
:

«j? Ordinary Place cr Means of Honour or Profit, Sa<ve

onely one dry Beverfion of the Regifters Office, in the Star-

Chamber 5
worth about 1600 1. per Annum ; For which be
waited in Expectation, either fully or near, twenty years ; Of
which his Lordfhip wouldfay, in Queen Elizabeths Time;
That it was like another mans Ground, buttalling upon
hisHoufe; which might mend his Profpect, but it did
not fill his Barn. ( NeVertbelejs in the time of King James
it fell unto him, Which might be imputed j not fo much to
her Majefties averfenefs and DifarTe&ion , towards him;
as
 ,

Francis Lord Bacon.

as the Arts and Policy of a Greac Statefman, then-, who la-
boured by all induftrious , and fecret SMeans, to fupprefs,

and keep him down ; left, if be bad rijen, be might have obf cur-
ed his (flory;
But though- he flood long at a ft ay , in the ayes of his M\- D
ftrefs Queen Elizabeth j Tet, after the change, and Coming

in of his New Matter, King James> he made a great pro*

grefs ;
by whom be leas much comforted , in Places
of Truft,
Honour, and Revenue? I have feen, a Letter ofhis Lord-
fhips> to King James, therein he makes Acknowledgement •

That he was that Mafter to him, that had raifed and ad-
vanced him nine times Thrice in Dignity , and Six
.,

times in Office, His Offices ( as I conceive ) were Counfel

learned extraordinary, to bis Majefty, as be baibeen, to
Queen Kings Sollicker General s His Maje-
Elizabeth ;

fties Atturney General 5 Counfellor of Eftate, being yet

but Atturney ; Lord Keeper of the Great Seal of England j

Laftly^Lotd Chancellor which two laflTlacesytboughthey
:

be the jam e, in authority and Power ; yet they differ in Pa-

tent, Height, andFzvomofthe Prince. Since wbofe time
w/tf^isSucceflbrs, until this prefent Honourable Lord-
did ever bear the Title of Lord Chancellor. His Digni*
ties leer e fir
fl Knight? then
Baron 0/ Verulam. Laftly,
Vifcount Saint Alban Be fides other goodGiks and boun-
:

ties of the Hand, which bis Majetty game him , Both oM of

theBtoid-%t2\y%*doutofthe Azri\#\oi\- Office? To the va-

lue, inbothof eighteen hundred pounds per annum ; which
Vtitb bis Mannour of Gorhambury ; and other Lands and
<Pofleuions, near thereunto adjoyning, amounting to a third
part more, he retained to his tying Bay*
Towards his Rifing yearh *M before, he entered into a mar*
ried Eftate, and took to Wife, ^lice, oneoftbe Daughters
and Co heirs 0/ Benedict Bamham, E/quiie, and Jlder.
man of London, with whom. he received, a fufficientlj am>
pie, and liberal Portion, in Marriage. Children he had
none .- which, though they be the means to perpetuate our
i Names, after our Deaths 5 yet he bad other Iffues to perpe-
1

tuatebis Name 5
The Iffues of his Brain [ in which he was e-
ver
 ,

The Life of the Right Honorable

*ver happy, and admired ; as Jupiter was, in the production

of Pallas, Neither didthe want of"Children , detratt from-

his good ufage of his Confbrt , during the Intermarriage J
whom much Conjugal Love, And Kt-\
he profecuted* with
fpeil with many <l{icb Gifts, and Endowments ; Befidesl
;

a Robe (/Honour) which he in^vejiedber withal- which fhe

wore untill her Dying Day being twenty years and more* af-
;

ter his Veath.

The laflfyey cats of his Life, being with drawnfrom Q\~
vil affaires , and from an Active Life, he employed wholly

in Contemplation and Studies. A thing , ^fortef hh

Lordfnip would often Jpeaky during his active Life 5 as if
he ajjetledto dy in the Shadow, and not in the Light; which
alfomay befound in federal PAJjdges of Ms W'cnfo§if '

In
which time he compojed^ the greates~l part of bis Books, and
Writings • *T$otb in Englifh and Latine; Which I soil! enu-
merate t (as near as lean) in thejufl order, wherein they were
Ttritten. The Hiftory of the jReign 0/King Henry 'the Se-
venth ;
Abcedarium Naturae ; or a Metaphyilcal piece *

which is loft
;
Hiftoria Ventorum • Hiftoria Vita: 8c Mor-
tis .; Hiftoria Oenfi & Ran> not yet printed • Hiftoria Gra-
vis- & Leviss which is alfo loft ;
A Diicourfe 0/d War with
Spain j A Dialogue, toncbingan
Holy War. The Fable 0/
the New Atlantis, a Pxzfozt toaDigeft oftbeLawes

of England. T^Beginning, of the Hiftory of the Beign

of King Henry ^Eighth. De Augments Scientiarum,
Or the Advancement 0/Tearning, put into Latin, with
feipitdl Enrichments and Enlargements. Counlels Civil
and Moral. 'Book of EflayeS, likewise Enriched
Or his

and Enlarged. The Conversion of certain Pfalms, into

Englifh Verie. The Tranflatibn into Latin 50/ the Hi-
ftofy of King Henry the Seventh. Of the Counfels £ivil
and Moral. Of the Dialogue of the Holy War. Of the
Fable of the New
Atlantis, For the benefit of'o^r Na-
tions. His Rervifengefhis Book , 'De ^apientia Vete-
rumV Inquifitio de Magnete , Topica Jnquiiitionis,^
Luce & Lumine ; TSoththeje notyet <Printed^ Laftly,$yl-
va iylvaium, or ffo Natural Hiftory. Thefe were the
Fruits,
ammm^^mm^

X &
 '

Francis Lord Bacon.

Fruits and Productions, ofhulafl five years. His Lord-
upon the Motion and Initiation ofhis htc
ttiip aljo defigned

Majefty r To have "written the tffeign 0/King Henry the

Eighth s But that Work Peri/hed in the Defignation meer-
ly
;
God bim Life,to proceed further upon it jhen
not lending
only in one Mornings Work' thereof there is Extant, An
}

Ex ungueLeonemjd/m^ Printedjn bis Lordfhips A/if-

cellany Works.
There is a Commemoration due ; <As Well, to his Abilities,
and Venues, as to the Courie of his Life. Thofe Abilities
vbicb commonly go Jingle in other ^Men* though of prime , and
Obfer<veable^ (Parts, were all conjoyned* and met in Him*
Thofe are* Sharpneis ofWit> Memory, Judgment, and
1 Elocution. For the Former Three, bit Books do abun-
dantlyJpeak them - "whic k, with what Sufficiency he wrote, let
the World judge- *~But with what Celerity he wrote them
I can befltefiifie. feutfor the Fourth > his Elocution j lwill
onlyfet down,what lbeard£\t Walter RawUighy once/peak of
him, by "way of Comparijon ( whofe Judgment may "well be
;

trufted-^ ) That the Earl of Salt/bury » was an excellent

Speaker, but no good Pen-man 5 That the Earl of North-
ampton ,
( the Lord Henry Howard ,) was an excellent

Pen-man, but no good speakers But that Sir Francis

BaeoniW&s Eminent in both.
J hai>e been enduced to think - That if there Were* a\
Iteam of Knowledge deri'ved from God upon any
Man 3 intheje Modern Times '

it was upon Him. For

though he wcu a great Reader of Books ^ yet he bad
not his Knowledge from Books 5 But fromfome Grounds,
and Notions from within Himfelf Which notwith-
ftanding, he Vented with great Caution and Circum-
ipection. His Book, o/' inftauration Magna, ( which,
in bis own Account, was the cbiefefi of bis Works,) was no
Slight Imagination, ar Fancy, of bis brain -, but a setled,
and Conco&cd Notion. The Production of many years,
Labour , and Travel. I my Self^ bate feen, at the left.
Twelve Coppies, of the Inftauration
5
Revifsd, year by
year ione after another - And every year alter'ed^and amended,
*B in
8 The Life of the Right Honorable

in theFrame thereof Tilly atlaft, it came to that Model, in

.

wbkhifWas committed to the Prefs ; As many Living Crea-

tures,^ licktheir young ones, till they bring them, to their
ftrength e/Ximbs,
In the Compofing of his Books, he did rather dr'vve at a
Mafculine and clear Exprcfsion , than at any Finenefs, or Af-
fectation 0/Phrafes, and "Would often askyif the Meaning
were exprefjed plainly enough as being one that accounted
•*

words to be but [ub(et\enz,or Minifterial, to Matter > and

not the principal. And if hit Stile "Were Polite, i* "Was be-
caufe he could do no otherwife, Neither was be given, to any
rBut
Light Conceits ; Or Defcanting upon Words . did
ever, purpojely, and induftrioufly> avoid them ; For he held
fucj; Things? to be />»?Digre(sions,0r Diveriions,yrotfU&?
Scope intended i and to derogate* fromthe Weight and Dig-
nity of the Stile.
He To as no Plodder upon Books^Though he read much ^and
that "With greatjudgement and Rejeclion of Impertinences,
incident to many Authors ; For he "Would ever interlace a
Moderate Relaxation of Bis Minde "with his Studies .
Ax Walking, Or Taking^ Air abroad in his Coach 3 or
jome other befitting Recreation ;
andyet, he would loofe no
Time, In as much, as upon his Fuft 9and Immediate Return*
be would fall to Reading again, andjofuffer no Moment of
Time to Slip from him "without fome prefent Improve-
ment.
Bis Meales "Were Refections of the Eare as "Well as of
the Stomack: Like tbeNo&es Atticse; or Convivia Deip-
no-Sophiftarum ;
Wherein a Man might be refreshed in his
Mind and underftanding, no lefs then in his Body. And
1 known fome 9 of no mean Parts, that bai? e (rofejfed to
barve
make ufe of their Note-Books > "when they have rifen from
his Table. In iphich Conversions , and otberwi/e9 he
was no Dafhing Man, as fome men are • ^ut e<ver a Coun-
tenancer,<*»^ Fofterer Mans Parts* Neither "Was
, of another
he one, that "Would appropriate ^Speech, wholyto Himfelf;
or aelight to out-vie ethers j *~But leave a Liberty, to the
j

Co- Afleffours, to take their Turns. Wherein ht "Would draw I

dMan'
 1

Francis Lord Bag on.

a Afan on, and allure him, to [peak upon fucb a/ubjecl, as
wherein he leas peculiarly. Skilful, and would delight to /peak.
*And for Himfelf, he contemned no Mians Oblervations
y

but would light his Torch at every mans Candle.

His Opi nions and AfTcrtions were, for the moftpart, Bin-
ding, and not contradicted by any ; Rather like Oracles, than
Difawrfes . Which may be imputed, either to the well weigh-

ing of his Sentence* by the Shales of Truth, and i^eafon

5

Orelfe to the Reverence and Eftimation, "wherein be was

commonly had x
that no Man would xonteft with him: So
that there was no Argumentation, or Pro and Con ( as they
term it ) at bis Table : Or if there chanced to be any it was
carried with much Submifilon and Moderation;
1 have often obfer^ved 5 and (0 ha*ve other x!Men of great
account , That ifhe had occafion to repeat another Mans Words
after him, hehadanufe and faculty to drefs them in better
Veftments, and Apparel than they had before ; So that the
Authour fbould find his own speech much amended[• and
yet the fubftance of it ftill retained : xAs ifit bad been Na-
tutzltobimtoufe good Forms ; MOvidfpake of bis Fa-
culty of Verfifying.

Et quod tentabam fcribere, Verfus erat,

When his Office called him* as bewas ofthe Kings Coun-

lei Learned, to charge any Offenders, either in Criminals,
or Capitals
5
He was never ofanlnhilting, or Domineering
Nature bwertbem ; But afoayes tender Hearted , and carry-
ing bimfelfdeeenily towards the Parties ; ( Though it was bis
Duty, to charge them home 1
) ^Butyet^asone, that looked up«
0»ffo Example* with the Eye o/Severity, But upon the Pet-
fon, "with the Eye of fizty, d«</ Companion. And in Civil
•

Bufinefs, as he was Councilor ofEftate, he bad the beft

B^qfadvifmg; Not engaging Zw Mailer, in any precipi-
tate or grievous Qourfes » but im Moderate and Fair
Proceedings : Toe King, whom he ferVed, girvingbim this
Tcftimony • That he ever dealt , in ^Bu/inejfe, Suavibus I

<~B i SModisJi
io The Life oi the Right Honorable
34odis ; Which was the way that was moft according
to his own heart.
Neither Was Be in bit time leffe gracious with the Subject

than with his Soveraign. He was ever acceptable to the Houfe

of Commons, when be was a Member thereof. *~Being the

Kings Atturney, andebofen to aplace in Parliament ; he was

allowed and difpenfed With to fit in the Houfe 5 which was
not permitted toother Atturneys.
And as be was a good Servant to bU Mafter ,• Being never,
in nineteen years Jervice (as be bimfelf a<verred y ) rebuked by
King for any Thing relating to his Majefty 5 So he was
the
agoodMz&tt to his Servants , And regarded their long at-
tendance with good Places 5 freely when they fell into bis
Power. Which was the Caufe that fo many young Gentle-
men of Blood and Quality 5 fought
themfehes in to lift

hit Retinue. And if bewereabujed by any ofthem in "their

Places , It was onely the Errour, ofthe Goodncis, of his Na-
ture ; but the Badges of their Indiicretions, and Intempe-
rances.
This Lord was .Religious ; For though the World be apt
tofufpecl, andprejudice, Great Wits, and Politicks to have
fomewhat of the Atheift- Tetbewas converfant with God :

as appearetb, by federal TaJJageSy throughout the whole Cur*,

rent of his Writings. Qtberwije be fhould banse crojfed
bis own Principles j which were , That a little Philoso-

phy, ooaketh Afen apt to forget God; As attributing,

too much to fecond Caules ; But Depth of i>hilofophy,
bringeth Men back to God again. Now 1 am pure there
is no Man that will deny him, or account otherwife of him,
but to havehim been a deep Philoiophcr. Undnot onlyfo,
13ut he was able to render a Reaibn of the Hope which
was in him ; Which that Writing of bis > of the ConfefTion
of the Faith, doth abundantly tett tfie. He repaired frequent-
ly*when his Health Would permit him, to the Service of the
Church, To bear Sermons, To the Adminiftration of the
Sacrament of the Bkffed Body *»rfjBloud of Child) And
died in the true Faith efiablifbed in tpe Church of Eng-
land.
/ Ibis
 Francis Lord Bacon. ii

This is moft true Bezels free from Malice;

. which ,( as he
faid Him/elf ) He never bred nor fed. He was no Reven-
ger of Injurieswhich ^ ifhe hadminded, he had both Oppor-
;

tunity and Place High enough y to ba<ve done it. He was

no Heaver ofSHen out oftheir f laces as delighting in their ,

Ruinc and undoing- He was no defamer of any Man to

bis Prince. One Day when a great States- Man was near-
,

Dead, That had not been his Friend ; The Kingaskedhim

ly

What he thought of that Lord, which was gone ? He an-

Jweredy That he would never have made his Majefties
Eftate better But he was fure he would have kept it
.

from being worfe. Which was the worfl, be WouldJ ay of

him. Which 1 reckon* not among his Moral, but his Chriitian
,Vermes.
His Fame it greater, andfounds louder in Forrafgn Parts
abroad* than at home in his own Ndtion, Thereby <verify-
ing that Divine Sentence , A
Prophet is not without ho-
nour, favcinhis own Country, and in his own houfe.
Concerning which 1 will giveyou a Tafte onely, out of a Let-
ter y written from Italy ( The Store- houfe of Refined Wits)
to the late Earl of Devonfhire , Them the Lord £andifh.

I will exped the of my Lord Chancellor

New Effayes
Hiacon, as alfo his Hiftory, with a great deal of De-
(ire> and what(bever elfe he (hall compote* But in
Particular of his Hiftory y I promife my felf a thing per-
fect and Singular especially i« Henry the Seventh ;Where
.

be may exercife the Talent of his Divine Undemand-

ing, This Lord is more and more known , and his
Books here, more and more delighted in And thole ;

Men that have more than ordinary Knowledge in

Humane affairs, efteem him' one of the moft capable
Spirits of this Age,- and heistruely fuch. Now his Fame
dotbnet decree with Dayes fines > but rather increafe. Di-
vers of hi* Works have been anciently, and yet lately, trvitt-
flated into other Tongas > both Learned and Modern,
by Forraign Pens. Several Perfons of §!gality> during his
Lordfhips Life\crofjed the Seas on purpofe to gain an Oppor-
tunity of feeing bim, ana Dilcourfing with him wbertofone, .-

car-'
 -

12, The Life of the R ight Honorable

carried bit Lordfhips Picture,/™*** Head to Foot , over with
bim i nto France 5 <w<* Tfo»g ifc&/V/>, beforejaw, would be
1

mucbdefired there ; That fo they might enjoy, the Image o/

bis Peiforij as fellas the Images of his Brain, bis Books.

jtmongft the reft. Marquis Fiat . a French-Nobleman .

mho came Ambaffador into England , in the beginning of

I
Queen Mary Wife , King Charles, was taken with an
to

extraordinary Defire of Seeing bim For which he made ;

,

m?ay by a Friend And when* be came to him , being then,

:

through weaknefs, confined to bis Bed The Marquis fainted }

bimwith toHigh-Expresfion ; That his Lordihip, had

been ever to Him, like the Angels ; of whom he had o£
ten heard, and read much of them in Books j But he ne-
ver /a, wthem sAft er which they contracted an intimate Ac-
.

quaintance And the Marquis did fo much revere him that

;
;

befides his Frequent tifiis .; they wrote Letters, one to the o-

tber, under the Titles and Appellations, (/Father and Son;

As for his many Salutations, by Letters from Forraign Wor-
thies, devotedto Learning j I forbear to mention tbem ; Be-
caufethat is aThingcommon to other Men of Learning, or
Note together with bim.
Butyet, in this JMattet ofhis Fame a Ifpeaky in the Com-
parative, onely* and not in the Exclufive. For bis Reputati-
on isgreah in bis own Nation, alfo ; BJpecially amongft thoje,
that are of a more Acute , andfbarper Judgement : Which
I will exemplifies but with two Teftimonies and no more.
,

The Former j When bis Hiftory of King Henry the Se-

venth ipeuto tome forth i Jt was delivered to the old Lord
Brook, to be when be bad dijpatched
per ufed by bim s *frho,

it, returned it to the Authors with this Eulogy : Com

mend me to my Lord and bid him take care, to get

j

good Paper and Inke, for the Work is incomparable. The

other /ball be tbat of Potior Samuel Collins, late Provoft,
y

of Kings Colledge,z» Cambridge, A Man ofno "vulgar Wit,

who affirmed unto w^That when ke had read, the Book of
the Advancement of Learning, He found himfelfin a cafe
to begin his Studies a new, and that he had loft all the
Time of his ftudying before
It
 Francis Lord Bacon. '3
It h alb been defred- That Jomething Jbould be fignified \

touching bisDiet; ^nd the Regiment of his Health Of ;

whichdn regard, of Hi Universal Infight into Nature, he

may {perhaps ) be to fome> an Example. For his Diet;
It was rather a plentiful, and liberal > Dkt y
as his Sto-
mzckwouldbearit y then a Refbained Which he alfo com- ,.

mended in his Book of th e Hiftory of Life and Death. In

hisyounger years, h&w&s much ghentothe Finer and Light-

terjortof Meats, As of Fowles- and fuch like: 'But after-

ward^ when he gre to more Judicious i He
preferred the ft ton-
ger Meats ,• fuch as the Shambles afforded; As thofe Meats
n>bicb bred the more firm and fubflantial Juyces of the Bo-
dy, and lef% Diflipable j upon which , he would often make
his Meal - Though he had other Meats, upon the Table. Ton
may be fur e - He would not neglecl that Himfelf, which He fo
much extolled in bis Writings ; Jnd that was the ^Vfe of Ni-
ter.- Whereof he took in the Quantity of about three Grains*
in thin warm Br oath , e<very Morning , for thirty years toge-
ther, next before bps Death* A nd for Pby/ick, he did, indeed,
liye Pbyfically , but not For be took only a
miferably ;

Maceration of Rhubarb 5 lnfufed into a Draught o/White

Wmcy and Beer, mingled together, for the Space of half an
Hour • Once in fix or feVen Vayes 5
Immediately before his
^Mtz\, (whether Dinner, or Supper, ) that it might dry , the
Body, lejje* wbich(as he [aid,) did carry away frequently 9 the
G roller Humours oftbeTiody , and not diminijh, or carry
away, any of the Spirits/^ Sweating doth. A nd this was no
Grievous Thing to take. As for other Phyfck, in an ordinary
way^wbatfoever bath been ^vulgarlyfpoken; ) he took not. His
Receit,for the Gout ; which did, constantly, eafe him of his
Pain, within two Hours, Is already fet down in the End, ofthe
Natural Hiftory. -

It mayfeem,the Moon
badfome Principal Phcc,intbe
,

Fignre of bis Nativity. For the Moon, wm never in her

Pafsion or Eclipfed, b#t he was jurpri%ed,with afudden F it,of
Fainting : And that, though he obferioed not, nor took anypre-
rviousknowledge, of the Eclipfe thereof- and ajjbon as the
Eclipfe ceafed, he was reftored to his former ftrength again.
}

He
i4 The Life ot the Right Honorablt
tht
Hedied, ontbe o Day of April, intbe yed r \6i6; In
tbe early J^orning, ofthe Day then celebrated for our Savi-
ours Refurrec~tion > In the 66 th -
year of bis Age •
at tbe
Earle 0/Arundells Houfe in High-gate, near London •

To wbicb Place, be cafually repaired, about a week before

5
God fo ordaining 5 that he [hould dye there
y Of a (jentie Fca-
ver, accidentally accompanied , "with a great Cold 1 whereby
the Deflu*ion of Rheume, fell fo plentifully upon bis Breaft,
that be died by Suffocation And was buried, in Saint Mi-
:

chaels Church, at Saint Albans Being the Place, defigned

.

for his burial, by his\z& Will, and Teftamentj Both be-

cauje the Body of hisMother "wcu interred there xAnd ;

becaufe, it Was the only Church 3 then remaining* within the

Precintls of old Verulam Where he hath a Monument,
.-

erecledfor him of White Marble ; ( By the Care, and Gra-

titude., of Sir Thomas Meautys, Knight , formerly hit

Lordfliips Secretary ; Afterwards Clark of the Kings Ho-

nourable Privy Gounlcl, under two Kings : ) Reprefeming
his full Pourtraiture in tbe Pofture offludying j with an

Inscription composed by that Accomplifkt Gentleman, and

Rare Wit, Sir Henry Wotton.
But fowfoever his Body was Mortal) yet no doubt his
Memory and Works will live 1 And "will in all probability
,
laliaslongaj EWorld lafteth. In order to wbicb , I bare
endeavoured, (after my poor ability,) to do tbu Hoaour to bis
Lordfliip by way* ofendudng to defame*

—————

SfEECBES
 NEW
A rfi
LANTIS
A Work unfinished

Written by the Right Honorable,1

FRANCIS
Lord Ferulam, Vifcount St. tAlbans*
 m

. ,

- -
 11 L 'ffl

TO THE
R E A D E
"His Fable my Lord devifed, to the
end that he might exhibit therein
a 5\4odel or 7)efcription of a C°Ueg e >
infhtuted for the Interpreting of
VSQtturey and the producing of
great and marvellous IVor^i for the benefit of
Men, under the name of Solomotis Houfe, or, The
£ ollege oftheSixdaysfforks. And even fo far his
Lordship hath proceeded as to finish that Part.
Certainly, the Model is more vaft and high,
than can poflibly be imitated in all things, not-
withstanding moft things therein are within
Mens power to effed. His Lordship thought
alfo in this prefent Fable to have compofed a
Frame of Laws, or of thebeft State or Mould
of a CowwtoWeahh but fore -feeing it would be a
;

long Work, his defire of Collecting the 3S0tural

Hiftory diverted him, which he preferred many
degrees before it.
This Work of the ^(evp ^Atlantis (as much as
concerneth the English Edition) his Lordship de-
figned for this place, in regard it hath fo near
affinity (in one part of it) withthe preceding
Statural Hi/lory.
W. %ftoley.
^__ A % NEW
 NEW ATLANTIS.
E failedfrom Peru ( where we had continued by the
fpace of one whole year ) for China, and Japan by the
South Sea.taking with us Viclualsfor Twelve Moneths,
and hid good Winds from the Eaft; though foft and
weak, for Five Moneths fpace and more but then the
;

Wind came about and fetled in the Weft for many

,

days510 as we could make little or no way, and were

fometimes in purpofe to turn back : But then again,
there arofe ftrong and great Winds from the South with a Point Eaft,
,

which carried us up (for all that we could do) towards the North by which
>

time our Victuals failed us, though we had made good (pare of them : So
that finding our felves in the midftcf the greateft Wildernefs of Waters in
the World, without Victual, we gave our felves for loft men, and prepared
for death . Yet we did lift up our hearts and voices to God above , JVho
Jhewtb his "bonders in the deep befeeching him of his mercy, That as in the
;

Beginning he difcovered the Face of the deep, and brought forth dry land > fo he
would now difcover Land to us, that we might not perifh. And it came to
pafs, that the next day about Evening, wcfiw within a Kenning before us,
towards the North, as it were thicker Clouds, which did put us in fome
hope of Land ; knowing how that part of the South-Sea was utterly un-
known > and might have lflandsor Continents that hitherto were not come
to light. Wherefore we bent our couffe thither, where we faw the ap-
pearance of Land all that night and in the dawning of the next day, we
>

might plainly difcern that it was a Land flat to our fight, and full of Bofcage,
which made it (hew the more dark and after an hour and a halfs failing,
;

we entred into a good Haven, being the Port of a fair City, not great in-
deed, but well built, and that gave a pleafant view from the Sea: And we
thinking every minute long, till we were on Land, came clofe to the Shore
and offered to land but ftraight-ways we faw divers of the people with
;

Baftons in their bands, (as it were) forbidding us to land, yet without any
cries or fiercenefs
, but onely as warning us off by figns that they made.
Whereupon being not a little difcomforted , we were advifing with our
felves, what we fhould do. During which time, there made forth to us a
fmall Boat with about eight perfons in it, whereof one of them had in his
hand aTjp-ftaff of a Yellow Cane, tipped at both ends with Blew, who
made aboard our Ship without any fhew of diftruft at ail : And when he
faw one of our number prefent himfelf fomewhat afore the reft, he drew
forth a little Scrotalof Parchment (fomewhat yellower then our Parchment,
A x and
 ;

3\(jiv Atlantis,

and filming like the Leaves of Writing-Tables, but otherwise (oft and flexi-
ble) and delivered it to our foremoft man. In which Scroul were writren
in ancient HebreT», and in ancient Greek, andingood Latine of ihe School,
andin Spanifk, thefeword*, " Land ye nor, noneof you, and provide to be
*'
gone from this Coaft within fixteen dayr, except you liave further t.me
**
given you Mean while, if you want Frefh-wateror Victual, or help for
:

"yourSick, or that your Ship needeth repair, write down your wants, and
" you fhall have that which belonged! to Mercy. This Scroul was figned
with a ftamp of Cherub'ms Wingst nor fpred, but hanging downwards, and
by them a Crefi. This being delivered, the Officer returned, and left oncly
a Servant with us to receive ouranfwer. Confulting hereupon amongft our
felves, we were much perplexed. The
denial of Landing;, and hafty warn-
ing us away, troubled us much. On the other fide, to finde that the peo-
ple had Languages, and were fo lull of Humanity, did comfort us not a
lifcde ; and above all, the Sign of the Ctofo to that Inftrument, was to us a
great rejoyeing, and, as it were, a certain prefage of good. Our anfwer was
in the Spanijb Tongue, " That for our Ship it was well, for we had rather
*' met with Calms, and contrary Winds then any Tempefts. For our Sick,
,(
they were many, and in very ill cafe; fo that if they were not permitted to
tc
land, they ran in danger of their lives. Our other wants we fet down in
particular, adding,"That we had fome little ftore cf Merchandize, which
"if itthem to deal for, it might fupply our wants without being
pleafed
"chargeable unto them. We offered fome reward in Piftolets unto the
Servant, and a piece of Crimfon Velvet to be prefented to the Officer
but the Servant took them nor, nor would fcarce look upon them, and
fo left us, and went back in another little Boat which was fent for
him. - ,

About three hours after we had difpatehed our Anfwer, there came to-
wards usaperfon (asitfeemed) of place He had on him a Gown with
:

wide Sleeves of a kinde of Water-Chamolet, of an excellent Azure colour,

far more "gloflie then ours ; his under apparel was green, and fo was his Har,
being in the form of a Tutbant daintily made* and not fo huge as the
,

Tmkifh Tui-bants \ andtheLocks of his Hair came down below the brims
.

of it: A Reverend Man' was he to behold. He came in a Boat gilt in fome

part of it, with four perfons moreonely in that Boat, and was followed by
another Boat wherein were fome twenty. When he was come within a
flight- mot of our Ship, fjgns were made to us, that we fhould fend forth
fome to meet him upon the Water which we prefently did in our Ship-
;

boar, fending the principal Man amongft us fave one, and four of our num-
ber with him. When we were come within fix yards of their Boar, they
called to us to flay, and not to approach further; which we did' And there-
upon the Man whom I before defcribed ftood up, and with a loud voice in
Spanifb, asked, ijdreyeCbriftians? We anfwered, VV* w«; fearing the lefs,

beeaufe of the Croft we had feen in the Subfcription,. At which anfwer, the
faid perfqn lift up his right hand'tovvar-ds Heaven, and drevv it foftly to his
mouth, (which is the gefture they arte when they thank God) and thenfaicl,
g If you will (wear (all of you) by the Merits of the Saviour thatyeareno
"Pirates, nor have /hed blood, /lawfully nor unlawfully, within forty
8 days, you may have LicenfetiO come on'Land. 7Ve fitid, "
pafr, were We
" all ready to take that Oath. Whereupon oneof thofe that were with
him, being fas it feemeid) a 2vjf^>, made an Entry of this Aft. Which
done, another of the attendants of the Great Perfon, which was with
' fii ? f* him
 J\Qeilp Atlantis, 7

him fame Boat, alter his Lord had fpoken a little to him, faid aloud,
in the
"My Lord, would have you know, that ic is not of Pride or Grcatncfs that
i
"hecomethnor aboard your Ship ; but for that, in your Anfwer, ycu de-
clare, That you have many Tick amongft you, he was Warned bv the Con-
" fervator of Health of the City, that he fliould keepadiltance. We bowed
6ut felves towards him, and aniwered, "We
were his humble Servants,
"and accounted for great Honor and fingular Humanity towards us, that
"which was already done ; but hoped well, that thenatureof theficknefs
' of our Men was not infectious So he returned, and a while after came
the Notary ro us aboard our Ship, holding in his hand a Fruit of that Coun-
trey like an Orenge, but of colour between Orenge-tawnj and Scarlet, which caft
a moft excellent Odor He ufed it (as it feemeth; for a Prefervative againft
:

Infection. He gave us our Oath, ByikeNameofJefus, and bis Merits-, and

after told us, that the next day by fix of the clock in the morning we fliould
befentto, and brought to the Strangers Heufe, (fo he called it) where we
fliould be accommodated of things both for our whole and for ourfick.
S he left us
->
and when vve offered him fomePiftolets, he fmiling, faid,
5

Hemujtnotbe mice faid for one labor , meaning (as I take it) that he had falary
luffieient of the State for his fervice ; for (as I after learned) they call an
Officer that taketh rewards, Twice paid.
The next morning early, came to us the fame Officer that came to
there
us at tuft with his Cane, and told us, ''He came toeonducTustothe&r^m
\\ Honfe, and that he had prevented the hour.becaufe we might have the whole
"day before us for our bufinefs: For {faid he) it you will follovvmy ad-
" vice, there fhall fiift go witfcmefome fevvof you, snd fee the place, and
«'
how it may be made convenient for you and then you may fend for your
$

" fick, and the reft of'yoqr number which ye willbringon Land. VVethanked
him, and faid, " That this care which he took of defolate Strangers, God

f would reward. And fo fix of us went on Land with him and when ;

we were on Land, he went before us, and turned to us, and faid, He was
but our Servant-, and our Guide. He led us through three fair Streets, and all

the way we went there were gathered fome people onboth fides, ftanding
in a row> but in fo civil a fafhion, as if it had been not to wonder at us,
but to welcome and divers of them, as we palled by them, put their
us ;

arms a little abroad, which is their gefture when they bid any welcome.
The Strangers Heufe is a fair andfpacious Houfe, built of Brick, of fome-
t

what a bluer colour then our Brick, and with handfomc Windows, fome
of Glafs, lomeof akinde of Cambrick oiled. He brought us firft into a
fair Parlor above-ftairs and then asked us
,
" What number of perfoas
,

«•
we were, andhow many fick. VFe anfvered, ft We
were in all (fick and
" whole) One and fifty perfons, whereof our fick were feventeen. He
defired us to have patience a little, and to flay till he came back to us,
which was about an hour after j and then he led us to fee the Chambers
which were provided for us, being in number Nineteen. They having caft
it (as it feemeth) that four of thofe Chambers, which were better then

the relf, might receive four of the principal men of our company, and
lodge them alone bythemfelves ; and the other fifteen Chambers were to
lodge us, two and two together the Chambers were handfome and
;

chearful Chambers, and furnifhed ci rilly. Then he led us to a long Gal-

lery, like a Dorture, where he fhevved us all along the one fide (for the
other fide was but Wall and Window) feventeen^ Cells, very neatones,
having Partitions of Cedar-wood. Which Gallery and Cells, being in
^ all
 3\(px> Atlantis.

all forty, (many more then we needed) were inftituted as an Infirmary for
fick perfons. And he cold us withal, that as any of our lick waxed well,
he might be removed from his Cell to a Chamber ; for which purpofe,
there were fet forth ten fpare Chambers, befides the number we fpakeof
befjre. This done, he brought us back to the Parlor, and lifting uphis
Cane a little (as they do when they give any charge or command) faid to
us, " Ye are to know, that the Cuftom of the Land requireth, that after this
" day and to morrow (which we give you for removing your People from
"your Ship) you are to keep within doors for three days: But let it not
" trouble you, nor do not think your felves reftrained, but rather left to
" your Reft and Eafe. You (hall want nothing, and there are fix of our
" people appointed to attend you for any bufinefs you may have abroad.
We gave him thanks with all affection and refped, and faid* G»d furely it
tH/tnifeftedinthu LmL We offered him alfo twenty Piftolets but he fmiled,
;

and onely faid, VVhut, wicepaid ? and fo he left us. Soon after our Dinner
was fervedin, which was right good Viands, both for Bread and Meat,
better then any Collegiate Diet, that I have known in Europe. had We
alfo drink of three ibrts all wholcfome and good
, Wine 6f the Grape ,
5

a Drink of Grain, fuch as is with us our Ale, but more clear and a kindc ;

ofSidermadeof a Fruit of that Cotfntrey, a wonderful pleafing and re-

frefhing drink. Befldes, there were brought into usgreatftore of thofe
Scarlet Orenges for our fick, which (they faid) were an airurcd remedy
for ficknefs taken at Sea. There was given us alfo a Box of fmall gray or
whitifh Pills, which they wifhed our fick fhould take, one of the Pills
every night before fleep, which (they faid) would haften their recovery.
The next day, after that our trouble of carriage and removing of our
Men and Goods out of ourShip, was fomewhat fetled and quiet, I thought
good to call our company together, and when they Were aflembled, faid
unto them, " My dear Friends, let us know our felves, and how it frandeth
" with us. Weare Men caft on Land, as Jonas was out of the Whales
''Belly, when we were as buried in the deep; and now we are on Land,
"we are but between Death and Life, for we are beyond both the Old
<< World and the New, and whether ever we fhall fee Europe, God onely
"knoweth It is a kinde of miracle hath brought us hither, anditmuftb-e
:

" little lefs that fhall bring us hence. Therefore in regard of our deliver-
ance pad, and Our danger prefent and to come, let us look up to God,
"and every man reform his own ways. Befides, w care come here amongft
<c
a Clmftitn Feople, full of Piety and Humanity ; let us not bring that con-
"fufion of face upon our felves, as to fhew our vices or unworthinefs be-
fore them. Yet there is more for they have by commandment (though
;

" in form of courtefie) cloiftered us within thefe Walls for three day^s;
" who knoweth whether it be not to take fome tafte of our manners and
«'
conditions ; and if they findc them bad, to banifh us ftraight-vvays ; if
"good, time? Forthefe men that they have given us for
to give us further
" attendance, may withal have an eye upon us. Therefore for Gods love,
ft
and as we love the weal of our Souls and Bodies, let us fo behave ©ur
" felves as Wc may be at peace with God, and may finde grace in the eyes
"of this people. Our Company v.vith one voice thanked me for my good
admonition, and promifed me to live foberly and civilly, and without
giving any the lead occafion of ofFence. So we fpent our three days
joyfully and without care, in expectation what would be done with us
when they were expired: During which time, vve had every hour joy
 J\Qe\v Mantis.

or ue amendment of our Tick, vvno though c themlclves calt into Omc di-
vine 'Pool of Healing, they mended fo kindly and fo fait.
The morrow after our three days were pai^there came to us a new Man
chat we had not feen before,
cloathed in blew as the former was, five that
his Turbant Was white with a fmall Red Crofs on the top he had aifo a ;

Tippet of fineLinnen. At his coming in he did bend to us a little,' and put

hisarms abroad. We of our parts faluted him in averyJowly andfubmiffivc
manner, as looking, that from him we mould receive (entente of Life or
Death. He defired to (peak withfome lew of us ; whereupon fix cf us
onely ftaid. and the reft avoided theroom. He faid, " 1 am by officeGo-
«vernor of this Houfe of Strangers , and by Vocation I am a Chriflian Fr'tejl j

"and therefore am come to you to offer you myfervice, both as Strangers,

" and chiefly as Chrifiians. Some things I may Cell you, which I think you
" will not be unwilling to hear. The State hath given you licence to ftay on
•'Land for the (pace of fix weeks and let it not trouble you, if your oeca-
;

" fions ask further time, for the Law in this Point is not precifej and I do
"not doubt, but my (elf fball be able toobcain foryou fuchfufther time as
" fhall be convenient. Ye fhall alfo underftand, that the Strangers Houfe is at
•'this time rich and much aforehand, for it hath laid upRevcnuethefeThir-
" ty feven years; for fo longitisfinceany Stranger arrived in this part : And
" rherefore take ye no care, the State Willdefray you all thetime youftay,
•'
neither fhall youftay one day
lefs for thar. As for any Merchandize you
'iiave brought, ye be well ufed, and have your Return, either in Mer-
fhall

chandize, or in Gold and Silver; for to us it is all one. And if you have
'
any other nqueft to make, hide it not, for ye fhall finde we will not makr
" your countenance to fall by theanfwer ye fhall receive. Onely this Imuft
" tell you, that none of you muft go above zKaratt (that isfeith them a mile and
c<
anbaf) from the Walls of the City without fpecial leave. Weanlwered,
aftei we bad looked awhile upon one another, admiring this gracious and
parent-like ufage, " I hat we could not tell what to fay, for we wanted
" words to exprefs our thanks, and his noble free offers left us nothing to
"ask. It feemedtous, that we had before us aPi&ure of our Salvation'in
"Heaven; for we that were a while fince in the Jaws of Death, were now
* brought into a place where we found nothing but Confolations. For the
,c
Commandment laid upon us, we would not fail to obey it, though it
" was impoffible but our hearts fhould be inflamed to tread further upon
" this happy and holy Ground. We added, "That our Tongues fhould firft
"cleave to the Roofs of our Mouths, ere we fhould forget either this Re-
verend Perfon , or this whole Nation, in our Prayers. al(o moft We
humbly befought him to accept of us as his true Servants, by as juft a right
as everMen on Earth were bounden, laying and prefenting both our per-
fons and ail we had at his feet. He faid, He Teas a Prieft, and looked for a friejls
•regard, Tehich irttt em Brotherly love, and the good of our Souls and Bodies. So he
went from us, not without tears of tendernefs in his eyes j and left us al(o

confufed with joy and kindnefs, faying amongft our felves, lhatvvevvere
come into a Land of jflngels, which did appear to us daily, and prevent tit Ttith comforts
Tthich "toe thought not of, much left expelled.

The Rext day about ten of the clock the Governor came to us again,
and after falutations, faid familiarly, That heyvas come to vifit and called forui ,
a Chair, and (ate him down; and we beirg tometen.ot us (the reft were of
the meaner fort, or elfe gone abroad) fire down with him And when we :

were fer, he began thus, " We of this lfland of Benfalcm {for fo they caU it in

their
I ,:;.
10 3\(eci) Atlantis.

u their Language ,) have thir, Thatby means of cur folidry fi;U.uio"r, and of
"the Laws of Secrecy which we have for our Travellers, and our rare
" admiffion of ftrangers, we know well mod parrof the Habitable World
"andare our felvcs unkr.own. Therefore, becaufe he thar knoweth
leafr'
"isfitteft toaskQueftions, it is more reafon, fortheenrertainmenr of the
"time, thatyeaskmeQueftions, than that I ask you. fVe anfwered, jat T
" we humbly thanked him, that he would give Us leave fo to do, and
that
"we conceived by the tafte we had already, that there was no worldly thing
*• on Earth, more worthy to be known, then the ftate of
that happy Land.
'« But above all {yve (aid) fince that we were met from
theleveral Ends of
''the World, and hoped afiiiredly, that we mould meet one day in the
»' Kingdom of Heaven, (for that vve were both parts Chnfiians) VV e
defired
" to know (in refpe£r chat Land was fo remote, and fo divided by
vaft and
" unknown Seas, from the Land where our Saviour walked on
Earth )
" who was the Apoftle of that Nation, and hovvit was converted to
the
" Faith. It appeared in his face, that be took great contentment in this our
JPueftioa. He
[did ,
•' Ye knit my heart to you bv asking
Queftion this in the firft place,
"foritfhevveth that you frft ftekjhe Kingdom of Heaven and t,
I mall gladly and
" briefly fatisfie your demand.
£C
About twenty years after the Afcenfion of our Saviour, it came to
"pafs, that there Was feen by the people of Renfufa ( a City upon the
"Eaftern Coaft of our lihnd ) within night (the night was cl^u'y and
"calm) asit might be fome mileintheSea, agrcitTittarof Light, noiflmp,
11
but in form of a Column or Cylinder, rifing from the Sea a great way up
ct
towards Heaven, and on the top of it was feen a large Crofiof Light, more
« bright and refplendent then the Body of the Pillar ? Upon wnich fo
« ftrange a fpedacle the people of the City gathered apace together upon
« the Sands to wonder, and fo after put themfelves into a number of frmll
"Boats to go nearer to this marvellous fight. But when the Boats were
"come within (about; fixty yards of the Pillar, they found themfelves all
"bound, and could go no further, yet fo as they might move to go abour,
< f but might not approach nearer; fo as the Boats flood all
as in a Theatre,
" beholding this Light as an Heavenly Sign. It fo fell our, that there w is in
« one of the Boats, one of the wife Men of the Society of Solomons Houfe,
" (which Houfe or College (my good Brethren) is the very Eye of this King-
* c dom) who having a while attentively and devoutly
viewed and contem.
« phtedthis Pillar and Crofs, fell down upon his face, and then raifed him-
cc felf upon his kneesi and lifting up his hands to
Heaven made his Prayers
« t n this manner.

LOrd God of tieaven and Earth, thou ha/l vouch-

fafed of thy (frace to thofe of our Order, to knot? thy

JVorks of Creation, and true Secrets of them, and to

difcern (as far as appertained to the (fenerations of Men)
between Divine Miracle f, V"Forks of JSQature, Works
of Art, and Impoftures and Illufions of allforts. I do here
acknowledge and teflijie before, thisTeople, that the Thino

»e :
 1 1
0\feiv Atlantis,

ive now fee before oureyes Finger, and a true Mi-

is J^y j

<
bade. And forafmuch as'vpeledrninour Boo\^ thalthou \

never workg/l z5\4 trades but to a T)iYine and excellent End,

(for the Laws of 3\(ature, are thine o)vnLaivs, and thou
exceedefl them not but upon good caufe) ive mo ]i humbly be-

feech thee to proffer this great Sign, and to give us the Inter-

pretation, and ufeof it in mercy r 'which thou doflin fome part

fecrctly promife > by fending it unto us.

" When he had made he prefently found the Boat he was

his Prayer,
tc
in, moveable and unbound, whereas all the reft remained (till fift and
;

ci
taking chat for an affiKance of le^ve to approach, he caufed theBoat to be
cC
(oftly, and with filence, rowed towards thcPi^r; but ere he camenearit,
cc
the Pillar and Croj? of Light brake up, and ca!t it felf abroad, as it were, into
" a Firmamentof many Scars; which alfo vanifhedfoon after, and there was |

i(
nothing left to be feen but a £ nail <y£rk or Chefi of Cehr, dry, and not wet
" at all with Water, though it (warn and in thefore-end of it, which was
;

< c towards
him, grew a fmall green Branch of Palm. And when the Wile-
cc
man hid taken it with all reverence intohisBoar, it opened of it felf, and
" mere was found in it a Book and a Letter, both written in fine Parchment,
"and wrapped in Sindons of Linnen, The Book contained all the Canonical
« Bookjof theOld and New Teflament, according as you have them, (foe we
"know Well whit the Churches with you receive;) and the k^'pocalypfe\lk\\,
« and fome other Books or the New Tefi anient , which were not at that time
« written, were nevcrthelefs in the Book. And for the Letter, it was in thefe
« words.

'Bartholomew, a Servant of the Higheft, and

Apoftleof fSSVS CH%JST, was warn-
ed by an Angel that appeared to me in a
Vifion of Glory, that I should commit this
$Ar\ to the Flouds of the Sea. Therefore I
do teftifie and declare unto that People, where
(fOT) shall ordain this Ar/^to come to Land,
that in the fame day is come unto them Salva-
tion, and Peace, and Good Will from the
FATHER and from the LO%fD ?£$VS.
Cf
There was alfo in both thefc Writings , as well the Book as the
i(
Letter, wrought a great Miracle conform to that of the dpoftles in the
,

,c
Original Gift of Tongues. For there being at that time in this Land Hebrews,
" Perfuns, a id Indians, befides the Natives, every one read upon the Book,
"and
12 3S(0 Atlantis.

" and Letter, as if they had been written in his own Language. And, thus
c
<
was this Land faved from Infidelity (js the Remain of the old "World
was from Wafer) by an Ark, through the Apoftolical and Miraculous
cc p
Hvangclifm of S. Bartholomew. And here he paufed, and a Meflenger
came and called him forth from us. So this was all that paflcd in that
Conference.
The next day the fame Governor came again to us immediately after Din-
ner,and excufed himfelf, faying, " That/thc day before he was called from us
cc
lomewhat abruptly, but now he would make us amends and fpend time
c(
with us, if we held his Company and Conference agreeable. fVe anfwered,
tc
That we held it fo agreeable and pleating to us, as we forgot both dangers
"paft and fears to come, for the time we heard him fpeak, and that we
ie
thought an hour fpent with him, was worth years of our former life. He
bo wed himfelf alittle to us, and after we vverefet again, hefaid, *' Well, the Quefli-
" ons areoii yourparr. Oneof ournumber faid after a little paufe, " That there
,

cc
was a matter we were no lefs defirous to know then fearful to ask, left we
"mightprefumetoofarj but encouraged by his rare Humanity towards us,
ie
(that could fcarce think our felves ftrangers, being his vowed and profcflbd
Ci
Servant) we would take the hardinefs to propound it ; Humbly befeech-
"inghim, if he thought it not fir to be anfwered, that he Would pardon it,
though he rejected it. VVe
te We frid, well obferved thofe his words
i(
which he formerly fpake, Thatthishappy Ifland where we now ftood
"was- known to few, andyetknew moil of the Nations of the World;
" which we found to be true confidering they had the Languages of
,

*'
and knew much of our ftate andbufinefs and yet we in Europe
Europe, >

"(notwirhftandingall the remote Difcoveries and Navigations cf thislaft

<c
Age) never heard any of the leaft inkling or glimpfe or this Maud. This
« vve found wonderful ftrange, for that all Nations have interknovvledgc
< c onc
of another , either by Voyage into Forein Parts, or by Strangers
"that come to them : And though the Traveller into a Forein Gountrey,
<« doth commonly know more by the Eye, then he that ftaid at home can
"by relation of the Traveller ; yet both ways fufhee to make a mutual
" knowledge in fome degree on both parts But for this Ifland, we never
:

"heard tell of any Ship of theirs that had been feen to arrive upon any
« fhore of Europe, no nor of either the Eaft or VVef-lndies, nor yet of any
« Ship of any other parf of the World that had made return for them. And
« yet the marvel refted not in this for the fituation of it (as his Lord/hip
;

« faid) in the feerct Conclave of fuch a vaft Sea might caufeit But then, :

« that they mould have knowledge of the Languages, Books , Affairs of

" thofe that lie fuch a diftance from them, it was a thing we could not tell
" what to make of for that it feemed to us a condition and propriety of
;

"Divine Powers and Beings, to be hidden and unfeen toothers, and yet
<c
to have others open, and as in a light to them. At thisSpeech the Go-
vernor gave a gracious fmile, and (aid, " That we did well to ask pardon
« for this Queftion we now asked , for that it imported as if we thought
" this Land, a Land of Magicians, that fent forth Spirits of the Air into all
" parts to bring them news, and intelligence of other Countreys. It was
anfwered by us all, in all poffible humblenefs but yet with a countenance
,

taking knowledge, that we knew, that he fpake it but merrily, "That we

"were apt enough to think, there was fomewhat fupernatural in this
" Ifland, but yet rather as Angelical then Magical. But to let his Lord
" /hip know truly what it was that made us tender and doubtful to ask this
»' Queftion,
 . ;;

jsfoti Atlantis. *9
—
" Queltion ; it was not any fuch. conceit, but becaufe weremembred he
" had given a touch in his former Speech, that this Land hai Laws of Se-
«'
crecy, touching Strangers. To this he faid, "You remember it right; and
" therefore in that, I (hall fay to you, I muftreferve fome particulars which

"it is not lawful forme to reveal, but there will be enoughleftto give you
" fatisfaclion.
" You (hall underftand (that which perhaps you will fcarce think cre-
dible) thatabout Three thoufand years ago or lbmewhatmore, theNa-
" vig ti n of the World (fpecially forremote Voyages) was greate then
" at this day. Do not think w ith your felves, that I knownothow much
•'
it is increaled vvithyouv* ithin thefe threefcore years, 1 knowitwell j and
* yet I fay.greater then then now. Whether it was, that the example of
'
the Ark that faved the remnant of Men from theUniverfal Dcligc. gave
** men confidence to adventure upon the Waters, or what it was, but luch
« is the truth. The Phoenicians, and fpecially the Tynans, had great Fleets
fo had rhe Carthaginians their Colony, which
' is V Vert To-
yet further :

" ward the Eaft the Shipping of Egypt and of was iikewife great
Palejlina

Cbma alfo, andche Great Atlanta (nat you call America) whichhave now
f

"but junks andCanoaes, abounded then in tall Ships. i his Ifland (as

*•
appeareth by faithful Regifters of thofe times) had then Fifteen hundred
"ftronar Ships of great content.Of all this.there is with you (paring memory
" or none bjt we have large kno ledge thereof.
'«
At that time this Land was known, and frequented bythcMiips and
1
Veffcls of all the Nations beforenamed and fas itcometth to pals) they
<
hid many times Men f other Countreys that werenoSailers, that came
c «

"vfich them as Perfuns, Chaldeans, Arabians * fo as almoft all Nations of

,

" might and fame retorted hither, of whom we have fome Stirps and little
'
Tribes with us at this day. And for our own Ships, they went lundry
" Voyages, as well to your Uretgbts, which you call the TtUars tf Hercues,
" as to other parts in the Atlantick^a.nd Mediterranean Seas as to teguin ( whicii
-,

is the fame wi h Cambalu) and Quinfay upon the Oriental Seas, as far as to
c *

u the Borders of the Eaft Jartary.

" At the fame time, and an Age after or more, the Inhabitants of the
« Great Atlantis did tiouri(h. For though the Narration and Defcription
* which is made by a great Man with you, of the Dependents of Neptune
" planted chere, and of the magniicent Temple, Palace City, and Hill,
*' and the manifold ftrcamsof goodly Navigable Rivers, which ^ as fo many

" Chains) invir ncd the fame Site and remple, and the feveral degrees of
"afcent, whereby men did climb up to the fame, as if it had been zStala
" Cteli, be all Poetical and Fabulous yet o much is true That the faid
,•

" Countrey oi x^Atlantit, as well that of Peru then called Coyd, as that of
•'
CMexico then named Tyrambel were mighty and proud King ioms in
>

" Arms, Shipping, and Riches; fo mighty, as atone time (or a lead vvirh-
* inthefpace oftenyears) tiiey both made two great expeditions, they of
u Tyrambel through the Atlanuck to the Meditarranean $ea> and they of Coy a
" through the South-fea upon this our Ifland. And for the former of thefe,
«' which ^as into Europe, thefame Author amongft you (as it feemeth)had
*' fome relation from ihe Egyptian
friefl whom he citeth for affuredly fuch
" a thing there was. But w hether it were the ancient Athenians that haa
"' the glory of the repulfeand refift mce of thofe
Forces, I can fay nothing ,•

"but certain ft is, there never came back either Ship or Man from that Voy-
" age. Neither had the other Voyage of thofe of Coy a, upon us> had better
B fortune,
 J\(e7a> Atlantis.

" fortune, if they had notmetwirh enemies of greater clemency. For the
"King of thisliland (by name t_/ikab'm) -awifctyUfl* and a great Warrior,
"knowing well both his own ftrengih, and that of his enemies, handled the
"matter To, as he cut off their Land forces from their Ships, and entoiled
" both their Navy and their Camp, with a greater power than theirs both ,

"by Sea and Land, and compelled them to render themfdves without
" ftriking ftroke and after they were at his mercy, Contenting himfclf one-
,*

ly with their Oath, that they fhould no more bear Arms againft him, dif-
c<

lt
miffed them all in fafety. But the Divine revenge overtook not long
£<?
after thofe proud enterprifes ; for vrithin lefs then the fpace of One hun-
«< dred years the Great AtlamU was utterly loft anddeftroyed, not by a great
"Earthquake, as your Cj%« faith, (for that whole Tract is little fubjecl: to
<c
Earthquakes) but by a particular Deluge or Inundation, thofe Countreys
" having at this day far greatei Rivers, and far higher Mountains to pour
" down Waters, than any part of the Old World. But it is true, that the
" fame Inundation was not deep, not paft forty foot in moft places from
•« the ground ; fo that although it deftroyed Man and Beaft generally ,
«« yet fome few wilde Inhabitants of the Wood elcaped : Birds alfo were
Slaved by flying to the high Trees and Woods. ForasforMen, although
«« they had Buildings in many places higher then the depth of the Water
;
" yet that Inundation, though it were fhallow , had a long continuance,
"whereby they of the Vale, thit were not drowned, periftied for want of
" food, and other things neceffary. So as majvcl you not at thethinPopu-
«.« lation of America, nor at theRudcnefs and Ignorance of the People ; for
'you muft account your Inhabitants of tumeric* as a young People,
«« younger
a thoufand years at the leaft than the reft of the VVorld, for
" that there was fo much time between the Universal Flood, and their par-
' ticular Inundation. For the poor remnant of Humane Seed which re.
"mainedin their Mountains peopled the Countrey again flowly, by little
" and little: And beingfimple and a favage people fnot like Noah and bis
" Sons, which was the chief Family of the Earth) they were not able to
"leave Letters, Arts, and Civility to their Pofterity. And having likewife
" in their Mountainous Habitations been ufed (in refped of the extrearn
" Cold of thofe Regions) to cloath themfelves with the skins oi Tigers,
"Bears, and great Hairy Goats, that they have in thofe parts; when after
" they came down into the Valley, and found the intolerable Heats which
" are there, and knew no means of lighter Apparel * they were forced ta
"begin the cuftom of going naked, which continuethat this day ; onely
"they take great pride and delight in the Feathers of Birds : And this alfo
" they took from thofe their Anceftors of the Mountains, who were in-
*« vited unto it by the infinite flight of Birds that came up to the high
"Grounds , while the Waters flood below. So you fee by this main
"accident, of time, we loft ourTraffick with the Americans, with whom,
le
oi all others, in regard they lay neareft to us, we had moft commerce.
"As for the other parts of the World, it is moft manifeft, that in the
"Ages following (whether it were in refpeft of Wars, or by a Natural
*'
revolution of rime ) Navigation did every where greatly decay , and
" efpecialiy far voyages (the rather by theufc ofGallies, and fuch Veffels
*' as could
hardly brook the Ocean ) were altogether left and omitted.
"So then, that part of entereoutfe which could be from other Nations
" to fail to us, you fee how it hath long fince ceafed, except it wete by
" fome rare accident, as this of yours. But now of theceffation of that
" other
 3\(jw Atlantis. 5 /

"otner part ot cntercourie, which mig.n be by our (ailing ro other N-itions*

" I muft yield you fome other cau'c For I cannot fay (if I fhould [ay truly)
:

" but our/hipping for number, ftrcngth, Mariners, Pilot-, and all rhings that
"appertain toNavigation, is as grcatasever; and, therefore why wcihould
" fit at home, 1 (hall now giveyou an account by it fdOand it Will drawnearer
<c
to give you latisfa&ion to your principal Qucftion.
" There reio-ned inthisliland about One thoufand nine hundred years
"ago, a King, whofe memory of all others we moft adore, not fuperftitioufly,
<f
but as a Divine In(trument,though a Mottal Man his name was Salomons ;

<£
and we efteem him as the Law-giver of cut Nation. This King had a large
u heart infcrutable for good, and was Wholly bent to make his Kingdom and
" People happy He therefore taking into confideration, how diffident, and
:

"fubftanrive this Land was to maintain it ftlf without any aid (at all; of. the
" Foreigner, being Five thoufand fix hundred miles in circuit, and of rare
" fertility of foil in the greateft part thereof > and finding alfo the (hipping of
'"this Countrey might be plentifully fet on work, bothbyFifhing, ana by
<c
Tranfportations from Port to Port, and likewife byfailinguntolomefmall
<c
Iflands that arc not far from us, and areundertheCrown and Laws of this
"State ; and recalling into his memory the happy and flourishing eftate
cC
wherein this Land then was , fo as it might be a thoufand ways altered to
€C
the wctfe, but fcarce anyone way tothe better,- thought nothing wanted
<c
to his Noble and Heroical Intentions, but oncly (as far as Humane fore-
" fight might reach) which was in his time fo happily
to give perpetuity to th at
<c
eftablifhed j therefore amongft his other Fundamental Laws of thisKing-
" dom, he did ordain the Interdicts and Prohibitions which we have touch-
" ing entrance of ftrangers, which at that time (though it was after the cala- ,

"mity of America) was frequent, doubting novelties and commixture of

ff manners. It istrue, Law againft the admiflion of ftrangers, with
the like
" out licence, is an ancient Law in theKingdomof China, and yet continued
"in ufe i but there a poor thing, and hath made them a cutious, igno-
it is

<c rant, fearful, foolifh Nation. But our Law-giver made his Law of another
" temper. For firft, he hath preferved all points of humanity,; in taking or-
"derand making provifion for the relief of ftrangers diftrefled, whereof you
<{ have tafted. At Tthiib Speech (at reafon "Wat) Tve all rofe up and bofned ourfelyes.
H* Tvent in. rt
That King aKoftill defiring to joyn Humanity and Policy to-
c<
gether, and thinking it againft Humanity to detain Strangers here againft
« their Wills, and againft Policy, that they (hould return and difcover their
"knowledge of this State* he took this courfe. He did ordain, that of the
« Sttangers that (hould be permitted to Land, as many (at all times; might
« depart as would, but as many as would ftay, mould have very good con-
< c ditions
ahd means to live from the State, Wherein hefawfofar, that
*< now in fo many Ages, fince the Prohibition, we have memory not of one

« Ship that ever returned, and but of thirteen perfons onely at feveral times
« that cho(e to return in our Bottoms. What thofe few that returned, may
« have reported abroad, I know not but you muft think, whatfoever they
;

<«haVe faid, could be taken where they came, but for a dream. Now for
«our travelling from hence into parts abroad, our Law-giver thought fie aU
fa together to reftrain it. So is it not in China, for the Chinefts fail where they
" will, Or can j which (heweth, that their Law of keeping out Strangers, is
" a LaW of pufillanim'ity and fear. But this reftraint Of ours hath one onely
«« exception > which is admirable, preferving the good which cometh by
"communicating with fttangers, and avoiding the hurt ; and I will now
B i "open
 ;;

16 0\[civ Atlantis.

" open it to yon. And here 1 (hall Item a little to digrefs, but you will by
" and by flnde it pertinent. Ye fiiall underftand (my dear Friends) that
" amongft the excellent a&s of that King, one above all hath the preemi-
nence: It was the ere&ion and inftitution of an Order or Society which
" we call Solomons Houfe, the nobleft Foundation (as we think) that ever
" was upon the Earth, and the Lanthorn of this Kingdom. It is dedicated
" to theftudy of the Works and creatures of God. iomc think it beareth
the Founders name a little corrupted, as if it fhould be Solomons Houfe
c<r

" but the Records write it as it is fpoken , fo as I take it to be denomi-

nate of the King of the Hebrews, which is famous with y ou.and no ftranger
for we have lome parts of his Works which "with you are loft,
<.<
to us
;

<l
namely, that Natural Hiftory which he wrote of all Plants, from the Cedar
" of Libanus to the CMofi that grovveth out of the Wa\l and of all things that have
y

tC
Life and Motion. This maketh me think thatout King finding himfelf td
"fymbolize in many things with that King of the Hebrews (which lived
Cf
many years before him) honored him with the Title of this Foundation.
" And I am the rather induced to be of this opinion, for that I finde in an-
"cient Records this Order or Society is fometimes called Solomons Houfe,
" and fometimes TheCoUcdge of the Six days Works > whereby I am fatisfied,
" that our Excellent King had learned from the Hebrews t that God had
" created the World, and all that therein is withia Six days and therefore
;

" he inftituting that Houfe for the finding out of the tcue Nature of all
" things (whereby God might have the more glory in the workmanfhip of
" them, and Men the more Fruit in their ufe of them) did give italfo that
" fee ond name. But now to come to oar prefent purpofe.
" When the King had forbidden to all his People Navigation in any
" part that was not under his Crown, he made neverthelcfs this Ordinance,
" 'I hat every twelve years there fhould be fet forth out cf this Kingdom
if
two Ships appointed to feveral Voyages that in either of thefe ^hips,
;

tc
there fhould be aMifhon of three of the Fellows or Brethren of Solomons
fC
Houfe, whofe errand was onely togiveus knowledge of the affairs and
<c
ftateofthofe Countreys,to which they were defigned, and efpc daily of. the
" Sciences, Arts, Manufactures and Inventions of all the World and withal
,•

" to bring unto us Books, Inftruments, and Patterris4a every kinde. That
le
the Ships after they had landed the Brethren fhould return, arid that the
" Brethren fhould ftay abroad till the new Million. 1 he Ships are not other-
" wife fraught than with ftore of Victuals, and good quantity of Treafurc,
<f. to remain with the Brethren for thebuying of fuch things, and rewarding
" of fuchperlonsasthey fhould think fit. Now for me to tell you how the
" vulgar fort of Mariners are contained from being difcovered at Land*
< and how they thatmuft beputonfhore for any time colour themfelves
c

" under the names of other Nations, and to what places thefe Voyages have!
" been defigned, and what places of Rendezvous areappointed for the new
iC
Millions, and the like circumftances of the pra£tick,I may not do it, neither
is it much to your defire. But thus you fee'we maintain a Trade, not for
ie

(C
Gold, Silver, or Jewels, nor for Silks, nor for Spices, nor any other eonv
c<
modify of Matter, butonely for Gwfrfirft Creature, which was Light; to
" have Light (1 fay) of thegrovrth of all parts of the World. And when he
hadfaidthis.he wasfilent.andio were we alls forindeed.we were all aftonifh?
ed to hear fo ftrange things fo probably toJd. And he perceiving, that we
were willing to fay fomewhat , but had it not ready, in Igreat courtefie,
took us off, anddefcended to ask us Queftions of our Voyage and Fortunes
and
 3\(jw Atlantis* 17
and in the end concluded might do well to rhjnk With our
, tn^c we
felves what time of (lay vve would demand of the State and bad us ;

not to fcant our felves for he would procure fucn time as we defired.
,

Whereupon we all role up and prefented our felves to skifs the skirt of
his Tippet but he would not fuffer us, and lo took his leave.
> But when
it came once amongft our people, that the State uled to offer conditions to

ftrangers that would (lay, we had work enough to get any of our men to
look to Our Ship, and to keep them from going preiently to the Governor
to crave conditions but with much ado, we refrained them till we might
j

agree what courfe to take.

We
took our felves riow for Freemcrj, feeing there was no danger of
our. utter perdition, and lived moft joyfully, going abroad^ and feeing
what and places adjacent within our Tedder, and
N^as to befeen in the City
obtaining acquaintance with many of the City, riot of the meaneft qua-
lity, atwhofe hands we found fucli humanity, and fueh a freedom and

defire to take ftrangers as it were into their bofom, as was enough to

,

make us forget all that was dear to us in our own CountreyS, and con-
tinually we met with many things right worthy of obfervation and rela-
tion As indeed, if there be a Mirror in the Worlds worthy to hold mens
:

eyes, it is that Countrey. One day there were two of out company
bidden to a Feafit of the Family, as they call it; a moft natural, pious and
reverend cuftom it is, (hewing that Nation to be compounded of allgood-
nefs. This is the manner of it. It is granted to any man that (hall live to
fee thirty perioris descended of his body alivetogether, andall above three
years old, to make this Feaft which is done at the coft of the State.
,

The Father of the Family, whom they call the litfari, two da^s befdre the
Feaft taketh to him three of fuch Friends as he liketh to chufe, and is
affiled alfo by the Governor of the City or place Where the Feaft is cele-
brated 5 and all the Perfons of the Family of both Sexes arefummoned to
attend him. Thefe two days the Tir/an fittetH in consultation, concern-
ingche goodefhtc oftheFamily j there, if there beany Difcord or Suits
hoc ween any of the Family, they are compounded and appeafedj there,
if any of the Family be diftreffed or decayed
t order is taken fortheir re-
lier and competent means to live 5 there, if any be fubje£fc to vice or take

ill courfes, they are teproved and cenfured. So likewise „ direction is

g 'ven touching Marriages, and the courfes of life which any of them
fhould take, with divers other the like orders and advices. The Go*
vernor the end, to put in execution by his publick Autho-
affiftcth to
rity, the Decrees and Orders of the Ttrfm „ if they fhould be difobeyed,

chough that feldom needeth j fuch reverence and obedience they give
to the order of Nature. The Jirfau doth alfo then ever chufe one man
from airiongft his Sons to live in Houfe with him, who is called ever
after the Son of the Vine 1 the reafon will hereafter appear. GntheFeaft-
day, the lather or Tirfan cometh forth after Divine Service into a large
Room where the Feaft is celebrated which
hath an H^lf
; Room
pace at the eppef end. Againfi the Wall
the.middlc of the Half-
, in
pace is a Chair placed for him, wich a Table and Carpet before it :

Over the Chair is a State made round or oval, and it is of Ivj? ; anlvy
fomewhar whiter then ours, like the Leaf of a Silver Afp, but more fht-
ning, for it i«, Green all Winter, And the State is curioufly wrought with
f

S Ivcr and Silk of divers colours, broiding or binding in the Ivy j and is
I ever of the work of fome of the Daughters of the Family and veiled ,

I
B j .:., over ,
,'.
i8 fh(p> Atlantis.

over at the cop with a fine Nee of Silk and Silver : But the fubftance of it
is true Ivy, whereof, after it is taken down, the Friends of the Family are j

defirous to have fome Leaf or Sprig to keep. The Tirfan cometh forth with '

all hisGeneration or Lineage, the Males before him , and the Females fol- i

lowing him. And if there be a Mother, from whofe body the whole Li- |

neage is defcended, there is a Traverfe placed in a Loft above on the right j

hand of the Chair, with a Privy Door, and a carved Window of Glafs,
leaded with Gold and Blew, where (he ficteth, but is not fecn. When
the Tirfan is come forth, he fitteth down in the Chair, and all the Li-
neage place themfelves againft the Wall, both at his back, and upon the
return of the Kalf-pace, in order of their years, without difference of
Sex, and ftand upon their Feet. Whenheisfet, the room being always
full of company, but well kept, and without diforder, after fome pauie

there cometh in from the lower end of the room a Taratan, (which is as
much as an Herauld) and on either fide of him two young Lads, where-
of one carrieth a Scroul of their fhining yellow Parchment, and the other
a clufter of Grapes of Gold, with a long foot or ftalk : The Herauld
and Children are clothed with Mantles of Sea- water-green Satnn, but the
Heraulds Mantle is ftreamed with Gold, and hath a Train. Then the
Herauld, with three Courtefies, or rather Inclination?, cometh up as far
as the Half pace, and there firft taketh into his hand the Scroul. This
Seoul is the Kings Chatter , containing Gift of Revenue, and many Pri-
Viledges, Exemptions, and Points of Honor granted to the Father of
the Family ; and it is ever ftiled and directed, To fuch an one, Our TteU
beloved Friend and Creditor) which is a Title proper onely to this cafe For :

they fay, the King is Debtor to no Man, but for propagation of his Sub-
jects The Seal fet to theKings Charter, is theKingsImage imbofled or
moulded in Gold. And though fuch Charters be expedited of courft,
and as of right, yet they are varied by difcretion, according to the num-
ber and dignity of the Family. This Charter the Herauld readeth aloud $
and while it is read , the Father or Tirfan fhndeth up , fupported by two
of his Sons, fuch as he chufcth. Then the Herauld mounteth the Half-
pace, and delivercth the Charter into his hand, and with that there is an ac-
clamation by all that are prelent in their Language, which is thus much,
Happy are the People of Benfalem. Then the Herauld taketh into his hand
from the other Childe the clufter of Grapes, which is of Gold, both the
S;a!k and the Grapes ; but the Grapes are daintily enamelled: And if the
I Males of the Family be the greater number , the Grapes are enamelled
|
Purple, with a little Sun fet on the top ; if the Females, then they are
enamelled into a greenifli yellow , with a Crefcent on the top. The
Grapes are in number as many as there are D^fcendants of the Family,
This Golden Clufter the Herauld delivereth alfo to the Tirfan, who pre-
fently delivereth it over to that Son thathe had formerly chofen to be in
houle with him j who beareth it before his Father as anEnfign of Honor
when he goeth in publick ever alter, and is thereupon called The Son of
the Vine. Afrcr this Ceremony ended, the Father or Tirfan retireth, and
after lome rime cometh forth again to Dinner, where he fitteth alone
under the State as before ; and none of his Defendants fit with him ; of
what degree or dignity fbever, except he hap to be of Solomons Houfe.
He is ferved onely by his own Children > fuch as are Male who perform ,

unto him all fervice of the Table upon the knee ; and the Women onely
ftand about him, leaningagainft the Wall. The Room below his Half-pace
hath
 J\few Atlantis. 19 )

hath Tables on the fides for the Guefts thac are bidden, who are
ferved

with grear and comely order * and toward the end of Dinner (which
in

the "reareft Feafts with them, lafteth never above an hour and a
half;

there is an Hynwi tor>g, varied according to thelnvcntion of him that com-

pofed it, (for they have excellent Poefie;,) but the fubjed of it is (always)

che praifesof iyldam> and Noab, and Abraham; whereof theformertWo

peopled the World, and the laft was the Father of the Faithful ; concluaing
ever with a Thankfgiving for the Nativity of our Saviour, in whole Bitth
the Births of allareonely Blefled* Dinner being done, the Thfan retireth
'

a«-ain, and having withdrawn himfelf alone into a place, where hemaketh

fome private Prayer?, he cometh forth the third time to give the Blefling ,

with all his Defcendantf, who him as at the finl. Then he

ftand about
calleth them forth, by one and by one, by name, as he pleafeth, though

feldomthe order of age be inverted. The perfon that is called (the Table
being before removed) kneelcth down before the Chair, and the Father hy
cih his hand upon his head, or her head> and giveththeBleffirgin thefe.
words Son 0/ Benfalem (or. Daughter of Benfalem) thy Father faith it, the
;

CMan by Tthom thou haft breath and lifefpeaketb the Ttord: The Blefmgof the Ever-

hfl'mv Father, the Trince of 'Peace, and the Holy "Dove be upon thee, and make the

days of thy Pilgrimage good and many. This he fdith to every of them ; and chat
done> be any of his ions of eminent Merit and Vertue, (To they
if there
be not abeve two) he calleth for them again, and faith, hymghis arm over
their fhoulderr, they {landing, Sons, it is -bell you are born; give God the praife,
and perfever e n the end. And withal delivereth to cicher of them a Jewel,
made in theflgure of an Ear of Wheat, which they ever after wear in the
front of theirTurbant or Hat. This done, they fall to Mufick and Dances
and other Recreations after their manner for thereft of theday. This is che
full order of that Feaft.

By that time fix or feven days were (pent, 1 was fain into ftraight ac-
quaintance with a Merchant of that City, whofe name was Joabin; he Was
a Jen, and circumcifed For they have fome few ftirps of Jew yet re-
:

maining among them, whom they leave to their own Religion ; which
they may the better do, becaufe they are of afar differing difpofition from
the Je«s in other parts. For whereas t s ey hate the Name of CHRIST,
and have a whom they
fecret inbred rancor againft the people, among
hve: Thefe (contrariwife) giveunioour SAVIOUR
many high Attri-
bu e c , and love the Nation of Benfalem extrcamly. Surely this Man, of
whom 1 fpeak, would ever acknowledge that CHRIST
was born of a
Virgin, and that he was more then a Man and he would tell how
; GOD
made him Ruler of the Seraphims which guard his Throne s and they
call him alfo the Cteilken way > and the Eliah of the Cfflefiah and many ,

otherhghNmies 5 which tnough they b- inferior to his T)ivineMajefty 3

yet they arefarfrom the Language of other Jew. And for the Countrey
of Benfalem , this Man would make no end of commending it, being de-
firous, by Tradition amorg the ]e#s there, to have it believed, that the
people thereof were of the Generations of i_Abraham by another Son,
whom tney call Nachoran\ ani that MofeS by a fecret Cabala ordained the
Laws of Benfalem, which they now ule ; and th« when the Mefiab mould
cone and fit in his Throne at Jcrufalem .the K'.ng of Benfalem fhould fit
,

at his Feet, whereas other Kings ffiould keep a great dUtance. But yet
fetting afide thefe Je'wifli Dreams, the Man was a wife man and learned,
and of great policy, and excellently feen in the Laws andCullomsof that
Nation.
J
 , j

s
20 ZS[f® Atlantis.

Nation. Amongft other difcourfes , one day I told him, I was much
affeded with the Relation 1 had from fome of the company of their .$

Cuftom in holding the Feaft of the Family, for that (me thought) 1 had
never heard of a Solemnity wherein Nature did fo muchprefide. And
becaufe Propagation of Familiesproceedeth from the Nuptial Copulation,
1 defired to know of him what Laws and Cuftoms they had concerning
Marriage, and whether they kept Marriage well, and whether they were
tied to one Wife. For that where Population is fo much affeded and
fuch as with them it feemedtobe, there is commonly pcrmillion of Plu-
ralityof Wives. To this he faid, " You have reafon for to comm.nd
"that excellent Inftitution of the Feaft of the Family and indeed we
•

u have experience, that thofe Families that are partakers of

the Bicfiings
c
of that Feaft do flourifh and prbfper ever after in an extraordinary man-
i<.
ner. But hear me now, and I will tell you what I kno w. You (hall un-
" derftand, that there is not under the Heavens, fo chafte a Nation as this
"of Benfalem, nor fo free from all pollution orfoulnefs; it is the Virgin
" of the World. I remember 1 have read in one of your European Booh
<c
of an holy Hermit amongft you, that defired to fee the Spiritcf Fornication,
"and there appeared to him a little foul ugly r^/Ethhpe : But if he had
ie
defired to fee the Spirit of Chaftity of Benfalem, it would have appeared to
"him in the likenefs of a fair beautiful Cherubin for there is nothing
;

"amongft Mortal Men more fair and admirable, then the chafte Mindes
"of this People. Know therefore, that with them there are no Stews^
"nodiflblutelHoufes, no Courtefans* nor any thing of thatkindej nay
"they wonder (with deteftation) at you in Europe which permit fuch
" things* They fay you have put Marriage out of office for Marriage ;

"is ordained a remedy for unlawful concupifcence, and natural concu-

" pifcence feemeth as a fpur to Marriage But when Men have at hand
:

u a remedy more agreeable to their corrupt will , Marriage isalmoft ex-

"pulfed. And therefore, there are with you feen infinite Men that mar-
"rynot, but chufe rather a Libertine, and impure fingle life, then to be
f"yoaked in Marriage and many that do marry, marry late* when the
;

"prime and ftrcngth of their years is paft j and when they do mar ry f

" what is Marriage to them, but a very Bargain, wherein is fought Alii-
"ance, or Portion, or Reputation, with fome dchxe (a)moft indifferent)
" of iffue, and not the faithful Nuptial Union of Man and Wife that was
"firft inftituted ? Neither is it poffible, that ihofc that have caft aw ay fo
"bafely fo much of their ftrength, fhould greatly efteem Children (be-
ting of the fame matter) as chaft Men do. So likewife during Marriage,
<«is the cafe much amended, as it ought to be, if thofe things were zoic-
" rated onely for neceflity ? No, but they remain ftill as a very affront to
u Marriage the hunting of thofe difTolute places, or refort to Courtefans,
;

"are no more punifhed in Married men, then in Batchelors And the de-
:

" praved cuftom of change, and the delight in meretricious embrace-

"ments, (where Sin is turned into Art) maketh Marriage a dull thing, and
«a kinde of Impofitioir or Tax. They hear you defend thefe things as
"done to avoid greater evils » as Advowtries, Deflouring of Virgins,
« Unnatural Luft, aud the like But they fay this is a prepofterous Wif
:

<*dom; and they call it Lots offer, who to favehisGuefts fromabufing

"offered his Daughters: Nay, they fay further, that there is little gained
"fnthis, for that thefame Vices and Appetites do ftill remain and abound,
t€ Unlawful Luft being like a Furnace, that if you flop the Flames alto-

^", ...>..'.
;,..> ' .
gether.
 ;,

\
3\£ew Atlantis* 2. /

"gether, it will quench bur it you give ic any vcnc, ic will tage, Ai fo
"Mafculine Love, they have no touch of ir, and yet there are not fo futh,
*c
ful and inviolate. Friendships in the World again as are there and ro ;

"(peak generally (as I faid before) 1 have not read of any fuch Chaltity in
ic
any Peopleas theirs, And their ufual faying u> That whofoever is unchafle,
cannot reverence himfelf. And they fay, That the reverence of a Mansfclf
<C
if, next Religion, thechiefeft Bridle of all Vices. And when he had faid
this, the good Jew paufed a little. "Whereupon, I farmore willing to hear
him fpeakon, thantofpeak myfelf; yet thinking it decent, that upon his
raufcof Speech I mould not be altogether filent, (aid onely this. ie That 1
«* would fay to him, as the Widow of Sarepta faid to Elias, That he was

I " come to br'ng to memory our fins ; and that I confefs the righteoufnefs of
i " Benfalem was greater than the righteoufnefs of Europe. At which Speech, be
.

bowed his Head, and went on in this tnxnner. '^They have alfo many wife and
I" excellent Laws touching Maniage; they allow no Polygamy; they have
"ordained, that none do intermarry or contract until a moneth bepaftfrom
" »heir firft interview. Marriage without confent of Parents, rhey do not
"m kevoid, but they mulct it in the Inheritors; for the Children of fuch
''Marriages are not admitted to inherit above a third part of their Parents
" Inheritance. I have read in a Book of one of your Men, of a Feigned
i: Commonwealth where the married couple are permitted before they
,

u contrad to fee one another naked. This they difhke, for they think it a
"fcorn to give a refufal after fo familiar knowledge i but becaufeof many
fe
nidden defects in Men and Womens Bodies, they have a more civil way
« oi tiey have near every Town, a couple of Poojs (which they call
'< jidam and Eves Pools) where it is permitted to one of the Friends of the
« Min, and another of the Friends of the Woman, to fee them kverally
«bith naked.
And as we were thus in Conference, there came one that f emed robe
a MclTenger, in a rich Huke, thit fpake with the Jew whereupon he
,•

tunedtome, and faid, Tou will pardon me, fori am commanded away in hajle.
The next morning he came to me again, joyful, as it feemed, and faid,
tC
There i word come to the Governor of the City, that one of thcFathers
« of Solomons H
>ufe will be here this day feven- night ; we have feen none of
*'•
t Kmthis dozen years. His coming isin (late, but the caufeof his coming
" isfecre I will provide you and your Fellows of a good ftanding to fee
.

"his entry. I thanked him, and told him, IftiantofigUdof the news. The
'

day be ng come, he made his entry. He was a Man of middle ftamre and
age, comely of perfon, and had an a(pe& as if he pitied men He was
:

cloathed in a lobe of fine black Gloth, With wide Sleeves, and a Cape ;
riis under Garment was of excellent white Lumen down to the Foot

girt with a Girdle of the fame, and a Sindon or Tippet of the fame about
his N cck ; he had Gloves that were curious, and fet with Stone, and Shooes
ol Peach-cc loured Velvet ; his Neck was bare to the Shoulders? his Hat
was like a Helmet or S'panijb Montera, and his Locks curled below it de-
cently, they were of colour brown j his Beard was cut round, and of the
fame colour With his Hair , fomewhat lighter. He was carried in a rich
Chariot without Wheels, Litter wife with two Horfcs at either end,
,

richly trapped in blew Velvet embroidered, and two Footmen on each

fide in the like atrire. The Chariot was all of Gedar , gilt and adorned
withOyftal, lave that the fore-end had Pannels of Saphiresfer in borders
of Gold, and the hinder-end the like of Emeralds of the *PerH colour.
Th ere
 _-t*-

22 3\Qlx> AiUntis.

Therewas alio a Sun of Gold, radiant upj;i the tcp in the midifc •
arid oh
the.top before a fmall Cheritk of Gold with Wings difplayed.
, The
'
Chariot was covered with Cloth of Gold tillued upon blew. He had
before him fifty attendants, young men all in white Suten loofe Coats,
,
I

Up to the mid-leg, and Stockins0t white Silk, and Shoocs of blew Velvet
and Hats of blewVelver, with fine Plumes of divers colours fct round like
Hatbands. Next bdfore the Chariot, went two men bareheaded, in
Linncn Garments down to the Foot, girt, and Shooes of blew Velvetj
who carried, the one a Crofier, the other a Paftoral Staff like a Sheep.
hook, neither of them of Metal but the Crofier of Balm- wood , the
,

Paftoral Staff of Cedar. Hotfemen he had none, neither before, nor be-
hinde his Chariot, as it fecmeth , to avoid all tumult and trouble. Be>
hinde his Chariot went all the Officers and Principals of the Companies
of the City. He fate alone upon Cufhions, of akinde of excellent Plufli,
blew, and under his Foot curious Carpets of Silk of divers colours, like
thcTerfian, but far finer. He held up his bare hand as he went, asblefs-
ing the People, but in filence. The Street was wonderfully well kept,
fo that there was never any Army had their Men ftand in better battel-
array, then the people flood. The Windows likewifc were not crouded,
but every one flood in them, as if they had been placed. When the
fho w
was paft, the Jew faid to me, "I ftiall not be able to attend yon as I
••
would , in regard of fomc charge the City hath laid upon me for the en-
*' tertaining of this great Perfon. Jbtee dajs after the Jew cme tome aga'm^tnd [aid,
" Ye are happy men, for the Father of Solomons Houfetaketh knowledge of
"your being here, and commanded mc to tell you, that he will admit all
"your company to his prefence, and have private conference with one of
" you that ye mail chufe i and for this, hath appointed the next day after to
*'
morrow. And becaufe he meaneth to give you his Bleffing, he bath
"appointed it in the forenoon. We
came at our day and hour, and I
was chofen By my
fellows for the private accefs. We
found him in a fair
Chamber richly hanged, and carpeted under Foot, without any degrees to
the State: He was fct upon alow Throne, richly adorned, and a rich Cloth
of State over his head of blew Sattin embroidered. He was alone, fave
he had two Pages of Honor on either hand one , finely attired in
that
His under Garments were the like, that we faw him wear in the
white.
Chariot; butinfkadof his Gown, kehad on him a Mantle with a Cajpe
of the fame fine Black, faftned about him. When we came in, as we were
taught, we bowed low at our flrft entrance j and when we were come
near his Chair, he flood up, holding forth his hand ungloved, and in
pofture of Bleffing; and we every one of us ftooped down andkiffed the
hem of his Tippet. That done, the reft departed, and I remained. Then
he warned the Pages forth of theHoom, and caufed me to fit down beftdej
him, and fpake to me thus in the Sfmijb Tongue.

v
GOD

-
 ;

Jsfomti Atlantis.
13

OD my
Son, I will give thee the greatcft Jewel I

G
<.<
Blefs thcc,
have ; for I will impart unto thee, for the love of God and Men*
<^
a Relation of the true ftate of Solomons Hou(e. Son, to make
you know the true ftate of Solomons Houfe, I will keep this order.
" Firft, I will Cct forth unto you the End of our Foundation Secondly,
<c
The Preparations and Inftruments we have for our Works. Thirdly,
" Thefeveral Employments and Functions whereto our Fellows areaffign-
ft
ed : And fourthly, which we obferve.
The Ordinances and Rites
"TheEndof our Foundation, is theKnowledge of Caufes and Secret
"Motions of things, and the enlarging of the Bounds of Humane Empire,
eC
to the effecting of all things polTible.
" The Preparations and Inftruments, arc thefe. We
have large and
''deep Caves of feveral depths; the dcepeft are funk Six hundred fathom,
" and fome of them are digged and made under great Hills and Mountains
rt fo
that if you reckon together the depth of the Hill, and the depth of the
"Cave, they are (fome of them) above three miles deep For wefindethat
:

"the depth of an Hill, and the depth of a Cave from the Flat, is the fame
"thing, both remote alike from the Sun and Heavens Beams, andfromthe
" open Air. Thefe Caves we call the Lower Region, and we ufethem for
" all Coagulations , Indurations, Refrigerations, and Confcrvations of
" Bodies, We ufe them likewife for the Imitation of Natural Mines, and
" the producing alfo of new Artificial Metals, by Compofitions and Mate-
« rials which we ufe and lay there for many years. We ufe them alfo fome-
< c times (which may feem ftrange) for curing of fome Difeafes, and for pro-

longation of life in fome Hermits that chuie to live there, wellaccommo-

* c dated of all things neeeflary, and indeed live very long by whom alfo we
>

"learn many things.

" We have Burials in feveral Earths, where we put divers Cements
"as the Cbinefet do their Porcellane but we have them in greater variety
I

« and fome of them more fine. We alfo have great variety of Gompofts
" and Soils for the making of theEarth fruitful.
" We have high Towers, the higheft about half a mile in height, and
"fome of them likewife fetupon high Mountains, fo that the vantage of the
" Hill with the Tower, is in the higheft of them, three miles at leaft. And
« thefe places we call the Upper Region, accounting the Air between the
< c high places, and the Low as a'Middle Region. We ufe thefe Towers,
"according to their feveral heights and fituation*, for Infolation, Reftige-
Ct
ration, Conservation, and for the view of divers Meteors, as Winds,
Rain,
*"Snow,Hail, andfomeof the Fiery Meteors alfo. And upon them, in fome
" places, are dwellings of Hermits, whom we vifit fometimes, and inftrutl:
« what to obferve. .

We have great Lakes; both fait and frefh,

" whereof we have ufe tor
"thcFJh and Fowl. We ufe them alfo for Burials of fome Natural Bodies j

"for we finde a difference in things buried in Earth, or in Air below the Earth,
« and things buried in Water. We
have alfo Pools, of which fome do ftrain
« Frefh Water out of Salt, and others by Art do turn Frefh Water into Salt,
« We have alfo fome Rocks in the midftof the Sea, and fome Bays upon
« the Shore for fome Works, wherein is required the Air and Vapor of
the

«Sea. We
have likewife violent ttrearas and catarafts, which ferve us for
"many Motions and likewife Engins for multiplying and enforcing of
j

«* Winds, tofet alfo on going divers Motions.

& We
*4 uSQs^p dtlantis*
I

" wehave alfo a number of artificial Wells and Fountains, made in

"imitation of the Natural Sources and Baths as tincledupon Vitriol, Sul-
;

phur, Steel, Brafs;, Lead, Nitre, and other Minerals. And again we have
"little Wells for Infufions of many things, where the Waters take the vir-
** me quicker and better then in Veflels or Bafins : And amongft them we
have
a Water which we call fVater of Taradifr, being by that we do to it, made
tf

" very fovereign for Health, and Prolongation of Life.

tc
We aifo great and fpaeious Houfes, where we imitate and demon-
ftrate Meteors $ as Snow, Hai), Rain, fome Artificial Rains of Bodies, and
<c

"not of Water, Thunders, Lightnings j alfo Generations of Bodies in Air,

" as F ogs, Flies and divers others,
(<
We have alfo certain Chambers which we call Chambers of Health,
"where we qualifie the Air, as w<e think good and proper for the cure of di-
"vers Difeales, andprefervationof Health.
" We have alfo fair and large Baths of. feveral mixtures, forthecureof
"Oifeafes and the reftoring of Mans Body from Arefaftion; andother, fot
"the cor firming of it inftrengthof Sinews, Vital Parts, and the very Juice
" and S'jbft nee of the Body.
"Wchave alfo large and various Orchards and Gardens, wherein we
"do not fomuch refpedt Beamy, as variety of ground and foyl, proper for
" divers Treesand Herbs; and fome very fpacious, where Trees and Berries
" are fer, whereof we make divers kindesot Drinks, btfides the Vineyards.
"In thefe we pra&ife likewife all conclufionsof Grafcingand Inoculating, as
f<
well of Wild-trees a> Fruit-trees, which produceth many effe&s. And we
"make (by Art) in the lame Orchards and Gardens, Trees and Fiowers to
"come earlier or later then their feafons, and to et trie up and bear more
" fpeedily then by the r natural coutfethey do. We make tbemalfo fbyA >)

"much greater then their nature, and their Fruit greater and fleeter, and ot
« fm ell colour and f gure from iheir nature j and many of them
differing tafte,
« we fo order, that they become of Medicinal ufe.
" We have alfo means to make divers Plants rife, by mixtures of
"Earths without Seeds, and likewife to make uivers new Plants differing
1
from the Vulgar, and to make one Tree or Hanf turn into another.
" We have alfo Parks and Enclofures of all forts of JLeafts and Birds ;

" which we ufe not omly for view or rarenefs, but likewife for DiffecCtions
"and Fryals, that thereby we may take light, what may be wrought upon
" the Body of Man, wherein we* finde many ftrange effects ; as continuing
*« life inthem, though divers parts, which you account vital, be perifhed
1
and taken forth ; Refufcitating of fome that feem dead in appearance,
« and the like. We try alio all poyfons and other medicines upon them,
" as well of Chirurgery as Phyfick. By Art likewife wemake them greater
" or taller then their kind is, and contrariwife dwarf them, and ftay their
" growth : We make them more fruitful and bearing, then their kind
"is, and contrariwife barren, and not generative Alfo wemake them
" differ in colour, fhape, activity, many ways. We
finde means to make
" commixtures and copulations of divers kind*, v hich have produced
M many new kinds, and them not barren, as the general opinion is. We
" make a number of kindes of Serpents, Worms, f lies, 1 ifhes, of Putre-
<f
faclion; whereof fome are advanced (in effect) to be perfect Creatures,
" like Beafts or Birds, and have Sexes, and do propagate. Neither do we
* this by chance, but we know beforehand of what matter and commixture
" vrhat kind of thofe Creatures will ar ife.
"We
 3\(ji$> Atlantis. 25
" Wehave alio we make tryals upon Eiflies.,
particular Pools where ,

(<
as we
have faid before of Beads and Birds.
"Wehave alio places for Breed and Generation of thofe Kinds of
cc
Worms and Flies which arc of fpecial ufe, fuch as arc with you, your
'* SUk-vvorms and Bees.

<< I will not hold you long with recounting of our Brew-houfcs Bake- ,

«' houiesandKitchins, where are made divers Drinks, Breads, and Meats,
'<
rare and of fpecial effects. "Wines we have of Grapes, and Drinks of
" other juice, of Fruits, of Grains, and of Roots, and of mixtures with
V Honey, Sugar, Manna, and Fruits dried and decoded alfo of the Tears
;

" orWoundingsof Trees, and of the Pulp of Canes andthefe Drinks are
;

Cc
of feveral Ages, fome to the age or laft of forty years. We
have Drinks
" alfo brewed with feveral Herbs, and Roots, and Spices, yea, with feveral
"Fle(hes,and White-meats whereof fome of the Drinks are fuchasthey
;

1
are in effed Meat and Drink both
' fo that divers, efpecially in Age, do
,•

"define to live with them with little or no Meat or Bread. And above all, we
«'
ftrive to have Drinks of extream thin parts, to insinuate into the Body,
"and yet without all biting, fharpnefs or fretting ; infomuch, asfomeof
s

*'
them put upon the back of your hand, will, with a little ftay,pafs through
ie
to the palm, and yet tafte milde to the mouth. We
have alfo Waters
" which we ripen in thatfafhion as they become nourifhing fo that they
5
<-
are indeed excellent Drink, and many will ufe no other. Breads we have
'« of feveral Grains, Roots and Kernels
, yea, and fomeof Flefh and Fifh
" dried, with divers kinds of Levenings and Seafonings; fothat fome do
*'
excreamly move Appetites fome do nourifh fo, as divers do live of them
;

(£
without any other Meat, who live very long. So for Meats, we have fome
«'
of them fo beaten, and made tender and mortified, yet without all cor-
<e
rupthlg, as a weak heat of the Stomach will turn tbem intogoodCfy/a*,
ct
as well as aflrongheat would meatotherwife prepared. Wehave fome
' Meats alfo, andBrcads, and Drinks, which taken by men, enable them to
faffc long after
< and fome other that ufed, make the very Flefh of Mens
;

"Bodies fcnfibly more hard and tough, and their ftrength far greater then
•' otherwise it would be.

Ci
Wehave Dilpenfatories or Shops of Medicines, wherein you may
" eaflly think, if we have fuch variety of Plants and Living Creatures, more
" then you have in Europe, (for we know what you have) the Simplcs,prugs,
" and Ingredients of Medicines, muft likewife be infomuch thegeater
«' variety. We
have them likewife of divers Ages, and long Fermenta-
" tions. And for their Preparations, we have not onely all mannerof ex-
" quifit Diflillations and Separations, and efpecially by gentle Heats, and
" Percolations through divers Strainers, yea,andSubil:ances but alfo exacl;
;

" Forms of Compofition, whereby they incorporate almoflas they were

''Natural Simples.
"Wehave alfo divers Mechanical Arts which you have not, and
,

" Stufc made by them asPapers, Linnen, Silks, ThTues, dainty works of
;

"Feathers of wonderful luffcre, excellent Dies,and many others; and Shops

" likewife as well for fuch as are not brought into vulgar ufe amongffc us,
" as for thofe that are. For you muft: know, that of the things before re-
" cited, many are grown into ufe throughout the Kingdom but yet, if
;

" they did flow from our Invention, we have of them alfo for Patterns and
c(
Principals.

ft
VYc
 ;

16 iSTelv Atlantis.

" Wc
have alfo Furnaces of great diversities, and that keep 'great di-
u verity of heats, fierce and quick flrong and cbnfhnt, loft and mi Lie,'
" blown, quiet; dry moilf, and the like. But above all wc have heats, in
,

*'
imitation of theSuns and Heavenly Bodies hems, thatpafs divers Inequa-
" lities, and fas itw ere) Orbs, Progrcifes and Returns whereby we may' ,

" produce admirable effects. Bt fides, wc have heats of Dungs, and of Bel-
lies and Maws of Living Creatures, andof their Bloods and Todies; and
* 4

C(
of Hays and Herbs laid up moift '; of Lime unquenched, and fuch like.
" instruments alfo which generate heat oriely by motion; andfurther.placcs
c'
for ftrong Inflations and again, places under the Farth, which by Na-
•>

" tureor ArtyieldHeat. Thcfedivers heats we life, as thena'turcof tbeope-

u ration which wcintend,requiretfr.
"We haye alfo Perfpecttve Houfes where we make Demonftration
" of all Lights and Radiations, and of all Colours and out of things nn-
;

" coloured and transparent, we can rcprefent unto you all feveral colours',
" not in Rainbows ( a s it is in Gems and Prifms) but of themlclves Angle.
" We reprefent of Light, which We carry t-o great
alfo all Multiplications
c
diflance, and make fo (harp as to difcern fmall Points and Lines
;
'
alio all
" colourations of Light, all dclufions and deceits of the-ight, in Figures;
*' Magnitudes, Motions, Colours all demonstrations of Shadows.
; We
"finde alfo divers means yet unknown to you of producing of Light origi
" nally from divers Bodies. Wc
procure means of feeing objects afar off;
eV
asin the Heaven, and remote places and reprefent things near as afarofF,
;

"and things afar off as near, making feigned diftanCes. VVehavealfohelps

" for the Sight, far above Spectacles and Glaffes in ufe. have alio We
"Glaffesand Means to fee fmall and minute Bodies perfectly and diftin&Iy,
,e
as the fhapes and colours of fmall Flies and Worms, grains and flaws in
" Gems, which cannot otherwife be feen, obfervations in Urine and Blood,
• not otherwise to be feen. We
make Artificial Rainbows, Halo's, and
**
Circles about Light. We
reprefent alio all manner of Reflexions, Rc-
" fractions, and Multiplication of Vifual Beams of Objects.
*'
We have alfo msny of them of great
Precious Stones of all kindes,
c«
you unknown Cryflals Jikeuife, and Glaffesof divers
beauty, and to ;

" kindeS;, and amongfl them fomc of Metals vitrificated, and other Materi-
" als, befide thofe of which you make Glafs Alfo a number of FoITiIgs
:

"and imperfect Miner als, which you have not; likewifeLoadftones of pro-
<c
digious virtue, and-other rare Stones, both Natural and Artificial.
" We
have alfo Sound-houfes, where we practife anddemonftrate all
,c
Sounds and their Generation. We have Harmonies which you have not,
(C
of Qjiarter-founds, and leffer Slides of Sounds divers Inftruments of
;

<C
Muficklikewifetoyou unknown, fomefweeter then any you have, with
"Bells and Rings that are dinty and fweet. We
reprefent fmall Sounds as
fC
great and deep, like wife great Sounds extenuate and ftiarp. make Ve
"divers tremblings and warblings of Sounds, which in their original arc
"entire. We reprefent and imitate all articulate Sounds andLetters> and
"the Voices and Notes ofBcaffs and Birds. We
ave certain helps, which
" fctto the Ear, do further thehearinggreatly. We
have alfo divers ftrar ©e
cc
and artificial Echo's refkerin g the voice many times,and as it were tofl hg
"it and fome thatgive back he voice louder then it came, fome fhriller,
5 f

"and fome deeper, yea, fomerendring the voice differing in the Letters or
4C
articulate Sound from that they receive. We
have all means to convey
SQ
Sounds in Trunks and Pipes in ilrange lines and distances.
"We
 ;,

3\Qew Atlantis. 1 '7

— J

(c
We
haveaifo Eertume-houfeSj wherewith we joyn alio practices of
"Tafte ; we multiply Smells, whichmay fecm Itrange; vvc imitate Smells,
eC
making allSmells to breath out cf other mixtures then chofc that g<ve them.
" Wemake divers imitations of Talk likewile, forhat they will deceive any
"Mans tafte. And in this Home we contain alfo aConfiure hoLif;, where
"we makeall Sweet-meats, dry and moift, anddivers pieafint Wines, Milks,
fC
Broths, and Sailers, far in greater variety then you have.
" We have alfo Engine-hcufes,
where ate prepared Frgines and Inftru
< £ ments for all forts of motions. There we imitate and pradtif'e to make
" fwifter motions then any you have, either out of your Muskets or any En-
gine that you have; and to make them, and multiply them more eafily,and
" with fmall force, by wheels and other means; and to make them ftronger
"and more violent then yours are, exceeding yourgreateft Cannors and
" Bafilisks. We reprefent alfo Ordnance andlnftrumentsof War, andHn-
Ct gines of all kindes; and likewifc new mixtures andcompofitions of Gun-
" powder, Wiidefires burning in Wacer and unquenchable alfo Fireworks ;

« of all variety, both for pleafure and life. We imitate alfo flights of Birds
« we have fome degrees of flying in the Air we have Ships and Bjats for
;

Agoing under Water, and brooking cf Seas ; alfo Swimming-girdles and

"Supporters. We have divers curious Clock?, and other like motions of
<< Return, and fome perpetual motions. We imitate alfo motions of Living
" Creatures by Images of Men, Beaft s, Birds, Fifties, and Serpents; we have
« alfo a great number of other various motions, ftrange for quality, finencfc
«and fubtilty.
" We havealfoaMathematical-houfe, where arereprefented all Inftru-
"ments, of Geometry as Aftronomy, exquifitelymade.
as well
c(
We
have alfo Houfes of Deceits of the Senfes, where we reprefent
< c allmannerof fcatsof Jugling, falfe Apparitions, Impofturesandlllufions,

< £ and their Fallacies. And furely, you will eafily believe that we that have fo
;-
c
many things truly Natural, which induce admiration, could in a world of
Cf particulars deceive the Senfes, if we would difguife thofe things and labot

<c
to make them more miraculous But we do hate alllmpofluresand Lies
:

fC
infomuch, as we havefevercly forbidden it to all our Fellows, under pain
" of Ignominy and Fines, that they do not fhew any natural work or thing
" adorned or fwelling, but onely pure as itis, and without all afTe elation of
<<r
ffrangenefs.
Thefe are (my Son) the riches of Solomons Houfe.
cc

« For
the feveral employments and offices of our Fellows j we have
<c
twelve that fail into Foreign Countreys under the names of other Nations,
" (for our own we conceal) who bring us the Books, and Abftra&s, and Pat-
Cc
terns of Experiments of all other Parts. Thefe we call CWerclwits of
** Light.
« We have three that colIecT the Experiments, which are in all Books.
" Thefe we call Depedams.
" We have three that collect the Experiments of all Mechanical Arts,
" and alfo of Liberal Sciences, and alfo of Practices which are not brought
•• into Arts. Thefe we call Myjiery-men.
"We have three that try new Experiments, fuch as themfelvcs think
J good. Thefe we call Pioneers or Miners.
" We have three that draw the Experiments of the former four into
f Titles and Tables, to give the better light for the drawing of Obfetvations
" and Axioms out of them. Thefe we call Compilers.
C % "We
 J\(ew Atlantis.

tc
Wc have three
bend themfelve r , looking into the Experiments
that
"of rheir Fellows, and caft about how todraw out of them things of ufe
"and practice for Mans life and knowledge, as well for Works, as. for plain
Cf
demonftration of Caufef, means of Natural Divinations, and the cafie
"and clear difcovery of the Virtues and Pans of Bodies. Thefe We call
Cf
Dowry-men or Benefactors.
" Then after divers Meetings and Consults of our whole number, to
" confider of the former Labors and Collections, we have three that take
" care out of them to direct new Experiments of a higher Light, morepene-
"trating ntoNaturethenthe former. Thcfcwecall Lamps.
"We have three others that do execute theExpenment redirected*
" and report them. Thefe we call Inoculators.
"Laftly, We
have three that raife the former Difcoveries byExperi-
a ments into greater Obfeivations, Axioms and Aphorifms. Thefe we call
" Interpreters of Nature.
<(
YVe have alfo, as you mud think, Novices and Apprentice?, that
1

" the lucccfTion of the former employed Men do not fail befides a great
$

"number of Servants and Attendants, Menand Women. Andthiswedo

"alfo, We haveConfultations whichof the Inventions and Experiences,
"which we have difcovered fhall be publiflied, and which nor ; and take all
<c
an Oath of Secrecy for the concealing of thofe which we think meet to keep
"iecret; though fome of thofe we do reveal fometime to the State, and
"fome not.
" For our Ordinances and Rites ; we have two very long and fair Gal-
" leries. In one of thefe we place Patterns and Samples of all manner of the
" more rare and excellent Inventions ; in the other we place the Statues of
" all principal Inventors. There we have the Statue of your Columtm, that
" difcovered the JVeftJndies , alfo the Inventor of Ships your Monk that >

** was the Inventor of Ordnance and of Gun-powder j the Inventor of

,

c
'Mufick; the Inventor of Letters; the Inventor of Printing; the Inventor
"of Oblervationsof Aftronomy > the Inventor of Works in Metal; the
" Inycntor of Glafs the Inventor of Silk of the Worm j the Inventor of
;

" Wine; the Inventor of Corn and Bread; the Inventor of Sugars And :

" all thefe by morecertain Tradition, then ycu have. Then wehavedivers
Qc Inventors of our own of excellent Works, which finceyou have not feen,

"it were too long to make Defcriptionsof them and 6efides, in the right
;

<f underflandingof thofe Defcriptions,you might eafily err. For upon every

« Invention of value we erect a Statue to the Inventor, and give him a libe-
ral and honorable reward. Thefe Statues are fome of Brafs, fome of Marble
<•<
and Touch-ftone, fome of Cedar, and other fpecial Woods gilt and adorn- /
"ed, fome of Iron, feme of Silver, fome of Gold.
« We have certain Hymns and Set vices which we fay daily, of Laud and
" and 7 banks to God for his marvellous Works j and Forms of Prayers, im-
" ploring his aid and blcffing for the Illumination of our Labors* and the
ee turning them into good and holy ufes.

"Laftly, We have Circuits or Vifics of divers principal Cities of the

"Kingdom, wherr, as itcometh to pafs, we do publifh fuch new profitable
"Inventions, as we think good. And we do alfo declare Natural Divinati-
« ons of Difeafer, Plagues, Swaims of hurtful Creatures, Scarcity, Tempeft,
.«• Earth quakes, great Inundations, Comets, Temperatureof the Year, and
t< divers other things j and wc give counsel thereupon, what the People fliall

c
e
do for the prevention and remedy of them.
"And
 3\(ji» Atlantu* 29
And when he had (aid this, he (tood up: And I, as i had been taught,
kneeled down, and he laid his right hand upon my head, and (aid, God
blefithee, my Son, and Cod blefi this Relation jtbicbl have made : I give thee leave to
publift it Land un-
for the good of other Nations, for Tve here are in Gods Befome, a
known. And me,
fo he left
having aflfigned a value of about Two thoufand
Ducats for a Bounty to me, and my Fellows ; for they give great largeflfe
where they come upon all ocealions.

The reft was not perfe&ed*

Magnalia
 1

Bo 3\(e"w Mantis.

iJS^ Sft&y K?*v WS* nVv kiS^SyS^SJa/TrfS w>„v SdM iEy >.t-
*

Magnalia Nature pnecipue quoad

ufus Humanos.

Prolongation of Life.
T%ejlitution of Youth infome degree.
He<Tgtardationof <tAge.
Curing ofDifeafes, counted Incurable.
[zSMitigation of Tain.
<*5\dore eafieandlcfl loathfomeTurgings.

increafing of Strength and ABivity.

increafing of Ability, tofujfer torture or Tain.
i altering of Complexions > and Fatnef\ and LeanneL
—J
I altering of Statures,
altering of Features.
Jncreafing and exalting of the Inlellellual Tarts]
Verfionof bodies intoother'Bodies.
slKlahftig of new Specks.
Transplanting of one Species into another.
Inftruments of DeflruBion, as of War and Toyfon.
Exhilaration of the Spirits y and putting them in goodclifbo'
fition.

Force ofthe Imagination y either upon another Body, or upon

theTSodyitfelf j

Time in Maturations.
Time in Clarifications.
^Acceleration ofTutrefaBion.
DecoBion.
(germination.
SWahjng rich Compo/lsfor the Earth.
Im*
— '.•* .
i vmrnmi^* A-UU-i— I II 1
 3\(j)v Atlantis. 3 1

imprefions of the zAir, andraijing of Tcmpefls.

Great alteration, as in Induration, Emollition, (re.
Turning Crude and Watry Subjlances into Oyly and V acin-
ous Sub fiances.
Drawing of new Foods out of Subjlances not now in ufe.
Mak[ng new 'Threds for Apparel, and new Stuffs, fuch as
1
<
are Paper,(jlafs ,&-c.
J\(atural Divinations.
Deceptions of the Senses.
Greater Tleafures of the Senfes.
^Artificial ^Minerals and (^ements.

FINIS,
/
 iiihd^
*c

NATURAL
T O I S
Century /.

Ig a Pit upon the Sea-fhore , fomewhat above the

High-water Mark, and fink it as deep as the Lovv- Experiments
inConforr,
Water Mark ; And as the Tide cometh in, it will fill touching the
with Water, Frefh and Potable. This is common- Straining ana
Pafiing of Bo-
ly practifed upon the Coaft of Barbarj, where other
dies one tboroiv
Frefh Water is wanting. And Cafar knew this well, another ;n>hkh

when he wasbefieged in Alexandria. ; for by digging they call Per-

colation.
of Pits in the Sea-fhore, he did fruftrate the labori-
ous Works of the Enemies , which had turned the
Sea-water upon the Wells of Alexandria, and fo laved his Army, being
theninDefpcration. But Cafar miftook thecaufe « for he thought that all
Sea-fands had Natural Springs of Frefh-water. But it is plain, that it is the
Sea-water, becaufe the Pit filleth according to the Meafure of the Tide ;

And the Sea-water paffing or ftraining through the Sands, leavcth the
Saltnefs.
I remember Tryal hath been made of Salt-water
to have read, that 2,.

paused through Earth through ten VeiTels, one within another, and yet it
,•

hath not loft his Saltnefs, as to become potable But the fame Man faith, that
:

(by the relation of another) Salt-water drained through twenty Veffels,

hath become frefli. This Experiment feemeth to crois that other of Pits,
made by the Sea-fide and yet but in part, if it be true, that twenty Repeti-
;

tions do the effect. But it is worth the note, how poor the Imitations of
Nature are, in common courie of Experiments, except they be led by great
Judgment, andTome good Light of axioms. For firff, there is no finall
difference between* PalTage of Water through twenty fmallVcirels, and
through fuch adiftance, as between the Low-water and High-water Mark.
Secondly, there is a great difference between Earth andSand for all Earth ;

hath in it akinie of Nitrous Salt from which, Sand is more free: And
,

befides, Earth doth not ftrain the Water fo finely as Sand doth. But there
is athird point, that I fufpect as much, or mare than the other two; and

that is, that in the Experiment of Tranfmifiion of the Sea-water into the Pits,
the Water rifeth but in the Experiment ofTranf?nij?ion of the Water, through
j

the VcfTels, it falleth Now certain it is, that the Salter pare of Water (once
:

B falted
 ; ,;
:

Statural Hiflory
I

falted throughout) goeth to the bottom. And therefore no marvel if the

draining of Water by defcent, doth make it frefli Befides; Idofomcwhat
:

doubt, that the very daftiing of the Water that cometh from the Sea, is
more proper to ftrike ofF the fait part, than where the Water (iidcth of her
own motion.
It feemeth Percolation or Tranfmifiion (which is commonly called Strain.
ing) is a good kinde of Separation, not onely of thick from thin, and grofs
from fine, but of more fubtile Natures ; and vacieth according to the Body,
through which the Tranfmifion is made. As if through a Woollen-bag, the
liquor leaveth the fatnefs; if through Sand, the faltnefs, &c. iheyfpeakof
fevering Wine from Water, paffing it through Ivy-wood, or through other
the like porous body, but Non conftat.
The Gum of Trees (which we fee to be commonly fhining and clear)
is but a fine paifagc, or (training of the Juice of the Tree, through the
Wood and Bark. And in like manner, Cornish 'Diamonds, and Rocl^ Rubies
(which are yet more rcfplendent than Gums ) arc the fine Exudations of
Stone.

J-
^riftotle givcth thecaufe vainly, Why the Feathers of Birds are of more
lively colours than the Hairs for no Bead hath any fine Azure,, or
of Beads ,*

Carnation, or Green Hair. He faith it is, becaufe Birds are more in the
Beams of the Sun than Beads, but that is manifeftly untrue ; for Cattleare
more in oun than Birds, thatlive commonly in the Woods, orinfomc
the
Covert. 1 he true caufe is,that the excrcmentitious moifture of living Crea-
tures, which maketh as well the Feathers in Birds as theHaar in Beads, pafs-
eth in Birds through a finer and more delicate Strainer,than it doth in Beads
For Feathers pafs through Qujlls, and Hair through Skin.
6. The Clarifying of Liquors by Adhefion, is an inward 'Percolation, and is
cfFe&ed, when fome cleaving Body is mixed and agitated with the Liquors ;

whereby the groffer part of the Liquor dicks to that cleaving Body ; and fo
the finer parts are freed from the groffer. So the Apothecaries clarifie their
Syrups by Whites of Egg c > beaten with the Juices which they would clarifie
which whites of Eggs, gather all the dregs and groffer parts of the Juice to
them and after the Syrup being fct on the fire, the whites of Eggsthem-
;

felves harden, and are taken forth. So Ippocraf is clarified by mixing with
Milk, and dirringit about, and then pafling it through a Woollen-bag,
which they call Hippocrates Sleeve j and the cleaving Nature of the Milk,dr*w-
eth the Powder of the Spices, and groflcr parts of the Liquor to it, and in
the paffage they dick upon the Woollen-bag.
The clarifying of Water, is an experiment! tending to Health, befides
thepleafurc of the Eve, when Water is Crydaline. It is effected by cading
in, and placing Pebbles at the head of a Current, that the Water may drain
through them.
8. It may be 'Percolation doth not onely caufe clearnefs andfplendor, but
fwcetnefs of favor i for that alio followeth, as well as clearnefs, when the
finer parts are fevered from the groilcn So it is found, that the fwcats of
men thathavc much heat, andexercife much, and have clean Bodies and
fine Skins, do fmell fweet3 as was faid of Alexander-, and we fee commonly,
9- that Gums have fwect odors.
Experiments
in Confoir,
touching TAkeaGlafs, and put Water into it, and wet your finger, and draw it
Motion of round about the lip of the Glafs, prcfling it fomewhat hard ; and
Bodki upon
their Preffure,
after you have drawn it fome few times about, it will make the Water frisk
and
^y—MB v»— "*»wi
'' " '» ' '
 Century I.

and Iprinkle up in a fine Dew. This inftancedoth excellently demonftratc

the force of Comprefton in a (olid Body. For whenfocver a folid Body (as
Wood, Stone, Metal, &c.) is preifed, there is an inMrard tumult in the parts
thereof, fceking to deliver thcmfelves from the Comprcflion: And this is
the caufc of all Violent Motion. Wherein it is ftrangc in the higheft degree,
that this Motion hath never been obferved, nor enquired it being of all
j

Motions, the moil: common, and the chief root of all t^lec hani cal Operations.
This Motion worketh in round at firft, by way of Proof and Search, which
way to deliver it {elf, and then worketh in Progrcfs^ where it findeth the
deliverance cafieft. In Liquors this Motion is vifiblc for all Liquors ftruck-
;

J|p,
make round circles, and withal dafh, butin Solids (which break not) it is
fo fubtile, as it is invisible ; but nevcrthelefs bewraycth it fclf by many
effects, as in this inftance whereof we (peak. For the 'Prejfurc of the Finger
furthered by the wetting (becaufc it fticketh fo much the better unto the
Lip of the Glafs J afterlome continuance, pnttcth all the fmall parts of the
Glafs into work, that they ftrikc the Water fliarply; from which Tercufwn,
that fprinkling cometh.
If youftrikeor pierce a Silid Body that is brittle, as Glafs or Sugar, it 10.

brcakethnotonely where the immediate force is, butbreakcth all about

into Olivers and filters ; the Motion upon the Prcflurc fearching all ways,
and breaking where it findcth the Body weakeft.
The Powder in Shot being dilated into fuch a Flame, as endureth not ii.

CompreiTion, moveth likewife in round (the Flame being in the nature of

& Liquid Bodj) fomctimes recoyling, fometimes breaking the Pcece, but
generally difcharging the Bullet, becaufe there it findcth eau'eft deliver-
ance.
This Motion upon Preffure, and the Reciprocal thereof, which is Mo- 12.

tionupon Tenfu re; weufctocall (by one common name) Mown of Liber-
ty which is, when any Body being forced to a preternatural Extent or Di-
;

mension, dclivercth and rcftoreth it (htf to the natural As when a blown

:

Bladder (prcfled) rifeth again ; or when leather or Cloth tcnturcd, ipring

back. Thcfe two Motions (of which there be infinity instances) we fhall
handle indue place.
This Motion upon 'Prejfure is excellently alfo demonftratcd in Sounds : l
y
As when one chimeth upon a Bell, it foundeth j but as foon as he layethhis
Jiand upon it, the Sonnd cealeth : And fo, thciound of a Virginal String, as
foon as the Quill of the Jack falleth from it, ftoppcth. For thefe founds arc
produced by the fubtile Pcrcuflionof the Minute parts of the Bell or String
upon the Air; All one, as the Water is cauled to leap by the fubtile PcrcuhV
onof the Minute parts of the Glafs upon the Water t whereof vrc fpake a lit-
tle before in the Ninth Experiment. For you muft not take it to be the local
making of the Bell or String that doth it. As wc (hall fully declare when
We come hereafter to handle Stunds.

TAke a Glafi with a Belly, and a long Neb,

fill the EeHy ( in part ) with

Water: Take alio another whereinto putClaret Wine sad Water

Glafi, Experiments
Contort,
mingled. Rcverfc the firft Glafs, with the Belly upwards, (topping the in
touching Se-
Neb with your Finger > then dip the mouth of it within the fecond Glafs, parations of
and remove your Finger. Continue it in that pofture for a time, and it Sodiet by
weight.
willunmingle the Wine from the Water; the Wine afcending andietlingin
the top of the upper Glafs, and the Water defce.nding and fetling in the
bottom of the lower Glafs. The paflage is apparent to the Eye ; for
B 2. yoti
 :

ZSQitural Hi/lory;

you fhall fee the Wine,

as it were, inafmallvein, rifingthrough the Water.
JFor handfomnefs fake (becaufe the working rcquireth fome fmall time;
it were goodyou hang the upper Glafi upon a Nail. But as foon as there
is gathered lo much pure and unmixed Water in the bottom of the lower
Glafi, as that the Mouth of the upper Glaf? dippeth into it , the Motion
ceafcth.
Let the upper Glafi be Wine, and the lower Water there followed no
;

Motion at all. Let the upper Glafi be Water pure,the lower Water coloured,
or. contrariwise there followeth no Motion at all. But it hath been tryed,
that though themixtureof Wine and Water, in the lower Glafi, be three
parts Water, and but one Wine,- yet it dothnot dead the Motion. This fe*
paration of Water and Wine appcareth to be made by weight for it muff ;

be of Bodies of unequal weight, or elfe it worketh not and the heavier;

Body muftcver be in the upper Glafi. But then note withal, that the water
being made penfible, and there being a great weight of Water in the Belly
of the Glafi, fuftained by a fmall Pillar of Water in the r.eck of the Glafi it ;

is that whichi'etteth the Motion on work: For Water and Wine in one Glafi,

w ith long (landing, will hardly fever.

i6. T his Experiment would be extended from mixtures of feveral Liquors
to Simple Bodies, which confift of feveral fimiliar parts Try it therefore
:

with Broyn or Salt-water and Fresh- water, placing the Salt-vvater (which
is the heavier) in the upper Glafi, and fee whether the frefti will come above.

Try it alio with Water thick Sugred, and pure Water and fee whether ;

the Water which cometh above, will lofe his fu eetnefs For which pur- :

pofe, it were good there were a little Cock made in theBelly of the upper
Glaf.

Bodies containing fine Spirits, which do eafily diflipate when you make
l 7-

Experiments
INinfufions the Rule is, A fhortftay of the Body inthe Liquor receiveth the
;

in Conlorti
Spirit, and a longer ftay confoundeth it becaufe it draweth forth the
;
touching /«-
dido us and Earthy part withal, which embafeth the finer. And therefore it is an Er-
Accurate In-
ror in Phyfitians, to reft limply upon the length of ftay for encreafing the
fufions-, both
in Liquors, 2nd vcrtue. But if you will have the Infufion ftrong, in thofekindeof Bodies,
which have fine Spirits, your way is not to give longer time, but to repeat
the Infufion of the Body oftner. Take fiolets, andinfufe a good Pugil of
them in a Quart of Vinegar, let them ftay three quarters of an hour, and
take them forth, and refrefh the Infufion with like quantity of new Violets
feven times, and it will make a Vinegar (b frefh of the Ylower, as if a Twelve-
moneth after it be brought you in a Saucer, youfhallfmellitbeforeit come
at you. Note, that it fmelleth more per edly of the Flower a good while
after, then atfirft.
18. Thi^ Rule which wehavegiven> is of lingular ufe for the preparations
of Medicines, and other Infufions. As for example, the Leaf of Burrage hath
an excellent Spirit, to reprefs the fuliginous vapor of Dusky Melancholy,
and fo to cure Madnefs But neverthelefs, if the Leaf be infufed long, it
:

ycildeth forth but a raw fubftance of no vertue: Therefore Ifuppofe, that

if in the Mult of Wine or Wort of Beer, while it worketh before it be Tunned,

the Burrage ftay a fmall time, and be often changed with f relh, it will make
a foveraign Drink for Melancholy Pafiions. And the like I conceive of Orange
Flowers.
19. Rubarb hath manifeftly in it Parts of contrary Operations Parts that :

purge, and parts that binde the Body and the firftlay loofer, and thelatter lay
;

deeper
 ,

Century L
deeper, So that if you infuie Rubarb foranhour, andcrufhit well, it will
-

purge better, and binde the Body lefs after the purging, than if it flood
Twenty iour hours: Thisistried, butl conceive likevvife, that bv repeat-
ing the Infufionof Eubarb, feveral times (as was faid of Violets) lectino-
each flav in but a fm all time you may make it as ftrong aPurging Medi-
,

cine, as Scammony. And it is not afmallthing won in phyfick., if you can

make Rubarb, and other Medicines that are Beneditt, as ftrong Purgers, as
thofe that arc not without fome malignity.
Turning Medicines, for the moft part, h ave their 'Purgative Venue lit a fine ZO.
Spirit, as appearcth by that they indurc not boiling, withoutmuch lois of
vertue. AnJthereforeitis of goodulc in Pbyfick,it you can retain the Pur-
ging of Vertue, and takeaway the unpleafant taflc of the Purger ; "which
it is like you may do, by this courfeof infufing oft with little flay. For it is
probable, that the horrible and odious tafte is in the groiVerpart.
Generally, the working by Infufions is grols and blind, except you firft 21.
try the lfluing of the feveral parts of the Body, which of them lflue more
fpeedily, and wJhich more flowly and fo by apportioning thetime, can
;

take and leave that quality which yftu defire. This to know, there be two
ways; the one to try whatlong flay, and whatftrort llay worketh, as'hath
been faid the other to trv, in order, thefucceeding Infufions, of one and
;

the fame Body, fucceflively, in feveral Liquors. As for example, Take

Orange-^Pilh, or Rofemary, orCinvamon, or whatyou will and let them in-;

fufe half an hour in Water then take them out, and infufe them again in
j

other Water and fo the third time

; and then tafte and confider the firft
;

Water, the fecond, and the third, and you will findc them differing, not one-
ly in flrengthand weaknefs, but otierwifc in tafte, or odor for it may be ;

the firft W
ater will have more of the fent, as more fragrant ; and the fecond
more more bitter orbiting, &c.
of the tafte, as
Co we may callOdors) have the lame diverfities with
Air (for 22.
Infufions in

infufions in Wmer in that the feveral Odors (wnicliare in one Flower, or

;

other Body; iffuc at feveral times, iome earlier, fome later: So we find e,
that Violets, Woodbines, Strawberries, yield a pleafing fent, that cometh forth
firft
; but foonafcer an ill fent quite differing from the former. Which is
caufed not Co much by mellowing, as by the late ifluing of thegrofler li
•

v
Spirit.
As we may defire to extract the fined Spirits in fome cafes; fowemay 23.
defirealio to difchargethem (as hurtful) infomeother. So Wine burnt,by
i
rcafonof the evaporating of the finer Spirit, inflameth lefs, and isbeft in
Agues Opium lecfeth fome of his po^ fonous qualitv, if itbe vapored out,
:

mingled with Spirit of Wine, or the like : Sean leefeth fome what' of his
windinefs b decoding and (generally) fiibtile or windy Spirits are taken
.
;

off by Incenfion, or Evaporation. And even in Infufions in things that are

of toohighai'pirit, you were better pour oft the firft lnfufion, afterafmall
time, and ufe the latter.

BUbbles are in the form of an Hemifpherc Air within,and a little Skin ; 24.
of Water without And it feemeth fomewhat ftrangc, that the Air
:
Experiment
Solitary
fhould rifefofwiftly, while it isinthe Water; and when it cometh to the touching the
top, fhould be ftaid by fb weak acovcr, as that of the Bubble is. But as appetite OJ
Continuation
forthc fwiftafcentof the t^Air, while it is under the Water, that is a
in Li^niit-
motion cfPercuffion from the Water, which it felf defcending, driveth
up the i^/iir ; and no motion of Levity in die ^Air. And this 'Demomm
B x called
 . .

D\(atural Hi (lory ;

called Moms Plaga. In this common Experiment, the caufe of the cnclolure
of the Bubble is for that the Appetite to refift Separation, or Difcontinu-
ance (which in folid Bodies though fainter and is ftrong) is alfo in Liquors,
weaker :As we fee in this of the Bubble we fee it alfo in little Glades of ,•

Spittle that Children make of Ruflies and in Caftles of Bubbles, which ;

they make by blowing into Water, having obtained a little degree of

Tenacity by Mixture of Soap: fee it alfo in the StiUicides of Water, We
which, be Water enough to follow, will draw thcmlelves into a
if there
fmallThred, becaufe they will difcontinue ; but if there be no remedy,
then they caft themfelves into round Drops ; which is the Figure, that
faveth the Body moft from Difcontinuance The famereafon is of the, :

Roundnefs of the Bubble, as well for the Skin of Water, as for the Air with-
in For the -/f/rlikewifeavoideth 'Discontinuance and therefore cafteth it ;

felfinto a round Figure. And for the flop and arreftof the An a little
while, it nheweth, that the t^dir of it felf hath little, or no Appetite of
Afcending.

Experiment
Solitary ,
T He Rejection, which I continually ufe, of Experiments (though it ap-
pearcth not) is infinite ; but yet if an Experiment be probable in the
touching the Work, and of great ufe, I receive it, but deliver it as doubtful. It was
making of
reported by a fober man, that an Artificial spring may be made thus: Finde
^frtifictal
Springs. out ahanging Ground, where there isa good quickFall of Rain-water. Lay
a Half-Troughof Stone, of a good length, three or four foot deep with-
in the fame Ground; with one end upon the high Ground, the other upon
thclow. Cover the Trough with Brakes a good thicknefs, and caft Sand
upon the top of the Brakes You fball fee (faith he) that after fome fhowres :

are paft, the lower end of the Trough will be like a Spring of Water ; which
is no marvel, if it hold, while the Rain-water lafteth but he faid it would j

continuelong time after the Rain is paft As if the Water did multiply it :

felf upon the Air, by the help of the Coldnefs and Condenfation of the
Earth, and the Confort of thefirft Water.

c
(which put off the name of the
16.
Experiment
THe French
oi the Difeafeof Naples) do That report,
French Difeafe i unto the
at the fiege of Naples, there
name
Solitary?
touching the
were certain wicked Merchants that barrelled up Mans Flesh (of fome that
Venomom had been lately (lain in Barbarj) and fold it for Tunnej and that, upon ;

quality of
Mans Flejk.
that foul and high Nourishment, was the Original of that T)ifeafe. hich W
may well be -
r Fot that it is certain, that the Canibals, in the VV eft-Indies, eac
xJMans Flesh andthe VVeft-lndies were full of the Pox when they were firft
;

(discovered And at this day the Mortaleft pojfons, pracrifed by tkis I'lefl-Intti*
:

ans r havefome mixture of the Blood, or Fat, or Flefh of Man*- And divers
Witches, and Sbrcerefles, as well amongft the Heathen, as amongft the
Chriftians, have fed upon Mansflefh, to aid (as it feemeth) their Imagination,

with high and foul Vapors. *

2 7. T feemeth that there be thefe ways (in likelihood) of Verfton of Vapors

Experiment bv 4iA it, into Walter and Moifture. 1 he firftis cold, which doth mani-
Solitary,
touching* the
tfeftlfy Comdenfe ; as we fee in the contracting of the Air in the Weather-
Vffi<n and Glafs ,-
whereby it is a degree nearerto Water. fee it alfo in the Gene* We
TranfmMiifti-
ration of Springs, which the %y4ncwits:thought (Very probably) to be made by
etiof .*4$r in-
to Wattr. the terfion of Air into Water, holpen by the Reft, which thc^Air hath in
thofe parts, whereby it cannot diflipate. And by the coldnefs of Bocks ; fof
"r- .. tM< —*„+. -..r —. , ,- - —. .^..
there
t
 .

Century I.
"

~ i
i

there Springs are chiefly generated. We fee it alfo in the Effecls of i he Cold
of the Middle Region (as they call which produccth *Z)m
it) of the Air ;

and Rams. And the Experiment of turning Water into Ice, by Snow, Ni-
tre, and Salt /'whereof we fhall fpeak hereafter) would be transferred to the
turning of Air into Water. The fecond way is by Comprefwn ; as in StilU-
t tones, v here the Vapor is turned back, upon it felf, by the Encounter of

the Sides of the Stillatorj and in the CD^tv upon the Covers of Boiling Tots
; ;

and in the Tie-* towards Rain, upon Marble, and VVainfm. But this is like to
do no great effect; except it be upon Vapors, andgrofs Air, that are al-
ready very near, in Degree to Water, f he third is that, which may be
fearched into, but doth not yet appear which is, by Minglingof moift ;

Vapors with Air and trying if they * ill not bring a Return of more Wa-
;

ter, than the Water was at firft For if fo, That Increafe is a Verfion of the
:

Air; Therefore put Water into the bottom of a StilUtorj, with the Neb
flopped j weightheVVatcrhYft; hang in the Middle of the VtiUatory a large
Spunge and fee what quantity of Water you can crufh out of it,- and A hat
j

it is, more, orlefs, compared with the Vvaterfpenr for you muft under- j

hand, that if any Verfion can be wrought, it will beeahTydone infmall

Pores And that is the reafon why we prefcribe a Spunge.
: The fourth way
is probable alfo, though not appearing; which is, by receiving the Air into
the fmall Tores of Bodies ; For (as hath been faid) everything in fmall quan-
tity is more eafie for Verfion ; and Tangible Bodies have no plealureinthe
confort of Air, but endeavor tofubacT: it into a more 1)enfe Body But in :

Entire Bodies it is checked; becaufe, if the y^jr fhould Condenfe, there is no-
thing tofuccecd Therefore it muft be in loofe Bodies, as Sand, and Pow-
:

der, which we fee, if they lie dofe, of themfelvcs gather Moifture.

reported by fome of
is Whclps.or the Ancient, That
Creatures, other z8.
IT
if they be put young into fucha Cage, or Box, as they cannot rife to their Experiment
Solitary,
Stature, but may increafe in breadth or length, will grow accordingly, as touching the
they can get room; which, and feafible, and that the young
if it be true FJdft to-
wards the
Creature io preile4,and ftrcightned, doth not thereupon die it is a means ;
Beauty and
to produce ID-toarf Creatures, and in a ver*y ftrange Figure. This is certain, good Features
and noted long fincc, That the Preflurc'ot Forming of Parts of Creatures, of Perfuns.

when they are very young, doth alter the fhape not a little As the ftroak- :

ingof the Heads of Infants, between the Hands, was noted of old, to make
Macro cephalic which fhape of the Head, at that time, was efteemed. And
the railing gently of the Bridge of theNofe, doth prevent the Deformity
of a Saddle Nofe. Which observation well weighed, may teach a means,
to make the Perfbns of Men and Women, in many kindes, more comely
and better featured, than other wife they would be; by the Forming and
Shaping of them in their Infancy: As b^ Stroaking up the Calves of the
Legs, to keep them from falling down too low ; and by Stroaking up the
Forehead, to keep them from being low Foreheaded. And itis a common
practice to f athe Infants, thatthey may grow more ftraight, and better
v 19.
fhaped; and #'e fee young Women, by wearing ftraight Bodics,keep them- Experiments
Solitary,
felvcsfrom being Grofs and Corpulent. touching the
CondenUng of
>4ir in fuch
ONions, many of them fhoot forth; and fo will Penny- fort as it may
as they hang, will
royal ; an Herb called Orpin; with which they ufe, in the put on
and fo will
Countrey to trim their Houfcs
, binding, it to a Lath,: or Stick, and Weight, and
,
yield Nettrijh-
fetting it againft a Wall. VVe fee it like wile, more efpccially, in the greater mem 1

?emper-
..~ . ..,.
 ; ;

Z\(atural Hi/lory

Semper-vive, which putout Branches, two or three years But it is true,

will :

that commonly they wrap the Root in a cloth befmcared with Oyl and
;

renew it once in a half year. The like is reported by fome of the An-
cients of the ftalks of Lillies. 1 he caufe is, foe that thefe Tlants have a
ftrong denfe, and fucculent moifture, which is not apt to exhale and fo
;

is able, from the old (lore, without drawing help from the Earth, to fuffice;

thefproutingof the Plant And this fprouting is chiefly in the late Spring,
:

or early Summer ; which are the times of putting forth. We fcealfo,

that ftumps of Trees, lying out of the Ground, will put forth Sprouts for
a time. But it is a noble tryal, and of very great confequence, to try
whether thefe things, in the fprouting, do encreafe weight which muft be
;

tryed, by weighing them before they be hanged up ; and afterwards again,

when they are fproutcd. For they increafe not in weight, then it is no
if
more but this , That what they fend forth in the fprout, they leefe in fome
other part; but if they gather weight, then ic is tJMagnale Nature For it
:

fheweth, thato/2«rmay bemade fotobecondenfed, as to be converted in-

to a denfe Body ; whereas the race and period of all things, here above the
Earth, is to extenuate and turn things to be more pneumatical, and rare ;
and not to be retrograde, frpm pneumatical to that which is denfe. It
fheweth alfo, that Air can nourifh ; which is another great matter of con-
fequence. Note, that to try this, the Experiment of the Semper-vive, muft
be made without oyling the cloth; for die, it may be, the Plant receivcth
nourifhment from the Oyl,

30. FLame and Air do not mingle, except itbein an inftant ; or in jthe Vital
Experiment Spirits of vegetables, and living Creatures. In Gunpowder, the force of
Solitary, it hath beenafcribed to rarefaction of the earthly fubftance into Flame.
touching the
Cmmixture of
And thus far if is true; and then (forfooth) it is become another Element j

Flame and the form whereof occupieth more place; and fo, of Neceflity, followeth
^fir, and the
great force
a Dilatation : And therefore, left two Bodies fhould be in one place,
theieof. there muft needs alio follow an Expulfion of the Pellet, or blowing up
of the Mine. But thefe are crude and ignorant fpeculations For flame,:

if there were nothingelfe, excepMt were in a very great quantity, will be

fuftocate with any hard body, fuch as a Pellet is, ortheBariclof a Gun
fo as the fiame would not expel the hard body , but the hard bodj would kill
the flame, and not fufFcr it to kindle, or fpred. Butthecaufeof this fo po-
tent a motion is the Nitre (which we call otherwife Salt-Jeter) which
having in it a notable crude and windy Spirit, firft by the heat of the Fire
fuddenly dilateth it fclf (and we know that fimple Air, being prcterna-
j

turally attenuated by heat, will make itfelf room, and break, and blow
up that which refiftethit.) And fecondly, when the Nitre hathdilated it
felf, it bio weth abroad the flame as an inuard Bellows. And therefore we
fee that Brimflone , 'Pitch Camphire, Uildfire, and divers other inflamable
,

matters though they burn cruelly, and are hard to quench, yet they make
;

no fuch fiery wind, as Gunpowder doth : And on the other ficc, wefeethat
Quhk:flher ( which is a moft crude and watryBody) heated, and pent in,
hath the like force with Gunpowder. . As for living Creatures, it is certain,
their Vital Spirits are a fubftance compounded of an airy and flamy mat-
ter; and though Air and Flame, being free, will not well mingle; yet
bound in by a Body that hath fome h"xing,they will.For that you may beft fee
in thofe two Bodies (which are their Aliments) Water and Oyl-> for they
likewifc will not well mingle of themfelves, but in the Bodies of Plants,
and ,
 Century I.

and Living Creatures, they will. It is no marvel therefore, that a (malljguan-

tity of Spirits, in the Cells of the Brain, and Canriah of the Sinews, are able

to move a whole Body (which is of fo great mafs) both with fo great force,
as in Wreftling, Leaping; and with fo great fwiftnefs, as in playing Divifi-
on upon the Lute: Such is the force of thefe two Matures, Air and Flame
when they incorporate.

TAkca [mall Wax-Candle, and put it in a Socket of Brafs or Iron, then 31.
upright in a Porringer full of Spirit of Wine, heated i then fet
fet it Experiment
Solitary,
both the Candle, and Spirit of Wine on fire, and you fhall fee the flame of touching the
the Candle open it fclf, and become four or five-times "bigger-then other- Secret Nature

have been, and appear in figure Globular,, and not in Pyramis. of Flame.
wife would
it

You fliall fee alfo, that the inward flame of the Candle keepeth colour, and
doth not wax any whit blew towards thecolour of the outward flame of
the Spirit of Wine. This is a noble inftance, wherein two things are molt
remarkable the one, that one flame within another quencheth not, but is
;

a fixed Body, and continueth as Air or Vyater do> and therefore flame would
Hill afcend upwards in one greatnefs, if it were not quenched on the fides ;

and the greater the flame is at the bottom, the higher is the rife. The other,
that FJamedoth notmingle with Flame, as Air doth with Air, or Water
with Water, but onely remaineth contiguous as it cometh to pafs be-
;

twixt Confijiing Bodies. It appeareth alfo, that the form of a PyramisIn

Flame, which we ufually fee, is meerly by accident, and that the Air about,
by quenching the fides of the Flame, crufheth it, and extcnuateth it into
that form for of it felf, it would be round
; And therefore Smoak is in
:

the figureof Pyramis reverted; for the Air quencheth the Flame, andre-
2.

ceiveth the Smoak. Note alfo, that the flame of the Candle, within the
flame of the Spirit of Wine, is troubled; and doth not onely open and move
upwards, but moveth waving, and to and fro As if Flame of his own Na-
:

ture (if it were not quenched) would roul and turn as well as move up-
wards. By all which it fhould feem, that the Celeflial Bodies (moil of them)
are true Fires or Flames, as the Stoicks held more fine (perhaps) and rari-
;

ficd, than our flame is. For they are all Globular and Deternate, they have
Rotation, and they have the colour andfplendor of Flame So that Flame
:

above, is durable and confiftcnt, and in his natural place; but with us, it
is aftranger, and momentany and impure, like Vulcan that halted with his

fall-

TAkc an Arro-vv^ and hold it in Flame for the fpace of ten Pulfes; and 32.
Experiment
when it cometh forth, you fliall finde thofe parts of the Arrow which
Solitary>
were one the outfides of the Flame, more burned, blacked, and turned al- touching the
moftinto aCoal whereas that in the midft of the flame, will beasif the
; Different force
tf Flame in the
fire had fcarce touched it. This is an inftance of great confequence for the and on
midft,
difcoveryof the nature of Flame, and fhewethmanifeftly, that Flame burn- the fides.

etii more violently towards thejides, then inthe midft: And, which is
more, that Heat or Fire is not violent or furious but where it is checked and
pent. And therefore the Peripateticks (howfoever their opinion oi an Ele-
ment of Fire, above the Air, is juftly exploded ) in that point thev acquit
themfclves well For being oppofed, that if there were a fphere of Fire,
:

that incompafled the Earth fo near hand, it were impofllble, but all things
fhould be burnt up they anfwer, that the pure Elemental Fire, in his own
;

place, and not irritate, is but of a moderate heat.

 ;

lO 3\£atural Hi(lory

is affirmed constantly by many, as an ufual Experiment, That a lump of

Experiment
IT
Vrc, in the bottom of a Mine, will be tumbled andftirrcd by two Mens
Solitary'
ftrength ; which it you bring it to the top of the Earth, will ask fix Mens
touching the
Otcrcaft of the ftrength atthe leaft to ftir it. It is a noble inftancc, and is fit to be tryed to
Natural Ma- the full For it is very probable, that the Motion of Gravity worketh Weakly,
:
lion of Gravi
ty in gnat both far from the Earth, and alfo within the Earth: The former, becaufc the
diflance from appetite of Union of Denfe Bodies with the Earth, in refpectof thediftance
the Earth or
is more dull. The lattcr, bccaufe the Body hath in part attained his nature,
i

within fount ;

depth of tht when it is fome depth in the Earth. For as for the moving to a point or place
Earth.
(which was the opinion of the Antiems) it is a meer vanity.

how the \jim\enu tookup Experiments upon credit, and yet did
34-
Experiment ITbuildftrange,
is

great Matters upon them. The obfervation of fome of the Deft of

Solitary,
touching the them, delivered confidently, is, T hat a Vcflcl filled with A (kef, will rcceivb
Contraction of the like quantity of Watcr,that it would have done if it had been empty.But
badiei in bulkj
this is utterly untrue, for the Water will not go in by a fifth part; and Ifup-
by tht mixtnrt
Hf the more pofc, that that fifth part is the difference of the lying clofe, oropenofthe
Liquid Body,
with thi more
Afhes ; as we
T
fee, that Afliei alone, if they be hard preffed, will lie in lefs

Solid, room and fo the Afhcs with Air between,

; loofcr, and with Water lie

clofer. For I have not ret found certainly, that the Water it fclf by mix-
ture of Allies or Duft, will flirink or draw into lefs room.

is reported of credit , That if you good ftoteof -Kernels of Grapet>

lay
3f'
Experiment
ITabout the Root of a Vine, it will make the Vine come earlier, and pro (per
Solitary.
touching the
better. It may
be tried with other Kernels, laid about the Root of a Tlant of
Makjngf'intt the fame kinde as Figs, Kernels of Apples, &c. 1 he caufe may be, for that the
j

mart fruitful.
Kernels draw out of the Earth Juice fittonourifh the Tree, asthofethat
would be Trees of themfelvcs, though there were no Root; but the Root
being of greater ftrength, robbeth and devourcth the nouriflimcnr, when
they have drawn it; as great Fiflics devour little.

3*.
Experiments
THe operation of
thought be great Secret to a
and the caufes thereof, have been
^Purging Medicines,
fo according to the flothful manner ; and
in Confoit,
touching of Men, it is referred to a Hidden Propriety, a Specified Pertue, and a Fourth
Purging Me- Quality and the like fhifts of Ignorance.
, The Caufes of Purging , are
dicinti.
divers, All plain and pcrfpicuous, ancfthroughly maintained by experience.
Thcfirftis, That whatfoever cannot be overcome and digeftcd by the
Stomack, is by the Stomack, cither put up by Vomit, or putdown to the
Guts and by that Motion of Expulfion in the Stomack and Guts, other
j

Parts of the Body (as the Orifices of the Veins, and the like) arc moved to ex-
pel by Confcnt : For nothing is more frequent then Motion of Confent in the
Body of CMan. This Surcharge of the Stomack, is caufed cither by the
Quality of the Medicine, or by the Quantity. 1 he Qualities are three,
Extream Bitter, as in Aloes, Coloquintida y &s. Loatbfome, and of horrible tafte,
as in isfgtrikj, Black^Hellebore, &c. And o£ fecret CMalignity, and difagrec-
ment towards ifflans Body , many timcVnot appearing much in the tafte,
as in Scammony, CMachoacbam, Antimony, &c. And note Well, that if there
be any Medicine that and hath neither oi the firft two tJWanifefl
Purgeth ,

Qualities istobcheldfufpefted asa kinde of Poyfon ; Forthat it worketh

,

either by Corrofxon or by a fecret Malignity and Enmity to Nature

, and , ;

therefore fuch Medicines arc wanly to be prepared an i ufed. The quantity

of that which is taken, doth alfo caufe Purging as we fee in a great quan- ,

tity of new Milk from the Cow, yea, and a great quantity of Meat For :

.
Surfeits
 ;

Century /. 1 I

Surfeits many time* turn to Target both upwards and downwards. There-
,

fore we Tee generally, that the working of ^Purging Medicines cometh two
or three hours afterthc Medicines taken For that the Stomack^Hxd maketh a :

proof, whether it can concod them. And the like happeneth after Surfeits,
or Milk in too great quantity.
A feeond caufc is CMordication of the of the Parts, efpccially of Orifices 37-
the CMefentery Veins as ; or any fuch thing that is fharp and
it is feen, that Salt,
biting, put into the Fundament, doth provoke the part to expel, and Mufard
ppovoketh fneezing and any (harp thing to the eyes provoketh tears. And
,•

therefore we fee, that almoit all Turgers have akindeof twitching and vel-
lication, befides the griping which cometh of wind. And if this CMordi-
cation be in an over-high degree, better than the Cerofion of Pojfon
it is little >

and it cometh to pafs fometimes in Antimony , efpecially if it be given ro

Bodies not repleat with humors j for where humors abound, the humors
fave the parts.
The third caufe is xyiura&ion : For I do not deny, but that Purging Me. £
dicines have in them a direct force of Attraction Drawing-PUifters have ; as
in Surgery And we fee Sage, or Bittony bruifed, Snee^ing-po^der, and other Pon-
:

ders or Liquors (Wnich the Thyfitians call Errbines) put into the Nule , draw

Flcgmand Water from the Head and fo it is in Apophlegmatifms and Gar-; \

garifms that draw the Rheume down by the Palat. And by this vertue, no
doubt, fume Turgers draw more one humor, and fome another, according to
the opinion received As -Z&^r&drawethCholer, Sean Melancholy, Aga-
:

rack^Vlegm,dcc. butyet (more or lefs) they draw promiicuouflv. Andnote

alio, that besides Sympathy between the Purger and the Humor, there is alfo
another caufe, why fome Medicines draw fome humor more than another
and it is, forthatfome ^Medicines work quicker than others and they that i

diaw quick, draw onely the lighter, and more fluid humors they that draw ;

(low, work upon the more tough, and vifcuous humors. And therefore,
men muft beware how they take Rubarb, and the like, alone, familiarly for ;

it taketh onely the lighten; part of the humor away, and leaveth the Mafs

of Humors more obftinate. And the like may befoidoUVorm-feood, which

it fo much magnified.
The fourth caufe For wind ftirred, movcth to expel and
is Flatuojity : j
fr
wefinde that havejnthem a raw Spirit or Wind, which
(in effecV) all Purgers
is the principal caufe ofl'ortion in the Stomack and Belly. And therefore

TurgerslceCc (moftof them) the virtue, by decoction upon the fire,- and for
Powder.
that caufe are chiefly given in Infufion, Juyce, or
The fifth caufe is Contprefiton or Crufhing: As when Water is crufhed 40.
out of a Spunge So we fee that taking cold moveth loofnefs by contraction
:

of the Skin, and outward parts; and fodoth Cold like wife caufe Rheums
andDefluclions from the Head, and fome t_Afiringem PLtijlers exuih outpu-
rulent Matter. This kinde of operation is not found inmany Medicines :

LMiraboUnes have and it may be the Barkjof Peaches for this vertue re-
it, ;

quireth an Aftrittim, but fuch znAflriclion, as is notgntetul to the Body

(for a pleafing <_Aftric~lion doth rather binde in the humors, than ex-
pel them ) And therefore fuch Aflriclion is found in things of an harrilh
:

tafte.
The fixth caufe is Lubrefaclion and Relaxation : As we fee in Medicines
Emollient, fuch as are C^lil^ Honey Mallows, Lettuce, Mercurial, Pellimj of
,

the IVaH, and others. There is alio a fecret vertue of Relaxation of Cold ; for
ihe keat of the Body bindeth the Parts and Humors together, which
Cold
 ;

12 3\(atural Hiflory

Cold, relaxeth As it is feen in Vrine, Blood, Cottage, or the like which, if they
: ;

be cold, break and diflblvc. And by thiskinde of Relaxation, Fear loofneth

the Belly; becaufc the heat retiring inwards towards the Heart, the Guts,
and other parts are relaxed in the fame manner as Fear alio caufeth trem-
;

bling in the Sinews. And of this kinde of Purgers arc fome CMedicints made
of mercury.
4*. Thefeventhcaufeis ^yibflerfion, which is plainly a fcouringoff, or Inczfion
of the more vifcuous humors, and making the humors more fluid, and cutting
between them, and the part ; as is found in Nitrous Water, which fcoureth
Linnen-Cloth (fpeedily) from the foulnefs. But this latijion mult be by a
Skarpnefi, without Aftrittion; which we findc in Salt, Worm-mod, Oxymel, and
the like.
43- There be Medicines that move Stools, and not Prize ; fome other f»w,
and not Stools. IhokthatTurge by Stool, are fuch as enter not at
or little all,

into the CMefentery Veins but either at the firft, are not digeftible by the
;

Stomack, and therefore move immediately downwards to the Guts or elfe ;

are afterwards rejected by the CMefentery Veins, and fo turn likewife down-
wards to the Guts and of thefe two kindes, are moft Purgers. But thofc that
;

move Vrine are fuch as are well digefted of the Stomack, and well received
,

alfo of the Me fernery Veins fo they come as far as the Liver, which fendeth
;

Vrine to the Bladder, as the Whey of Blood And thofc eJMedicines, being open-
:

ing and piercing, do fortific the operation of the Liver, in fending down
the Wheyey part of the Blood to the Reins. For Medicines Urinative do not
work by rejection and indigeftion, asSolutive do.
44' There be divers Medicines, which in greater quantity move Stool, and
in fmaller, Urine ; and fo contrariwife, fome that in greater quantity move
Urine, andin fmaller Stool. Of the former iottis Rubarb, and fome others.
The caufc is, forthat Rubarb iszMedic'me, which the Stomack in a fmall
quantity doth digeft, and overcome (being notFlatuous nor Loathfomc,)
andfo fendeth it to the Mefemery Veins and fo being opcning,ithelpcth down
;

Urine: But in agreater quantity, the Stomack cannoe overcome it, and
fo itgocth to the Guts. Pepper, by fome of the Ancients, is noted to be of trie
fecondfort; which being in fmall quantity, moveth wind in the Stomack
or Guts, and fo expelled by Stool but being in greater quantity, diffipateth
;

the wind, and it felf gettcth to the Mefentery Veins, andfo to the Liver and
Reins where, by Heating and Opening, it fendeth down Urine more
;

plentifully.

4J-
Experiments
in Confort,
WE
r
have fpoken of Evacuating of the Body , we will now fpeak fome-
thing or the filling of it by Reftoratives in Confu?nptions and Emaciating
touching
Difeafes. In Vetsgables, there is one part that is morenourifhing than
Meats and another as Grains and Roots nourifli more than the Leaves, infomuch as
;

Drink* that the Order of the Foiiauns was put down by the^Pope, as finding Leaves un-
are moft nou-
rifhing.
able to nourifh Mans Body. Whether there be that difference in the
Flefh of Living Creatures, is not well enquired j as whether Livers, and
other Entrails, be not more nourifhing than the outward Flefh. Wefinde
that amongft the Romans, a Goofes Liver was a great delicacy infomuch/ ,•

as they had artificial means to make it fair, and great but whether it were
>•

more nourifhing, appeareth not. It is certain, that tJUarro^ is more

nourifhing than Fat. And I conceive, that fome decodion of Bones and
Sinews, ftamped and well ftrained, would be a very nourifhing Broth We :

finde alfo, that Scotch Skj»ck.(\\hich is a Pottage of firong nourifhment) is

made
 Century L [13
madewith the Knees and Sinews of Beef, butlong boiled : Jelly alfo, which
they ufe for a Reftorative, is chiefly made of Knuckles of Veal. The Pulp,
that is within the Crafifh or Grab, which they fpice and butter, is more
noutifliing then the flefti of the Crab, orCrafifh. The Yolks of Eggs are
clearly more noutifliing than the Whites. So that it fliouldfeem, that the
parts of Living Creatures that lie more inward?, ncurifh more than the out*
wardflefb; except it be the Brain, which the Spirits prey too much upon, to
leave it any great vertue of nourifhing. It feemeth for the nourishing of aged

Men, or Men in Confumptions, fome fueh thingihould be devifed, as fhould

be half Cty/j«,before it be put into the ftomach.
Take two large Capons, perboil them upon a (oft fire, by the fpace of
an hour or more, tillinefTeft all the Blood be gone^ Add in the decoction
thePillof aSweet-Lemmon, or a good part of thePill of a Citron, and a
littleMace. CujofT the Shanks, and throw them away then with a good 5

ftrongChopping-knife, mince the twoCapons, Bones and all, asfmallas

ordinary minced Meat; put them into a large neat Boulter, then take a Kil-
derkin, (weer, and well feafoned, of four Gallons of Beer of Eight millings
ftrergth, new asitcometh from the Tunning; make in the Kilderkin a great
Bung-hole of purpofe, then thruft into it, the Boulter (in which the Capons
are; drawn out in length ; let it deep in it three days and three nights^ the
Bung-hole open to work, then elofe the Bung hole, and fo let it continue a
day and a half, then draw it into Bottles, and you may drink It well after
three days Bottling, and it will laft fix weeks ("approved). It drinketh frefli,
flowreth, and mantleth exceedingly, it drinketh not newifh at all, it is an
excellent drink for a Confumption to be drunk either alone, or carded with
fome other Beer. It quencheth thirfr, and hath no whit of windinefs. Note,
that it is not poflible, that Meat and Bread, either in Broths, or taken with
Drink, as is ufed, mould get forth into the Veins, and outward Parts, fo
finely, and eafily, as when it is thus incorporate, and made almoft a Cbjlus
afocehand.
Tryal would be made of the like Brew with 'Potado- Roots, or Bur-Roots, 47-
or the Pith of <^4rtichoakt> which are nourifhing Meats: It may betryed al-
<
fo,with other flefh 5 zsphefant, PMridge,Toung Pork> Pig* Venifon, efpecially o'f

Toung TJcer, &c.

Pi CWsrtrefi made with the Braym of Capons, ftamped, and drained, and 48.
mingled (after it is made) with like quantity, at the leaft, of Almond Butter; is

an excellent Meat to nourifh thofe that are weak, better than Black-Manger
or Jelly :And fo is the Cullice of Cockt, boiled thick with rhe like mixture of
Almond Butter For the Mortrefs or Cullice of itfelf, is more favory and
:

ftrong, and not lb fit for nourifhing of weakBodies, but the Almonds that
are not of fo high a tafte asflefh, do excellently qualifie it.
Indian Maiz. hath (of certain) an excellent Spirit of Nourifhmenf 3 but it 49*
muft be throughly boiled, and made intoaMaiz-Cream like a Barley-Cream.
I judge the fame of Rice, made into a Cream for Rice is in Turky, and other
j

Counrreys of theEaft, moft fed upon, but it muft be throughly boiled in re-
fpedof thehardnefsof itj and alfo, becaufe otherwife it bindeth the Body
too much.
Piftacboes, fo they be good and not mufty joyned with Almonds in
,

Almond Milk, or made into a Milk of themfelves, like unto Almond Milk,
I
but more green, are an excellent nourifber. But you fliall do well, to
add a little Ginger fcraped, becaule they are not without fome fubtil windi-
nefs.
C Milk.
14 ZhQaturd Hijlory ;

5i- cj^i/^warm from theCW, is found tcbe a great nourifher, and a good
remedy in Consumptions But then you muft put into ir, when you Milk
:

the Cow, two little Bags; the one of Tender of Mint, theothtrof Ponder
of Red Rofes j for they keep the Milk fomewhat from turning, or crudling
intheStomack; and put in Sugar alfo for the fame caufe, and partly for the
taftes fake But you muft drink a good draught, that it may ftay lefc time
:

in the Stomack, left it cruddle And let the Cup, into which you milk the
:

Cow, befet in a greater Cup of hot Water, that you may take it warm.
And Co-to-milkthm prepared, 1 judge to be better for aConfumption, than
^fi-milk which (it is true) turneth not fo eafily , but it is a little harm :
,

Marry it is more proper for fharpnefs of Urine and Exulceration of the

,

Bladder, and all manner of Lenifyings. Womem-milk hkewifeis prefcribed,

when all fail; but I commend it nor, as being a little too near the Juycc of
Mans Body, to be a good ncurifher except it be in Infanis, to whom it is
;

natural.
5
2. Oyl Almonds newly drawn, with Sugar and a little Spice, fpred
of foeet
upon Bread is an excellent nourifher ; but then to keep the Oyl from
rofted,
frying in the Stomack, you muft drink a good draught of Milde-Beer after
it j and to keep it from relaxing the Stomack too much, you muft put in a

little Toftder of Cinnamon.

53' The Tolks of Eggs are of themfelves fo well prepared by Nature (or nou-
rishment , they be Potched, or Rear boy led) they need no other pre-
as (fo
paration or mixture ;
yet they may be taken alfo raw, when they are new
laid, with ^Malmfey or Sweet Wine. You mall do well to put in fomc few flices

of Eringium Roots, and a little t^imbergreece For by this means, befidesthe

:

immediate faculty of nourifhroent , fuch drink will ftrcngthen the Back, fo

that itwillnot drawdown the Urine too f aft. For too much Urine doth al-
ways hinder nourishment.
54- evincing of Meat, as in ffils , and Buttered minced Meat, favcth the grind-
ing of the Teeth and therefore (no doubt) it is more nourifhing, cfpecially
;

in Age , or to them that have weak Teeth but the Butter is not fo proper
;

for weak Bodies , and therefore it were good to moiftcn it with a little
Claret Wine, Pill of Lemmonor Orenge cut fmall, Sugar, and a very little
Cinnamon, or Nutmeg. As for Cbuets, which are likewife Minccd-mcatj
infteadof Butter, and Fat,it were good to moiften them, partly with Cream,
or Almond, qrPiftachomilk, or Barley, or Maiz Cream ; adding a little Go-
riander-feed, and Carraway-feed, and a very little Saffron. The more full
handling of Alimentation, wereferve to the due place.
We have hitherto handled the ^Particulars, Tvbich yield beft, andeafieft, andplentifulleft,
Nourishment ; and no~to Tte yvilljpeak of the beft Means of conveying, and convert-
ing the Nourishment.

55 The firftMeansisto procure, that the Nourifliment may not be robbed

and drawn away wherein that which we have already laid, is very mate-
,•

rial, to provide, that the Reins draw not too ftrongly an over-great part

of the Blood into Urine. To this add that Precept of Ariftotle, That Wine
beforborn in all Confumptions for that the Spirits of the Wine do prey
;

upon the Rofcide Juyceof the Body, and inter-common with the Spirits of
the Body, and fo deceive and rob them of their Nourifliment. And therefore
if the Gortfumption, growing from the weaknels of the Stomack, do force

youtoufc Wine; let it always be burnt, that fhequ'eker Spirits may evapo-
rate, or (at the leaft) quenched with two little Wedges of Gold, fix or feven
times repeated. Add alfo thisProvifion, that there be not too much expence
--

. of
 Qentury h 15

of the nourifhment, by Exhaling and Sweating And therefore if the Patient

:

be apt to fweati it muft be gently reflrained. But chiefly Hipocrates Rule is to

be followed, who advifeth quite contrary to that which is in ufe: Namely,
That the Linnen or Garment next the Flefh, be in Winter dry and oft
changed; and in Summer feldom changed, andfmeare.l over withOyl:
For certain it is, that anyfubftancc that is fat, doth a little fill the Pores of
the Body and (lay Sweat in fome degree. But the more cleanly way is to
have the Linnen fineared lightly over withOylof fweet Almonds, and not
to forbear fhifting as eft as is fit.

1 he fecond Means is to fend forth the nourifhment into the parts more 5&
ftrongly, for which, the working muft be by ftrcngthning of the Stomack ;

and in this, becaufe the Stomack is chiefly comforted by Wine and hot

things, which other ife hurt, it is good to refort to outward applications to

v*

the Stomack: W herein it hath been tryed, that the Quilts of Rofes, Spices,
Maftick, Wormwood, Mint, dec. are not fo helpful, as to take a Cake of
New Bread^andtobedewitwithalittle^^ortJ^^B^ dndtodryit,- and
after it be dryed alittle before the Fire, to put it within a clean Napkin,
and to lay it to the Stomack For it is certain, that all Flower hath a po-
:

tent Vertue of Aftrittion infomnch, as it hardneth a piece of Flefh, or a

,

Flower chat is laidin it. And therefore a Bag quilted withBran, is likewife j

very good, butitdryethfomewhat noomuch, and therefore it muft not lie

long.
The third Means (which may be a branch of the former) is to' fend 57-

forth the nourifhment the better by fleep. For we fee, that Bears and other
Creatures that fleep in the Winter, was exceedingfat And certain itis, (as
:

it is commonly believed) that Sleep dothnourifh much, both for that the
Spirits do lefs fpend the nourifhment in Sleep, than when lining Creatures
are awake :And becaufe (that which is totheprefentpurpofe) ithelpeth
tothruft out the nourifhment into the parts. Therefore in aged-men, and
weakBodies, andiuchas abound noc with Choler, a fhort fleep after dinner
doth help to nourifh; forinfuch Bodies there is no fear of an over-hafty
digeftion, which is the inconvenience of 'P oft -meridian Sleeps. Sleep alfo in
the morning, after the taking of fomewhatof eafie digeftion as Milk from
,-

the Cow> nourifhing Broth, or the like, doth further nourifhment But this
:

would be done fitting upright, that the Milk or Broth may pafs the more
fpeedily to the bottom of the Stomack.
The fourth Means is to provide, that the parts crremfel'ves may draw to it
them the nourifhment ftrongly.' There is an excellent obfervation of Ari-
ftotle, that a great reafon why Plants (fome of them) are of greater age than

Living Creatures- is, for that they yearly put forth hew Leaves and Boughs ;

whereas Living Creatures put forth (after their period of growth) nothing
that is young,- but Hair and Nails, which arc Excrements, and nO Parts.
And itis moll: certain, that whatfoever is young, doth draw nourifhment
better than that which is old
, and then (that which is the myftery of
;

that obfervation) young Boughs and Leaves, calling the Sap up to them,
the fame nourifheth the Body in thepaifage. And this we fee notably pro-
ved alfo, in that theoft cutting or polling of Hedges, Trees, and Herbs, doth
conduce much to their lafting. 1 ransfer therefore this obfervation to the
helping of nourifhment in Living Creatures The Nobleft and Principal
:

Ufe whereof is, for the Prolongation of Life Reftauration of fome de-
;

gree of Youth, and Inteneration of the Parts For certain it is, thit there
:

are in Living Creatures Parts that nourifh and repair eafily and parts that
,

Ci nourifh
 ; ;:

i6 3\£atural Hifiory

noutiftr and repair hardly and you mult refrefh, and renew thofc chat are
>

eafie tonourifh, that the other may be re'refhed, and (asitwere) drink in
nourifhrrient in the paftage. Now we fee that draught Oxen put into good
Failure, recover the Flefh of young Beef and Men after long emaciating
;

Diets, wax plump and fat, andalmoitnew: So thatyou may furcly conclude,
that the frequentand wife ufe of thofc emaciating Diets, and of Purgings
and perhaps of fome kinde of Bleeding, is a principal means of prolonga-
tion of life, and refloring fome degree of Youth For as we have often faid,
:

'Death cometh upon Living Creatures like the Torment of Mez.enuu$,

LMortua quinetiamjungebat corpora vivif,
Component AfanibufqueManus, atqueoribusora.
For the parts in Mans body Blood, and flefh)
eafily repairable (as Spirits,

die in theembracementof the parts hardly repairable

as Bones, Nerves,
and Membranes) and likewifc fome Entrails (which they leckon among!!
the Spermatical Parts) are hard to repair Though that division of Sper-
:

matical and Menftrual Parts, be but a conceit. And this fame obfervation
alfo may be drawn to the prefent purpofe of nourifhing emaciated Bodies
And therefore Gentle Frication draweth forth the nourishment, by making
the parts a little hungry and heating them, whereby they call forth nourish-
ment the better. This Frication I wifh to be done inthe morning. It is
alfo beft done by the Hand, or apiece of Scarlet-Wool, wet a little with
O) 1 of Almonds, mingled with a finall quantity of Bay-Salt, or Saffron : We
fee that the very Currying of Horfes doth make them fat, and in good
liking.
1 he fifth means is, to further the very act of ^Afimilmon of Nourish-
'i9-
ment i which is done fyy fome outward emollients , that make the parts more
apt to Affimilate. For whichl have compounded anointment of excellent
odor, which I call Roman ointment, vide theReceit. Theufeof it wouldbe
between fleeps for in the latter deep, the parts affimulate chiefly.
;

60. '"IP Here be many CMedicines, which by themfelves would do no cure, but
J. perhaps hurt, but being applied in a certain order, one alter another,
Experiment
Solitary,
touching
do great cures. I have tried (myfelf) a Remedy for the Gout, which hath
FilumMedi- fclcom failed, but driven it away in Twenty four hours Ipace It is flrft to
:

apply a Pulufi, of which, vide the Receit, and then aBath or Fomentation,
<
of which, vide theReceit, and then a Planter, vide the Receit. The Pult*$
relaxed the Pores, and makcth the humor apt to exhale. The Fomentation
calleth forth the Humor by Vapors but yet in regard of the way made by
;

the Tultafi, draweth gently and therefore draweth the Humors out, and
;

doth notdraw morctoit: For it is a Gentle Fomentation, andhath withal

a mixture (though Very little) of fome itupefactivc. The Plaifter is a
moderate Altringcnt Plaifter, which repclleth new humor from falling.
The Pultafi alone would make the part more foft and weak, and aptertotake
the defluxion and impreflion of the Humor. The Fomentation alone, if it
were too weak, without way made by the Pultafi, would draw forth little;
if too ftrong, it would draw to thepart, as well as draw from it. The Plaifter
alone would pen the Humor already contained in the part, and fo exafpe-
rate it, as well as forbid new Humor therefore they muft be all taken in
;

order, as isfaid: The be laid to for two or three hours; the

Pultafi is to
Fomentation fora quarter of an hour, orfomewhat better, being: ufed hot,
andfeven or eight times repeated; the Plaifter to continue on ftilJ, till thcr
part be well confirmed.
There
 Century L M
THere is a fccrct way
unpraftifed by Ajfuetnde of that which
of Cure ,
6\.
initfel: hurtcth. have been made by fo in e Familiar, as hath
Pojfons Experiment
iolirary,
been laid. Ordinary Keepers of the fick of the Plague, are fcldom infecrcd.
touching
Enduring of Tortures, by cuftom hath been made more eafle The brook- :
Cure bf C'»-
ing of enormous quantity of Meats, andfoofWinc, or firong drink, hath
been by cuftom made to be without Surfeit or Drunkennefs. And generally
Diicafes that are Chronical, as Coughs, Phthiftcks, fomekinde ofPalftes,
Lunacies, &c. are mod dangerous atthefirft "therefore a wife Phjfttian u ill:

confider, whether a Difeafe be incurable, or w hether the juft cure of it be

not full of peril; and if he finde it tobefuch, let him refort to 'Palliation,
and alleviate the Symptom without bufying hrmfelf too much with the
perfect cure And many times (if the Patient be indeed patient) rh.» t courie
:

will exceed all expectation. Likevvife the Patient himfelf may ftrive, by
little and little to overcome the Symptom in the Exacerbation, and fo by
time turn fnffcring into Nature.

Divers Difeafes, especially Chronical, (fuchas Quartan Agues) are fome- 61.
timescurel by Surfeit and of Meat, excefsof Drink,
Exceftes -
as excels Experiment
7
Solitary,
extraordinary Faffing, extraordinary ftirring^ or Laflitude* and the like. touching
The caufe is, for that Difeafes of continuance, get an adventitious ftrength Cure by Ex-

from Cuftom, befidestheir material caufe from the Humors So that the :

breaking of the Cuftom doth leave them onely to their firft caufe; which,
if it be any thing weak, will fall off; Bcfides, fitch ExcefTes do excite and fpur

Nature, which thereupon rifeth more forcibly againft the Difeafe.

THere is in the Body of Man,agreatconfcntin the Motion of the'fevcral iji

parts : We fee
Childrens fport, to prove whether they can rub up-
it is ^xpeiimefit
on their Breft with one hand, andpatupon their Forehead with another; Solitary,
touching
andftrai^ht ways they fh all fometimes rub with both hands, or pat with Cure by Aio
bothhands. Wefce, thatwhen the Spirits that come to the Noftrils, ex- tion ofConfent.

pel a bad fent, the Stomack is ready to expel by vomit. rinde chat in We
Confumptions of the Lungs, when Nature cannot expel by Cough, Men fall into
Fluxes of the Belly, and then they die. So in Peftilent Difeafes if they can- .

not be expelled bv S'tefat, they fall like wife into Loofneft,and that is common-
ly Mortal. Therefore Phfi&ans fhould ingenioufly contrive, how by Mo-
tions chat are in their power, they may excite inward Motions that are not
in theirpo^er, byconfent; as by the flench of Feathers, orthelike, they
cure the rifino- of the Mother.

good profound ^pborifm. It im-

Ippocrates Apbor'tfm, in Morbis Minus^ is a £4.
porteth, that Difeafes contrary ro the Complexion, Age, Sex, ^eafon of Experiment
Solitary,
the year, Diet, 6Vc. are more dangerous than thofc that are concurrent. A touching
Man would think it For that when the Accident of
fhould be otherwife ;
Cure of'Dif
cafes -which are
Sickncfs, and the Natural difpofition dofecond the one the other; the
,
contrary to
Difeafe fhould be more forcible. And (fo nodoubt)itis, if you fuppofe like Predifpefitioru

quantity of Matter. But that which maketh good the apborifm, is, becaufe
fuch Difeafes do (hew a greater collection of Matrer, by that they are able
to overcome thofe Natural inclinations to the contrary. And therefore in
Difeafes of chat kinde, let the Phjfitian apply himfelf rnoreto Purgation, than
to t_A Iteration; becauie the offence is in the quantity, and the qualities are
rectified of themfelves.
C 3
Phjfitians
 ; ;

,8 I
JSQitural Hiflory

PHjfuians do wifely prefcribe, thattherebcPreparatives ufed before juft

Experiment Purgations; for certainitis, that'Pa^w do many times great hurt,; if
Solitary,
touching the Body be not accommodated, both before and after the Purging. he i

Preparations hurt that they do, for want of Preparation before Purging, is by the flick-
Purg-
ing of the Humors, and their not coming fair away which caulech in the
before
;
ing , and fet-
ling of the Body great perturbations, and ill accidents, during the Purging ; and alio
Body after-
the diminishing and dulling of the working of the Medicine it felf, that it
ward.
purgeth not fufticiently Therefore the work of Treparation is double , to
:

make the Humors fluide and mature, and to make the paifages more open
For thofe both help to make the Humors pafs readily And for the former :

of thefe, S'jrups are mofl profitable and for the latter, Apo^ums or Preparing
3

Broths ; C/y/?w alfo help left the CMedicinetlop in the Guts, and worko-rjping-

ly. But it is true, that Bodies abounding with Humors, and fat Bodies,
and open Weather, are Treparatives in themfelves becaufethey make the ,•

Humors more fluid But let a Phyjuian beware how he purge after hard
:

Frofty Weather, and in a lean -Body, without Preparation. For the hurt
that they may do after Purging, it is caufed by the lodging of fome Humors
in ill places ; for it is certain, that there be Humors which fomewhere,
placed in the Body, are quiet, and do little hurt; in other places (cfpecially
PafTages) do much Therefore it is good after Purging, to ufe
mifchief.
^Apozums and not fo much opening as thofe ufed before Purging,
Broths,
but Abfturfive and MundifyingClyfters alfo are good to conclude with, to
draw away therelicks of the Humors thatmay have defc ended to thelower
region of the Body.

€6. BLfod is ftanched divers ways Firft, by Aftringents and Rcpercuflive

:

Experiment Uliedicines. Secondly, by drawing of the Spirits and Blood inwards,

Solitary,
which done by cold
is > Neck doth ftanch the
as hon or a Stone laid to the
touching
Stanching of Bleeding of the Nofe hath been tried, that the Tefiiclcs being put
; alfo it

Blood. into (harp Vinegarj hath made a fudden recefs of the Spirits, and ftanched
Blood. Thirdly, by the Recefs of the Blood by Sympathy; fo it hath been
tried, that the part that bleedeth, being thruft into the body of a Capon,
Sheep, new ript and bleeding, hath ftanched Blood ; the Blood, asitfeem-
cth,iuckingand drawing up, by fimilitudeof fubftance, the Blood it mect-
cth vuth,and fo it felf going back. Fourthly, by Cuftomand Time; fo the
Prince of Aurange, in his firft hurt by the Spanifli Boy, could finde no means
to ftanch theBlood, either by UMedicine or Ligament but was fain to have ,

the Orifice of the Wound flopped by Mens Thumbs, fucceeding one an-
other for the fpace at the lcaft or two days and atthelaft the Blood by;

cuftom onely retired. There is a fifth way alfo in ufe, to let Blood in an ad-
verfe part for a Revulfion.

67 -
hclpcth, both in and
Medicine change and not to continue
Aliment, to
Experiment IT
the fame A.edicine and Aliment The caufc is, for
that Nature by con-
ftill.
Solitary,
touching tinual ufe of any thing, growethto a fatietyand dulnefs, either of Appetite
Change ef >4- or Working. And we fee that Affuctude of things hurtful, doth make,
liments and
Medicines.
them leefetneir force to hurt; As Pojfon, which with ufe fome have brought
themfelves to brook. And therefore it is no marvel, though things help-
ful by cuftom, leefe their force to help, I count intermiffion almoft the
fame thing with change for that, that hath been intermitted, is after a fort
$

new-
It
 Century I. l
9
'

is found by Experience of Guiacum, Sar^a, and the like,

, that in Dietp
IT(efpecially, if theybeftrict) {heP atient more troubled in the beginning is
6%.
Experiment
than a tcr continuance which hath m^defome of themore delicate fort
>
Solitary,
touching
of Patients, give them over in the midft Suppofiug, that if thdfc Diets j
Diets,
trouble them iomuch atfirft, they ihall not be able to endure them to the
end. But the caufe is, for that all thole Diets, to dry up Humors, Rheum?,
and the like and they cannot dry up until they have firft attenuated And
j r

while the Humor is attenuated, it is more fluid, than it was before, "and
troubleth the Body a great deal more, untilitbe dryed up, andconfumed.
And therefore 'Patients muft expect a due time, and not check at them at
the firft.

THe producing
andufe
of
difclofure
Cold
of
is a thing very worthy the Inquifition, both for
caules. For Heat and Cold are Natures two hands,
Experiments'
in Conloi^
touchingihe
workcth and Heat we have inreadinefs, in refped of
•

whereby fce chiefly ,•

Prnduliian of
the Fire But for Cold, we muft flay till it cometh, or feek it in deep Caves,
: Cold. .

or high Mountains and when allisdone> we cannot obtain it in any great

;

degree For Furnaces of Fire are far hotter than a Summers Sun, but
:

Vaults or Hills are not much colder than a Winters Froft.

The hrft means of producing Cold x is that which Nature prctcntcth. us 6$.
withal; namely, theexpiringof <T<?/^ cut of the inward parts of the Earth
in Winter when the Sun hath no power to overcome it j the Earth being
,

(ashath been noted by fome (Primum Frigidum.) This hath been afferted, as
well by Ancient, as by Modern Pbilofophers : It was the tenet of Parmenides it

was the opinion of the Author of the Difcourfe in Plutarch, (for I take it, that
Book was not 'Plutarchs own) ^Depr'mo Frigido. It was the opinion of Tele^
fnis, who hath renewed the Philofbphy cf 'Parmenides, and is the belt; of the

Kove lifts. .
,

The fecond caufe of Cold is, the contact of cold Bodies for Cold is ; 76.
Active and Tranfitive into Bodies adjacent, as well as Heat; which is feen
m thofe things that are touched with Snow or cold Water. And therefore,
v. hofoever will be an Enquirer into Nature, let him refort to a Confervatory
of Sno v and lec fuchasthey ufe of delicacy, to cool Wine in Summer
; :

Which is a poor and contemptible ufe, inrcfpeclofother ufes thatmay be

made of fuch Confervatories.
The third caufe is the Primary Nature of all Tangible Bodies for it ; 71.
is well to be noted, That all things whatsoever (Tangible are of themfelves)

Cold except they have an accefforv heat by Fire, Life, or Motion For
; :

even the Spirit of Wine, orChymicalOyls, which are fo hot in operation,

are to die nr-ft tcuch, Cold and Air it felf comprefled, and condenfed a
;

little bv blowing, is Cold.

Hie fourth caufe is, the Denfity of the Body for alldenfe Bodies are ; 7z.
colder than mo ft other Bodies, as Mettals, Stone, Glajs, and they are longer
in heating than f ;fter Bodies. Andit is certain, that Earth, l^enfe, Tangable,
hold all. f the Nature of Cold The caufe is, for that all MattersTangible
:

bcin£ Cold, it muft needs follow-, that where the Matter is meft congregate
7

the Cold is i h e greater. -

r
h caufe o f Cold, or rather of increafe and
vehemency of Cold, is 73-
A quick ^inclofedinacoldBody; as will appear to any that (hall atten-
S
tivel ca\ Jcr of Nature in many inftances. "We fee Nitre (which hath
aquick Spirit) is Cold more cold tothe Tongue than aStonc; fo Water
,

is
!
 ; ,

20 Statural Hijlory

is colder than Oyl, becaufe hath a quicker Spirit ; for all Oyl, though it
it

hath the tangible parts better digefted than Water, yet hathita duller Spirit :
So Pno-b is colder than Water, becaufe it hath more Spirit \x ithin it : So
we fee that Pah put to Ice (as in the producing of the Artificial ice) encrea-
feth the activity of cold : So fome Infetta which have Spirit of Life, as
Snakes and Silkworms, are to the touch, Cold. So Quicksf^er is the coldeftof
Metals, becaufe it is fulleftof Spirit.
Thefixth caufe of Cold is, the chaffing and driving away of Spirits,
74-
fuch as have fome degree of Heat > for the bantfhing of the Heat muft
needs leave any Body cold. This we fee in the operation'of Opium, sndS'tu-
upon the Spirits of Living Creatures j and it were notamifs to try
pefattives

Opium by lading it upon the top of a iVeatber-Glafi to fee whether ic will ,

contract the Air ; but I doubt it will not fiiceed For befides that, the ver-
:

tue of Opium will hardly penetrate thorowfuehabody as Glal's, 1 conceive

that Opium, and the like, make the Spirits flic rather by Malignity, than by
Cold.
Ty Seventhly, the fame effect muft follow upon the exhaling or drawing
out of the warm Spirits, that doth upon the flight of the Spirits. 1 here is
an opinion, that the Moon is Magnetical of Heat, as the Sun is of Cold and
Moilture It were not amifs therefore to try it with warm waters the one
: ;

expofed to the Beams of the Moon the other with fome skreen betwixt
,

the Beams of the Moon and the Water As we ufe to the Sun for (hade,
:

and to fee whether the former will cool fooner. And it were alfogood
to enquire, what other means there may be, to draw forth the Exile heat
which is in the Air 5 for that may be a fecret of great power to produce
coldWeather.

Experiments
in Contort,
touching the
WE have formerly fet down
the Experiment 27. But becaufe
the Means of turning Air into Water, in
it is iJMagnale Natura, andtendethto

f^crfion iand the fubduing of a very great effecT and is alfo of manifold ufe
, : We wil
Tranfmutation adde fome inftances in Conlort that give light thereunto.
of the ^Tir in
tg Water.
teported by fome of the Ancients, that Sailers haveufed every
It is
7 6.
night, to hang Fleeces of Wool on the fides of their Ships, the Wool to-
wards the Water and that they have crufhed frefh water out of them, in
;

the Morning, for their ufe. much wc have tried, thataquantity

And thus
of Wool tied loofe together being let down into a deep Well
, and ;

hanging in the middle, lomc three Fathbm from the Water for a night, in
the Winter time increafed in weight, ( as I now remember) to a fifth
,

Part.
reported by one of the Ancients, that in Ljdia, nezvFergamus
It is
77-
there were certain Workmen in time of Wars, fled into Caves and the ;

Mouth of the Caves being flopped by the Enemies, they wcrcfamifhed.

But long time after, the dead Bodies were found, andfomeVeflcls which
they had earn ed with them, and the Veffels full of Water; and that Wa-
ter thicker, and more towards Ice, than common Water; which is a notable
inftance of Condenfatian and Induration by Burial under Earth (in Caves) for
longtime and of Verfion alfo (as it fliould feem) of the Air into Water;
;

if any of thofeVelfels wereemptv. Try therefore a fmall Bladder hung in

Snout, and the like in Nitre, and the like in Quick-filver And if you finde :

the Bladders fain or fhrunk, you maybe fure the Air iscondenfedbythe
Cold of thofe Bodies, as it would be in a Cave under Earth.
It
 Qentury /. 21
it is repotted of very good
credit, thatin the Eafi-Indies if you fct a
7*
Tub of Water open in aRoom
where Cloves arc kept, it w ill be drawn dry

in Twenty four hours, though it ftand at fome diftanc from the Cloves.

In the Countrcy, they ufcmanv times in deceit, when their Wooll is new
(horn, to fet (ome Pails of Water by in the fame Room to encreaic ,

the weight of the Wooll But it may

: be, that the Heat of the Wool re-
maining from the Body of the Sheep, or the heat gathered by the lying
clofe of the Wool, helpcthto draw the watry vapor; but that is nothing to
the Verfion.
It is reported alfo credibly, that Wool new (horn, being laid calually 79-
uponaVeiklof Verjuice, alter fome time hath drunk up a great part of the

Verjuice, though the Vcifel werewh le without any flaw, and had not the
Bung-hole open. In this inftancc there is (upon the by> to be noted, the
Tercolitlon or Suing of the Verjuice thorow the Wood for Verjuice of it felf
;

would never have paffed through the Wood: So, asitfeemeth, itmuftbe
flrft in akinC e of vapor before it pafs.

It is eipecially to be noted, that the caufe that doth facilitate the Ver- So/
fion of Air into Water, when the Air is not in grofs, but fubtilly mingle J
with tangible Bodies, is, (at hath been partly touched before) forthattan-
gibleBociieshave an antipathy with Air,- and if they finde any Liquid Body
'that is mote denfe nearthem, they will draw it ; and afterthey have drawn

ir, they willcondemeitmore, and in effed incorporate it For v c fee that

:

aSpunge,orWooll,orSugar, or a Woollen-cloth, being put but in part, in

Wateror Wine, will draw the Liquor higher, and beyond the place, where
the Water or Wine cometh.' We lee alfo, that IVood, Lute-firings, and the like,
dofwell inmoift fcafons ;as appeareth by the breaking of the firings, the

hard turning of the Pegs, and the hard drawing forth of Boxes, and opening
of Wainfcot doors, which is a kinde of infufion and is much like to an in-
>

fufion in Water, which will make Wood to fvvell as we fee in the tilling of
j

the Chops of Bowls by laying them in Water. But for that part of thel'e
Experiments, vhich CGnccmzthu4ttrattion we will referveinto the proper Title
of Attraction.
There is alfo a Verfion of AirintoWater,fceingin the f\veatingofM<<r- 8*.
bles, and other Stones; and of Wainfcot before, and inmoift weather. This

muft be, either by fome moifture the Body y ieldeth, or elfc by the moift Air
thickned againft the hard Body. Butitis plain, that it is the latter; for that
we fee Wood painted with Oyl-colour, will foonergather drops in a moift
night, than Wood alone which iscaufed by thefmoothnefs and clofenefs,
,•

ferhich letteth in no part of the vapor, and fo turncth itbackand thickneth

it into Dew. We fee alfo, that breathing upon a Glafs, or fmooth Body,
,1 a Dew ; and in Frofty mornings ( inch as wc call Rime frofts) you
e drops of Dew upon the infide of Glaf -Windows AndtheFroft
:

;on the ground, is but a Verfion orCondenfationof the moift va-

.he night.into awatryfubftance Dews likewife, and Rain, arebut
:

r -v rns of moift vapors condenfed the Dew, by the cold onelyof

•

'. e departure, which is the gentler cold Rains, by the cold of that
;

which they call the (JHiddle Region of the Air, which is the more violent
Cold.
Itisvery probable (as hath been touched) that that which will turn 8i,

Water into Ice, will likewifc turn Air fome degree nearer unto Water.
Iherefore try the Experiment of the Artificial turning Water into Ice
(whereof we fhallfpeak in anotherplace) withAir in place of Water, and
the
 ;

22 tiSQaiurd Hiflory

the Ice about it. And although

be a greater alteration to turn Air into
it

Water, than Water into Ice is this hope, that by continuing the
; yet there
Air longer time, the effed \rill follow $ for that artificial conversion of
Water into Ice, is the work of a few hours ; and this of Air may be tried by
a moneths fpacc, or the like.

Experiments INduration or Lapidification of Subitances morefoft, is likewife another de-

in ConTbit,
gree of Condenfation, and is a j^rcat alteration in Nature. The effect-
touching
lnd.ura.thn of ing and accelerating thereof, is very worthy to be enquired it is effected by
Badies* three means.
T he firft is by Cold, whofe property is to condenfc, and conftipatei as
hath been faid*
Thefecondisby Heat, which is not proper butbyconfequence for ,•

the heat doth attenuate, and by attenuation doth fend forth the Spirit, and
moiftcrpartof a Body and upon that, the more grofs of the tangible parts
;

do contract and fervc themfelves together both to avoid Vacuum ^as they
,•

\all it) and alfo to munice themfelves againft the force of the Fire, which
ttiey have fuffered.
And the third is by Aflimilation, when a hard Body affimilateth afoft/
being contiguous to it. > '"'

rheexamplcs of Induration taking them promifcuoufly, aremany: As

the Generation of Stones within the Earth, which at the firft are but Rude
Earth or Glay and fo of Cfrlinerabj which come (no doubt) at firft of
,*

Juyces Concrete, which afterward indurate And fo of Torcellane, which is

:

an Artificial Cement, buried in the Earth a long time ; and fo the making
of Bric&nd Tile ; alfo the making of Glafl, of a certain Sand and Brake-Roots,
and fome other matters ; alfo the Exudations of Roch^'Diamonds andChryjlal,
which harden with time ; alfo the Induration of Bead- Amber, which at firftis a
foftfubftanee, asappcarethby the Flies and Spiders, which are found in ir,
andmany more< But wc willfpeakof them diftincHy.

83. For Indurations by Cold, there be few Trials of it for we have no ftrbng ;

orintenle cold here on the furface of the Earth, fo near the Beams of the
Sun and the HeaVens, the likclicft tryal is by Snow and Ice- for as Snow
and Ice, cfpecially being holpen and their cold activated by Nitre or
,

Salt, will turn Water into Ice, and that

in a few hours So it maybe it :

will turn Woodorftiff Clay into Stone in longer time. Put therefore into
a Confeiving Pit of Snow and Ice, (adding fome quantity of Salt and
Nitre) a piece of Woody or a piece of tough Clay, and let itlieamoncth
or more.
U Another tryal is by (-Metalline Vfaters, which have VirtualCold in them.
Put therefore Wood or Clay into Smiths water, or other (JMetalline %atefy and
try whether it Will not harden in fome reafonable time. But I underftand
it of (JHetalline waters, that come by wafhing or quenching, and not of Strong

Waters that come by diflblution j for they are too Corrofrve to confo-
lidate.
%. It is already found, that there are fome Natural Sprihgr#aters that will
inlapidate Wood; fo as you fhall fee one piece of Woody whereof the part
above the Water (half continue Wood y and the part under the Water, fhall
be turned intoakinde of Gravelly Stone. It is likely thofe Waters are of
fome Metalline Mixture but there would be more particular inquiry made
,•

of them. It is certain, that an Egg was found, having lain many years in the
bottom
 (Jentury I. 13
borrom of a Moar, where the Earth had fomewhat overgrown it And :

Egg was come to the hardnefs of a (tone, and had the colours of the
this
White and Yolk perfect and the Shell mining in fmall Grains, likeSugir
,•

or Alabla'kr.
Another Experience there is of Induration fy Cold, which is already found, 36.
which is, That Metals themfelves are hardned by often heating, and quench-
ing in Cold-water For Cold ever worketh moft potently upon Heat pre-
:

cedent.
For muft be confidered, That Heat, by the exha
Induration by Heat, it *7-
doth either harden the Body as in Bricks, Tiles,
ling of the moifter parts, ;

&c. Or if the Heat be more fierce, maketh the gtoffer part of it felt, run and
melt; as in the making of ordinary Giafs, and in the Vitrification of Earth,
(as we of Furnaces) and in the Vitrification of Buck,
fee in the inner parts
arfd of Metals. And in the former of thele , which is the hardning by
Baking, without Melting , the Heat hath thefe degrees Firft, It Indu- :

rateth, and then maketh Fragile; and laftly, It doth Incinerate and Calci-
nate.
\
But if ycudefireto make an Induration ttith Toughnefi, and lefs Fragility, SS,
a middle way would be taken , which is that which x_Arijiotle hath well
noted, but would be throughly to decoct iiodies in Water
verified. It is,

fortwo or three days; but they muft be fuch Bodies, into which the
Water will not enter as Scone ana Metal. For if they be Bodies* into
,•

which the Water will enter, then long teething will rather foften than in
durate them, as hath been tried in Eggs, Sec. 7 hercfore fofter Bodies ,

muft be put into Bottles, and the Bottles hung into Water feething, with
the Mouths open above the Water, that no Water may get in For by this :

Means; the Virtual Heat of the Water will enter anciiuch aH Mt, as will
;

not make the Body aduft or fragile : But the Subftance of the Water will
befhutout. This Experiment we made, and it forted thus It was tryed ,

with a piece of Free-ftone, and with Pewter, put into the Water at large the 5

Free-if one we found received in fome Water for it was fofter and eafier to
;

fcrape, than a piece of the fame ftone kept dry. But the Pewter, into which
no Water could enter, became more white, and liker to Silver, and lefs flexi-
ble by much. There were alfo put into an Earthen Bottle, placed as before, a
good pellet of Clay, apiece of Chcefe, apiece of Chalk, anda pieceof Free-
ftone. The Clay came forth almoft of the hardnefs of Stone TheCheefe :

likewife very hard, and not well tobecut The Chalk and the Free ftone
:

much harder then they were. The colour of the Clay inclined not a whit to
the colour of Brick, but rather to white, as in ordinary drying by the Sun.
Note, that all the former tryals were made byaboylingupon a good hot fire,
renewing the Water as it confumed, with other hot Water but the boyling ;

was but tor Twelve hours oncly ; And it is like, that the Experiment would
have been more effectual, if the boyling had been for two or three days, as
we prefcribed before.
As touching ^ftmilation (for there is a degree of jfftmilation, even in Inani- «9.
mate Bodies) we fee examples of it in fome Stones, in Clay- grounds, lying
near to the top of the Earth where Pebble is in which you may manifeftly
j

fee divers Pebbles gathered together, and a cruft of Cement or Stone be

t ween them, as hard as the Pebbles themfelves. And it were good to make a
tryal of purpofe, by taking Clay, and purring in it divers Pebble-'-ftones, thick
fet, to fee whether in continuance of time, it will not be harder than other

Clay of the fame lump, in which no Pebbles are fct. We fee alfo in Ruins
of
 24 J^Qitural hi/lory 5

of old Wall?, efpeciallv towards the bottom, the Morter will become as
hard as the Brick Wefeealfoi that the Wood on thefidts of Vcflels of
:

Wine, gathereth a emit of Tartar harder than the Wood it lelf and Scales >•

likewife grow to the Teeth, harder than the Teeth themfelves. .

90. Mod of all,

Induration by Jftmilation appearethin the bodies of Trees>

and Living Creatures: For no nouriftimenr that the Tree rcceivcth, orthat
the Living Creature recciveth, is fohard as Wood, Bone, orHorn,&c. but
is indurated after by Aflimilation.

9i. THeEyebf the Undemanding,

is like the Eye of the Senfe: Forasyou
Experiment may through fmall Cranies, or Levels? foyou may fee
fee great objects
Solitary
great Axioms of Nature, through fmall and contemptible inftances.
,

touching the The

V'erfim ofWa- fpeedy depredation of Air upon watry moifture, and verfion of the fzme in-
terintoyfh.
to Air, appeareth in nothing more vifible than in the fudden difcharge, or
vanifhing of a little Cloud of Breath, or Vapor, from Glafs or theBlade of
a Sword, or any-fuch poliiTied Body ; fuch as doth not at all detain or im-
bibe the moifture For the miflineis fcattereth and bresketh up fuddenly.
:

But the like Cloud, were oiiy or fatty, will nor difch arge $ not becaufe it
if it

fticketh fafter, but becaufe Air pteycth upon Water, and. Flame, and Fire,
upon Oyl and therefore, to take out a (pot of Greafe, they ufe a Coal upon
j

brown Paper, becaufe fire worketh upon Greafe or Oyl, as Air doth upon
Water. And we fee Paper oiled, or Wood oiled, or the like, laftlong
moift ; but wet with Water, dry or putnfle fooner. The ciufe is, for that
Air meddleth little with the moifture of oyl.

THere is an admirable demonflrationfame trifling inftance of the

in the
92.
Experiment little Cloud upon Glafs, or Gems, or Blades of Swords of the force of
Solitary, Union, even in the leaft quantities, and weakeft Bodies, how muchiteon-
touching the
Force of Kni-
duceth to prefervation of the prefent form, and the refitting of a new. For
on. mark well the d Heharge of that Cloud, and you mall fee it ever break up, firft
intheskirts,and laftin the midft. We
fee likewife, that much Water draw-
eth forth the Juyce of the Body infufed, but little Water is imbibed by the
Body : And this is a principal caufe, why , in operation upon Bodies, for their
Verfionor Alteration, the tryal in great quantities doth notanfwer the tiyal
in fmall, and fodeceiveth many ; for that (I fiy) the greater Body refifteth
more any alteration of Form, and requireth far greater ftrength in theA&ive
Body that fhould fubdue if.

93.
Experiment
Solitary*
WE have ipoken before
Colours in Birds; which is
of the caufe of Orient
in the Fifth Inftance,"
by the finenefs of the Strainer, we will
touching the now endeavor to reduce the fame Axiom to a Work. For this Writing
Producing of of our Sylva Sylvarum, is (to fpeak properly ) not Natural Hifiory , but a
Feathersand
high kinde of Natural Magick. For it is not a difcription onely of Na-
Hairs of di-
vers Coltursi ture, but a breaking of Nature, into great and ftrange Works. Try there-
fore the anointing over of Pigeons, or other Birds, when they are but in
their Down,or of Whelps, cutting their Hair as fhort as maybe, or of
fome other Beaft ; with fome oyntment, that is not hurtful to the flefh,
and that will harden and ftick very clofe, and fee whether it will not alter
the colours of the Feathers, or Hair. It is received, that the pulling off

the firft Feathers of Birds clean, will make the new come forth White: And
it is certain, that White penurious colour, and where moifture is (cant.
is a

So Blew Violets, and other Flowers, if they beftarved, turn pale and white.
Bird?,.
 .

Century I. 25
I
andHorfcs, by age or fears, turn white
Birds, 3 and the hoar Hairs of
I
Men; come by the fame reafon. And therefore in Birds, it is very likely,
i
that the Feathers that come firft, will be many times of divers colours,
: according to the nature of the Birds ; for that the skin is more porous,
•
but the skin is more (hut and clofe, the Feathers will come white.
when
This is a good Experiment not oncly for the producing of Birds and
,

Bcafts of llrange colours, but alfo for the difclofurc of the nature of
,

colours thcmfelves which of. them require a finer porofity, and which a
j

grolTcr.

a work of
providence that hath been truly obfervedby fome; that 94.
ITtheisYolk coftiqeeth little to the Generation of the Bird, but
of the Egg Experiment
Solitary,
onely to the nourishment of the fame : For if a Chickon be opened when touching the
it isnewhatched, youfhallrinde much of the Yolk remaining. And it is Nourishment
of Living
needful, that Birds that are fhaped without the Females Womb, have in the
Creatures be-
E<r<r, as well matter of nourishment, as matter of generation for the Body. fore they be
brought forth.
For after the Egg is laid, and fevered from the body of the Hen, it hath no
more nourishment from the Hen, but oncly a quickning heat when fhe
litteth. But Beafts and Men need not the matter of nourishment within
thcmfclvesi becaufe they are fhaped within the of the Female, and Womb
are nourished continually from her body. ;

an inveterate and received opinion, That Cantbarides applied to any

is 95-
ITpart touch the Bladder, and exulceratc it, if they ftay on
of the Body,
Experiments
in Conform
long. It is likewife received, that akindc of Stone, which they bring out of touching
Sympathy and
die fVeft-lndtes, hath apeculiar force to move Gravel, and to diffolvc the
Antipathy
Stone ; infomuch, as laid but to the Wrelt , it hath fo forcibly fent down for Medicinal

Gravel, as Men have been glad to remove it, it was fo violent. »(e.

received and confirmed by daily experience, that the Soals of the

It is 96.
Feet, have great affinity with the Head, and the Mouth of theStomack:
As we fee, Going wetfhod, to thofe that ufe it not, affe&eth both 5 Applica-
tions of hot Powders to the Feet, attenuate firftjand after dry the Rhcume.
And therefore a Phyfician that would be myilical, prefcribeth for the cure
of the Rheume, That a Man fliould walk continually upon aCamomil-
Alley; meaning, thathcfhouIdputCamomil withinhis Socks. Likewife,
Pigeons bleeding, applied to the Soals of the Feet, eafc the Head and So- ;

poriferous Medicines applied unto them, provoke deep.

fecmeth, that as the Feet have a fympathy with the Head ; fothe
It 97-
Wrefts and Hands have a fympathy with the Heart. fee the arTefts and We
Paffions of the Heart, and Spirits, are notably difclofed by the Pulfe: And
it is often trved, that Juyces of Stock^gilly-flowrs, Rofe-campion, Garlicky, and
other things, applied to the Wrcfts, and renewed, have cured long Agues.
And I conceive, that wafhing with certain Liquors the Palms of the Hands,
dothmuchgood And they do well in Heats of Agues tohold in the Hands,
:

Eggs of Alablaftcr, and Balls of Cryftal.

Of thefe things "toe shall Jpeak more, when Toe handle the Title of Sympathy and
Antipathy, in the proper place.
98.
Experiment
f"jpHe knowledge of Man been determined by the view
(hitherto) hath Solitary ,

J. or fight; fothat whatsoever is invifible, either in refpeel of the fine- touching the
Secret Pruccjftt
nefiof the Body itfclf,or the fmallnefs of the Parts,or of the fubtilty of the !

of Nature,
D Motion,
26 3\Qitural Hi/lory ;

Motion, is little inquired. And yet thefe be the things that govern Nature
principally, and without which, you cannot make any ttue \ylnaljjis and
Indications of the proceedings of Nature. The Spirits or Pneumaticals
that are in all Tangible Bodies, are fcarce known: Sometimes they take
them for Vacuum, whereas they are the moft a&ive of Bodies : Some-
times they take them for Air , from which they differ exceedingly , as
much as Wine from "Water and as Wood ftcm Earth : Sometimes
,

they will have them to be Natural Heat, or a Portion of the Element of

Fire, wheteas fomeof them are crude and cold: Ajnd femetimes they will
have them to be the Vertues and Qualities of the Tangible Parts which
they fee, whereas they are things by themfelves: And then, when they
come to Plants and Living Creatures , they^wfll them Souls. And fuch
fuperficial {peculations they have ; like Profpe ftives that fhew things in-
ward, when they are but Paintings. Neither is this a queftion of words,
but infinitely material in Nature For Spirits are nothing elfe but a Na-
:

tural Body, rarified to a Proportion, and included in the Tangible Parts

of Bodies, as in an Integument And
: they be no. lets differing one from
the other, then the Denle or Tangible Parts: And they arc in all Tangible
Bodies whatsoever, more or lefs, and they t re never falmoft) at reft: And
fromthem, and their Motions, principally proceed t^refatlion, Colliquation,
Concottfon, Maturation, Tutrefaftion, pivification
, ard moft ot the effects of 2^*-
ture. For, as we have figured them in our Sapientia Veterum, in the Fable of
<
Proferpina, you fhall in the Infernal Regiment hear little doirgs of Tluto,
but moft of Troferpin* : For Tangible Parts in Bodies, are ftupid things,
and the Spirits do (in effect; all. As for the differences of Tangible Parts
in Bodies, the induftry of the Cbymifts hath given feme light in difcerning

by their feparations, the Oily, Crude, Fare, Impure , Five , G™/, Parts of Bodies,
and the like. And the Thrfitians are content to acknowledge, that Herbs and
"Drugs have divers parts; as that Opium hath a ftupefsctingparr, andaheat-
ingpart; the one moving Sleep, the other a Sweat following ; and that
Ruburb hath Purging parts, and Ailringing parts, &c. But this whole In-
qmftion is weakly and negligently handled. And for the more fubiil differ-
ences of the Minute parts, and the poflureofthem in the Body, (which
alfo hath great effects) they are not at all touched : As for the Motions of
the Minute Parts of Bodies, which dofo great effects, they have not been
obfervedat all • becaufe they ire invifible, and incur not to the eye; but
yet theyarctobedeprehended by experience. As Itemocritus faid well,
when they charged him to hold, that the World was made of fuch little
Moats, as were feen in the Sun. x^tomus (faith he) necefnatt Ratitnis & Ex-
\

perientu ejfe %y4towum enim nemo nunquam vidit. And therefore

convincitur :

the tumult in the pahs of folid Bodies, when they arc compreffed, which
is thecaufeof all flights of Bodies thorow the Air, and of other Me hanicai

Motions , (as hath been partly touched before, and fhall be throughly
handled in due place,) is not feen at all, but ncverthelefs, if you know it
not, or inquire it not attentively and diligently, you fhall never be able to
difcern, and muchlefs to produce, a number of Mechanical Motions.
Again, as to the Motions Corporal, within the Enelofures of Bodies,
whereby the effects (which were mentioned before) pafs between the 5 pi-
rits and the Tangible parts ( which are <y4 refaction, Colliquation, Cencottion,

KjftUturation, &c.) they are not at all handled; but they are put off by the
namesof Venues, and Natures, and Aftiws, and Paftons, and fuch other Logical I

Words*
It
 ;

Qentury L 17

is certain , that of all Toners in Nature, Heat is the chief ; both in the 99-
ITFrame of Nature; and in the Works of <_/frt. Certain is like Wile, that it Experiment

che effects of Heat> are mod advanced, when

Soiiratjr,
workcth upon a Body with- it
touching the
out lols or diilipation of the matter ; for that ever betrayed the account. PwrofffiAt.
And therefore it is true, that the power of Heat is beft perceived in Distil-
lations, which are performed in clofe Vcflels and Receptacles. But yet
there is a higher degree ; Forhowfoever Dift'illations do keep the Body in
Cells and Cloyfters, Without going abroad, yet they give fpace unto Bodies
to turn into Vapor, to return into Liquor, andtofeparace one part from
another. So as Nature doth expatiate although it hath not full liberty
,

whereby the true and ultimc operations of Heat, are not attained But ;

if Bodies may be altered by Heat, and yet no fuch Reciprocation of Rare-

faction, and of Condenfacion, and of Separation, admitted ; then it is like
that this Proteus of Matter, being held by the Sleeves,
and change will turn
intomany Metamorphoies. Take therefore a fquarc VeiTcl of Iron,in form
ofaCubc, and let it have good thick and ftrong fides; put it into a Cube of
Wood, that may fill it as ciofe as ma y be, and
have a cover of Iron as let it

ftrong (at leail) as the fides

, and
be well Luted, after the manner of
let it

the Cbymifts then place the VefTel within burning Coals keptquick kindl ed,
-,

for fome few hours fpace then take the VeiTel from the Fire, and take off
,-

the Cover, and fee what is become of the Wood, 1 conceive, that fincc all
Inflamation and Evaporation are utterly prohibited, and the Body ltill turn-
ed upon it felf, that one of thefe two Effects will follow, Either that the
Body of the Wood will be turned into a kinde of ^Amalagma, (as the\Qbj-
yiifls call it,) or, that the finer part will be turned into Air , and thegroifer
ftick as it were baked, and incruftatc upon the fides of the VefTel, being
become of a denfer matter, than the Wood it le'lf, crude. And for another
tryal, Cake alfo Water, and put it in the like Veflel, flopped as before but ;

ufe a gentler Heat, and remove the Veflel fomctimes from the fire; and
again, after fome fmall tinic, when it is cold, renew the heating of it, and
repeat t^is alteration fome few times and if you can once bring to pafs,
;

that the Water which is one of the limpleft of Bodies, be changed in Co-
lour, Odor, or Taftc, after the manner of Compound Bodies, you may
be fure that there a great work wrought in Nature, and a notable entrance
is

made changes of Bodies, and productions ; and alfo a way

in ftrangc
made to do that by Fire in fmall time, which the Sun and t^/lge do in
,

long time. But if the admirable effects of this TDiftiUation- in clofe, (for
fo we call it) which is like the Wombs and Matrices of Living Creatures,
where nothing cxpireth nor feparaceth We will fpeak fully, in the due :

place. Not that we aim at the making of Teracelfm Pigmeys, or any fuch
prodigious follies ; but that we know the effects of Heat will be fuch, as
will fcarce fall under the conceit of Man, if the force of it be altogether
kept irl.

THere nothing more certain in Nature, than that it is impoffible for

is
IOO.
any Body to be utterly annihilated but that as it was the work of the
;
Experiment
Omnipotcncy of God, to make Somewhat of Toothing So it requireth the :
Solitary,
touching the
like omnipotency, to turn Somewhat into Nothing. And therefore it is well ImpeflibUity
faid by an obfeure Writer of the Sect of the Chjmifls, That there is no fuch of *&ttnihiU-

way to efTecff the ftrangc Tranfmutations of Kodies, as to endeavor and Urge tiotlm

l>V all means, the reducing of them to Nothing. And herein is contained al-

p i- fo
28 I
3\Qttural Hiflory;

Co a great fccrct of Prefer vation of Bodies from change ; for if you can
prohibit, that they neither turn into Air, becaufc no jir comcth to them ,

nor go into the Bodies Adjacent, becaufe they are utterly Heterogeneal, nor
make a round and circulation within themfelves ; they will never change,
though they be in theirNature never fo perifhablc or mutable. Wefee how
Flies and spiders, and the like, get a Sepulchre in t^Amber, more durable than

the UMonument and Embalming of the Bodj of any King. And I conceive the
likewillbeof Bodies put into Quick^-filver. Butthenthey mull be but thin, as
a leaf of a pcccc of Paper or Parchment ; for if they have a greater crafli-
tude, they will alter in their own Body, though they fpend not. But of this,
we fhallfpeak more when we handle the Title of Confer? ation of Bodies

NATURAL

*f
 29

NATURAL
HISTORY
Century 11.

Ufick in the Pra&ice, hath been well purfucd, and in Experiments

good Variety 5 but in the Theory, and especially in inConfore
touching
the yielding of the Caufei of the Pra&ick, very weak- Miifick.
ly i being reduced into certain Myftical fubtilties ,
and not much truth. We fhall therefore, after our
manner , joyn the Contemplative and Atlive Part
together.

All Sounds are either Mujical Sounds, which we call Tones ; whereunto 101,
there may be an Harmony, which Sounds are ever equal As Singing, the
:

Sounds of Stringed, and Wind-Inftrumcnts, the Ringing of Bells, &c. or

Immufical Sounds, which arc ever unequal Such as are the Voice in Speak-
:

ing, all Whifperings, all Voices of Beafts and Birds (except they be Sing-
ing Birds;) all Percuffions, of Stones, Wood, Parchment, Skins, (as in
Drums) and infinite others.
The Sounds that produce Tones, arc ever from fuch Bodies as are in 102.
their Parts and Pores equal; as well as the Sounds themielves are equal:
And fuch are the Percuffions of Metal, as in Bells of Glafi, as in the nllip-
•>

ping of a Drinking Glafi; of Air, as in Mens Voices whileft they fing, in Pipes,
Whiffles , Organs, Stringed Infiruments, ejrc. And of Water, as in the Njghtin-
gals Pipes of Regals, or Organs, and other Hydraulic ks , which the Ancients
had; and Nero did lo much eftcem, but are now loft. And if any Man think,
that the String of the Bon, and the String of the Vid, arc neither of them
equal Bodies, and yet produce Tones ; he is in an error. For the Sound is
not created between the Bo^, or Plettrum, andthe Sjtmt^r but between the
String and the Air; no more than it is between the Finger or Quill, and the
String in other inftruments. So there are (in effed) but three Percupons that
I D 3
create
30 JSQttural hi/lory •

create Percuflion of Metals (comprehending GUp, and the like)

Tones ;

Percuffions of Air, and Percuffions of Water.

103- The TDiapafon or Eight in tMufick^ is the fwcetefl Concord ; infomuch,
at it is an Vnifon ; as we fee in Lutes that arcflrung in the bafe firings
in effect
With two firings, one an Eighth above another, which make butasone found ;
and every Eighth Note in Afcent, (as from Eight to Fifteen, from Fifteen
to Twenty two, and fo in infinitum) are but Scales of TDiapafon. Thecatife
is dark, and hath not been rendred by any, and therefore would be better

contemplated. It feemeth that Air ( which is the fubjetl of Sounds ) in

Sounds that are not Tones (which arc all unequal as hath been faid) ad-
mitteth much variety; as we fee in the Voices of Living Creatures, and
likewife in the Voices of feveral Men for we arc capable to difcern feve-
•,

ral Men by their Voices) and in the Conjugation of Letters, whence Ar-
ticulate Sounds proceed; which of all others> are mofl various. But in the
Sounds which we call Tones (that are ever equal) the Air is not able to
cafl it felf into any fuch variety but is forced to recur into one and the
;

fame Pofturc or Figure, oncly differing in greatnefs and fmallnefs. So

we fee Figures may be made of Lines, crooked and flraight, in infinite
variety, where there is inequality but Circles or Squares, or Triangles
;

Equilateral, (which are all Figures of equal Lines) can differhut in greater
or leffer.
104- Itis tobenoted (therather, leflanyManfhould think that there is any
(
thing in this number of Eight, to create the Di*pafon) that this computa-
tion of Eight, is a thing rather received than any true computation- For
a true computation ought ever to be, by diflribution into equal Por-
tions. Now
there be intervenient in the rife of Eight (in Tones) two
Bcemols or Half-Notes fo as if you divide the Tones equally
,•
the ,

Eighth is but Seven whole and equal Notes And if you fubdividc that
:

into Half-Notes, (as it is in the flops of a Lute) itmaketh the number of

Thirteen.
io J. Yet this is true, That in the ordinary Rifes and Falls of the Voice of
Man (not mcafuring the Tone by whole Notes and Half Notes, which is
the cqualMeafure) there fall out tobctwoBeemols (as hath beenfaid) be-
tween the Vnifon and the Diapafon; and this varying is natural. For if a
Man would endeavor to raife or fall his Voice fiill by Half-Notes, like the
flops of a Lute, or by whole Notes alone, without Halfs as far as an Eighth ;

he will notbeable to frame his Voice unto it, which fheweth that after e-
very three whole Notes, Nature requirctli, for all Harmonical ufe,onc Half-
Note to beinterpofed.
106. be confidered, That whatfoeverTertuc is in Numbers, for con-
It is to
ducing to concent of Notes, is rather to be afcribed to the Ante-number, than
to the Entire-number ; as namely, that the Sound returneth after Six, or after
Twelve: So that the Seventh or the Thirteenth is not the Matter, but the
Sixth, or the Twelfth and the Seventh and the Thirteenth, are but the
,*

"Limits and Boundaries of the Return.

107. The Concords inMufick which are P erfeft, or Semi? erfeft, between the
Vnifon and the T>iapafon, are the Fifth, which is the mofl Perfeft; the Third
next, and the Sixth which is more harfh And as the Ancients cflecmed, and
:

fo do my felf, and fome other yet, the Fourth which they call TDiatefseron-, as
for the Tenth,TwelfthThirtcenth,andfoi»»»^»»«w,they be but Recurrences
of the former ; viz.. of the Third, the Fifth, and the Sixth, being an Eighth
rcfpectivclyfrom them.
For
 )
,:

Century II. 31
For 'Difcords, theS'econd and the Seventh, arc of all others, the mod odi- 108.
ous in Harmony to theScnfc; whereof, the one is ncxtabove the Fnifn, the
other next under the Diapafon-, which may fliew, that Harmony rcquircth a
competent diltanceof Notes.
la Harmony, if there be not a ©//iwf to the Bafe, itdoth notdifturbthe 109.
Harmony, though there be z'Difcord to the higher parts j fo the 'Difcord be
nor of the Two that are odious And therefore the ordinary Concent of
:

Four parts confifteth of an Eighth, a Fifth, and a Third to the Bafe; but
that Fifth is a Fourth to the Trebble, and the Third is a Sixth. And the caufe
is,for that the Bafe ftriking more Air, doth overcome and drown the Trebble

( unlefs the Difcord be very odious ) and fo hideth a fmall imperfection

For we fee, that in one of the lower firings of a Lute, there foundeth
not the found of the Trebble, nor any mixt found, but onely the found of
the Bafe.
We have no ^JMufick. of Quarter- Notes, and it may be. they are not cap- 110.
able of Harmony; (or wei'ec the Half-Notes themfelves dobutinterpefe fomc»
times. Neverthekfs, we have fome Slides or Rtltfhes of the Voice or Strings,
as it were, continue'd without Notes, from one Tone to another, rifingor
falling,which are delightful.
The caufes of that which is Pleafing or ingrate to the Hearing, may in.
receive light by that which is ^leafing or ingrate to the Sight. There
be two things pleating to the fight ( leaving Pictures and Shapes afide
which are but Secondary Objects and pleafe or difpleafe but in Me
,

mory ; thefe two are Colours and Order. The pleafing of Colour
; .

fymbohzeth with the Pi aftng of any Single Tone to the E*r j but the
pleafing of Order doth fymbolize with Harmony. And therefore we fee
in Garden-knots , and the Frets of Houfes and all equal and well anfWer-
,

ing Figures, (as Globes, Ty amides , Cones, Cylinders, &c.) how they pleafe j

whereas unequal Figures are but Deformities. And both thefe plea-
fares, that of the Eye, and that of the Ear, are but the effeds of equa-
lity , good proportion , or correfpondence out of queftion
: So that (

Equality and Correfpondence are the caufes of Harmony. But to finde the
Proportions of that Correfpondence, ismorcabftrufe ; whereof, notwith-
standing we /hall fpeak fomewhat (when we handle Tones, in the general
enquiry of Sounds.
Tones are not fo apt altogether to procure Sleep, as fome other founds 112.
Asthe Wind, the Purling of Water, Humming of Bees, a fweet Voieeof
one that readeth, &c. The.caufc whereof i-s, for that Tones, becaufe they are
equal and flide not, domore ftrike and erect: the Senfe, than the other. And
overmuch attention hindereth flcep.
There be in Mttfick. certain Figures or Tropes, almoft agreeing with the H3
Figures of Rhetoric!^, and with the Ajjeftions of the Minde, and other Senfes.
Firii, The Divifion and Quavering, which pleafe fo much 'mCMufiri^ have an
agreement with the Glittering of L'ght As the Cfrloon-Beamt playing upon
;

a Wave. Agiin, the Falling from a Difcord to a Concord, which raaketh great
fweetnefs iamuficl^. hath an agreement with the Affeftions, which are reinte-
grated to the better, after fome diflikes; it agreeth alfo with thetafte, which
is foon glutted with that which is fweet alone. The Aiding from theClofe
or Cadence, hath an agreement with the Figure in Rhetorick* which they call
Prater Expettatum ; for there i^ a pleafure, even in being deceived. The Re-
ports and Fuges have an agreement wivhthe Figures in Rhetorick.oi Repetition
and Traduction, The Tlipids and Changing of limes, have an agreement with
the
 ; .

31 3\Qitural Hi[lory
1

the changes of Motions ; as when Galliard time, and Meafurc time, are in
theMedly of one Dance*
114. Ithath been anciently held, and obferved, That the S'enfe of Hearing,tnd
the K'mdes of Mufick, have molt operation upon Manners as to incouraga ;

Men, and make them warlike to make them foftand effeminate to make
; ;

them grave ; to make them light to make them gentle and inclined to
,•

pity, dec. The caufe is, for that the Senfe of Hearing ftriketh the Spirits
more immediately, than the other Senj'es and more incorporeally than
,

the Pitielling : For the fight, Tafte, and

have their Organs, not of fo
Feeling,

prcfent and immediate accefs to the Spirits, as the Hearing hath. And
as for the Smelling (which indeed worketh alfo immediatel/upon the Spi-
rits, and is forcible while the objeel remaineth) it is with a communica-

tion of theBrcath orTapor of the object oderate But Harmony entring :

eafily, and mingling not at all, and coming with a manifeft motion doth ,•

by cuftom of often affecting the Spirits, and putting them into one kinde
ofpofture, alter not a little the nature cf the Spirits, even when the ob-
jeel is removed. And therefore we fee, thatTunes and Airs, even in their
own nature, have in thcmfelvcs fome affinity with the Affections As :

there be Merry Tunes, Doleful Tunes, SolemnTuncs; Tunesinclining

Mens mindes to Pity, Warlike Tunes, &c. So as it isnomarvel, if they
alter the Spirits, confideringthat Tunes have a prediipofition to the Moti-
on of the Spirits in themfelves. But yet it hath been noted, that though
this variety of Tunes, doth difpofe the Spirits to variety of Paffions, con-
form unto them ; yetgencrally, Cfttufuk feedeth that difpofition of the Spi-
rits which it findeth. We fee alfo, that fcvcralAirs and Tunes, do pleafs
feveral Nations, and Perfbns according to the fympathy they have with their
Spirits. <

E xperiments PErJpettive hath been with fome diligence inquired and fo hath the Na- 5

in Confort, ture of Sounds, in fome fort, as far asconccrneth Mufick, bufi the Na-
touching
Sounds; and ,
ture of Sounds in general, hath been fuperficially obferved. It is one of
firft touching the fubtillcft pieces of Nature. And befiJes, I praclife, as I do advife;
the Nullity,
and Entity of
Which is after long inquiry of things, immerfe in matter, to cnterpofefome
Sounds. fubjedt whichisimmateriateorlcfsmateriate; fuch as this of Sounds: To
the end, that theinteUccl may be rectified, and become not partial.

.115, It is firft to be considered what great motions there are in Nature

,

which pafs without found or noifc. The Heavensturn about in amoft rapide
motion, without noife to us perceived, though in fome dreams they have
beenfaid to make an excellent Mufick. So the motions of the Comets, and
Fiery Meteors 'as Stella Cadens, &c.) yield no noife. And if it be thought, that
itisthegreatnefs of distance from us, whereby the found cannot, be heard ;

Wefee that Lightnings and Corufcations, which are nearathand, yieldno

found neither s andyetinallthefe, there apercuffionanddivifsionof the
is

Air. The Winds in the Upper Region (which move the Clouds above
(which we call the Rack) and are not perceived below pafs without noile )

The lower Winds inaPlain, except they be ftrong, make no noife-, but a-
mongft" Trees, the noife of fuch Winds will be perceived. And the Winds
(generally) when they make a noife,doever make it unequally, rifing and fall-
ing, and lometimcs (when they are vehement) trembling a't the height of
their blaft. Rain or Hail falling, though vehementlv, yieldcth no noile, in
pafsing through the Air, till it fall upon the Ground, Water, Houfes, or the
like. Water in a River (though a fwift ftrcamj is not heard in the Channel,
but
 Qentury II. S3
butrunnethinfilenee, if itbe of any depth ;
but >he very Stream upon Shal
lows, or Gravel, or Pebble, will be heard. And Wafers, when they beatup
on the Shore, or are ftraitned, fas in the falls of Bridges; oraredafhedagainft
themfelves by Winds, give a roaring noife. Any peece of Timber, or hard
Body, being tor uft forwards by anotner Bodycontinguous, without knock-
inggiveth no noife. And (oBodies in weighing, one upon another, though
the upper Body prefs the lower Body down, make no noife. So the motion
of the Minute parts of any folid Body, (which is the principal caufe of violent
Motion, though unobferved; paffeth without found For that found, that is
:

heard fometim.es, is produced onely by the breaking of the Air, and not by
the impulfion of the parts. So it is manifeft, that where the anterior Body
giveth way asfaft as thepofterior cometh on, it maketh no noife, be the
motion never fo great or fwift.
xjlir open and at large, maketh no noife, exceptitbe fharply percuffed \ Il6.
as in the found of a firing, where Air ispurcuffedby a hard andftiffBody, and
with a fharp loofe For it the ftring be not ftrained, it maketh no noife but
:
;

where the Air is pent and ftraitned, there breath or other blowing (Which
carry but a gentle per'cuffion) fuftice to create found ; as in Pipes and Wind
Inftruments. But then you mu't note, that in Recorders which go with a
gentle breath, the Concave of the Pipe (were it not for the Fipple that ftrait-
neth the Air miich more then the fimple Concave) would yield no found.
For, as for other Wind-Inftruments, they require a forcible breath, as Trum-
pets, Cornets, Hunters, Horns, &c. Which appearcth by the blown Cheeks of
him that windeth them; Organs alfb are blown with a (trong wind by the
Bellows. And
note again, thatfomekinde of WindvLhftrHments are blown
atafmall hole in the fide, which ftraineth the breath at the firft entrance;
the rather, in refpect of their travcrfe, and flop above the hole which per-
formeth the Fipples part ; as it is fcen in Flutes and Fifes, w hich will not give
found by a blaft at the end, as Recorders do, &c. Likewife in all Whittling,
you contract the Mouth j and to make it more fharp, Men femetimes uie their
finger.
But in openif you throw a Stone or a Dart, they give no found :
Air, 117=
No more do Bullets, except they happen to be a little hollowed inthecaft
ing j which hollownefs penneth the Air Nor yet Arrows, except they be
:

ruffled in their Feathers, which likewife penneth the Air As for (mall Whi
ftles or Shepherds Oaten-Pipes, they give a found, becaafeof their excrcam

flenderrrefs, whereby the Air is more pent than in a wider Pipe. Again, the
voices of Men and Living Creatures, pafs through the Throat, which pen.
neth the breath* As for the Jem-Harp, h\sa{h&xp percuflion^ndbefideshath
the vantage of penning the Air in the Mouth.
Solid Bodies, if they be very foftly percufied, give no found { as when a I Iff.
Man treadeth very foftly upon Boards. So Chefts or Doors in fair weather,
when they open eafiiy, give no found. And Cart-wheels fqueek not when
they are liquored.
The Flame of Tapers or Candles, though itbe a fwift motion and breaketh 119*
the Air, yet paffeth without found. Airin Ovens, though (no doubt) it doth
(as it were) boil and dilate it felf , and is repercufied , yet it is without noife.
,

As in blowing of the Fire by Bel.

Flame per cuffed bj Air, giveth a noife
;

lows, grcacer than if the Bellows fliould blow upon the Air it felf Andfo
likewife Flame percuffing the Air ftrongly (as when Flamefuddenly taketh
and opencth") giveth a noife So great Flames, whiles the one impelleththe
:

other, give a bellowingfouud.

There
I
 ; :

Ui»
I !! *

3\(atural Hiftory
3+ I

ISO. There is a conceit runneth abroad,that there fhould be a White Powder,

which will difcharge a piece without noife, which is a dangerous experi-
ment, if it fliould be true For it may caufc fecret Murthers, but it frcmcth
:

to me unpoflfible ;for if the Air pent, be driven forth and ftrike the Air open,
it/will certainly make a noife. As for the White Powder ( it any (uch ,

thing be that may extinguifh or dead the noife) it is like to be a mixture

of Petre and Sulphure, withoutCoal. For Petre alone will not take Fire.
And if any Man think, that the found may be extinguished or deaded, by
difcharging thepent Air, before it cometh to the Mouth of the Peece, and
to the open Air, that is not probable; for it will make more divided founds
As if you fliould make a Crofs-barrel hollow thoiow the Barrel of i
,

Peecc , it may be it would give feveral founds both at thcNofe and the
,

fides. But I conceive, that if it were poflible to bring to pals, that there
fliould be no Air pent at the Mouih ol the Peece, the Bullet might die
with fmall or no noife. For firft it is certain, there is no noife in the Pcr-
cuffion of the Flame upon the Bullet. Next the Buller, in pierdng tho-
row the Air, maketh no noife, as hath been faid and then, if there be no
;

pent Air, that ftriketh upon open Air, there isnocaufe of noife, and yet the
flying of the Bullet will not be (laid. For that motion (as hath been oft
faid) is in the parts of the Bullet, and not in the Air. So astryal muft be
made by taking fomc fmall Concave of CMinal, no more than you mean t&
fill with Powder, and laying the Bullet in the Mouth of it half out in the

open Air.
121. I heard it affirmed by a Man that was a great dealer in Secrets, but he
was but vain That there was a Con/piracy (whic)i himfclf hindred) to have
;

killed Queen Mary, Sifterto Queen

Elizabeth, by a Burmng-Gu$ when (he t

walked in St. James Park,f rom the

Leads of the Houfe. But thus mi^ch, no
doubt, is true, That if Burning-Glajfcs could be brought to agreat fttpngth,
(as they talk generally of Buming-GUffes, that are able to burn a Navy) the
PerculTion of the Air alone, by fuch a Buming-GlaJ? would make no,

noife ; no more than is found in Corrufcations , and Lightnings without

7 h under s,
I fuppofe that Imprefton of the Air With Sounds, asketh a time to be con-
122.
veighed to the Senfe, as well as the Imprefion of Speciesvijthle, or elfc they will
not beheatd. And therefore, as the Bullet moveth fo (wifr, that it isinvifible*
Co the fame fwiftnefsof motion maketh it inaudible ; for we fee that the ap-
prehenfionof the Eye, is quicker then that of the Ear.
I23. All Eruptions of Air, though fmall and flight, give an emicy of found,
which we call Cracking, 'Puffing, Fpiting, &c. As in Bay lair, and Bay-leaves
caft into the fire ; fo in Chefnuts, when they leap forth of the Aflics, fo in
green wood laid ujipn the fire, efpecially Roots; (0 in Candles that fpit
flamCjif they bewet ; fain Rafping, Sneezing, &c. Soin a Rofe leaf gather-
ed together into the fafhion of a Purfc, and broken upon the Forehead, or
Back of the Hand, as Children ufe.

I24.
Experiments
THe caufe given of Sound,
mean any
by, if they
be arr Llifott of tht\jiir (where-
that it fliould
thing, they mean Cutting or Dividing, or elfe an
in Con (bit* Attenuating of the Air) is but a term of Ignorance ; and the motion is
touching
PnduSiion ,
but a catch of the Wit upon a few Inftances, as the minner is in the
r
Conservation > Philofophy received. Andit is common withMen, thatif they have gotten
ttni Dilation
a pretty cxprefllon by aword«f Art, that expreflion goeth curranr, though
ofSobndiittnd
the office $f the it be empty of matter. This conceit of Elifion , appeareth molt manifeftly
I ^it therein . to
 ,

//. 35
to be falfe, in that the Spund of a BeU-ftring, or the like, continueth melting,

fometime after the Percuffion ; but ceafeth ftraight-ways if the Bell or

,

String be touched and ftayed; whereas, if itwerc the Elifionof the jflr, that
made the Sound, it could not be that the touch of the Bell or String, fhould
extinguish fo fuddenly that motion, caufedby the Elifion of the Air. This
appeateth yet more manifeftly, by Chiming witha Hammer upon the out-
fide of a Bell; for the Sound will be according to the inward Concave
of the Bell Whereas the Elifion or xyittenuation of the \^iir cannot be,
:

but onely between the Hammer, and the outfideof the Bell. So again,
if it were an Elifion, a broad Hammer, and a Bodkin, ftruck upon Metal
would give a diverfe Tone, as well as a diverfe Loudnefs But they do not
:

fo for though the Sound of the one be louder, and of the other fofter, yet
;

the Tone is the fame. Befides, inEccho's (whereof fomeareasloud as the

Original Voice; there is no new Eljfion, but a Repetcufllon onely. But that,
which convinceth it moft of all, is, That Sounds aregenerated, where there
is no Air atall. But thefe, and the like conceits, when Men have cleared
their Underftandi.ng, by the light of Experience, will fcatter and break up
l.keaMift.
It is certain, that Sounds is not produced at the firft, but with fome 125
Local Motion of the Air Or Flame, or fome other Medium; nor yet without
fome rcfiftance, either in the Air, or the Body percuffed. For if there be a
nicer yielding or ceflion, it producethno Sound, as hath beenfaid. And
therein Sounds differ from Light or Colours which pafs through the Air,
or other Bodies, without any Local Motion of the Air, either at the firft, or
after. But you muft attentively diftinguifh between the Local Motion of
the Air (which is but Vehiculum caufii, ACmier of the Sounds,) andtheSounds
themfelves conveighed in the Air. For as to tUe former, we fee manifeftly,;
that no Sound is produced (no not by Air it felf againft other Air, as in
Organs, Sec.) but with a perceptible Blaft of the Air, and with fome re-
finance of the Air ftrucken. For, even all Speech, (which is one of the
gentleft Motions of Air,) is with expulfion of a little Breath, And all Pipes
have a blaft, as well as a Sound. We fee alfo manifeftly, that Sounds are car-
ried with Wind And therefore Sounds will be hard further with the Wind,
:

than againft the Wind ; andlikewife, do rife and fall with the intenfion or
remiflronof the Wind But forthelmpreflion of the Sound, it is quite an-
:

other thing, and is utterly without Local Motion of the Air, perceptible 5
and in thatrefcmbleth the fpeeies vifible : For after a Man hath lured, or a
Bellisrung, we cannot difcern any Perceptible Motion (at all) in the Air, as
long found goeth, but onely at the firft. Neither doth the Wind (as far
as the
as it Voice) with the Motion thereof, confound any of the deli-
carrieth a
cate, and Articulate Figurations of the Air, in variety of Words. And if a
Manfpeak a good loudnefs againft the flame of a Candle, it will not make ic
tremble much ; though moft, when thofe Letters are pronounced, which
contract the mouth, as F, S, V, and fome others. But gentle breathing, or
blowing without fpeaking, will move the Gandle far more. And it is the
more probable, that Sound is Without any Local Motion of the Air, becaufe
as it differeth from the fight, in that itneedeth a Local Motion of the Air at
firft: So it paralleleth in fo many other things with the fight, and radiation of

things invifible, which (without all queftion) induce no Local Motion in

th e Air, as hath been faid.
Nevertheless it is true, that upon the noifc of Thunder, and great Ord- 126.
nance, Glafs Windows will fhake, and Fifhcs are thought to be frayed with
the
36 J\Qitural Hiflory ;

the Motion, caufcdby noife upon the Water. Butthefe effects arefrom
the local motion of the Air, which is a concomitant of the Sound (as hath
been faid) and not from the Sounds
127- It hath been anciently reported, and is ftill, received, that extrcam ap-
plaufes, and fliouting of people, afTembled ingreatmultitudes, haveforari-
ficd, and broken the Air, that Birds flying over, have fain down, the Airbc-
ingnot able to fupport them. And it is believed by feme, that great Ring-
ing of Bells in populous Cities, hath chafed away Thunder and alfo dif-
;

fipated peftilent Air All which may be alfo from the concuffion of the Air,
:

and not from the Sound.

128. A very great found near hand, hath ftrue ken many deaf; and at the
inftant they have found, as it were, the breaking of a Skin of Parchmentin
their Ear : And my felf, (landing near one that lured loud and fhrill, had
fuddenly an offence, as if fomewhat bad broken, orbeendiflocatedinmy
Ear, and immediately after a loud Ringing; (not an ordinary Singing, or
Hiffing, but far louder, and differing ; fo as 1 feared fome Dcafnefs. But
after fome half quarter of an hour, it vanifhed. This effect may be truly
referred unto the Sound ; for (as is commonly received) an overpotcnt
Objed doth deftroy the Senfc and Spiritual Species, (both Viflble and
;

Audible,) will work upon the fenfories, though they move not any other
Body.
129* In Delation of Sounds, the cnclofure of them preferveth tbem, and
caufeth them to be heard further. And we finde in Rowls of Parchment, or
Truncks, the Mouth being laid to the one end of the Rowl of Parchment,
or Trunck, and the Ear to the other, the Sound is heard much further then
in the open Air. The caufe is, for that the Sound fpendeth, and is difiipated
in the open Air but in fuch Concaves, it is conferved and contracted. So
;

alfo in a Piece of Ordnance, if you fpeak in the Touch-hole, and another

lay his Ear to the Mouth of the Piece, the Sound pafleth, and is far better
heard than in the open Air.
It is further to be confidered, how it proveth and worketh when the
130.
Sound is not enclofcd, all the length of his way, but paffeth partly through
open Air ; as where you fpeak fome diftance from a Trunck, or where the
Ear is fome diftance from the Trunck, at the other end ; or \* here both
Mouth and Ear are diftant from the Trunck. And it is tryed, that in a long
Trunck of fome Eight or ten foot, the found is holpen, though both the
Mouth, and the Ear be a handful or more, from the ends of the Trunck and 5

fomewhat more holpen, when the Ear of the Hearer is near, than when the
Mouth of the Speaker. And it is certain, that the Voice is better heard in a
Chamber from abroad, than abroad from within the Chamber.
131. As the Enchfure, that is round about and entire,preferveth the Sound fo ;

doth a Semi-concave, though in a lefs degree. And therefore, if you divide

a Trunck, or a Cane into two, and one fpeak at the one end, and you lay
your Ear at the othcr,it will carry the Voice further.than in the Ait at large.
Nay further, if it be not a full Semi-concave; but if you do the like upon the
Maffcof a Ship, or a long Pole, or a Piece of Ordnance (though one fpeak
upon Surface of the Ordnance, and not at any of the Bores) the Voice will
be heard further then in the Air at large.
132. It would be tryed, how, and with what proportion of difadvantage,
the Voice will be carried in an Horn, which is a Line Arched; or in x
Trumpet, which is a Line Retorted 5 or in fome Pipe that were Si-
nuous.
Ic
 ;

(entury Ih 37
(howfoever itcrofs the received opinion) that Sounds may
Itis certain,
1*3.
be created without Air though Air be the moil favorable different of
,

Sounds. Take a Veffel of Water, and knap a pair of Tongs ibme depth
within the Water, and you {hall hear the S^und of the Tongs wclU and not
much diminifticd, and yet then; is no AiracalJpcefent. .

Takeonc Velfelof Silver, and another of Wood, and fill each of them 134'
fullof water, and thenknap the Tongs together as before, aboutan handful
from the bottom and you fhall finde the Sound much more refounding
,

from the Veflel of Silver, than from that of Wood* and yet if there be no
Water in the VefTcl, fo thac you knap the Tongs in the Air, you (hall finde
no difference between the Silver, and the Wooden Veffel, whereby befide
the main point of creating found without Air, you may collect two things .1
the one, that the found communicateth with tn c bottom of the. Veffel the j

other, that fuch a communication paffcth far better thorow Water than
Air.
Strike any hard Bodies together in themidft of aflame, and yoti (hall
hear the found with little difference, from the found in the Air.
The Tneumatkal part, which is in all Tangible Bodies and hath fome ,
136.
affinity with the Air. perfofmeth in lome degree, the parts of the Air j as
when you knock upon an empty £ arrcl, the found is (in part) created by the
Air on the ouriidc, and by the Air intheinfide for the found will
(in part) ;

be greater or leifcr, as the Barrel is more empty, or more full; but yetthe
found participated! alfo with the Spiritin the Wood, thorow which it pafs-
eth from the outiide to the infide and fo it cbmeth to pafs in the chiming
;

of Bells on the oudide, where alfo the found paffcth totheinfide and a ;

number of other like inftances, whereof we fhall fpeak more when \vc
handle the Communication of Sounds.
were excream grofnefs to think (as we havfe partly touched before)
It 137-
that the found in Strings is made, or produced between the Hand and the
String, or the Quill and the String, or the Bow and the String For thofe :

are but Vehuula motus, paifages 10 the Creation Of the founds the found being
produced between the String arid the Air; and that not by any impulfionof
die Air, from the fi:ft Motion of the String but by the return orrefult of
;

the String, which was drained by the touch to his former place > which
Motion of Refult is quick and (harp whereas the firft Motion is foft and
,

dull. So die Bow torturcth the String continually, and thereby holdeth it
in a continual Trepidation.

TAke a Trunk, and let one whiftle at the one end, and hold your ear at 13&.
Experiments
the other and you fhall finde the found ftrike fo fharp, as you can fcarcc
in Conlorti
endure it. The caufe is, for that found diffufeth it felfin round, andfo touching the
fpendcth it felf BLt if the found, which would fcattcr in open Air.bemade
:
MagnH» it
and £*> >'>'*}:
to go all into a Canalo it muft needs give greater force to the found.
; And ;

andDampi of

fo you may note, that incloiurcs do not onely prefcrvc found, but ajfo cn- Sound:,
creafe and fharpen it.

A Hunters Horn,being greater at one end, than at the other, doth eri- |
IS
creafe the found more, dian if the Horn were all of an equal bore. The
caufe is, for that the Air and Sound, being firft contracted at the leffer end, !

and afterwards having more room tofpredat the greater end, do dilate
themfelves ,and hi coming out, ftrike more Air, whereby the found is
ihc greater, andbafcr. And even Hunters Horns, which are fomecimes- |

. E made CteM
 ;

38 Statural Hifiory

madcftraight, and not obiuk, are ever greater at the lower end. It would
be tryed alfo in Pipes, being made far larger at the lower end, or being
made with a Belly towards the lower end, and then ifluing into a ftraight con-
cave again.
140- There is in Sr. J<tmtfes Fields, a Conduit of Brick, unto which joyncth
a low Vault ; and at the end of that, a round Houfc of Stone and in the
;

Briek Conduit there is a Window, and in the round Houfe a Slit or Rift of
fome little breadth if you cry out in the Rift, it will make a fearful roaring
j

at the Window. The caufe is the fame with the former: For that all Con-
caves that proceed from more narrow tomorebroad, do amplifie the Sound
at the coming out.

141. Ha^kj Sells that have holes in the fides, give a greater ring, than if the
Pellet did ftrike upon Brafs in .the open Air. The caufe is the fame with
the firft inftance of the Trunek Namely, for that the Sound, enclofed
:

with the fides of the Bell corrieth forth at the holes unfpent and more
,

ftrong.
142- in 'Drums, the clofenefs round about, that preferveih the Sound
from difperfing, maketh the noife come forth at the Dtum-hole, far
more loud and ftrong, than if you fhould (hike upon the like skin ex- ,

tended in the open Air. The caufe is the fame with the two prece-
dent.
I43v and further off in an Evening, or in the Night,
-Stands are better heard,
than at the Noon or in the Day. The caufe is, for that in the Day, when the
Air is more thin (no doubt) the Sound pierceth better but when the Air is
;

more thick fas in the Night) the Sound, fpendeth and fpredcth abroad lefs j
and To it is a degree of Enelofure. As for the night, it is true alfo, that the
general fileneehelpeth.
*44« There be two kindes of Refleftiom of Sounds ; the one at Difranee, which
is the Eccho , wherein the original is heard diftinclly , and the Reflexion

alfo diftin&ly j of which, wefliall fpeak hereafter. The other in Concur-

rence; when the Sound reflecting (the Reflexion being near at hand) re-
turneth immediately upon the original, and fo iterateth it not, but am*
plifieth it. Therefore we fee, that Mufick upon the Water foundeth
more ; and fo likewife, Mufick is better in Chambers Wainfcotted than
Hanged.
145. The Strings of a Lute, or VhU or Firginals, do give a far greater Sound,
by reafonof the Knot, and Board, and Concave underneath, than if there
were nothing but onely the Flat of a Board, without that Hollow and Knot,
to let in the upper Air into the lower. The caufe is, the Communication of
the upper Air withthelower, and penning of both fromexpence or diver-
ting-
146, An Irifb Harp hath open Air on both fides of the Strings ; and it hath
the Concave or Belly, not a long the Strings, but at the end of the Strings.
Itmaketh a more refounding Sound, than a Bandara, Orpbarion, or Cittern ,
which have likewife Wire-ftrings. I judge the caufe to be, for that open Air
on both fides helpeth, fo that there be a Concave which is therefore beft
j

placed at the end. .

H7* In a Virginal, when the Ltd is down, it maketh a morcexile Sound than
when the Lid is open. The caufe is, for that all fhutring in of Air, where
there is no competent Vent, dampeth the Sound which maintaineth like-
;

Wife the former inftance For the Belly of the Lute, or Viol, doth pen the
:

Air tome what.

There
 Century II. I
39
Thcrcis a Church at Glocefter, (and as I have heard, the Iika is in fome' i
4 *. |

other places) where if you fpeak againft a Wall fbfcly, another fhall hear
your voice better a good way oC than near hand. Inquire more paricu-j
larlyof the fame of that place. I jfuppofe there isfomc Vault, or Hollow,
|

orltle, bchinde the Wall, and fome paiHige to it, towards the further end of
j

chat Wall againtt which you fpeak So as the voice of him thnt fpcaketh
:

flideth along the Wall, and then entrcth at fome paffage, and communi-
cateth with the Air of the Hollow for it is prcferved fomewhat by the
;

plain Wall; but that is too weak to give a Sound audible, till it hath com-
municated with the back Air.
Strike upon a Bow^ftring, and lay the Horn of the Bow near your Ear,
149-
and it will increafe the Sound, and make a degree of a Tone. Thecaufcis
for that the fenfory, byreafon of the clofc holding ispercufTed, before the
Airdifperieth. The like is, if you hold the Horn betwixt your Teeth. But
that is a plain Dilation of the Sound, from the Teeth to the Inflrumcm of Hear,
ing5 forthereis agreatencercourfe between thofe two parts, as appeareth
by this, that a harfh grating Tunefetteth the Teeth one edge. The like
fallcthoutjif the Horn of the Bow be put upon the Temples; but that is but
the Hide of the Sound from thence to the ear.
If you take a Rod of Iron orBrafs, and hold the one end to your ear 15©.
and ftrike upon the other, itmaketha far greater Sound, han the like ftroke
upon the Rod, not made fo contiguous to the-Eat. By which, and by fome
other inftanccs that have been partly touched, it fhould appear that Sounds ;

do not onely Aide upon the furfaceof afmoothBody but do alfo commu- ,

nicate with the Spirits that are in the Pores of the Body.
I remember in Trinity -Colledge mCambridge, there was an upper Cham- 151.
ber, which being thought weak in the Roof of it, was fupported by a Pillar
of Ircn, of the bignefs of ones arm, in the midfl of the Chamber, which,
if youhadftruck, it would make alittlc flatnoife in the Room where it was
ftruck but it would make a great bomb in the Chamber beneath.
;

The found which is ma,de by Buckets inaWell, when they touch upon 1 5 2.
the Water, or when they ftrike upon the fide of the Well, or when two
Buckets dafh the one againft: the other. Thefe Sounds are deeper and fuller,
than if the like Percuflion were made in the open Air. The caufe is the
penning and enclofureof the Air in the Concave of the Well.
Barrels placed in a Room
under the Floor of a Chamber, make all 153
noiicsin the lame Chamber more full and refounding.
So that there be five ways (in general) oizjfrlaj'oration of Sounds, Enclofure
Simple, t n clefur e in the 'Dilatation, Communication, Eeflexion, Concurrent? and Ap-
proach to the Senfon.

For of the Voice, or other Sounds It is certain, that the Voice

Exility : ;
154.
doth thorowfolid and hard Bodies, if they be not too thick; and thorow
pafs
Water, which is likewife a very clofcBody, and fuchanoneas lettethnoc
in Air. Butthen the Voice or other Sound is reduced, by fuch paflage to a
great weaknefsor exility* If therefore you flop the Holes of a Ha**ks Bell,
it will make no ring, but aflat noile or rattle. And fo doth the <^y£tities or
Eagles Stone, which hath a little ftone within it.
And a for Water, it is a certain Tryal: Letamangointo aBath, and
1
-
j
155,
take a Pail and turn the bottom upward, and carry the mouth of it
(even) down to the level of the Water, and fo prefs it down under the
Water fome handful and an half, ftill keeping it even, that it may not tilt
oneitner fide, and fo the Airgetout: Thenlethim that is in the Bath, dive
E % with
 ;

40 J\Qttural Hiflory

with his head under Water, as he may put his head into the Pail, and
To far
there will come as much Air bubbling forth , as will make room for his
head. Then let him fpeak, and any that mall ftand without, (hall hear his
voice plainly, but yet made extream fharp and exile, like the voice of
Puppets But yet the Articulate Sounds of the words will not be confound*
:

ed. Note, that it may be much more handfomly done, if the Pail be put
over the Mans head above Water, and then he cowre down and the ,

Pail be prefl'ed down with him. Note, that a man muft kneel or fir, "that
he may be lower than the Water. A man would think, that the Sici-
lian Poet had knowledge of this Experiment j for he faith, that Hercules's

Page Hylas went with a Water-pot, to fill it at a pleafant Fountain that was
near thefliore, and that the Nymphs of the Fountain fell in love with the
Boy, and pulled him under the Water, keeping him alive ; and that Her-
cules miffing his Page, called him by his name aloud, that all the more rang
of it and ihatHjlas from within the Wateranfwered his Mafter ; but (that
;

which is to the prefent purpofe) with fo fmall and exile a voice, as Hercules
thought he had been three miles off, when the Fountain (indeed) was
fait by.
l 5 6, In Lutes and Inftruments of Strings, ifyou ftop a firing high, where-
by it hath lefsfcope to tremble, the Sound is more Trebble, but yet more
dead.
157. Take two Sawcers, andftrike the edge of the one againft the bottom
of the other, within a Pail of Water, and you /hall finde that as you put
the Sawcers lower and lower, the Sound groweth moreflat, even while
part of the Sawcer is above the Water ; but that flatnefs of Sound is joyned
withaharflinefsof Sound, which, no doubt, is caufed bythe inequality of
the Sound, which cometh from the part of the Sawcer under the Water, and
from the part above. But when the Sawcer is wholly under the Water, the
found becometh more clear, but far more low, and as if the found came
from a far off.

158. A foft
body dampeth the found, much more than a hard and if a Bell 5

hath cloth or filk wrapped about it, it deadeth the found more than if it were

Wood. And therefore in Clericals, the Key es are lined, and in Colledges they
ufeto line the Table-men.
159.-
Tryal was made in a Recorder after thefefeveral manners. The bottom
of it was fet againft the Palm of the Hand, flopped with Wax round about,
fet againft a Damask Cufhion, thruft into Sand, into Afhes, into Water,

(half an inch under the Water) clofe to the bottom of a Silver Bafin,
and ftill the Tone remained But the bottom of it was fet againft
:

a Woollen Carpet, a Lining of Plufh, a Lock of Wool, (chough loofly

put in;) againft Snow, and the found of it was quite deaded, and but
breath; '

160. Iron hotprodueeth not fo full a found, as when it is cold for while it is
;

hot, it appeareth tobfemorefofr,andlefs refounding. Solikewife warm Wa~

ter, when it maketh not fo full a found as cold and I conceive it is
faileth $

fofter, andnearer the nature of Oyl for it is more flippery, as may be per-
j

ceived, in-that it fcowreth better.

i£k Let there be a Recorder made with two Fipples at each end erne ; the
Trunck bf-it of the length of (wo Recorders, andthe holes anfwcrable to-
wardseach end, and let two play the fame Leflon upon it, at an Unifon;,-
and let it be noted ,' whether the found be confounded, or amplified* or
dulled. So likewife let a Crofs be made of two Truncks (thorowouf)
hollow ,
 ;

^-i~

£entury II. 41
hollow ,• and let two Ipeak one long ways the other traverse.
or fing, the
And let two hear at the oppofite ends and note, whether the Sound be
;

confounded, amplified, or dulled. Whidvwoinftances will alfo givelight

to the mixture or Sounds, whereof wc (halKpeak hereafter.
A Bellow, blown into the hole ot a Drum, and the Drum then it:ucketT> 162,
maketh the Sound a little flatter, but no other apparent alteration.
The caufe is manifeft; ir hindreth thi iffuc of the Sound;
partly for that
and partly for that it maketh the Air being blown together, lefs move-
able.

Loudnefs and Softnefs of Sounds thing diftin&from the Mag- 163.

THe
nitude and Exility of Sounds for ;
is a
a Bafe-ftring) though foftly ftmcken, Experiments
in Contort,
giveth the greater Sound ; but a Trebble- firing, if hard ftrucken , will be touching the
heard much further off. And the eaule for that the Bafe-firing (Iriketh
is, Loudnefs or
Softnef of
more Air ; and the Trebble lefs Air, but with a fharper percuflion. Sounds, and
their Carriage
at Longer or
It is therefore the ftrength cf the Percuflion, that is a principal caufe
Jhorterdiffance.
of the loudnefs or foftnefs of Sounds As in knocking, harder or fofter
:

Winding 'of a Horn, ftrongcr or weaker Ringingof an Hand bell, harder

;

or fofter, &c. And the ftrength of this Percuflion confiftetb, as much or

more, in the hardnefs of the Body percufled , as in the force of tfoeEiody
percufling For if you ftrike againft a Cloth, it will give a lefs found ; if
:

againftWood, a greater ; if againft a Metal, yetagreater; and in Metals,

it you ftrike againft Gold, ('which is the more pliant ) it giveth the flatter
found; if againft Silver or Brafs, the more ringing found. As for Ajr, where
it is ftrongly pent, it matcheth a hard Body. And therefore we feeindif-
charging of a piece, what a great noife it maketh. fee alfo, that the We
Charge with Bullet, or with Paper wet, and hard flopped or with Pow- ;

der alone rammed in hard, maketh no great difference in the loudnefs of the
report.
The fharpnefs or quicknefs of the Percuflion, is a great caufe of the I65;
loudnef, as well as the ftrength : As in a Whip or Wand, if you ftrike
the Ar with it, the (harper and quicker you ftrike ir, the louder found it
giveth. And in playing upon the Lute or Virginals, the, quick ftroke or
touch is a great life to the Sound. The caufe is, for that the quick ftrik-
ing curteth the Air fpeedily , whereas the foft ftrikiipg, doth rather beat
than cut.

Experiment^
THe Communication founds
hath been touched obiter,
of (as in Bellies
in the
of Lutes, empty Veflelf, &c.)
Major ation of Sounds : But it is fit alfo to
in Confort,
touchingthe
Communicati-
make a Title of it apart. .

on of Sound: ..

The Experiment, Dcmonftration of Communication of

for gre3teft I 66.
Sounds is the Chiming cf Bells
, where, if you ftrike with a Hammar
;

upon trve upper part, and then upon the midft, and then upon the lower,
you fhiil findethe found to be more Trebble, and more Bate, according
unto the Concave on the infide, though the Percuflion be onely on the
outfidc. ,,*
When the Sound
between the Blaft of the Mouth.and the Air
is created l6f.
of the Pipe, it hath neverthelefsfome communication with the matter of the
fides of rhe Pipe, and thefpiritsin them contained For in a Pipe or Trum- :

pet of Wood and Braf?, the found will be divcrfc; fo if the Pipe be covered
I E 3 with , I
 ;

42 J\(atural Hiflory

with Cloth or Silk, it will give a diverfc Sound from that it would do of it
felf ; fo if the Pipe be a Tittle wet on the infidc, it will make a differirg
Sound, from the fame Pipe dry.
14% That Sound made within Watcr,doth communicate better with' a hard
Body thoro w Water, than made in Air, it doth with Ai r. fide Experimentum,
134-

Experiments WEhavefpokcn before (in the Inquifition touching UMufitk.) o£ Mu-

fical Sounds, whereunto there may be a Concord or Diicord in two
in Confott,
touching
Equality and
Parts; which Sounds wc call Tones, and likewife of Immuftcal Sounds and ;

Inequality of have given thecaufe, that the Tone proccedeth of Equality, and the other
Sounds,
of Inequality. And we have alfo exprcfled there, what are the Equal
I

Bodies that give Tones, andwhat are the Unequal that give none. Butnow
we fhallfpeak of fuch Inequality of Sounds, as proceedethnotfrom the
Nature of the Bodies themfelves, but is accidental, Either from the Rouoh-
nefsor Obliquity of the Paffage, or from the Doubling of the Percutient,
or from the Trepidation of the Motion.

I69. A Bell if
it have a Rift in it, whereby the found hath not a clear paffage,

giveth a hoarfe and jarring found ; fo the Voice of Man, when by cold
taken, the Wefil groweth rugged, and (as we call it) furred, becometh
hoarfe. And in thefe two inftances, the Sounds arc ingrate, becaufe they
are meerly unequal ; but if they be unequal inequality, then the Sound is

Grateful, but Purling.

I70. All hftruments that have either Returns, as Trumpets 5 or Flexions, as
Cornets or are dra wn up.and put from, as Sackbuts,havc a Purling Sound ;
;

But the Recorder or Flute that have none of thefe Inequalities, givcaclear
Sound. Neverthclefs, the Recorder it felf or Pipe, moiftenedalittleinthe
infide, found eth more folcmnly, and with a little Purling or Hiffing. Again,
a Wreathed String, fuch as are in the Bafe Strings of Bandoraes, giveth alfo
a Purling Sound.

171. Lut a Lute-firing, if it be meerly unequal in his parts, giveth a harfli

and untuneable Sound, which firings we call falfc, being bigger in one
place, than in another and therefore Wire-firings are never falfe.
,• We
fee
alfo, that "when wc try a falfe Lute-ftring, weufe to extend it hard between
the Fingers, and to fil'lip it and if it giveth a double fpecies, it is true
; but >

if it giveth a trebbleormore, it is falfe.

172. Waters, in-thc noife they make as they run, reprefent to the Ear a
trcmblirig noife ; and in Regals ( w here they have a Pipe, they call the
Nightingale-'Pipe , which containeth Water) the Sound hath a continual
trembling. And Children have alfo little things they call Cocks, which
have water in them ; and when they blow, or whiflle in them, they yield
a trembling noife; which Trembling of Water, hath an affinity with the
Letter L. All which Inequalities of T repidation, are rather pleafant, than
othcrwife.
173 All Bafe Notes, or very Trebble Notes, give an Afpcr Sound ; for that
the Bafeftriketh more Air, than it can well ftrikc equally ; and the Trebble
cuttefh the Air fo fharp , as it returneth too fwift, to make the Sound equal ;
and therefore Mean orTenoris the fwceteft part.
a

174. We know nothing, that can at pleafure make zMujical or Immuftcal

Sound, by voluntary Motion, butthe Voiceof Man and Birds. Thecaufcis
(no doubt) in the Wefil or Wind-Pipe (which wc call Afttri* Arteria,)
,

which
 ;

Qentury II* 43
which being well extended, gathered equality ; as a Bladder that is
wrinckled, if it be extcnded,becometh fmooth. The extenfion is always,
more in Tones, than in Speech therefore the inward voice or whifper,
;

can never give a Tone. And in tinging, there is (manifeftly) a greater

working and labor of the Throat, than in fpeaking; asappeareth in the
thrufting out, or drawing in of the Chin, when we fing.
The Humming of Bees is an unequal, buzzing, and is conceived by fome 175'
of the Ancients, not to come forth at their Mouth, but to bean inward
Sound; but (it may be) it is neither, but from the motion of their Wings
for it is not heard, but when they ftir.
All Metals quenched in Water.give a fibillationorhiffing found (which 176.
hath an affinity with the LetierZ.) notwithftanding the Sound be created
between the Water or Vapor, and the Air. Seething alfo, if there be but
fmallftoreof Water in a VelTel, giveth a hiffing found; but boylingin a
full VcfTel, givctha bubbling found, drawing fomewhat near to the Cocks
ufed by Children.
Tryal would be made, whether the Inequality, or interchange of the 177-
Medium, will not produce an Inequality of Sound as if three Bells were
;

made one within another, and Air betwixt each; and then the outcrmofl
Bell were chimed with a Hammer, how the Sound would differ from a
tim pie Bell. So likewifetakeaPlateof Brafs, and a Plank of Wood, and
joyn them clofe together, andknockupononeof them, and fee if they do
not give an unequal Sound. So make two or three Partitions of Wood in
a Hoguhead, with holes or knots in them and mark the difference of their
5

found, from the found of anHogfhcad, without fuch partitions.

evident, that
is the Percuflion of the greater quantity of Air, caufeth 178.
ITthe bafer Sound ; and the lefs quantity, the more trebble Sound. The Experiments
in Confort,
Percuffion of the greater quantity of Air, is produced by thegreatnefsof touchingthe
theBody percufTing; by the Latitude of the Concave, by which the Sound more Trebble,
and the more
paffeth, and by the Longitude of the fame Concave. Therefore we fec,that
Bafe Tenet or
a Bafe-ftring is greater than a Trebble aBafc-pipehath agreater bore than
>
Muficat
a Trebble And in Pipes, and the like, the lower the Note holes be, and the
:
Sounds.

furtheroff from the Mouth of the Pipe, the more Bale found they yield;
and the nearer the Mouth, the more Trebble. Nay more, if you ftrike an
entire Body, as an Andiron of Brafs, at the top itmakcth a more Trebble
fosnd, and at the bottom a Bafer.

It is alfo evident, that the fharper or quicker Percuffion of Air, caufeth 179.
the more Trebble found and the flower or heavier, the more Bafe found.
5

So we fee inStrings, the more they are woundup and ftrained (and thereby
give a more quick [tart back)! he more Trebble is the found and the flacker ;

they are, or lefs wound up, the Bafer is the found. And therefore a bigger
String more ftrained, andaleffer String lefs ftrained, may fall into the fame
Tone.
Women, Eunuchs, have more fmall and fhrill Voices than Men.
Children, So.
The reafon is, not for that Men have greater heat, which may make the
voice ftrongcr, (for the ftrength of a Voice or Sound, doth make a difference
in theloudncfs orfbfcnefs, bytnot"in the Tone) but from the dilatation of
the Organ, which (it is true) is likcwife caufed byh^at ; but the caufe of
changing the voice atthcyearsof puberty>is moftobfeure. Itfeemcthtobc
for that, when much of the moifture of the Body, which did before irregatc
the
 ;

44- 3\£atural Hijlory

the Parts , is drawn down to the Speimatical Vcfl'cls, it leavcth the Body
more hot than it was5 whence cometh the dilatation of the Pipes For we :

fee plainly all effects of Heat do then come on; as Pilofity, more rough-
nefs of the skin, hardnefs of the flefli, &c.
I»I. The induftry of the CMufttian, hath produced two other means of Strain-
ing, or Intenjion of Strings, befides their fVindingup. The one is the Stopping of
the String with the Finger-, as in the Necks of Lutes, Viols, &c The
other is the Sfwtnefioi the String; as in Harps, Virginals, &c. Both thefe
have one and the fame reafon, for they caufe the String to give a quicker
ftarr.

182. In the (training of a String, the further it is drained, thelefs fuperftrain-

inggoeth to Note: Foritrequireth good winding of a String, before it
a

will make any Note at all. And in the ftops of Lutes, ice. the higher they
go, the lefs diftance is between the Frets.
If you fill a 'Drinkjng Glafi with Water, (efpecially one ffnrp below,
1 83
and wide above) and fillip upon the Brim, or outfide and after, empty5

part of the Water, and fo more and more, and (till try the Tone by fillip-
ing; you mall finde the Tone fall, and be more Bafe as the Glafs is more
empty.

Experiincuts
in Confort,
THe and meafurcd Proportion of the
juft percuffed
Bafenefsor Trebblencfs of Tones, isoneofthe
Air , towards the
greateft fecrets in the
touching the
Proportion of Contemplation of Sounds. For it difcovereth the true Coincidence of
Trebblt and Tones intoDiapafons, which is the return of the fame Sound. And fo of
Bafe Tmts,
the Concords and Difcords, between the Unifon andDiapafon; which we
have touched before in the Experiments of Mufuk, but think fit torefumeit
here a$a principal part-of our Inquiry, touching the Nature of Sounds. It may
be found out in the Proportion of the Winding of Strings in the Proportion
of the Diftance of Fret?, and in rhe Proportion of the Concaveof Pipes,&c.
But moll commodicully in the laft of thefe.

If 4. Try therefore the Winding of a Srring once abou% as foon as it is

brought to that extenfion as will give a Tone, and then of twice about, and
thrice about, &c. And mark the fcale or difference of the Rice of the Tone,
whereby you (hall difcover in one, twocfFe&sj both the proportion of the
Soundtowards theDimenfion of the Winding, and the proportion like wife
of the Sound towards the String, as it is more or lef> (trained, But note that
tomeafurethi?,the way will be to take the length in aright line of the String,
upon any Winding about of the Peg.
1S5 As for the Stops, you are to take the number of Frets, and principally
the length of the Line, from the firft ftop of rhe String, unrofuch ailop as
fliall produce a 'Diapafon to the former ftop, upon the fameString.
ite. But it willbeft (as it isfaid) appear in the Bores of Wind- Infiruments ; and
therefore caufe fome half dozen Pipes to be made in length, and all things
elfealike, with a tingle double, and fo (p mark
one toafextupleBore; and
what fall of Tone every onegiveth. Butflill in thefe three laft inftances
you muft diligently obferve, what length of String, or diftance of Stop, or
concaveof Air, maketh what rife of Sound. As in the laft of thefe (which,
as we faid, is thatwl^ch givcth theapteftdemonftration) you muft letdown
what increafe of Concave goeth to the making of a Note higher, and what
of two Notes, and what of three Notes, and fo up to the Diapafon For :

then the great fecret of Numbers and Proportions will appear. It is not
unlikelv,
 Qentury I/. 4*
unlikely, that thofe that make Recorders, &c. know this already; f<u-
that they rmke them And likewifc Bell-Founders in-fittirg the.
in Sets.

tune of their Bells So that enquiry may favc tryal. Surely, it hath been
:

obferved by one of the Ancients, that an empty Barrel knocked upon wi h • : i

the finger, givcth a Diapafon to the Sound of the like Barrel full But how :

thatfhouldbe, I do not well underftand, for that the knocking of a Barrel

fullor empty, doth fcarce giveany Tone.
There is required lome fenfible difference in the Proportion of creat 1S7
ingaNote towatds the Sound it felf, which is the Paflive and that it ;

be not too near, but at a difhnce For in a Recorder, the three upper-
:

raoft holes yield one Tone, which is a Note lower than the Tone of the

firft three. And the like ('no doubt) is required in the winding or flopping
of Strings.

Experiments
THere another difference of Sounds, which we will call Exterior and
is
in Confbit,
Interior. It is not Soft nor Loud j nor it is not Bale, nor Trebble j nor touching
tis not Mufical, nor Immufiul. Though it be true, that there can be no Exterior and
Interior
Tone in an Interior Sound but en the other fide, in an Exterior Pound, there
;
Sounds.
may be both Mufical and lmmufial. "We fhall therefore enumerate them,
rather than precifelydiftinguifh them; though to make fome adumbration
of (that we mean) the Interior, is rather an Impulfion or Contufion of
the Air, than an Elyfion or Settion of the fame j foas the Pereuffion of the
one towards the other, differeth asaBlowdiffereth from a Cut.

In Speech of Man, the Whilpering, (which they call Sufurrus in La- 188.
tin,) whether it be louder orfofter, is an Interior Sound; but the Speak-
ing out, is an Exterior Sound: And therefore you can never Tone,make a
nor fingin Whifpering; but in Speech you may. So Breathing, or Blow-
ingby the Mouth, Bellows, or Wind (though loud) is an Interior Sound ;

but the blowing thorow a Pipe, or Concave (though foft) is an Exterior.

So likewife, the greateft Winds, if they have no coarctation, or blow not
hollow, give any Interior Sound j the whittling or hollow Wind, yieldeth
a finging , or Exterior Sound j the former being pent by fomc other
Body; the latter being pent in by his own Denfity: And therefore we fee,
That when the Wind bloweth hollow, it is a fignof Rain; the flame, as it
moveth within it felf, or is blown by a Bellows, giveth a murmur or Interior
Sound.
There is no hard Body, but (truck
agarnft another hard Body,will yield
an Exterior Sound, greater or infomuch, as if the Pereuffion be over-
lefler ;

fof ,rmay induce a nullity of found, but never an Interiot Sound; as when
I

one tr . ideth fo foftly, that he is not heard.

Where th:; Air is the Percutient, pent or not pent, againfta hard Body, 190.
it never giveth an Exterior Sound ; as if you blow ftrongly witha Bellows

a^anfta Wall. ,

Sounds (both Exterior and Interior) may be made as faell by S'u&lon, as 191.
by emiffion of the Breath as in Whittling, or Breathing.
;
1

. .

192.
Experiments
and iris one of the ftrangeft fecrets S6unds that the
ITwholeevident,
is

Sound not in the whole Air onely but

is ,
in
the whole
;

Sound is
in Confort,
touching
Articulator.
alfo in every fmall part of the Air. So that all the curioiis diverfity of Arti-
;•'

of Sound's
culate
-
46 3s(atural Hi/lory 5

culatc founds of the voice of Man or Birds, will enter into a fmall erany.
ineonfufed.
1

193- The unequal agitation of the [Vinds , and the like,though they be ma-
terial tothc carriage of the Sounds, further or Ids way yet they do not
;

confound the Articulation of them at all, within thatdiftance that they can
be heard, though it may be, they make them to be heard ids way, than in
a ftill, as hath been partly touched.

1^4. Over-great diftance confoundeth the Articulation of Sounds, as we

fee, that you may hear the found of a Preachers voice, or the like, when
you cannot diftinguifli what he faith. And one Articulate found will con-
found another, as when many fpeak at once.
155. In the Experiment offpeaking under Water;, when the voice is re-
duced to fuch an extream exhility, yet the Articulate founds (which are the
words) are not confounded, as hath been faid.
195. I conceive that an extream fmall, or an extream great lound, can-
not be Articulate , but that the Articulation requireth a mediocrity of
found For that the extream imall found confoundeth the Articulation
:

by contracting, and the great found by difperling and although ;

( as was formerly faid) a Sound Articulate, already created, will be con-

tracted into a fmall crany ; yec the firfl Articulation requireth more di-
menfion.
W- It hath been obfetved , that in a Room, or in a Chappel, Vaulted
below, and Vaulted likewise in the Roof, a Preacher cannot be heard Co
well, as in the like places not fo Vaulted. The caufe is, for that thefub-
fequcnt words come on, before the precedent words vanjfh ; and there-
fore the Articulate Sounds are morcconfufed,though the grofs of the Sound
be greater.
198. The motions of which go to the
the Tongue, Lips, Throat, FaUte, &c.
making of the feveral Alphabetical Letters are worthy inquiry and perti- ,

nent to the prcfent Inquificion of Sounds But becaufe tney are fubtiland
:

long to delcribe, we will refer them over, and place them amongfl: the
Experiments of Speech, Ilie Hebrews have been diligent in it, and have
affigned which Letters are Labial, which T)mul, which Guttural, &c. As
for the Latins and Grecians, they have diftinguifhed between Semi-voxels
and Mutes and in CWutes, between Muu Tenues, Media, and Aftirau, not
;
1

amifs but yet not diligently enough. For the fpecial (trokes ana moti-
,

tions that create thofe Sounds, they have little enquired as that the ;

Letters, B. P.F. M. are not exprened, but with the contracting, or (hut-
tingof the Mouth; that the Letters N. and B. cannotbe pronounced, but
that the LetterN. will turn in:o M. as Hecatonba will be Hecawnba. That
Mi and T. cannot be pronounced together, but P. will come between ;

zsEmtM, is pronounced Emptus, ana a number of the like Sothat if :

you enquire to the full, you will findc, that to the making of the whole
Alphabet, there will be fewer fimple Motions required, than there arc
Letters.
199. The Lungs are the moftfpongy part of thcBody, and therefore ablcft:

to contract and dilate it felf ; and where it contractcth it fclf, itcxpellcth

the Air, which thorow the Artire, Throat, and Mouth, maketh the Voice:
But yet Articulation is not made, but with the help of the Tongue, PaRate,znd the
reft of thofe they call Inftruments of Voice.

There
 £mtury II. i 47
There isfound a Similitude between the Sound thatismadc by Inani- 200.
mate Bodies, or by Animate Bodies , that have no Voice Articulate , and di-
vers Letters of Articulate Voices ; and commonly Men have given fuch
names tothofe Sounds as do allude unto the Articulate Letters- As Trem-
bling of Water hath refemblance with the Letter L. Quenching of Hot Metals

With theLctterZ. Snarling of 'Dogswiththc LcttcrR. The Z^oife of Switch-

Oltls With the Letters Sh. Voice of Cats with the Dipthong Eu. Voice of
Chucko s with the Dipthong Ou. Sounds of Strings with the Letters Ng. So
that if a Man (for curiofity or ftrangenefs fake) would make a Puppet, or
other dead Body, to pronounce a word : Let him confidcr on the one part,
the Motion of the Inftruments of Voice ; and on the other part, the like Sounds
made in Inanimate Bodies $ and what Conformity there is, that caufeth the
Similitude of pounds ; and by that he may miniftcr light to that effect.

NATURAL
 •

•
,'?,Q
f

'•
btooyj
'

; 33! ;i :
'
.'
CfCfT-t™
,

' ;: "' '

'1 '

'

rB .
rcrfioiic! i
'
 m

m
NATURAL
HISTORY
Century III. •

Uu Sounds (whatfoever) move round, that is to fay, On .20 r.

all fides, Upwards, Downwards, Forcwards, and Back- Experiments
in Confotc.
wards: Thii appeareth in all Inftances. touchingthe
Sounds do not require to bcconveighed to the Senfe Motions of
Sounds, in
in a right Line, as Viftles do,but may be arched, though what Lines
be true they move ftrongeft in aright Line j which
it they are Cir-
cular, Oblitkf
is notcaufed bytherightnefs of the Line,
nevcrtheleis
Straight, Vf-
but bythcfhortnefsof thediftancc. L'warefteabrevifi- wards, Down*
ma. And therefore, we fee if a Wall be between/ and you fpeakon the one wards, For-
wards, Back*
fide, vouhearitontheothe*r; which is not b caufe the found paHeth thorow wards.
the Wall, but arched over the Wall. 201i
If the Sound be flopped and repercuffed, it cometh about on the other 20J.
fide, in an oblick Line So.ifinaGoach, one fide of the Boot be down, and
:

theotherup, and aBeggerbcgon the clofe fide, you would think that he
were on the open fide. So like wife, if a Bell or Clock, be (for example)
on the North-fide of a Chamber, and the Window of that Chamber be
upon the South he thatis in the Chamber, will think the found came from
;

the South.
Sounds, though they fpred round, fo that (there is an orb, or fpherical 204.
C/ttfrtHf the Sound) yet they move ftrongeft, and go furtheft in the Fore-
Lines, fromthefirit Local Impulfion of the Air. And therefore in Breach-
ing, you fhall heat the Preachers voice better before the Pulpit thanbe-
hindeit, or on the fides, though it (land open. So a Ha* que buz. or Ordnance
vill'be further heard forwards, from the mouth of thcPiece, than back-
wardi.ororithcfides.
It may be doubted, that Sounds do movebetter downwards, than up- 205.
wards. / ulpits are placed high above the people : And when the Ancient
F Generals
t
 ; :
;

5o Statural Hiflory

Qeneruls fpake to their Armies, they had ever a Mount ofTurffcaft up,
where upon they flood. But this may be imputed to the flops and obftacles
which the voice meeteth with, when one fpeaketh upon the level. But
there feemeth to be more in it for it may be, that Spiritual Species, both of
;

things vifible, and Sounds, dc move better downwards than upwards. It is

aftrangething, thai tpMen ftanding below on the ground, thofe that be on
the top ol Pauls, feemmuch lefsthan they are, and cannot be known : But
to Men above thofe below feem nothing fo much leffened, and may be
,

known ; yet it is true, That all things to them above, feem alfo-fomewhat
contracted and better collected into figure ; as Knots in Gardens fhewbeft
from an upper Window or Tatras.
206. But to make an exaft tryal of it, let a Man f)and in a Chamber, not
much abovethe Ground, and ("peak cut at the Window thorow a Tiunck, to
one ftanding on the Ground as (oftly as he can, the other laying his Ear clofe
to the Trunck Then V'uverfa, let the other fpeak below keepingthe fame
:

proportion of foftnefs; and let him in the Chamber lay his Ear to the Tiunck.
And this -may be the apteft means to make a Judgment, whether Sounds
defcend or afcend better.

207. AFter that Seund is created ('which is in a moment) we finde it continueth

Experiments fomefmall time, melting by and little. In this there is a wonder-
little
in Confort,
ful error amongftMen, who take this to be a continuance of the firft Sound
touching the j

Lafiing and whereas (in truth) it is a Renovation, and not a Continuance: For the Body
Perijhing of percufTed, hath by reafon of the Percuflion, a Tripidation wrought in the mi-
Sounds i and
touching the nute parts, and fo reneweth the Percuffion of the Air. This appeareth
time they re- manifeftly, becaufe that the Melting found of a Bell, or of a ftring ftrucken,
quire to the
Generation or
which is thought to bea Continuance, ceafeth as foon as the Bell or ftring are
T)tUtion% touched. As in a Virginal, as foon as ever thejackfalleth, andtoucheththe
ftring, the found ceafeth ; and in a Bell, after you have chimed upon it, if you
touch the Bell, the found ceafeth. And in this you muft diftinguifh, that there
are two Trepidations The one Manifeft and Local 5 as of the Bell, when it
,

isPenfile; the other Secret, of the Minute parts, fuchasisdefcribed in the

ninth Inftancc. But it is true, that the Local helpeth the Secret greatly. We
(ee likewife, that in Pipes, and other Wind Inftrumen ts, the found lafteth no
longer than the breath bloweth. It is true, that in Organs there is aconfufed
murmur for a while, after you have played , but that is but while the Bellows
arc.in falling.

10%. It is certain, Ordnance, where many are fhot

that in the noife of great
off together, the found will be carried (at the leafU twenty miles upon the
Land, and much futther upon the Water, but then it will come to the Ear
not in the inftant of the mooting off, but it will come an hour, or more later
Thismuft needs bea Continuance of the firft Sound; for there is no Trepi-
dation which mould renew it. And the touching of the Ordnance would
not extinguish the found the fooner So that in great Sounds, the Continu-
:

ance is more than Momentany.

1O9. To try exactly the time wherein Sound is delated, Let a Man ftand in a
Steeple, and have with him a Taper , and let fome Veil be put before the
Taper, and let another Man ftand in the Field amileofT; then let him in the
^teeple ftrike the Bell, and in the fame inftant withdraw the Veil, and fo let
him in the Field tell by hisPulfe, what diftance of time there isbetweenthe
Light feen, and the Sound heard: For ie is certain , That the Delation of
Light
^BttrstDvtiBwsanaNrsa MUMwKWBWWWWgOi J -U-M
I' l
JUUl -.U
'
 Qentury lit, fi
Lii<*hc an inftant. This
is in may be cried in far greater dlihmces; allowing.
greater Lights and Sounds.
It is generally known and obfervcel', that Light and the object of .Vig'Ht, 2.IO.

move fwifter than Sound ; we fee tfie flafli of a piece is fceri fo'onc'r,
for
than the noife is heard. And in hewing Wood, if one jbmediftanccoff, he
(hall fee the Arm lifted upforafecondftrokebeforc he hear the noifc of the
firft ;and the greater the diftanccthe greater is the prevention: As we fee in

Thunde r,which is crack a good (pace.

far off, where the Zi^/;r«j;^precedeth the
Colours, when they reprefentthemfelves totheEyc,fadc not nor melt 2i r.
not by degrees, but appear ftill in the fameftrcngth ; but Sounds melt, and
vanifh, by little and little. 1 he caufe is, for that Colours participate nothing
I with the motion of the Air, but Sounds do. Anditisaplainargunent thac
Sound participateth of fomc Local Motion of the Air, (as a caufe Sine qua
nan) in that it perifheth fo fuddenly For in every Section, or Impulsion of
:

the Air, the Air doth fuddenly reftore and reunite it felf, which the Water
alfo doth, but nothing fo fwiftly.
the Tryals of the Paifage, or not PafTage of Sounds, you mult take heed Experiments
IN you miftakenotthepaffingbythe/idesof a Body, for the paffing thorow wuching tfac
in Conlorr,

a Body; a;,d therefore you mult make the Intercepting Body very clofe,' Paffage and
forSound will pafs thoro w a fmallchinck* fnitrceptions

of Sounds.
Where Sound pafleth thoro w a hard, or clofe Body (as thorow Water, 212.
thorow a Wall, thorow Metal, as in Hawks Bells flopped, dec.) the hard
or clofe Body, muft be but thin and fmall j for elfe it deadeth and extinguifh-

eth the Sound utterly. And Experiment of Speaking in

therefore, in the
Air under Water, the voice muft not be very deep within the Waterior then
the Sound pierceth not. So if you fpeak on the further fide of a clofe Wall,
if the Wall be very thick,you fhallnot be heard arid if there were an Hogs-
;

head empty, whereof the fides were fome two foot thick, and the Bung-
hole flopped. I conceive, the refounding foundbytheCornmurucatioriof
the outward Air with the Air within, would belittle or none, but onely you
fhall hear the noifc of the outward knock, as if rhe Veffel were full.
It is certain.that in the paffage of Sounds thorow hard Bodies, the Spirit 2IJ-
or Pneurrratical part of the hard Body it felf doth co-operate ; but much
better, when the fides of that hard Body arc ft ruck, than when the percufli-
on is oncly within, withouttouch of the fides. Take therefore a Hawks-Bell,
the holes (topped up, andhangit by athred within a Bottle-Glafs, andftop
the Mouth of theGlafs very clofe with Wax,and then fhaketheGlafs.and fee
whether the Bellgive any found at all, or how weak? But note,that you muff
infteadof Thredtakea Wire, or elfe let theGlafs haveagrcat Belly, left
when you fhakc the Bell, it dafh upon the fides of the Glafs.
It is plain that a very long and down right arch for the Sound to pafs, 2 14.

will extinguifh the Sound quite fb that that Sound, which would be heard
,

over a Wall, will not beheard over aChurch nor that Sound, which will
•,

bo heard, if you ftand fome diftance from the Wall, will be heard if you
ftand clofe under the Wall.
1
Foraminous Bodies in the firft creation of the SoUna , will dead
So't and %tf
it 5 for the ftrikingagainft Cloth or Fur.Will make little found, as haih been

faid :But in the paffage of the found, they will admit itbetter than harder-
Bodies, as we fee, that Curtains and Hangings will not flay the foundmuch*
bur Gkfs windows, if they be very clofe, will check a found more, than the
like tHicknefs of Cloth. VVe fee alfb in the rumbling of the Belly, how
cafily the Sound paffcth thorow the Guts and Skin.
F 2 —It
 »

5* JsQitural hiflory «

2X6. It is worthy the inquiry, whether greatSounds ( as of Ordnance or

Bells) become not more Weak and Exile, when they pafs thorow fma.ll

Cranics. For the Subtilties of Articulate Sounds, (it maybe} may pafs
thorow (mall Cranies, not confuted j but the magnitude of the Sound (per-
haps) not fo well.
„

Sounds, are Air, and porous Bodies Wjter,

217.
Experiments
THe rjfrfediums of

and hard Bodies not altogether to be Mediums

refufe
foft

of Sounds.
; alfo

But all
in Confott,
touching the oi chemare dull and unapt differents except the Air.
^Medium of
Sounds.
In Air, the thinner or drier Air, carrieth not the Sound fo well, as the
2lS
more denfe ; as appeareth in Night Sounds, and Evening Soands, and
Sounds in moift Weather, and Southern Winds. The reafon is already

mentioned in the Title of CMajoration of Sounds ; being, for that thin Air is
better pierced, but thick Air preferveth the Sound better from wade Let :

further Tryal be made by hollowing inMifts, and gentle Showers j for .(it
may be) that will fomewhat dead the Sound.
119, How far forth Flame may be a Medium of Sounds, ( efpeciallyoffuch

Sounds as are created by Air, and not betwixt hard Bodies) let it be tried
infpeaking, whereaBonefire is between ; but then you muft allow fcrfome
disturbance, the noife that the Flame it felt maketh.
210. Whether any other Liquors being made UMediums, caufeadiverfity of
Sound from Water, it may be tryed As by the knapping of the Tongs, or
:

ftriking the bottom of a Vcflel filled either with Milk or with Oyl J

which though they be more light, yet are they more unequal Bodies than
Air.
Of the Natures of the Mediums, t»e have noTvftoken ; asfor the Difpofi-
tion oftheJaidMediums, it doth confifi in the Penning, or not Penning

of the Air •,
of-bhich, t»ehavejpoken before in theTtt/e of Delation of
Sounds. // confijieth alfi in the Figure of the Concave, through -vthich
it pajfeth. Of tehich, T»e wllfieak next.

Experiments
inConfort,
HOw the Figures of Pipes ot Concaves,
other Bodies different ;
through which founds pafs , or of
conduce to the variety and alteration of the
what the Fi-
gures x>f the founds, either in refpett of the greater quantity , or lefs quantity of Air,
Pipes or Con- which the Concaves receive or in refpetl: of the carrying of Sounds longer
;

eaves, or the
Bodies diffe-
orihorter way ; or inrefpectof many other Circumflances, they have been
rent, conduce touched, as falling into other Titles. But thofe Figures which we now are
to the Sounds.
tofpeak of, we intend to be, as they concern the Lines, through which
Sound paiTeth As Straight, Crooked t Angular, Circular, &c.
:

221, The Figure of a Bell parraketh of the Pyramu, but yet copaing off, and
dilatingmore fuddenly. The Figure of a Hunters Horn, and Cornet, is oblick, yet
they have hkewife ftraight Horns which if they be of the fame bore with
s

the oblick, differ little in Sound, fave that the ftraight require fomewhat a
ftronger blaft. The Figure of Recorders, and Flutes, and Pipes, are ftraight;
but the Recorder hath a lefs bore, and a greater, above and below. The Trumpet
hath the Figure o( the Letters, which maketh that Purling Sound, &c. Gene-
rally, the ftraight Line hath the cleaned and roundeft Sound* and the crooked
themore Hoatfe, and Jarring.
222. Of a Sinuous Pipe that may have foine four Flexions, tryal would be
made. Likewife of a Pipe made like a Crofs, open in the midft » and Co
likewife
 Century III. n
likewise of an Jugular Tipe and fee what will be the eflfedh of thefc feveral
,•

Sounds. And lo again of a Circular 'Pipe : As if you take a Pipe perfed

round, and make a hole whercinco youfliall blow, and another hole not
far from that; but with a travcrfe orftcp between them So that your :

breath may go the. Round of the Circle, and come forth at the fecond hole.
You may try likewifcPercuflions of folid Bodies of feveral Figures As :

Globes, Flats, Cubes, Crofes, Triangles, &e. And their Combinations ; as Flat
againft Flat, and Cmk* againft Convex, and
Convex againft. Flat, &c. And mark
well thediverfitiesof theSounds. Try alfo the <JifTetenceinloundpf feve-
ral Craflaudes of hard Bodies percuffed, and take knowledge of the diver-
fities of the founds. I my fclf have tried, That a Bell of Gold yieldeth an ex-

cellent found, not inferior to that of. Silver or Bra]?, but rather better. Yet
we fee that a piece of money of Gold, foundeth far more flat thaa a piece of
money oiSilver.
The Harp ruth the concave, not along the ftrings,butacrofs the firings; 223
and no inflrutnent hath the found fo melting and prolonged, as the Irifh Harp.
So as I fnppole, that if a Virginal were made with a double Concave ; the
one all the length as the Virginal hath, the other at the end o( the firings, as
the Harp hath ; it muft needs make the found perfecter, and not fo (hallow,
and jarring. You may try it without any Sound-board along, but onely
Harp, wife, at one end of the firings i or laftly, with a double concave, at
each end of the'ftrings one.

THere is an apparent diverftty between the Species Viable and Audible, in 224.
this. That the Viable doth not mingle in the ^Medium, but the Audible Experiments
in Confort,
doth. For if we look abroad, we fee Heaven, a number of Stars, Trees, touchingthe
Hills, Men,Beaft«, once; and the Species of the one, doth not confound
at Mixture of
tf
the other But: if fo many Sounds come from feveral parts, one of them
:
Sounds*

would utterly confound the other. So we fee, That Voices or Conforts of

CMuftck. do make a harmony by mixture, which Colours do not. It is true
neverthelefs, that a great light drowncthafmaller, that it cannot befeenj
as the Sun that of a Gloworm, as well as a great found drownethaleffer.
And I fuppofe likewife that if there were two L,anthorns of Glafs , the
,

one a Crimfin, and the other an Azure, and a Candle within either of
them, thofecoiouted lights, would mingle and caft upon a White Paper, a
Purple colour. And even in colours, they yield a faint and weak mixture j
for White Walls make rooms more lightfome, than Black, &c. But the
caufe of the Confufion inSownds, andthelnconfufion in Species Viflble, is*
For that the Sight worketh in right Lines, and maketh feveral Cones 5 and
fo there can be no Coincidence in the Eye, or Vifual Point: But Sounds that
move inoblick and arcuate Lines, muft needs encounter, anddifturbtheone
the other.

The fweeteft and beft Harmony is, when every Pact or Inftrumentis 215.
not heard by but a conflation of them all ,
it fclf , which requireth to ftand
fome diftance off. Even as it is in the mixture of perfumes, or the taking of
the fmells of feveral Flowers in the Air.
Thedifpofition of the Air, in other qualitiesi except it be joyned with 21*.
Sound, hath no great operation upon Sounds ; For whether the Air be
lightfome or dark, hot or coldt quiet or flirting, (except it be withnoife)
fweetfmelling, orftinking,orthelike$ itimporteth not much. Somepetty
alteration or difference it may make*
F But
3
\
 ; ;:

J\£atural Hiflory

ButSounds do difturb and alter the one the other: Sometimes theone.
drowning the other, and making it not heard fometimes the one jarring and
;

difcording with the other,and making a condition ; fometimes the one ming-
ling and compounding with the other, and making an harmony.
228. Two Voices of like loudnefs, will not be heard twice as far, as one of
themalone; and two Candles of like light, will not make things feem twice
as far off, as one. Thecaufe is profound, but itfeemeth, that the Imprefli-
ons from the objects of the Senles, do mingle refpe&ively, every one with
his kindebut not in proportion,^ as is before demonftrated And the reafon
• :

maybe, becaufe thenrft impreflion, which is from Privative to Active, (as

from Silence to Noife, or from Darknefs to Light,) is a greater degree, than
from lefs more noife, or from lefs light, to more light. And the
noife, to
reafon of that again may be, For that the Air, after it hath received a charge,
doth not receive a fureharge, or greater charge, with like appetite, as it
doth the firft charge. As for the increafe of Vertue generally, what propor-
tion it beareth to the increafe of the Matter, it is a large Field, and to be
handled by it felf.

make Sounds
229.
Experiments ALL Reflexions Concurrent, do
Sound, or the Reflexion, be clean and
that createth, either the origiual
greater ; but if the Body
in Confotti
touching fmooth.it maketh themfweeter. Tryal may be made oizLme or Vial, with
Meloration of the Belly of polimed Brafs in ftead of "Wood We
fee, that even in the open
.

{Sounds.
I

Air, the Wire.fir'mg is fweeter than the firing of Guts. And we fee, that for Re-
flexion, JiPWexcelleth 3 as inMufickjiQat the Water, or in Ecchos.

230. hath been tryed, that a fflifd, a little moiftned on the infide, but yet
It
fo as there be no drops left, maketh a more folemn found, thanif the Pipe
were dry ; but yet with a fweet degree of Sibilation or Purling, as we touched
it before in the Title of Equality. Ihecaufeis, for that all things porous, be-
ing fuperfkialiy wet, and (as were) between dry and wet, become a little
it

more even and fmooth ; but the Purling (which mud: needs proceed of In-
equality) I take to be bred between the fmoothnefs of the inward Surface
of the Pipe which is wer, and the reft of the Wood of the Pipe, unto which
the wet Cometh nor, but it remaineth dry.
231 In Frofly weather, tJMufick^ within doors foundettv better which may ;

be, by reafon not of the difpofition of the Air, but of the Wood or Stringof
the Instrument, which is made more erifp, and (o more porous and hollow
and we fee that Old Lutes found better than Neiv, for the fame reafon : And fo
do lute-firings that have been kept long.
232,. Sound is like wife meliorated by the mingling of open Air with pent Air
Therefore tryal may be made of a Lute ox Vial with a double Belly, making
another Belly with a knot over the firing yet fo, as there be room enough
,•

for the firings, and room enough to play below that Belly. Tryal may be
alio made or an Irish Harp, with a concave on both fides, whereas it ufeth to
have it but on one fide. The doubt may be left it mould make too much re-
,

founding, whereby one Note would overtake another.

2.3 3-
If you flng in the hole of a 'Drum, it maketh the finging more fweet.
Andfo I conceive it would, if it were a Song in Parts lung into feveral 'Drums ;
and for handfomneis and ftrangenefs fake, it would not be amifs to have a
Curtain between the place where the Drums tre, and the hearers.
234- When a found is created in the Wini-Infimmtm, between the Breath and
Air, ye: if the found be communicate with a more equal Body of the Pipe,
it
 Century III. 55
ic meliorated! the found. For (no dobut) there would be a differing found
in a Trumpet or Pipe of Wood, and again, in a Trumpet or Pipe of Brafs;
Ic were good to try Recorders and Hunters Horns of B.raft, what the found

would be,
founds are meliorated by the Intenfion of the Senfe,where the common 235
Senfe is collected moft to the particular Senfeof Hearing, and the Sight fuf-
pended: And therefore Sounds areiweeter, as well as greater, in the Night
than in the Day and 1 fuppofe, they are fweeter to blinde men, than to
;

otheis And it is manifeft, that between fleeping and waking, f when all the
:

Senfes are bound andfufpended) CWufickjs far fweeter than when one is fully
waking.

a thing
is ftrange in Nature, when it is attentively confidered How 23 6".
ITChildren and (ome Birds learn to imitate Speech. They take
,

no mark at Experiments
Confort,
allot the Motion of the Mouth of him that fpeaketh , for Birds areas well in
touching the
taught in the dark, as by light. The founds of Speech
are very curious and Imitation of

exquifite ; io one would it were Leflbn hard

think
to learn. a
It is true, Sound:*

that it is done With time, and by little and little, and with many effays and
proffers But all this difchargeth not the wonder. It would make a Man
:

think (though this, which we fliall fay, may feem exceeding ftrange) that
there is fome and that the Spirit of the Teacher put
tranfmiffion of Spirits ,

in motion, mould work with the Spirits of the Learner apredifpofition to

offer to imitate, and fo to perfect the imitation by degrees. But touching
Operations by Tranlmiflions of Spirits (which isone of the higheft fecretsin
Nature) we mail fpeak in due place, chiefly when we come to inquire of
Imagination. But as for Imitation, it is certain, That there is in Mer, and
other Creatures, a predifpofition to imitate. We fee how ready Apes and
Monkies are to imitate all motions of Man And in the catching of Dot- :

trels, we fee how thcfoolifh Bird playeth the Ape in geftures And no Man :

(in effect) doth accompany with others, but he learneth (ere,he is aware;

fome Gefture, or Voice, or Fafliion of the other.

In Imitation of founds, that Man mould be the Teacher, is no part of the 237-
matter: For Birds will learn one of another, and there is no re ward by feed-
ing, or the like, given them for the imitation: Andbefides, you mall have
Parrets that will not onely imitate Voices, but Laughing, Knocking, Squeak-
ing of a Door upon the Hinges, or of a Cart wheel, and (in effect) any other
noife they hear.
No Speech of Man, but Birds onely: For the Ape
Beaft can imitate the Z3S.
it fcl , that is lb ready to imitate other wife, attaincth not any degree of imi-
r

tation of Speech. It is true, that I have known a Dog, that if one howled

in his ear, he would fall a howling a great while. What mould be the aptnefs
of Birds, in companion of Beafts, to imitate the Speech of Man, may be fur-
ther inquired. We fee that Beafts have thofe parts, which they count the
Instruments of Speech, (as Lips, Teeth, eW.) liker unto Man than Birds. As for
the Neck, by which xhzjhroat pafleth, we fee many Beafts have it for the
length as much as Birds.
, What better gorge or attire Birds have, may b^
further inquired . The Birds that are known to
be fpeakers, are Turrets, Tjes,
Jays, T>aws t and Ravens : Of which, Turrets have an atiunekBill, but the
reft not.
Butconceive, that the aptnefs of Birds is not fo much in the confor-
I 239<
mity of the Organs of Speech, as in their Attention. For Speech muttcome
by Hearing and Learning ; and Birds give more heed, and mark Sounds
more
t
— ~~
3\(atural Hi/lory
56 .

more than Beads becaufc naturally they are more delighted with them,
;

and pradtife them more, as appear eth in their Singing. Wefccalfo, that
thofc that teach Birds to ling do keep them waking, to increafe their
,

attention. We fee alio, that Cock-Birds, amongft Singing-Birds, are ever

the better fingers, which may be, becaufethey arc more lively, andliften
more.
240. Labor and Intention to imitate Voices, doth conduce much to Imitation:
And therefore we that there be certain *Pantomimi, that will reprefent
fee,

the Voices of Flayers of Interludes, fo to life, as if you fee them not, you
would think they were thofe Flayers thcmfelves, and lo the Voices of other
men that they hear.
141. There have been fomcthat could counterfeit the diftance of Voices,
(which is a fecondary objed of Hearing) in fuch fort as when they ftand ;

frft by you, you would think the Speech came from afar off] inafearful
manner. How this is done, may befurthcrenquired but I fee no great ufc ;

of it, butforlmpofture, in counterfeiting ghofts or fpirits.

Experiments Here be three kindes of Reflexions of Sounds; a Reflexion Concurrent,

in Confort,
touching the
Ktflexion of
T
Eccho,
flexion Iterant, which we call Eccho, and a Super-reflexion, ot an Eccho

whereof the firft hath beeh handled in the Title of ^Magnitude

a.

of:
Re-
an
of
Stunds.
Sounds. The latter two we will now fpeakof.

141. The Reflexion of Species Viflbleby tJMirrots, you may commandj becaufe
palling it Right Lines, they may be guided to any point: Bttt«$fe Reflexion
of Sounds, is hard to matter ; becaufe the found filling great fpaces rn arched
Lines, cannot be fo guided. And therefore, we fee there hath not been
pra&ifcd any means to make Artificial Eccho's. And no Eccho already
known, returneth in a very narrow room.
HS- The Natural Eccho's are made upon Walls, Woods, Rocks.HilK and
Banks As for Waters being near, they make a Concurrent Eccho but
: ,•

being further off, (as upon a large River) they make an Intcrant Eccho:
Forthereis no difference between the Concurrent Eccho, and the Iterant,
but the quicknefs or flownefs of the return. But there is no doubr, but Wa-
ter doth help the Delation of Eccho, as well as ithelpeth the Delation of
Original Sounds.
H4« It is certain (as hath been formerly touched,) that if youfpeakthorow
aTrunck, ifop'ped at the further end, you (hall finde a blaft return upon your
mouth, but no found at all. Thecaufcis, for that the clofenefs, which prc-
ferveth the original, notable to prefcrve the refleded found befides that,
is •

Eccho's are feldom created, but by loud Sounds. And therefore there is
left hope of Artificial Eccho'sin Air, pentinanarrow concave. Neverthe-

lefs it hathbecn tryed, thatone leanjng overa Wellof Twenty fivefathom

deep, and fpcaking, though but foftly, (yet not fofbft asawhifper) the
Water returned a good audible Eccho. It would be tryed, whether fpeaking
in Caves.whexe there is noiflucfave where you fpeak, willnotyieldEccho's
as Wells do. \

M5< The Eccho cometh as the Original Sound doth in a round orb of Air .*

It weregcod to try»thc creating of the Ecchof where the Body rcpercuffing

maketh an Angle As agamfl the Return of a Wall, &c. Alfo wc fee that
:

in Mirrors, there is the like Angle of Incidence, from the Object to the
Glafs, and from the Glafs to the Eye. And if you ftrike a Ball fide-long, not
full upon the Surface, the rebound will be as much the contrary way ; whe-
ther
 )

Century III. 57
ther there beanyfuch refilience in Eccho's fthat is, Whether a M?n mall
hear better, if he (land afide the Body rcpercuffing, than if he ftand where
he fpeaketh,. or any where in a right Line between) may be tried ; Try^l like-
wife would be made, by ftanding nearer the place of rcpercuffing, than he
thatfpeaketh; and again, by ftanding further off, than he that fpeaketh, and
fo knowledge would be taken, whether Eccho's, as well as Original Sounds,
be notftrongeft near hand.
There be many places* where you (hall hear a number of Eccho's one 24O,
afcer another ; and it is, when there is variety of Hills or fVeods, fome nearer,
fome further off: So that the return from the further, being lad created, will
be likewife laft heard.
As
the Voice goeth round, as well towards the back, as towards the
M7-
front of him that fpeaketh j fo likewife doththeEccho, for you have many
Back-eccho's to the place where you ftand.
To make an Eccho that or four, or five words
will, report three, 248.
dinftin&ly, it is requifite, that the Body repercufiing be a good diftance
off For if it be near, and yet not fo near, as to make a Concurrent
:

Eccho, it choppeth with you upon the fudden. It is requifite likewife,

that the Air be not much pent: For Air, at gteat.diftancc, pent, work-
eth the fame effeft with Air at large , in a faiall diftance. And there-
fore in the Tryal of Speaking in the Well, though the Well was deep,
the Voice came back fuddenly , and would bear the report but of two
words. i ;

From Eccho's upon Eccho's, there is a rate inftance thereof in a

place, which I will now exactly defcribe. It is fome Three or four
Miles from Taris , near a Town called 'Pvnt-C^enton and fome Bird*
•

bolt mot or more from the River of Sean. Tne Room is a Chappel,
or fmall Church the Walls ail (landing, both at the fides
j and at the ,

ends j two rows of Pillars after .the manner of Ifles of Churches, alfo
ftanding the Roof all open
j not fo much as any Embowment near,

any of the Walls left. There was -again ft every Pillar, a ftack of Bil-
lets above a Mans height, which the Watermen, that bring Wood
down the Sean and not in Boats, laid thete (as it feemeth
, in Stacks,
for their eafe. Speaking at the one end, I did hear it return the Voice
Thirteen fcveral times and I have heard of others that it would re-
; ,

turn Sixteen times for I was there about three of the Clock in the After-
;

noon ; and it is beft, ( as all other Eccho's are) in the Evening. It is

manifeft, that it is not Eccho's ftom feveral places, but a tofling of the
Voice, as a Ball too and fro ; like to Reflexions in Looking-Glafles ; where
if you place one Glafs before, and another bebinde, you ifiall fee the Glafs

behinde with the Image, within the Glafs before j and again, the Glafs
before in that : And divers fuch Super«Reflexions, till the Species Jfteciei at
laft die : For it is every return weaker, and more fliady. In like manner,
the Voice in that Chappel, createth S'feciem freciei, and maketh fucceeding
Super-Reflexions ; for it meiteth by degrees, and every Reflexion is
weaker than the former : So that,if you (peak three words, it will (per-

haps) fome three times report you the whole three words and then the ;

two latrer for fometimes, and then the laft word alone for fome-
words
times , ft.ll fading and growing weaker. And whereas in Eccho's of
one return, it is much to hear Four ot five words. In this Eccho of
fo many Returns, upon the matter, you heat above Twenty words for
three.
The
 ;

58 3\£atural Hiflory

250. The like Eccho upon Eccho, but onely wich two reports, hath been
obferved to be, if you ftand between a Houfe and a Hill, and lure towards
the Hill ; for the Houfe will give a Back Eccho One taking it from the
:

other* and the latter the weaker.

251. There arc certain Letters, that an Eccho will hardly cxprefs : As S for
one, efpccially being principal in a word. I remember well, that when
I went to the Eccho at Tont-Caremon, there was an old Tariftan that took it
to be the Work of Spirits, and of good Spirits. For (faid he) call Satan,
and the Eccho will not deliver backthe 'Devils name But will fay, f^at'en,
:

which is as much in French, as C^ty*?*, or Avoid. And thereby I did hap to

findc, that an Eccho would hot return S,being but a Hiding and an Interior
Sound*
152. Eccho's arc fome more fudden, andchapagain as foon as the Voice is
delivered, as hath been partly faid; others are more deliberate, that is, give
more fpacc between the Voice and the Eccho, which is caufed by the Local
nearnefs or diftance Some will report a longer train of words and fome
: .

a fhorter: Some more loud (full as loud as the Original, andiometimes

more loud) and fome weaker and fainter.
253 Where Eccho's come from ievcral parts,at die fame diftance they muft
needs make (as it were) a Quire of Eccho's,andfo make the Report greater,
and even a continued Eccho; which you fhall find e in fome Hills that (land
encompafled, Theatre- like.
254- It doth not yet appear, that there is RefralTtm in Sounds, as well as in
species Vifible. For f do not'think, that if a Sound ftiould pafs through di-
vers Mediums, as xyiir, Cloth, Wood, it would deliver tfre Sound in a differing
place, from that unto which it is deferred ; which is the proper cffccT of
Refraction. But tMajoration, which is alfo the Work of Kefrattion, appear-
cth plainly in Sounds, (as hath been handled at full) but it is not by divcrilty
of Mediums.

Experiments
in Contort,
touching the
WE have Dcmonftrations fake, ufed in divers fnftances, the
Obiter, for
Examples of the Sight and Things Vifible^ to illuftratc the Nature of
,

Cortfent and Sounds. But we think good now to profecute that Comparifon more
DiJJent be-
fully.
tvrttn yifiblts
and yfudiblts,

Confent of Vifibles a nd Audibles.

*55'
BOth of them fprcd thcmfelves in Round, and fill a whole Flore or Orb
unto ccrtainLimits and are carried a great way, and do languifh and
,*

lefTen by degrees, according to the Diftance of the Objects from the

Senfories.
25$. Both of them have the whole Species in every fmall portion of the
%yfit or Medium, foas the Species do pafs through fmall Cranies, without
confufion: As we fee ordinarily in Levels, as to the Eye; and in Cranies,
or Chinks, as to the Sound.
257. Both of them are of a fudden and cafi c Generation and Delation, and
Iikcwile perifhlwiftly and fuddenly ; as if y ou remove the Light, or touch
the Bodies chat give theSound.
Bot n
 Qentury III. <5*

Both of them do receive and carry cxquifitc,and accurate differences ;

2 j2
as of Colours, Figures, Motions, Distances, in P'ifiblet and of. Articulate
;

Voices, Tones, Songs, and Quiverings, in jiudibles: j,

Both of them in their Vcrtue and Working, do not appear to emit any 259.
Corporal Subftance into their tediums, or the Orb of their Vertuc neither ;

again to rife or ftir any evident Local Motion in their Mediums as the^ pais,
bur onely to carry certain Spiritual Species. The perfed knowledge o f the
;

caufe whereof, being hitherto fcarcely attained, wefhallfearch and handle

in due place.
Both of them feem not to generate or produce any other efFe6r in Na- 2,60.
ture, but fuch as appertained! to their proper Objects and Senfes, and are
otherwife barren.
But both of them in their own proper adion, do work three manifeft 261.
effeds. The firft, drowncththelelTer: As the
in that the ftronger pieces
light of the Sun, thelight of a Gloworm, the report of an Ordnance, the
Voice. The fecond, in that an Object of furchargc or excefs, deftroyeth the
Senfe As the light of the Sun the eye, a violent found (near the Ear) the
:

Hearing. The third, in that both of them willbe reverberate: Asin Mir-
rors, and in Eccho's. '-.•.,
Neither of them dothdeftroy or hinder the Species of theother, al- 2 £2,.

though they encounter in the fame Medium: As Light or Colour hinder not
found, nor e contra. j

Bothof them affect the Senfe in Living Creatures, and yield Objeds of 263
Pleafure and Di (like ; yet neverthclefs, the Objeds of them do alio (if it
be well obferved) affed and work upon dead things ; namely fuch, as have
fome conformity with the Organs of the two Senfes : As Fifibles work up-
on a Looking-glaf, which is like the Pupil of the Eye ; and AudiHes upon the
places of Eccho, which refcmble, in lbme fort, the cavern and ftrudure of
the Ear.
Both of them do diverfly work, as they have their UJ/#J«o» diverfly l6\<
difpofed. So a Trembling Medium (as fmoak) maketh the objed feem to trem-
ble ; and Rifing or Falling Medium (as Winds) maketh the Sounds to rife or
fall.

To both, the ^Medium, which is the moft propitious and conducible> is 2#<
Air For Glafs or Water, &c. arcnotcompairable.
;

In both of them, where the objed is fine and accurate, itconduceth 266.
much to have the Senfe intentive, and ered j infomuch, asyoucontrad
youreyc, when you would fee fharply, and ercd your car, when you would
hear attentively ; which in Bcafts that have ears moveable, is moft
manifeft.
The Beams of Light, when they arc multiplied and conglomerate, 2 $7«
generate heat which is a different adion, from the adion of Sight And
; :

the Multiplication and Conglomeration of Sounds, doth generate ancx-

tream Rarefadionof the Air which is an adion materiatc, differing from
;

the adion of Sound. If it be true (which is anciently reported) that Birds>

with great fhouts,havc fain do^n. .

Diflcnt
 i
f n" " ii
i

60 Statural Biftory ;

Diflent of Vifibles and Audibles.

Ii .

26s.
THe Species of Vifbles %

almoftlike Odors,
feem to be
fave thatthey are
Imifions of
more
Beams from the
incorporeal ;
Object feen
bat
,

me Species-
of <yfudibles,feem to participate mote with Local Motion, like rercufions 01 lm-
prefions made upon the %yiir. So that whereas all Bodies do feem to work in
two manners, Either by the Communication of their 2{atures, or by r.he/sw
prepons and Signatures of their CMotions, The DirTufion of Species Viable ,

feemeth to participate more of the former Operation, and the Species' Audible
of the latter.

169. The Species of Audibles feem to be carried more manifeftly thorow the
Air,than the Species of Vifibles For (I conceive) thar a contrary ftrong
:

Wind will not much hinder the fight of Vifibler, as it will do the hearing of
Sounds.
170. There is one difference above all other?,between Vifibles and Audibles,
that is the mpft remarkable as that whereupon many fmaller differences
;

do depend ; Namely ,that Vifibles (except Lights) are carried in Ris;ht Lines,
and Audibles in Arcuate Lines. Hence it cometh to pafs, that Vifibles do
not intermingle and confound one another, as hath been faid before, but
Sounds do. Hence it cometh, that the folidity of Bodies doth not much
hinder the fight, fothat the Bodies be clear, and the Pores in a Right Line,
:
as in Glafs, Cryftal, Diamonds, Water, &c. But a thin Scarf or Handker-
chief, though they be Bodies nothing fofolid, hinder the fight Whereas :

(contrariwife) thefe Porous Bodies do not much hinder the Hearing, but
folid Bodies do almoft flop ir, or at leaft attenuate it. Hence alfo it
cometh, that to the Reflexion of Vifibles, fmallGlaffes fuffice, but to the
Reverberation of Audibles,are required greater fpaces, as haxh like wife been
faid before.
Vifibles arc feen further off, than Sounds are heard allowing nevenhc-
;
tyi<
lefs the rate of their bignefs : For otherwife, a great Sound will be heard
further off, than a fmall Body feen.
Vifibles require (generally) tome diftance between the object, and rfre
272.
Eye to be better feen whereas in Audibles, the nearer the approach of the
;

Sound is to the Senfe the better but in this, there may be a double error.
$

Theone.beeaufe to Seeing there is required Light,andany thirgthitrouch-

eth the Pupil of the ( Eye

ovet) excluderh the Light.
11 For i have heard
of a perfon very credible, (who himfelf was cured of a Cataract in one of
his Eyes) that whilethe SUver-needle did work upon the fight of His Eye, to
remove the Film of the Cataract, he never faw any thing more clear or per-
fed, than that white Needle : Which (no doubt) was, becaufe the Needle
was leffer than the Pupil of the Eye, and fo took not the light from ir. The
other error may be, For that the object of Sight dothftrike upon the Pupil
of the Eye, directly without any interception % whereas the Cave of the Ear
doth hold off the Sound a little from the Organ And fo neverthelefs there :

is fome diftance required in both.

*7J- Vifibles are fwifter carried to the Senfe, than Audibles; as appeareth in
Thunder and Lightning Flame, and Report of a Piece Motion of the
; 5

Air, in hewing of Wood, All which have been fet down heretofore, but
ate proper for this Title.
1
Icon-
1 1 1 \^t+*md**~m '

1 '" *d 'l
 Century III. 6i
I conceive alfo, that the species of Audibles, do hang longer in the Air than 274.
thofe of J //j£/« :
7
For although even thofe of Vifibles dohang fomc time,
aswc fee in Rings turned, that fhew like fphcres. In Lute-firings fillipped,a Fire-
brand carried a long, which leaveth a train of light behinde ir, and in the Twi
light, and the like Yet I conceive that Sounds, flay longer becaufc they are
:

carried up and down with the Wind; and becaule of the diftance of the
time in Ordnance difcharged, and heard twenty miles off
In Vifibles there are not found Objects fo odious and ingrate to the Senfe, 275
as in Audibles. For foul Sights do rather difpleafe,in that they excite the memory
of foul things, than in the immediate Objects. And therefore in Piilures,thok
foul Sights do not much offend
but in Audibles, the grating of a Saw when
;

it is fl\arpned, doth offend fo much, asitfetteththeTeeth on- edge ; and any

of theharfh *Difcords in CMuficks, the Ear doth ftraightwaysremfe.

In Vifibles, after great light, if you come fuddenly into the dark, or con- 276.
trariWife out of the dark into a glaring Light. The eye is dazled for a time,
andthe%/;/confufed ; but whether any luch effect be after great Sounds, or
after a deeper filence may be better enquired. It is an old Tradition, that
thofe that dwell near the Cataracts of T^ilus, are flrucken deaf But we finde :

no fuch effect in Cannoniers, nor Millers, nor thofe that dwell upon Bridges.
Irfeemeth.that the Imprefiion of Colouris Co weak, as it workcth not, but 277.
by a Coneof direct Beams, or right Lines, whereof theBafis isin the Object
and the Vertical point in the Eye So as there is a cotradiation and conjuncti-
:

on of Beams j and thofe Beams fofent forth, yet are not of any force to beget
the like borrowed or fecond Beams, except it be by Reflexion, whereof we
fpeaknet. For the Beams pafs and give little tincture to that Air which is ad-
jacentj whichif theydid, we fhould fee Colours out of a right line. But as
this in Colours, fo otherwife it is in the Body of Light. For when there is a
skreen between the Candle and the Eye, yet the light paffeth to the/Paper
whereon one writeth, fo that the light is feen where the body of the flame
is not feen; and where any Colour (if it were placed where the body of the

flame is) would not be feen. I judge that Sound is of this latter nature: For
when two are placed on both fides of a Wall, and the voice is heard, I judge
it is notonely the original found, which paffeth in an Arched line ; but the found,

which paffeth above the Wall in a Right line, begetteth the like Motion round
about it, as the flrft did, though more weak.

LI Concords and ^Difcords of Mufick (wo doubt) Sympathies and Antipathies of 27s.
^Sounds, and fo (like wife) \ntY\zt Mufick, which we call Broken Mufick^, or Experiments
In Confort, »

! Confort Mufick. i fome Confortsof Inftruments are fweeter than others, (a thing
touching the
'
not fufficiently yet obferved ;) as the Irish- Harp and Bafe-Vid agree well 5
the Sympathy $r
^fhtipxthjr of
Recorder and Stringed Mufick^ agree well • Organs and the Voice agree well, &c.
Sonndt, ewe
But the Virginals and the Lute, or the fVelsh-Harp and Irish-Harp, or the Voice with unothtr.
and Pipes alone, agree not fo well but for the UMelioration of Muftckj there is
•,

yet much left (in this Point of Exquifite Conforts) to try and enquire.

There is a common obfervation, That if 2. Lute ox JW belaid upon the 279.

back; with a fmall ftra w upon one fide of the firings and another Lute or Vial be
,

laid by it ; and in the other Lute or fial the Vhifon to that^ri«j be ftrucken, it
I
Will make thejlring move which will ; appear both to the Lye, and by the
ftraws falling off. The like will be if thcDiapafon or Eight to thzxftringbc ftruck-
en, either in the fame Lute or Vial, or in others lying by Bat in noneofthefe
:

there is any report of Sound that can be difcerned, but onely Motion.
G It
 6% ^Qaural Hiflory;

2.SO, Itwasdevifed, Thata Vial mould have a Lay of Wire-ftrings below,

as clofe to the Belly as a Lute, and then the Strii.gs of Cuts mounted upon
a Bridge, as in ordinary Vials ; to the end, that by this means, the upper
Strings ftrucken, fhould make the lower rtfound by Sympathy, and fo make
the Mufick the better*, which, if it be to purpofe, than Sympathy worketh as
well by report of Sound, as by Motion. But this device, I conceive, to be
of no ufe, beeaufe the upper Strings which are flopped in great variety, can-
not maintain a *Diapafonot a Vnifon with the lower, which are never flopped.
But if it mould be of ufe at all, itmuftbein Inftruments which have no flops,
as Virginals and Harps-, wherein tryal may be made of two rows of Strings,
diftant the one from theother.
281. The Experiment of Sympathy may be transferred (perhaps) from In-
ftruments of Strings, to other Inftruments of Sound. As to try, if there were
inone Steepletwo of Unifon, whether the {hiking of the one would
Bells
move the other, mote than if it were another accord : Ardfo in Fipes, if they
be of equal bore and found,; whether a little Straw or Feather would move
in the one 'Pipe, when the other is blown at an Vnifon.
282. Itfeemeth both in^randf^.thelnftrument of S'enfehith a Sympathy
or Similitude with that which giveth the Reflexion (as hath oeen touched be-
fore.) For asthe fight of the Eye islikeaChryftal, or Glafs, or Water 3 fois
the Ear a finuous Cave with a hard Bone, to flop and reverberate the Sound:
Which is like to the places that report Eccho's.

Experiments
WHen Man yawneth,
Membrane
a he cannot hear fo well. The caufeis, for that the
of the Ear is extended; and fo rather cafteth off the Sound,
in Confort,
touching the than drawethitto.
Hindring or
Helping of the
Hearing.
We hear better when we hold our Breath, than contrary, infomuch, as

284. in all liftening to attain a Sound a far off, Men hold their Breath. The eaufe
is, for that in all Expiration, themation is outwards, and therefore rather
driveth away the voice than drawfcfh it : And befides, we fee thatin all labor
todo things with any ftrength, WeMold the Breath and ; liftening after any
Sound that is heard with difficulty, is a kinde of labor.
285. Let itbetryed, for the help of the Hearing, (and I conceive it likely to
fueceed) to make an Inilrument like a Tunnel j the narrow part whereof
may beof thebignefs of the hold of the Ear 5 'and the broader end much
larger ; aBell
like the skirts, and the length half a foot or more. And4et
at

the narrow end of it be let clofe to the Ear. And mark whether any Sound
abroad in- the open Air, will not be heard diftincTly, from further diftance,
than without that Inftrument ; being (asitwere) an Ear (pefacle. And I have
heard there is in Spain, an Inftrument in ufe to be (et to the Ear, that helpeth
fomewhattho'e that are Tbiekof Hearing.
236. If the Mouth be fhut clofe, neverthelefs there is yielded bytheRoof
of the Mouth, a Murmur; fueh asisufedby Dunlb men: Butif theNoftrils
be likewife flopped, no fuch Murmur can be made, except it be in the bottom
of the Pallate towards the Throat. Whereby it appeareth manifeftly, thata
1

Sound in the Mouth , except fuch as aforefaid, if the Mouth be flopped,

2,87. paffeth from thePallate through the Noftrils.
Experiments
in Confort,
(which we
touching the
Spiritual and
THe Repercufwn of
of the Epnce of
Spiritual For
Sounds, call Eccho)
is a great Argument'

were Corporeal, the Reper-

Founds, if it
Fine Nature
of Sound 1, cuffing mould be created ie the fame manner, and by like Inftruments, with
the
 Century III. 63
the original Sound But wc fee what a number of exquifite Inftruments
:

muft concur in fpeakingof words, whereof there is no fuch matter in the

returning of them, but onely a plain ftop, and repercuflion.

The exquifite Differences of Articulate Sounds, carried along in the 238,

Air, (hew that they cannot be Signatures or Impreflions in the Air, as hath
been well refuted by the Ancients. For it is true, that Seals make excellent
Imprcflions and fo it may be thought of Sounds in their firft generation
; :

But then the Delation and Continuance of them , without any new fealing,
(hew apparently they cannot be Impreflions.
All Sounds are fuddenly made,and do fuddenly perifh j but neither that, 3S9«
nor the exquifite Differences of them, is matter of fo great admiration For :

the Quavcrings, and Warblings of Lutes, and Pipes are as fwift j and the
Tongue (which is no very fine Inftrument) doth infpeech, make no fewer
motions, thaD there be letters in all the words which are uttered. But that
Sounds mould not onely be fo fpeedily generated, but carried fo far every
way, m fuch a momentany time, defcrveth more admiration, its for ex-
ample, If a man ftand in the middle of a Field, and fpeak aloud, he (hall be
heard a Furlong in round, and that fhall be in articulate Sounds, and thofe
mall be entire m every little portion of the Air $ and this ftiallbedoneinthe
/pace of lefs than a minute.
The fudden Generation and Perifiiing of Sounds, muftbe one of thefc 290,
two ways Either, that the Air fufferethfome force by Sound,- and thenre-
:

ftoreth it felf as Water doth-, which being divided, maketh many circles,
tillic reftoreit felf to the Natural confiftence ; or other wife, that the Air doth
willingly imbibe the Sound as grateful, but cannot maintain it $ for that the
Air hath fas it fiVould fecm) a fecret and hidden Appetite of receiving the
Sound at the but then other grofs and more materiate qualities of the
firft •>

Air ftraight ways furTocate it , like unto Flame which is generated with
alacrity, but ftraight quenched by the enmity of the Air, or other Ambient
Bodies.

There be thefe differences (in general) by which Sounds are divided:

I. Mufical, Immufical,
1. Trebble, Safe.

3. Flat, Sharp.

4. Soft, Loud.
5. Exterior, Interior.
6. Clean, Harfh, or 'Purling,
7. Articulate t Inarticulate.

We hqve labored (as may appear) in this Inquisition of bounds diligently ;

both becaufe Sound is one of the raoft hidden portions of Nature t (as
we faid in the beginning; and becaufe it is a Virtue which may be called
Incorporeal and Immatcriate, whereof there be in Naturi but few. Be-
fides, we were willing (now in thefe our firft Centuries) to make a pattern
or prefident of an Exact hquifition ; and we fhall do the like hereafter in
fome other fubje&s which require it. For we defire that Men mould
learn and perceive how feverea thing the true Inquifition of Ndiure is;
and mould accuftom themfelves by the light of particulars, to enlarge
their mindes to the amplitude of the World j and not to reduce the
Wotld to the narrownefs of their Mindes.
G 2 Metals
 ;

3\(atural Hiflory
6+

291* Colours in Diflblution ; asGoldgivethan

Etals give orient and fine
Experiment
Solitary,
M' „,
excellent Yellow, Quick-filver an excellent Green , Tingiveth an
excellent Azure. Likcwifc in their Putrefactions, or Rufls as Vermilion, ;
touching the
Orient Colours Verdegreafe, Cirrus, &c. And likewife in their Vitrifications.
Bile, The
in Diffotution
caufe is, for that by their ftrength of Body, they are able to endure the Fire,
of Metals.
or Strong-waters, and to be put into an equal pofture, and again, to retain
part of tneir principal Spirit : Which two things (equal pofture, and quick
Spirits) arc required chiefly, to make Colours lightfome.

unto long Life, and to the more placidc Motion of the Spi-
292.
Experiment
IT conduccth
rits, which thereby do lefs prey and confume the Juyce of the Body :

Solitary. and voluntary, that nothing be done invito, minerva,

cither that Mens aclions be free
touching
Prolongation but feemdum genium or, on ,• the other fide, that the A&ionsof MenbefuUof Re-
of Life. gulation, and commands Taitbin themfelves : For then the victory and performing
of the command, giveth a good difpofition to the Spirits, efpccially if
there bc% proceeding from degree to degree, for then the fenfe of victory
is the greater. An example of the former of thefe, is in a Countrcy life j

and of the lattcr,in CMonks and Philofophers, andfuch asdo continually enjoyn
themfelves.

certain, that in all Bodies, there is an ^Appetite of Vnion, and Eviration

293. ITofisSolution of Continuity : And of this Appetite there be many degrees,
Experiment
Solitary, but the moft remarkable, and fit to be diftinguiflied, are three. The firft
touching in Liquors, the fecond in hard Bodies, and the third in Bodies cleaving
appetite of
Vnhn in or tenacious. In Liquors this Appetite is weak we fee in Liquors, the
,*

Bodies. Threding of them in Stillicidcs (as hath been faid) the falling of them in
round drops (which is the form of Union) and the flaying of them for a lit-
tle time in Bubbles and Froth. In the fecond degree or kind c, this Appetite
is ftrong; as in Iron, in Stone, in Wood,6Vc. In the third, this Appetite is in
a Medium between the other two For fuch Bodies do partly follow the
:

touch of another Body, and partly flick and continue to themfelves and ;

therefore they rope and draw themfelves in threds , as we fee in fitch, Gletv,
Birdlime, &c. But note, that Bodies are cleaving more or lefs and
allfolid ;

that they love better the touch of fomewhat that is tangible, than of Air.
For Water in fmall quantity clcavethto any thing that.is folid, and fo would
Metal too, if the weight drew it not ofF. And therefore Gold Foliate, or
anv Metal Foliate, eleaveth But thole Bodies which are noted to be
:

clammy.and cleaving,are fuch as have a more indifferent Appetite (at once)

to follow another Body, and to hold to themfelves. And therefore they are
commonly Bodies ill mixed, and which take more pleafuro in a Ftreign Body,
that in prefer ving there own confiitence,and which have little predominance
in 'Drought or Moiftme.

294.
Time and Heat are fellows in many
Heat drieth Bodies that do
effects.

Experiment
eailly expire as Parchment, Leaves, Roots, Clay, &c.
; Andfo
^Solitary, doth Time or <^fge arefic as in the fame Bodies, &c. Heat diffolvcth and
;

; touching the melteth Bodies that keep in their Spirits, as in divers Liquefactions and fb \

\likf Operations
doth Time, in fome Bodies of afofter confiftence As is manifeftin Honey,
of Heat and
:

Time. which by %_Age waxeth more liquid, and the like in Sugar and fo in old ;

OyJ, which is ever more clear and more hot in medicinable ufe. Heat
caufeth the Spirits to fearch fome ilfue out of the Body, as in the Volatility
of
 Century III. 65 I

of Metals ; and fo doth Time, as in the Ruftof Metals. But generally Heat
doth that in (mall time, which Age doth in long.
!

which and by Time grow

SOme things pafs the Fire, are fofteft at 2*5-
firft,

hard, as the Crum of Bread. Some are harder when they come from the Experiment
Solitary,
Fire, and afterwards give again, and grow foft as the Cruft of Bread, Bivker, touching the
Sweet-Meats, Salt, &c. Thecaufeis, for that in thofe things which wax blfmngop*
Pi
hard with Time , the work of the Fire is a kinde of melting ; and in thofe **»**" ff **>
that wax foft with Time, (contrariwife) the work of the Fire is a kinde
of Baking; and whatfoever the Fire baketh , Time doth in fome degree
diflblve.

MOtions pafs from one Man to another, not fo much by exciting Ima- 2 9*.
gination as by Invitation, efpeeially if there bean Aptnefs or Incli- Experiment
nation before. Therefore Gaping, or Yawning, and Stretching, do pafs Solitary,
touching
from Man to Man 5 for that that caufeth Gaping or Stretching is, when the Motions by I-
Heavy, by any Vapor, or the like. For then they lMve fas
Spirits are a little mitation,

it were) to wring out, and expel that which loadeth them. SoMendrowzy
and defirous to fleep ; or before the fit of an Ague, do ufe to yawn and
ftretch, and dolikewife yield a Voice or Sound , which is an Interjection
of Expulfion So that if another be apt and prepared to do the like, he
:

followeth by the fight of another. So the Laughing of another makcth to

laugh;

be fome known Difeafes that are Infectious, and others that are Z97-
THere Experiment
not. Thofe that are infectious, are firft, Such as are chiefly in the Spi-
Solitary,
rits, and not fo much in the Humors, and therefore pafs eafily from Body to touching In-
Body fuch are Peftilcnces Lippitudes, and fuch like. Secondly, fuch as taint
;
feSiiow dlf-
ectfes.
the breathy which We fee _ affeth rhanifeftlyTrbm Man to Man, and not in-
vifibie as the affects of the Spirits do j fuch are Confumptions of the Lungs,
&e. Thirdly, Such as come forth to the skin, and therefore taint the Air,
or the Body adjacent j efpeeially, if they conilft in an unctuous fubftance,
notapttodiflipate; fuch are Scabs, and Leprotic Fourthly, fuch as are
meerly in the Humors, and not in the Spirits, Breath or Exhalations , And .*

therefore they never infect, butby touch onely ; and fuch a touch alfo, as
cometh within the Epidermis, as the venome of the French jP<w,and the biting

MOft Powders grow more clofeand coherent by mixture of Water, than

by mixture of Oyl, though Oyl be the thicker Body;
29*.
asAf^/, &c. Experiment
Solitary,
Thcreafonis theCongruity of Bodies, which if it be more, maketh aper-
touching the
fecter imbibition, and incorporation ; which in moft Powders is more be- Incorporation
tween them and Water, than between them and Oyl : But Painters colours of Powdtrt
and Lienors,
ground 5 and afhes, do better incorporate with Oyl.

MUchmotion,
Motion and
lefs
Exercife
for others.
is

If the
good for fome Bodies, and fitting and
Body be hot, and void of fuperfluous
299.
Experiment
Solitary,
Moifturcs, too much Motion hurteth ; and it is an error in Vbvftiuns , to touching Ex-
call too much upon Exercife. Likewife, Men ought to beware, that they of tht
ercife

ufe not Exercife, and a fpare diet , both j but if much Exercife, then a plenti- Body.

ful diet i and if fparingdiet, then little Exercife. The Benefits that come of
Exercife are. Firft, that it fendeth nOurifhmem into the parts more forcibly.
,
G 3 Secondly,
 ;

66 I
H^Qkural Hiflory

Secondly* That it bclpeth to excern by Sweat, and fo maketh theparts

aflimilate the more perfectly. 1 hirdly, that it maketh the fubitance of (he
Body more folid and compact; and fo lels apt to be confumed and depre-
dated by the Spirits. The Evils that come ofExerciie, are, Firit.Thatit
maketh the Spirits more hot and predatory. Secondly, That it doth abfoibc
likewife, and attenuate too much the moifture of theBody. Thirdly, That
itmaketh too great Concuffion, (efpccially, if it be violent) of the inward
parts,which delight moreinreft. Butgenerally Hxercife, if it bemucb, is
no friend to prolongation of life;, which is one caufe Why Women live ,

longer then.Men, becaufe they ftir lefs.

300. SOme Food we may ufe long, and much, without glutting; as Bread, Flcfh
Experiment that is not Far, or Rank, &c, Some other (though pleafant) glutteth
Solitary)
touching
looner, as Sweet-Meats, Fat-Meats, &c. The caufe is,
for that Appetite con-
Meat* that in* fifteth inthe emptinefs of theMouth, of the Stomach, orpoffeffingitwith
duct Satiate.
fomewh^t that is aftrtngent ; and therefore, cold and dry: But things that
arc fweet and fat, are more, filling* and dofwim and hang more about the
Mouth of the Stomach, and go not down 10 fpeedily ; and again turn fooner
to-Choler, which is hot* and ever abateth the appetite. Wefeealfo, that
another caufe of Satiety, is an Qver»cuftom ; and of Appetite, is Novelty.
And therefore Meats, if the fame be continually taken, induce Loathing, To
give thereafon of the diftafte of Satiety, and of the pleafurc in Novelty, and
to diftinguifh not onelyin Meats and Drinks, but alio in Motions, Loves,
Company, Delight, Studies, what they be thatCuftom maketh more grate-
ful and whatmore tedious, were a large Field. But for Meats, the caufe
i

is which is quicker, and more excited towards that which is

Attraction,
new, than towards that whereof there remaineth a relifh by former ufe,
And (generally; it is a rule, That whatfoever is fomewhat ingrate at flrft, is
made grateful by Cuftom 5 but whatfoever is too pleafing at firft, groweth
quickly to Satiate.

NATURAL
•
 ii

US J

iW

NATURAL ;
'
,
'
.
-
- !

H I S T O R Y
- |
|
_ ._

Century IV.

Cceleration of Time , in Works of Nature t

may well be Experiments
Confoit>
efteemed Inter Magnalia Nature And even in 'Divine in
touching the
Miracles decelerating of the Time, next to the Creating
is CUrifkation of
of tjie Matter. We will now therefore proceed to the Liquors) end
the sfccelart-
enquiry of it > and for iyi cceleration of Germination, we
ting thereof.
will refer it over unto the place, where wefhall handle
the S'ubjeil of Plants, generally j and will now begin with
O th e r t^/iccele rat ions .

Liquors are (many of them) atthefirft, thick and troubled ; As Muft,

301.
Wort, Jujce of Fruits, or Herbs expreiled> &c. And by Time, they fettle and
clarifie. But to make them clear, before the Time, is a great work j for it is a
Spur to Nature, and putteth her out of her pace And befides, it is of good
:

ufe for making Drinks, and Sauces Potable, and Serviceable, fpeedily.
,

But to know the Means of Accelerating Clarification, we muftfirft know

the caufes of Clarification. The firft caufe is, by the Separation of the
groiTer parts of the Liquor, from the finer. Thefecond, by the equal diftri-
butionofthe Spirits of theLiquor, with the tangible parts; for that ever re-
prefenteth Bodies clear and untroubled. The third by the refining the ,

Spirit it (elf, which thereby giveth to the Liquor more fplendor, and more
luftre.

Firft, For Separation :wrought by weight as in theordinary

It is ; 3 02,
refidence or Settlement of Lrquors. By Heat, by Motion, by Precipitation, or
Sublimation, (that is, a calling of the feveral parts, either up or down, which
is a kinde of Attraction,) by Adhefion as when a Body, more viicous, is
;

mingled and agitated with the Liquor which vifcous Body (afterwards fe-
;

vered J
61 3\Qttural Hi/lory ;

vered) draweth with it the grofTcr parts of the Liquor : And laftly , by Perco-
lation or Paflage.
303. Secondly, For the even Diftribution of the Spirits, it is wrought by
gentle heat, and by Agitation of Motion ; (for of Timewefpeaknot, bc-
caufeit is that we would anticipate and reprefent ;) And it is wrought alfo,
by mixture of fome other Body,whieh hath a venue to open the Liquor, and
to make the Spirits the better pafs thorow.
304. Thirdly, For the refining of the Spirit, it is wrought likewife by Hear,
by motion, and by mixture ofiome Body which hathvertue to attenuate.
So therefore (having feewed the caules) for the accelerating of Clarification
in genera], and the enducing of it • takethefe Inftances and Tryals.
305. It is in common practice, to draw Wine or Beer, from theLees, (which
we call Raciing^ whereby it will clarifie much, the fooner : For the Lees,
though th£y keep the#drink in heart , and make it lafting'; yet withal
they caft up fome fpifficude ; and this Inftance is to be referred toSepara-
tion.
306. Ontheotherfide, it were good to try, what, the adding to the Liquor,
more Lees than his own, will work > for though the Lees do make the Liquor
turbide, yet they refine the Spirits. Take therefore a Veflel of new Beer, and
take another Veflel of new Beer, and rack the one Veflel from the Lees, and
pour the Lees of the racked Veflel into the unracked Veflel, and fee the effect.
This Inftance is referred to the Refining of the Spirits.
307.
Take new Beer, and put in fome quantity of ftale Beer into it, and lee
whether it will not accelerate the Clarification, by opening the Body of the
Beer, and cutting the grofTer parts, whereby they may fall down into Lees.
And this Inftance again is referred to Reparation.
30$.
The longer Molt or Hnhs, or the like, are infufed in Liquor, the more
thick and troubled the Liquor is ; but the longer they be decocted In the Liquor,
the clearer it is. The reafon is plain, becaufe in Infusion, the longer it is, the
greater is Body thatgoeth into the Liquor But in De-
thepart of thegtofs :

coction, though more goeth forth, yet it either purgfcth at the top, or fettleth
at the bottom. And therefore themoft exact way to clarifie is, firft, toln-
fufe, and then to take offthe Liquor and decoct it,- as they doin Beer, which
hath Molt firft infufed in the Liquor, and is afterwards boiled with the Hop.

This alfo is referred to Separation.

Take hot Embers, and put them about a Bottle filled with new Beer, al-
309. flopped, left it flie out : And
moft to the very neck ; the Bottle
let be well
continue It, renewing the Embers every day by thefpaceof ten days,and then
compare it with another Bottle of the fame Beer fet by. Take alfo Lime,
both quenched and unquenched, and fet the Bottles in them utfupra. This
Inftance is referred, both to the even Diftribution, ancj alfo to the Refining
of the Spirits by Heat.
310. Take Bottles and fwing them, or carry them in a Wheel-Barrow upon
rough Ground, twice in a day: But then you maynot fill the Bottles full,
but leave fome Air; for if -the Liquor come clcfetotheftopple, it cannot
play nor flower And when you have fhaken them well either way, pour
:

the Drink in another Bottle, flopped clofe after the ufual manner ; for if it
ftay with much Air in it, the Drink will pall, neither will it lettlefo per-
fectly in all the parts. Let it ftand fome Twenty four hours, then take it, and
put it again into a Bottle with Air, utfupra; andihenceintoaBottleftopped,
utfupra j and fo repeat the fame operation forfeven days. Note, that in the
emptying of one Bottle into another, you muft doit fvviftly, left the Drink

pall.
 Century IF. 69
pall. It weregood alfo to try it in a Bottle with a little air below the Neck
without emptying. This Inftancc is referred to the even IDiJtribution and
Refining of the Ppiritsby CMoiion.
As for Percolation, inward, and outward (which belongeth to Separa- 31
tiott,) Tryal would be made of Clarifying by Adhefion, with Milk put into
new Beer, and ftirred with it: For it maybe, that the grofier part of the
Beer will cleave to the CMilk; che doubt is,' whether the Milk will fever
well again, which is toon tried. And it is ufual in clarifying IppocrAJfe to
put in Milk , which after fevereth and carricth with it the grofler parts
of the /ppocraj?, as hath been faid elfwhere. Alfo for.the better Clarifica-
tionby Percolation' ; when they Tun new Beer , they ufe to let it pafs
through a Strainer , and it is like the finer the Strainer is, the clearer it

will be.

CMawauoh, we now and of Ma-

THe
MAtion
i^Acceler/iting of

it felf.
Will enquire of
It is of three natures, the CMAturmion of Fruits, the Ma-
, Experiments
in Confortj
touching
titration of 'Drinks, and the MaturAtion of Impofthumes And fleers. This lad we Maturation,
to another place, where we (hall handle Experiments XJMtdicinal. There andthe ^Sat-
refer
urating there-
be alfo other Maturations, as of Metals, dec. whereof wefpeak as occafion of, sfnd
fervcth. But we will begin with that of Drinks, becaufeit hath fuch affinity firfl touching
the Maturati-
with the Clarification of Liquors. on and Quick-
i ning efdrinkf,
and next
For the Maturation of Drinks, it is wrought by the Congregation of
touching the
the Spirits together, whereby they digeft more perfectly the grofler parts j Maturation ef
and it is cflfe&ed, partly by the fame means that Clarification is ('whereof Fruits.

wc fpake before :) But then note, that an extream Clarification doth fpred 312,
the Spirits fo fmooth, as they become dull , and the drink dead, which
ought to have a little flowring, And therefore all your clear Amberdrink.
is flat.

We fee the degrees of Maturation of Drinks,

Muft, in Wine, as it is in JIj.
drunk, and in Vinegar. Whereof Muft hath not the Spirits well congrega-
ted , Wine hath them well united, fo as they make the parts fomewhat
more Oyly. Vinegar hath them congregated , but more Jejune, and in
fmaller quantity ; the grcateft and fineft Spirit and part being exhaled : For
we fee Vinegar is made by fetting the Veflel of Wine againft the hot Sun.
And therefore Vinegar will not burn, for that much of the finer part is ex-
haled.
Therefreihingandquickningof Drink palled or dead, is by enforcing 3*4.
the motion of the Spirit. So we fee that open weather relaxeth the Spirit,
and maketh it more lively in Motion. We fee alfo Bottellingof Beer or
Ale, while it is new and full of Spirit, (fo that it fpirteth when the ftopple
is taken forth) maketh the Drink more quick and windy. Pan of Coals A
in the Cellar, doth likewife good, and maketh the Drink work again. New

Drink put to Drink that is dead, provoketh it to work again: Nay, which
is more (as fome affirm) a Brewing of new Beer, fetby old Beer, maketh

it work again It were good alfo to enforce the Spirits by fomc mixtures,
:

that may excite and quicken them, as by the putting into the Bottles, Nitre
Chalk, Lime, &c. We
fee Cream is matured, and made to rife more fpeedi-
iv bv putting in cold Water > whieh as it feemeth, getteth down the
,

Wney.
It is tryed, that the burying of Bottles of Drink wellftoppcd, either in
3*5>
dry Earth, agood depth, or in the bottom of a Well within Water j arMbeft
of
 ;;

70 Natural hiflory ;

of all, the hanging of a deep Well fome what above the Water, for
them in
fomc an excellent means of making Drink frcfli and
fortnights fpace, is

quick For the cold doth not caufe any exhaling of the Spirits at all, as heat
:

doth, though itrarifieth the reft that remain But cold maketh the Spirits
:

vigorous, and irritateth them, vrhereby they incorporate the parts of the
Liquor perfectly.
3i6* As for the MaturAtion of Fruits , it is wrought by the calling forth of
the Spirits of the Body outward, and fo Ipreading thena more Imoothly ;
and likewife by digefting, in fome degree , the groifer parts And :

this effe&cd by Heat, Motion, Attraction, and by a Rudiment of

is

Putrefaction For the Inception of Putrefaction hath in it a Cfrfate-

;

ration.

3 17. There were taken Apples, and laid in Straw, in Hay, in Flower, in
Chalk, in Lime, covered over with Onions, covered over with Crabs,
clofed up in Wax, fhut in a Box, &o There wasalfo an Apple hanged up
in fmoak. Of all which the Experiment forted in this manner.
3 IS. After a moneths fpace, the Apple, enclofed in Wax, was as Green
and frefh as at the firft putting in, and the Kernels continued White. The
caufe is, for that all exclufion of open Air, (which is ever predatory) main-
taineth the Body in his firft frefhnefs and moifture but the inconvenience ;

is, that it tafteth a little of the Wax, vrhich, 1 fuppofe, in a Pomegranate, or

fome fuch thick coated fruit, it would not do.

3l9> 1 he Apple hanged in the fmoak, turned like an old Mellow- Apple
wrinkled, dry, loft, IVeet, yellow within. The caufe is, for that fuch
a degree of heat , which doth neither melt nor fcorch ( for we fee that
in a greater heat , a roaft Apple foftneth and meltetb , and Pigs feet
made of quarters of Wardens, fcortch and have a skin of coal) doth
Mellow, and not adure : The fmoak alfo maketh the Apple (as it were)
fprinklcd with Soot, which helpeth to mature. We fee, that in drying of
Pears and Prunes, in the Oven, and removing of them often as they begin
to fweat, there is alike operation : but that is with a far more intenfe de-
gree of heat.
2®. The Apples covered in the Lime and Afhes, were well matured as ap-
peared both in their ycllownefs and fweetnefs. The caufe is, for that that
Degree of Heat, which is in Lime and Afhes, (being a fmootheringheat) is
of all the reft moft proper for it doth neither Liquefie nor Arefie,and that
;

is trueMaturation. Note, that the taftc of thole Apples was good, and
therefore it is the Experiment fittcft for ufe.
3*1. The Apples covered with Crabs and Onions, were likewife well matu-
red. The caufe is not any heat, but for thatthc Crabs and the Onions draw
forth the Spirits of the Apple, and fpred them equally thorowout the Body
which takcth away hardnefs. So we one Apple r.ipeneth againft another.
fee
And therefore in makingof Cider, they turn the Apples firft upon a heap
fo oneClufterof Grapes, thattouchcth another whileftitgrowetb,ripcn-
eth f after. Botrut contra Botrunt citiut tnamrefcit.
32.Z. The Apples in Hay and the Straw, ripened apparently, though notfo
.

much as the other, but the Apple in the Straw, more. The caufe is, for that
the Hay and Straw have a very low degree of Heat, but yet clofe and
Imoothering, and which drveth not. •
323 The Apple in the clofe Box was ripened alfo. The caufe is, for that
allAir kept clofe, hath a degree of warmth j as wc fee in Wool, Fur,
Plu(h,&c.
Note,
 :

Century IF, 71
Note, That a.H tbefe were compared "\Vitb another Apple of the fame kinde that lay of
j
itfelfj and in comv an "on of that, Tpere more faeet, and more yelloU?, andjfd
appeared to be more ripe

|
Take an Apple, or Pear, or other like upon a Table Fruit, and roul it 324.
hard: We fee in common experience, that the rouling doth foftcn and
fweeten the Fruit prcfently which is nothing but the fmooth distribution
,

of the Spirits into the parts; for the unequal diftribution of the Spirits
maketh the harrifhnefs But this hard rouling is between Concoction,
:

and a fimple Maturation therefore, if you fhould roul them but gentlv
j

perhaps twice a day, and continue it fomefeven days, .it is like they would

Maturemore finely, and like unto the Natural Maturation.

Take an Apple, and cut out a piece of the top and cover it , to fee I
325.
whether that Solution of Continuity m\\ nothaften a Maturation. fee that We
where a fVafp, or a Fly, or a Worm, hath bitten in a Grape or any Fruit, it will
fweeten haftily.
Take an Apple, &c and prick it with a Pin full of Holes, not deep, 226.
and fmear it a little with Sack, or Cinnamon Water, or Spirit of Wine,
every day for ten days, to fee if the Virtual Heat of the Wine, or Strong-
Waters, will not Mature it.
In tbefe Try ah alfo as yeas ufed in the firfi, fet another of the fame Fruits by, to compare
them, and try them by their Telloyynefi, and by their StveewejT.

THc World hath been much abufed by the opinion of Making of Gold. Experiment

The Work judge to bcpoffiblc; but

it felf, I Means (hithertopro- the Solitary, -n
touching the
pounded) to effect it , are in the Practice, full of Error and Impofture ; Making of
and in the Theory, of unfound Imaginations. For to fay, that Nature
full Gold,

hath an in'ention to make all Metals Gold ; and that, if fhe were delivered
from Impediments, (lie would psr form her own work ; and that, if the
Crudities, Impurities, and Leprofies of Metals were cured, they would
become Gold* and that a little quantity of the Medicine in the Work of
Projection, will turn a Sea of the bafer Metal into Gold by multiplying.
All thefe are but dreams., and fb are many other Grounds of t^Alchymj.
And to help the matter, the tyilchymifts call in likewife many vanities,
out of tyiftrology, Natural Magick , Superffcitious Interpretations of Scri
pturcs, Auricular Traditions, Feigned Teftimonies of Ancient Authors,
and the like* It is true, on the other fide they have brought to light not a
few profitable Experiments, and thereby made the World fome amends
But we, when we lhali come to handle the Verfien and Tranfmutation of
Bodies, and the Experiments concerning Metals and Minerals; will lay
open the true Ways and PaflTages of Nature, which may lead to this great
effect. And we commend the wit of the Chinefes, who defpair of making
of Gold, butane mad upon the making of Silver. Forcertainir is, That
it is more difficult to make Gold, (which is themoft ponderous and ma-

teriate amongft Metals) of other Metals, lefs ponderous and lefs mate-
riate , than (Via versa) to make Silver of Lead, or Quick- /live r both ;

which are more ponderous than Silver So thatthey need rathera further :

degree of Fixation, than any Covdenfapon. In the mean time, by occa/ionof

handling the ^Axioms touching CMaturatm, we will direct .a tryal touching
the Maturing of Metals, and thereby turning fome of them into Gold ;; for
WC conceive indeed, That a perfect good Concoction, or ^Difgeftion, or Ma-
turation of fome CMetals will produce Gold. And here we call to minde,
that we knew a 'Dutchman that had wrought himfclf into the belief of a
great
 :

72 3\[aturd Hiflory ;

greatperfon, by undertaking, that he could make Gold Whofe difcourfe :

was, That Gold might be made, butthat the Ahhymifli over-fired the work
For (he faid) the making of Gold did require a very temperate Heat, as be-
ing in Nature a fubterrany work, where little Heat comcth ; bur yet more
to the making of Gold, than of any other Metal: And therefore, that he
would do it with a great Lamp , that mould carry a temperate and equal
Heat, and thatit was the work of many Moneths. The devife of the Lamp
was folly, but the ovetfiring now ufed, and the equal Heat to be required,
and the making it a work of fome good time, are no ill difcourfes.
We refott therefore to our Axioms of Maturation, in effect touched be-
fore.
The firft is, That Temperate Heat for they are ever
there be ufed a ;

Temperate Heats that Difgefts, andMature-, wherein we mean Temperate,

according to the Nature of the Subject For that may be Temperate to
:

Fruits and Liquors, which will not work at all upon Metals.
The fecond is, That the Spirit of the Metal bequickned, and the
Tangible Parts opened: For without thefe two operations, theSpiritof the
Metal, wrought upon, will not be able to difgeft the Parts.
The third is, That the Spirits do fpred themfelves even, and move not
fubfultorily, for that will make the parts clofe and pliant. And this requireth
a Heat that doth not rife and fall, butcontinue as equal as may be.
The fourth is, That no part of the Spirit be emitted but derained:
For if there be Emiflion of Spirit , the Body of the Metal will be hard and
ehurlifli. And this will be performed, partly by the temper of the Fire, and
partly by the clofenefs of the Veffel.
The fifth is, That there be choice made of the likelieft and beft pre-
pared Metal for the Verfion ? for that will facilitate the Work.
The fixthis, That you give time enough for the Work, notto prolong
A
hopes (as the lebjmifts do, but indeed to give Nature & convenient fpaee ro
work in.
Thefe principles moft certain and true, we will now derive a direction
of Tryal out of them, which may (perhaps) by further Meditation be
improved.

3%7' Let there be a frnallFurnace made of a Temperate Heat ; let the heat be
uieh as may keep the Metal perpetually molten, and no more ; for that above
all, importeth to the Work Fonhe Material, take Silver, which is the
.•

Metal, that in Nature, fymbelizeth moft with Gold ; put in alfo, with theSil-
ver a tenth part of Quick-filver , and a twelfth part of Nitre by weight:
Both thefe to quicken and open the Body of the Metal ; and fo let the Work
be continued by the fpace of Six Moneths, at the leaft. I wifh alfo, That
there be as fometimes an Injection of feme Oyled Subftance ; fuch as they
ufe in the recovering of Gold, which by vexing with Separations hath
been made churlifh : And this is, to lay the parts more clofe and fmootb,
which is the main work. For Gold (as we fee) is the clofeft (and there,
fore the heavieft; of Metals andislikewife the moft flexible and tenfible.
j

Note, That to thick to make Gold of Quick-filver becaufeitis the heavieft,

is a thing not to be hoped; for Quick-filver will not endure the mannagc
,

of the Fire : Next to Silver , I think Copper were fitteft to be the Ma-
terial.

Gold
 ;,;

Century IV. 73

Grcatnefs of Weight , Clofenefs of Parts,

GOld hath thefe Natures : 328.
Fixation, Pliantnefs or Softnefs, Immunity from Ruft Colour or , Experiment
Solitary,
Tincture of Yellow. Therefore the lure way ( though moft about ) to touching the
make Gold, is to know the caufes of thefeveral Natures before reheaded, Nature ef
and the Axioms concerning the fame. For if a Man can make a Met.il Gold.
that hath all thefe Properties, let Men dilpute, whether it be Gold,
or no ?

Enducing and Accelerating of Putrefaction,

THe
Univerfal Enquiry. For Corruption
of avery
Reciprocal to Generation
is a
is a fubject Experiments
inConfoit.
touching the
and they two are as Natures to Terms or Boundaries and the Guides to Life ; Enducing and
and Death, Putrefadion is the Work of the Spirits of Bodies, whichever ^decelerating
of Putr»fa£H~
are unquiet to set forth and congregate with the Air and to enjoy the ,
on*

Sun-Beams. The getting forth, or fpreding of the Spirits , ( which is a

degree of getting forth) have five differing operations. If the Spirits be
detained within the Body, and move more violently, there followeth Colli-
quation ; as in Metals, &c. If more mildely, there followeth Di geftiOn or
Maturation as in Drinks and Fruits.
; If the Spirits be not meetly detained,

but Protrude a little, and that Motion be confufed, and inordinate, there
followeth Putrefaction ; which ever diflblveth the Confidence of the Body
into much inequality; as in Flefh, Rotren Fruits, Shining Wood, &c.
and alfo in the Ruft of Metals. But if that Motion be in a certain order,
there followeth Vivification and Figuration as both in Living Creatures
;

bred of Putrefaction* and in Living Creatures perfect. But if the Spirits

ifTue out of the Body, there followeth Deficcation, Induration, Confump-
tion,&c. As in Brick, evaporation of Bodies Liquid, &c.

The Means to enduce and accelerate Putrefaction, are, Firft, By add- ^9<
ing fome crude or watry moifture ; as in Wetting of any Flefh, Fruit
Wood, with Water, &c. For contrariwife, Unctuous and Oyly Subftanccs
preferve.
Thefccondis, By Jnvitation or Excitation as when a rotten Apple ; 13°>
lieth clofe to another Apple that is found or when Dung (which is afub-
;

ftance already putrified; is added to other Bodies. And this is alfo notably
feen in Church-yards, where they bury much where the Earth will con-
;

fume the Corps, in far fliorter time than other Earth will.
The third is, By Clofenefs and Stopping, which detaineth the Spirits 351,
in Prifon, more then they would and thereby irritateth them to feekiflue
,

as in Corn and Cloaths which wax mufty and therefore open Air (which
;

they call tyder ferflabilit) doth preferve And this doth appear moreevident-
:

ly in Agues, which come (moft of them) of obftructioas and penning the

Humors, which thereupon Putrifie.
The fourth is, By Solutionof Continuity j as We feean Apple will rot 351,
fooner, if it be cut or pierced, and fo will Wood, &c. And fo the Flefh of
Creatures alive, where they have received any wound.
Thcfifthis, Either by the Exhaling, or by the driving back of the prin- 33^*
cipal Spirits,' which prelerve the confidence of the Body fo that when their ,*

Government is difiblved every partreturnethtohis Nature, or Homogeny.

And this appeareth in Urine and Blood, when they cool and thereby
break. appeateth alfo in the Gangreen or Mortification of Flefh
It ,

either by Opiates, or by Intenfe Colds. I conceive alio, the fame effect

H is
 ! 3\£aturd Hi[lory $
is inPeftilences, for that the malignity of the infecting vapor, aaunrerh the
principal Spirits , and maketh them flie, and leave their Regiment j and
then the Humors, Flefli, and Secondary Spirits, do diflblve and b&eak, as in
an Anarchy,
}3ti The fixth is, When
a Forreign Spirit, Wronger and more eager than
the Spirit of the Body, entrcth the Body, as in the flinging of Serpens. And
this is the caufe (generally) that upon all Poyfons followeth Swelling} and we
fee Swelling folio weth alfo, when the Spirits of the- Body it felf congregate
toe much upon blows and bruifes, or when they are pent in too much,
j as

as in Swelling upon Cold. And we fee alfo, that the Spirits coming of Pu-
trefaction of Humors in Agues, &c* which may be counted as Foreign Spi-
rits, though they be bred within the Body, doextinguifh andluffocatethe

Natural fpirits and heat.

355- The feventh By
fuch a weak degree of heat, as fetteth the Sprits in
is,

a little Motion, but not able either todigeftthe parts, or to iflfue the Spirits,
is

as is feen in Flefhkept inaroom thatis not cool; whereas inacool and wet
Larder it will keep longer. And we fee, thatVivification (whereof Putre-
faction istheBaftard Brother; is effected by fuch foft heats ; as the hatching
of Eggs, the heat of the Womb, &c.
336. Theeighthis, By the releafing of the Spirit*, which before were clofe
kept by thefolidnefs of their coverture, and thereby their appetite of ifTuing
checked as in the artificial rufts induced by Srrorg waters in Iron, Lead, &c.
;

And therefore wetting haftnethRuft or Putrefaction of anything, becaufeit

fofeneththe Cruft, for the Spirits to come forth.
357- The ninth is, By theenterchange of heat and cold, or wetanddry * as
we fee in theMouldring of Earth in Frofts, and Sun j and in the more hafty
rotting of Wood, thatis fometimes wet, fometimesdiy.
33** The tenth is, By time, and the work, and procedure of the Spirits them-
felves, which cannot keep their ftation efpecially, if they be left to them-
;

felves, and there be not Agitation or Local Motion. As we fee in Corn not
ftirred, and Mens Bodies not exereifed.

339. All Moulds are Inceptions of Putrefaction ; as the Moulds of Pyes and
Flefli the Moulds of Otenges and Lemmons, which Moulds afterwards turn
into Worms, or more odious Putrefactions : And therefore (commonly)
prove to be of ill odor. And if the Body be liquid, and not apt to putrifie to.
tally, it willcaft upaMother in the top, as the Mothers of Drilled waters.

340. Mofs is a kinde of Mold of the Earth and Trees But it may be better :

fortedas a Rudiment of Germination, to which we refer it.

Experiments Means of Preventing

an Enquiry of excellent ufe to enquire
is or of the
in Confort, ITStaying of Putrefaction for therein confifteth the Means of Confervation
>
touching
Prohibiting of Bodies For Bodies have two kindes of Diffolutions, the one by Con-
:

and Prevents
Putre-
fumption and Dificcation, the other by Putrefaction. But as for the Putre-
Iing
factions of the Bodies of Men and Living Creatures (as in Agues, Worm?,
t

fa&ioH.

Confumptions of the Lungs, Impofthumsand Ulcers, both inwards and out-

wards) they are a great part ofPhyfickand Surgery And therefore we will :

referve the Enquiry of them to the proper place, where we (hall handle Me-
dicinal Experiments of all forts. Of the reft, we will now enter into an En-
quiry, wherein much light may be taken from that which hath been faid of
the Means to enduce or accelerate Putrefaction: For the removing that which
caufed Putrefaction, doth prevent and avoid Putrefaction.

/ The
 Qentury IF. I
j5
"I he firltMeans of prohibiting or checking Putrefadion is cold for ; fo H 1 -

we fee that Meat and Drink will la(Uonger, unputrifrcd, or unlowred, in

Winter, than in Summer : And we fee that Flowers, and Fruits; put in
conlervatories of Snow, keep frefli. And
Worketh by the Detention of
this

the Spirits,and conftipation of the Tangible parts.

The fecond V, Aftridion For Aftridion prohibiterh Diffblution ; as \ye
: 342,
fee (generally) in Medicines, whereof fuch as are Aftringents do inhibit Putre-
faction And by the fame reafonof Aftringcncy^ lbme frriall quantity of Oyl
:

of Vitriol, will keepfrtfh water longfrom putrifying. And this Aftridion

is in afubftance that hath a virtual cold* and it worketh (partly) by the fame

means that cold doth.

The third is, The excluding of the Air ; and again, the expofing to the 343
Air :For thefe contraries, fas it cometh often to pafs) work the fame
effed, according to the nature of the Subject matter. So we fee, that
Beer or Wine in Bottles clofe flopped; laft long that the Garners under }

Ground keep Corn longer , than thofe above Ground ; and that Fruit
clofed in Wax, keepeth frefli And likewife, Bodies put in Honey, and
:

Flower, keep more frefli: And Liquors, Drinks, and Juyces, with a little
Oyl caft on the top, keep frefli. Contrariwife, we fee that Cloath and Ap-
parel, not aired, do breed Moaths and Mould j and the Diverfttyis, that
in Bodies that need Detention of Spirits, the Exclufion of the Air doth
good 5 as in Drinks, and Corn: But in Bodies that need Emifliop of Spirits,
todifchargefomeof the fuperfluous moifture, it doth hurt, tor they require
airing.
The fourth is Motion, and Stirring; for Putrefadion askcth Reft: For 344*
the fubtil Motion which Putrefadion requireth, is diftutbed by any Agi-
tation, and all Local Motion keepeth Bodies integral, and their parts
together: As wc fee, that turning over of Corn in a Garner* ot Let-
ting it run like an Hour*Glafs, from an upper Room into a lower , doth
keep itfweet: And running Waters Mens Bodies,
putrifie not .j and in
exercife hindreth Putrefaction and contrary wife Reft, and want of Mo-
i

tion or (toppings ( whereby the running of Humors, or the Motion of

Perfpiration, is ftayed) further Putrefadion? as we partly touched a little

before.
The fifth is , The Breathing forth of the Adventitious Moifture in 345
bodies , for as wetting doth haften Putrefaction ; fo convenient drying
(whereby the more Radical Moifture is onely kept in) putteth backPutre-
fodion: So we fee that Herbs and Flowers, if they bedriedin the fhade, or
dried in the hot Sun, for a fmall time keep beft. For the Emiffion of the
loofe and adventitious Moitlurc, doth betray the Radical Moifture, andcar-
ryeth it out for company.
Thefixth is, The ftrengthning of the Spirits of Bodies ; for as a great 346.
heat keepeth Bodies from Putrefadion ; but a tepide heat enclineth them to
Putreladion : So a ftrong Spirit likewife preferveth, and a weak ot faint
Spirit difpofeth to corruption. So we finde, that Salt-water corrupteth not
fo foon as frefli; and falling of Oyfters, and powdring of Meat, keepeth
them from Putrefadion. It would be tryed alfo, whether Chalk, put in-
to Water, ot Drink, doth not pteferve it from Putrifying, or fpeedy Sour-
ing. So we fee that Strong-Beer will laft longer than fmall, and all things, that
are hot and arom^tical.do help to preferve Liquors, or Powders* &c. which
they do, as well by ftrengthning the Spirits, as by foaking out the loofe
Moilure.
Hz The I
 ;

/ —
16 3\Qtiural Hi/lory .

3 47- The feventh is, Separation of the cruder parts, and thereby making the
Body more equal ; for all unperfett mixture is apt to putrifie, and Watry
fubftances are more apt to putrifie, than oily'. So, we fee diftilled Waters
will laft longer than raw Waters , and things that have, patted the Fire,
do laft longer than thofe that have notpafled the Fire as dried Peari, ;

34 s -
The eighth is, The drawing forth continually of that part, where the Tutre-
faftion beginnetb : Which is (commonly) thelooje andwatrj motfiure not onely ;

for the reafon before given, that itprovokeththe radical moiftureto come
forth with but becaufe being datained in the Body, the Putrefaction
it ;

taking hold of it, infedeththereit Aswe fec.in the Embalming of Dead

:

Bodies. And the fame reafon is, of preferving Herbs, or Fruits, or Flowers,
in Bran or Meal.
,The ninth is, The commixture of any thing that u more oylj arfoeet : For fuch
3 49<
Bodies are leaftapt to putrifie, the Air working little upon them, and they
not putrifying preferve the reft. And therefore we fee Syrrups and Oynt-
ments will laft longer than Juyces.
3 5°' The tenth is y The commixture of fomewhat that is drj ; for Putrefaction
beginneth from the Spirits,
firft and then from "the moifture
; and that
that is dry,unapt to putrifie. And therefore fmoak prefervcth flefh
is

as we fee in Bacon, andNeats-Tongues, and CMmlemas-Beef, &c.

351 The opinion of fomeof the Ancients, That blown Airs do preferve
Bodies longer than other Airs , feemeth to me probable for that the ;

blown Airs, being over-charged and compreired will hardly receive the
,

exhaling of any thing , but rather repulfe it. It was tryed in a blown

Bladder, whereinto flefh was put, and likewife a Flower, and it forted not :

For dry Bladders will not blow, and new Bladders rather further Putrcfadi-
on. The way were therefore, to blow ftrongly with a pair of Bellows, into
a Hogfhead, putting into the Hogfhead (before) that which you would
have prcferved j andin the inftant that you withdraw the Bellows, ftopthe
hole clofe.

352.
Experiment
T He Experiment of Wood that
driven and purfued
fhineth in the dark,
The rather, for that of all things that give light
:
we have diligently

Solitary,
here below, it is the moft durable, and hath leaft apparent motion. Fire
touching
Wood Shining and Flame are in continual cxpence 5 Sugar fhining onely while it is in fcra-
in the Darkf ping; and Salt-water while it is in dafhing 5 Gloworms have theirfhining
while they liye, or a little after; onely Scales of Fifhcs (putrified) feemto
be of the fame nature with ftiining Wood- And it is true, that all Putre-
faction hath with it an inward motion, as well as Fire or Light. The tryal
forted thus.
1. The fliining isinfome pieces more bright, in fome more dim j

but the moft bright of all doth not attain to the light of a Gloworm.
2. The Woods that have been tryed to fhine, are chiefly Sallow and Wil-

low > alfo, the A/h and Hade, it may be, it holdeth in others. 3. Both
Roots, and Bodies do fhine. but the Roots better. 4. The colour of the
fhining part, by day-light, is in fome pieces white, in fome pieces inclining
to red which in the Country they call the White and Red Carres j. The
5

part that fhineth, is (for the moft part; fomewhat foft, and moift to feel
to ; but fome was found to be firm and hard ; fo as it might be figured into
a Crofs, or into Beads, &c. But you muft not look to have an Image, or
the like, in any thing that is Lightfom ; for even a Face in Iron red hot,
will
 CeMurj IV. 77
willnot be feen, the light confounding the fmall differences of Jighrfome
and darklome, which fliew the figure. 6. Tftere was the fliining part
pared off, till you came to that, that did not fliine ; but within two days the
part contiguous began alfo to fliine, being laid abroad in the Dew » fo as it
feemeth the putrefaction fpredeth. 7. There was other dead Wood of
like kinde that was laid abroad, which fliined not at the tuft 5 but after a
nights lying abroad, begin to fliine. 8. There was other Wood that did
firii fliine , and being Houfe, within five or fix days loft
laid dry in the

the Alining ; and laid abroad again, recovered the fliining. 9. Shining
Woods beinglaidinadry room, within a feven night loft their mining; but
being laid in a Cellar, or dark room, kept the flaming. 10. The boring of
holes in that kinde of Wood, and then laying it abroad, feemeth to conduce
to make it fliine; thecaufeis, for that all folution of continuity, doth help
on putrefaction, as was touched before. 11. No Wood hath been yet
tryed to fliine that was cut down alive, but fuch as was rooted both in Stock
and Root while it grew. 12. Part of the Wood that fliined, was fteeped
in Oyl and retained the fliining a fortnight. 13. Tne likefucceeded in
fomefteepedin W^ter, and much better. 14. How long the fliining will
continue, it the Wood belaid abroad every night, and taken in and fprinkled
with Wjter in theday, is not yet tryed. 16. Try al was made of layirg it
abroad in frofty weather, which hutt it nor. i£. There was a great piece
ofaRoot, which did fliine, and the fliining part was cut off, till no more
fliined 3 yet after two nights, though it were kept in a dry Room, it got a
fliining.

of Living Creatures may be two accelerated in

TH" bringing
The one,
fpeefs :
forth
the Embryon ripeneth and perfe&eth (ooner
if
re-

j
35?-
Experiment:
.

Solitary,
the other, fome caufe from the Mothers Body of Expulfion
ir there be
touching the
or putting it down: Whereof the former is good, and argueth ftrengthj Acceleration
the latter is ill, and cometh by accident or difeafe. And therefore the of Birth.

Ancient obiervaiion is true, thatthe Chide, born in the Seventh (JHoneth, doth
commonly well but Born in the Eighth (JWontth, doth (for the moft part)
;

die. Buc the caufe afligned is fabulous, which is, That in the Eighth
'

Monerh fliould be the return of the reign of the Planet Smrn, which
, ( as they fry ) is a Planet malign ; whereas in the Seventh is the reign
_
of the C^loon, which is a Planet propitious. But the true caufe is, for
that where there is fo great a prevention of the ordinary time, it is the
; luftinefs of the Childej but when it is lefs, it is fome indifpofitionof the
•
Mother.

TO Accelerate Growth or Stature , it muft proceed; Either from the

Plenty ci the Nourifhment , or from the Nature of the Nouriflimenr,
3S4'
Experiment
Solitary,
or from the Qukkning
and Exciting of the Natural heat. For the firft, Excefs touching the
of Nouriflimenr, is hurtful ; for it maketh the Childe corpulent, and grow- \ceitration

ing in breadth, rather than in height. And you may take an Experiment »f Growth And
Stature,
from which
Plants, if much,
feldom tall.
they fpred Asforthe Nature
are
of the Ncurifhment ; Firft, it may not be too dry, and therefore Children
in Dairy Countreys do wax more tall , than where they feed more upon
Bread and Flc fii. There is alfo a received tale, that boyling of Dafie-Roots
I in Milk ( which it is certain are great dryers) will make Dogs little.

But fo much is true* That an over-dry Nourifliment in Childhood

;
puttech back Stature. Secondly, The Nourifliment muft be of an opening
H j Nature ?'
 ;

— -*>

78 I
3\(atural Hi(lory
Nature far that attenuateth the Juyce> and furthereth the Motion of the
;

Spirits upwards. Neither is it without caufe, that Xenophon in the Nouriture

of the {perfim Children, doth fo much commend their feeding upon Cardamon,
which (he faith) made them grow better, and be of a more adive habit.
Cardamon is in Latin, Nafturtium, and with us Water-crests which, it is cer- ^

tain, is an Herb, that whilftit is young, is friendly to Life. As for the

quickning of Natural Heat, it muft be done chiefly with exercife; and
therefore (no doubt) much going to School, where they /it fj much,
hindereth the growth of Children ; whereas Countrey-People, that go
not to School, are commonly of better ftature. And again, Men nuift
beware how they give Children any thing that is cold' in operation
even long fucking doth hinder both Wit and Stature. This hath been
trytd, that a Whelp that hath been fed with Nitre in UMilk, hath be-
come very little, but extream lively For the Spirit of Nitre is cold.
:

And though it be an excellent Medicine in ftrcngth of years for Pro-

longation of Life yet it is in Children and young Creatures an enemy
;

to growth j and all for the amc reafon, For Heat is requifite to Growth.
But after a Man is come to his middle age, Heat confumeth the Spirits;
which the coldnefs of the Spirit of Nitre doth help to condence and
correct.

Experiments THere be two great Families of Things , you may term them by
in Conforti feveral names, Sulphureous and (JWercureal which are the Chjmisls ,
touching
Sulfhttreand words (For as for their Sxltr which is their third Principle, it is a Com-
:

Mercury, two pound of the other two,) Inflamabley and Not Inflamable CMature and Crude, ;

of Paracclfus
Priniiflts.
Oily and Wmvj For we fee that in Subtenants there are , as the Fathers of
:

their Tribes Brimftonc and Mercury j In Vegetables and Living Crea-

,

tures, there is Water and Oyl in the Inferior order of Pneumaticals

,*
,

there is Air and Flame j and in the Superior , there is the Body of the
Star, and the Pure Skey. And thefe Pairs, though they be unlike in the
Primitive Differences of Matter, yet they feem to have many confents j
for Mercury and Sulphure ar*c principal materials of Metals; Water and
Oyl are principal materials of Vegetables and Animals, and feem to differ
but in Maturation or Concoction. Flame (in Vulgar Opinion) is but
Air incenfed, and they both have quicknefs of Motion, and facility of
Ceffion, much alike : And the (though the opinion be
Interftellar Skey,
vain, that the Star is the Denfer Part of his Orb,) hath notwithstanding
fomuch affinity with the Star, that there is a rotation of that, as vr.-ll as
of the Star. Therefore, it is one of the greateft Magnalia Nature to turn
Water or Watry Juyce into Oyl or Oyly Juyce: Greater in Nature, than
to turn Silver or Quick-filver into Gold.

355-
The Inftanccs we have wherein Crude and Watry Subftance, turneth
intoFatand Oyly, are of four kindes. Firft, In the Mixture of Earth and
Water, which mingled by the help of the Sun, gathered a Nitrous Fat-
ncf?, more than cither of them have feverally j As we fee, in that they put
forth Plants, which need both juyecs.
3 5* Thefecond is in the Affimilation of Nourifhment, made in the Bodies
of Plants, and Living Creatures whereof Plants turn the Juyce of mcer
;

Water and Earth, into a great deal of Oyly matter ; Living Creatures,
though much of their Fat, and Flefh, are out of Oyly Aliments, (as Meat,
and Bread,) yet they aflimilate alfo in a meafure their Drink of Water,
&c.
 ;

£entury IF. 79
fc, —— ^'» '
" '
* '^~' --- i

&c. But thefe two -ways of Vcrfion of Water into Oyl, (namely, by
Mixture and by Affimilation) are by many Pafl'ages, and Percolations, and
oy continuance of foft Heats, and by circuits of { ime.
The third is in the Inception of Putrefa&ion as in Water corrupted, ; 357
and the Mothers of Waters diftilled, both which have a kindcof Fatnefs
or Oyl.
The fourth is in the Dulcoration of fome Metals ; as Sacchamm Sa- 35 8 -

turnit &c.

The Intension of Verfion of Water into amoreOyly fubftance is by 3 59-

Digeftion For Oyl is almoft nothing elfe but Water digefted and this
:

Digeftion is principally by Heat j which Hoatmuft be either outward or

inward. Again, It may be by Provocation or Excitation, which is caufed
by the mingling of Bodies already Oyly or Digefted, for they willfome-
svhat communicate their Nature with the reft. Digeftion alio is ftrongly
effected by direct Aftimilation of Bodies Crude into Bodies digefted as in ;

Plants and Living Creatures, whofc nourishment is far more Crude than
their Bodies. But this Digeftion is by a great compafs as hath been faid. As
for the more full handling of thefe two principles, whereof this is but a
tafte; (the enquiry of which, is one of the profoundeft enquiries of Na-
ture,) we leave it to the title of Verfion of Bodies ; andlikcwife to the title
of the FirftCongregations of Matter, which like a General AfTcmblyof
Eftates, doth give La w to allBodics.

AChxmeYion is a Creature about the bignefs of an ordinary Lizard , his 360.

Head unproportionably big, his eyes great; he moveth his Head Experiment
^Solitary,
Without the writhing of his Neck (which is inflexible) as a Hog doth His :
touching
Back crooked, his Skin fpotted with little Tumors, lefs eminent nearer chamslit&s.

the Belly, his Tail (lender and long V on each Foot he hath five Fingers

three on and
the outiide, two on the infide; his Tongue of a marvellous
length, in refpeel of his Body and hollow at the end, uhich he will
,

lanch out to prey upon Flies. Of colour Green, and of a dusky Yal-
low , brighter and whiter towards the Belly, yet fpotted with Blew,
White, and Red. If he be laid upon Green, the Green predominated^
if upon Yellow, the Yellow notfb, if he be laid upon Blew, or Red, or
5

White, onely the Green fpots receive a more orient luftre laid upon ;

Black, he looketh all Black, though not without a mixture of Green. He

fecdeth not onely upon Air, (though that be his principal fuftenance;) for
fometimes he taketh Flies, as was faid yet fbme that have kept Chatneliom
-,

a whole year together, could never perceive that ever they fed upon any
thing elfe but Air, and might obferve their Bellies to fwell after they had
>i

exhaufted the Air, and clofed their Jaws, which they open commonly
I

againft the Rayes of the Sun. They nave a foolifh Tradition in Magick,
that tfaCbAmelion be burnt upon the top of an Houfc, it will raife a Tempeft,
.

fuppofing raccordingto theirvain Dreams of Sympathies) becaufe he nou-

riflieth with Air, his Body (hould have great vcrtuc to make impreflion
upon the Air.

ITis reported by one of the Ancients, that in part of Medu, there are e-
ruptionsof Flames out of Plains, and that thofe Flames arc clear, and Experiment
caff not forth fuchfmoak, and'afhes, and pumice, as Mountain Flames do. Solitary,
The reafon ('no doubt) i?, becaufe the Flame is not pent, as it isinMoun- touching
Subtertany
tains, and Earthquakes which caft Flame. There be alfo fome blinde Fires, \ Fires.
... under \
 8o Statural hi/lory ;

underStone, which flamenotout, but Oyl being poured upon them, they
flame out. Thecaufe whereof is, for that itfeemcth the Fire isfo choaked,
as not able to remove the Stone, it is heat rather than flame, which never-
theless is fufficient the enflame to Oyl.

reported,
is that in fome Lakes the Water is fo Nitrous, as if foul
Experiment
IT
Qoaths be put into it, it fcoureth them of it fclf And if they ftay any
:

Solitary*
whit long they moulder away. And the fcouring Vertue of Nitre is the
touching
Nitre. more to be noted, becaufe it is a Body cold ; and wciee warm Water
fcoureth better than cold. But thecaufe is, forthatit hath a fubtil Spirit,
which fevercth and divideth any thing that is foul, and vifcous, and fticketh
upon a Body.

the gregtefiyou can get; full

3^. TAke a Bladder, it full of Wind, andtye
Experiment it about the Neck with a Silk thrcd waxed ; and upon that likewifc
Solitary,
touching
Wax very clofe; fothat when the Neck of the Bladder drieth, no Air may
Congealing of pofliblygetinnorout. ^"Wen bury it three or four foot under the Earth, in
stir. a Vault, or in a Confervatory of Snow,thc Snow being mai ehollo\V about
J

thcBladdcr; and after fome fortnights dtftance, fee whether the ladder \

befhrunk For if it be, then it is plain, .that the coldnefsof the Earth or
:

Snow, hath condenfed the Air, and brought it a degree nearer to Water :
Which is an Experiment of great confequence.

5*4- is a report of fome good credit, that in deep Caves there are Pcnfile
Experiment ITChryftal, and degrees of Chryftal that drop from above, and in
Solitary,
touching fome other (though more rarely) that rile from below. Which though
Congeating of
it be chiefly the work of cold, yet it may be, that Water that paifeth
Water into
Chrjflat,
thorow the Earth, gathereth a Nature more clammy, and fitter to con-
geal, and become folid than Water ot itfelf. Therefore tryal would be
made to lay a heap of Earth in great Frofts, upon a hollow Veffel, put-
ting a Canvafc between, that itfalleth not in ; and pour Water upon it,
in fuch quantity as will be furc to foak thorow and fee whether it
,

will not make an harder Ice in the bottom of the Vcflel, and lefs apt to
diifolve than ordinarily. I fuppofe alfo, that if you make the Earth nar-
rower at the bottom than at the top, in fafhion of Sugar Loaf reverfed,
it will help the Experiment. For it will make the Ice , where it
iflueth, lefs in bulk ; and evermore fmallnefs of quantity is a help to
Verfion.

*Akc Damask Roles and pull them , then dry them upon the top of
365^
Experiment
Solitary*
touching
T an Houle, upon a Lead or Tarras in the hot Sun, in a clear -day,
between the hours (onely) of Twelve and two or thereabouts. Then
Prtfirving of put them into a fwect dry Earthen Bottle or a Glafs with narrow
t(ofeLeaves* mouths, fluffing them clofe together, but without bruifing Stop the :

both in Colour
ant Smelt.
Bottle or jGlafs clofe, and thefe Rofes will retain, not onely then- fmell
perfect, but their colour frefh for a year at leaft. Note, that nothing doth
fbnauchdeftroy any Plant, or other Body, either by 'Putrefattion, or Are*
fattion , as the \^4&venuuom LMoifture y which hangeth loofc in the Body,

if it be not drawn out. For it betrayeth and tolleth forth the Innate and
Radicall Moifture along with it when it felf goeth forth. And therefore
in Living Creatures , moderate fweat doth preferve the Juyce of the Body-
Note, that thefe Roles when you take them from the drying, have little
or
 Century V. 81
or no fmcll j fo that the fmell is a fecond fmcll that iffucth out of the Flower
afterwards.

66\
He continuance of Flame, according unto the diversity of the Body en- 3

T flamed, and other ci cumftances, is worthy the enquiry

that though Flame be (almoft) of a momentany falling, yet it
chiefly, for
receiveth the
5
Experiments
in Confort,
touching the
|

More, and the Lefs : We

w ill firft therefore Ipcak (at large) of Bodies en- Cont'muanct
of Flame,
flamed, wholly, andimmcdiately,withoutany Wiekto help the Inflamma-
tion. A
fpoonful of Spirit of W
ine, a little heated, was taken, and it burnt

as long as came to 116 Pulfes, The fame quantity of* Spirit of Wine, mixed
with the fixth part of a fpoonful of Nitre, burnt but to the fpace of 94
Pulfes. Mixed with the like quantity of Bay-Salt 83 Pulfes. Mixed with the
of Gun-powder, which diflolved into a Black-water 110
like quantity
Pulfes. A Cube or
Pellet of Yellow "Wax, was taken, as much as half the
Spirit of Wine and fet in the midft, and it burnt oncly to thefpace of 87
,

Pulfes. Mixed wxS\ the fixth part of a fpoonful of Milk, it burnt to the
fpace of 100 Pulfes and the Milk was crudled. Mixed with the fixth part
;

of a fpoonful of Water, it burnt to the fpace of M

Pulfes \ with an equal
quantity of Water, oncly to the fpace of four Pulfes. A (mall Pebble ,

was laid in the midft, and the Spirit of Wine burnt to the fpace of 94
Pulfes. A piece of Wood of the bignefs of an Arrow, and about a Fingers
length, was fet up in the midft, and the Spirit of Wine burnt to thefpace
of s>4Pulfes. Sothatthc Spirit of Wine Simple, endureth the lortgeft, arid
the Spirit of Wine with theBay-falt.and die equal quantity of Water, were
the fhorteft*
Confider well, whether the more fpeedy going forth of the Flariie, be 3<>7-
caufed by the greater vigor of the Flame in burning; or by the refiftance of
the Body mixed,and the a verfion thereof to take Flame : Which will appear
by the quantity of the Spiritof Wine, thattcmaineth afterthe going out of
the Flame. And itfecmcth clearly to be the latter, for that the mixture of
things leaft apt to burn , is the ipeedieft in going out, and note by the
way, that Spirit ofWineburned, till it go out of itfclf, will burn no more,
and tafteth nothing (o hot in the mouth as it did no nor yet four, fas ;

if it were a degree towards Vinegar) which burntWine doth, but flat and
dead*
Note, that in the Experiment of Wax aforcfaid, the Wax diflblved in
the burning, and yet did not incorporate with the Spirit of Wine, to
it felf
produce one Flame ; but wherefoever the Wax floated, the Flame forfook
it ;t ill at laft it fpred all over, and put the Flame quite out.

The Experiments of the Mixtures of the Spirit of Wine enflamed,are 3 £9.

things of difcovery, and not of ufc But now we will fpeak of the continu
:

ance of Flames, fuch as are ufed for Candles, Lamps, or Tapers/ confifting
of Inflamable Matters,and of a Wiek that provoketh Inflamation. And this
importeth net oncly difcovery, but alfo ufe and profit for it is a great ;
I

faving in all fuch Lights, if they can be made as fair and right as others, and
> yet laft longer. Wax pure made into a Candle, and Wax mixed feverally
into Candle-ituff, with the particulars that follow, {Viz.. JVatir, i^fqua-vite,
LMilk, Bdj-falt, Oyl, Butter, T^itre, Br'mjtone, Salt duji,) every of thefc bear-
ing a fixth part to the Wax and every of thefe Candles mixed, being
;

of the fame weight and wiek with the Wax pure, proved thus in the
,

';
burning, and lafting. The Iwifteft in confirming was that with Saw-
1
duft, uhichfirft burned fair till fome part of the Candle wa§ confumed,
and
 ;

8x 1 Statural Hiflory

and tile dull gathered about the fnafte » but then it made the fnaflebig,
and long, and to burn duskiuMy, and the Candle wafted 'in half the time of'
the Wax pure* The next in fwifttiefs. were the Oyl and Butter, which
confumed by a fifth part fwifterthan the pure Wax. Then followed in
fv/iftnel's the clear Wax ir felf then the Bay-lalt, which laftcd about
;

an eight part longer than the clear Wax then followed the t^ tjua-viu,
;

which laftcd about a fifth part longer than the clear Wax; rhen follow
the Milk -and Water, with little difference from the t^dqua-viu, but the
Water flowed- And in thefe four lad, the Wiek would fpit* forth little
fparks For the Nitre! *. it would not. hold lighted above fbme twelve
:

Pulfes But all the while it would fpit out portions of Flame, which
:

afterwards would go out into a vapor, v For the Brimftone, it would hold
lighted much aboutthe fame with the Nitre but then after a little while,
;

it would harden and cake aboutthe fnade So that the mixture of Bay-falt
:

with Wax, will wirun eighth part of the time of lading, andtheVVatcr
a fifth.

370- After the feveral materials were tryed, Tryal was likewife made of
feveralWieks as of ordinary Cotten, S 6^'mgThfei, JRu/b, Silk., StrAVe, and
;

Wooi. The Silk, Straw, and Wood* would flame a little, till they cameto
the Wax, and then go out; of the other three, the Thred confumed falter
than the Cotten, byafixth part of time ; the Cotten ncxtj then the Ruifr
confumed flower than the Cotton, by at lead a third part of time. For the
bignefs of the Flame, the Cotton, and Thred, caft a Flame much alike, and
theRufh much lefs and dimmer. Jgaxre, whether Wood and Wicks
both, as in Torches confiime fader, than the Wieks Simple?

m* Wc have fpoken of the feVcralMatcrials3 and the feveral Wieks but ;

to the lading of the Flame, itimporteth alfo, notonely, what the material
is, but in the fame material, whether it be hard, foft, old, new, &c. Good

HoufViVes to make their Candles burn the longer, ufe to lay them (one by
one) inBran or Flower, which make them harder, and fo they confume the
flower. Infomuch, as by this means they will out-lad other Candles of the
fame duff, aimoft half in half. For Bran and Flower have a vertue to
harden, fb that both age, and lying in the Bran doth help to the lading.
And we fee that Wax Candles laft longer then Tallow-Candles, becaufe
Wax is more firm and hard.

The lading of Flame alfo dependeth upon the eafte drawing of the
372.
Nourifhmenr, aswefcein the Court of England* thereis a fervice which they
call All-Night ; which is (as it were) a great Caker of Wax, With the Wiek

in the midft j whereby it cometh to pafs, that the Wiek fetcheth the Nou-
rifhment further off. We
fee alto, that Lamps laft longer, becaufe the VefTel
is far broader than the breadth of a Taper or Candle.

3tf- Take a Turreted Lamp of Tin made in the form of a Square ; the
height of the Turret, being thrice as much as the length of the lower part,
whereupon the Lampftandeth s make onely one hole in it, at the end of f he
return furtheft from the Turret. Reverfe it, and fill it full of Oyl, by that
hole ; and then fet it upright again, and put a Wiek in at the hole, and
lighten it : You
fhall finde that it will burn flow, and a long time :Which
is cau(ed (as wasfaid.lad before) for that the Flame fetcheth the Nourifh-
ment a fir off. You fhall finde alfo, that as the Oyl wafteth and defcend.
eth, fo the top of the Turret, by little and little filleth with Air j which
is caufed by the Rarefaction of the Oyl by the heat. It were worthy

the obfervation to make a hole, in the top of the Turret, and to try, when
the
 (^entury IF. 83
the Oyl almoft confumed whether the Air made of the Oyl, if you put
is ;

to it aflameofa Candle, inthelcttingof it forth, will enflame. It were good

alio to have the Lamp made, not ot Tin, but of Glafs that you may lee
j

how the Vapor or Air gathereth by degrees in the top.

Afourth poinr, that impoctcth the lading of the Flame, is the clofe- 374«
nefs of the Air, wherein the Flame burneth. We
fee, that if Windblow-

eth uponaCandIe.it wafteth apace ; wefeealfo, it lafteth longer in aLan-

thorn, than at large. And there arc Traditions of Lamps and Candles, that
have burnt a very long time in Caves and Tombs.
A fifth point, that importeth the lafting of the Flame, is the Nature 375
of the Air where the Flame burneth whether it be hot or cold, moift or
;

dry. The Air, if it be very cold, irritateth the Flame, and maketh it burn
more fiercely, (as Fire fcor.heth in Frofty weather) and fofurthereththe
Confumption. The Air once heated, (I conceive) maketh the Flame burn
more mildly, and fo helpeth the continuance. The Air, if it be dry, is in-
different the Air, if it be moift, doth in a degree quench the Flame, (as we
;

iec Lights will go out in the Damps of Mines ;) and howloever maketh it
burn more dully, and fo helpeth the continuance.

BUrials in Earth ferve for Prcfetvation, and for Condenlation, and for 3 7*.
And if you intend Condenfation or Induration, Experiments
Induration of Bodies.
in Conform,
you may bury Che Bodies fo, as Earth may touch them; as if you would touching
make Artificial Proccllane, &c. And the like you may do for Conferva- Burials »r In-
fuftoni of di-
tion, if the Bodies be hard and folid, as Clay, Wood, &c. But if you vers Bodies in
intend Prefervation of Bodies, more foft and tender, then you muft do Earth.

one of thefe two hither you

: muftputthemin cafes, whereby they may
not touch the Earth or elfe you muft Vault the Earth, whereby it
;

may hang over them, and not touch them For if the Earth touch them,
:

it will dp more hurt by the moifture, caufing them to putrific, than good

by the virtual cold, to confervc them, except the Earth be very dry and
fandy.

An Orenge, and ^pple, wrapt in a Linning Cloth, being buried

Leihmen,
3 77-
for a fortnights fpacc four footdeep within the Earth, though it were in a
moift place, and a rainy time yet came forth no ways mouldy or rotten,
;

but were become a little harder than they -were otherwife frefh in their
,

colour but their Juyce fomewhat flatted. But with the Burial of a fortnight
,

more, they become putrified.

A Bottle of Beer buried in like manner as before, became more 37^
lively, better tafted, and clearer than it was And a Bottle of Wine,
:

in like manner. A Bottle of Vinegar fo buried, came forth more lively

and more odoriferous, fmelling almoft like a Violet. And after the whole
Moneths Burial, all the three came forth as frefh and lively, if not better
than before.
It were Fxperiment, to preferve Orenges, Lemmons,
a profitable 379-
and Pomgranates, till Summer for then their price will be mightily
;

encreafed. This may be done, if you put them in a Pot or VefTel well
covered that the moifture of the Earth come not at them or elfe by put- ;

ting them in a Confervatory of Snow- And generally, whofoevcr will make

Experiments of Cold, let him be provided of three things, a Confervatory
of Snow, a good large Vault, twenty foot at leaft under the Ground, and
a deep Well.
There
 84 Statural hiflory ;

3oo. a Tradition, that Pearl, and Coral, Surchois-Stone,

There hath been
that have Colours, may be recovered by burying in the Earth;
loft their

which is a thing of great profit, if it would fort : But upon tryal of fix
weeks Burial, there followed no efFed. It were good to try it in a deep
Well, or in a Confervatory of Snow, where the cold may be more con-
tingent and fo make the Body more united, and thereby, more rcfplen-
;

dent.

381.
Experiment
MEns
Windsblow,
Bodies are heavier and
then
lefs

when Northern.
difpofed to
The
Motion when Southern
caufe is, for that when the
Solitary,
touching the
Southern Winds blow, the Humors do (in fome degree) melt, and Wax
yfffe&s in fluide, and fo flow into the parts ; asitisfeen in Wood, and other Bodies,
Mem Jiodies which when the Southern Winds blow, do fwell. Befide?, the Motion and
front [everat
Windt. Activity of the Body confifteth chiefly in theiinews, which, when the
Southern Wind bloweth, are more relax.

3S2. commonly feen,

is that more are fick in the Summer, and more dye in
Experiment
ITthe Winter except j it be in Peftilent Difeafes, which commonly reign in
Solitary,
touching
Summer or Autumn. The reafon is , becaufe Difeafes are bred (indeed)
Winter and chieflyby Heat,- butthen^eyare cured molt by Sweat and Purge, which
Summers SicJ^-
intheSummer cometh on, or is provoked moreeafily ; As forPeftilent
ruffes.
Difeafes, the Reafon why moft dye of them inSummer, is becaufethey are
bred moft in the Summer 3 for otherwife, thofe that are touched are in moft
danger in the Winter.
* x

That Years hot and moift, are moft

3 §?• THc general opinion
upon the Ground,
is,

Heat and Moifture caufe

fuperficial that
Peftilent
Putrefacti-
i

Experiment
Solitary> on. In England it is found nottrue; for, many times, there have been great
touching
Plagues in dry years. Whereof the caufe may be, for that drought in the
PeflilentUl
Seafans. Bodies of Wanders, habituate to moift Airs, doth exafperate the Humors,
and maketh them more apt to Putrifie or Enflame; befides, ittainteththe
Waters ( commonly ) and maketh them lefs wholfome. And ag;ain in
Barbarj, the Plagues break up in the Summer-Moneths, when the Weather
is hot and dry.

!
384.
Experiment
MAny Difeafes, (both Epidemical and others) break forth at particular
And the caufe isfalfly imputed to the conftirution of the Air,
times.
Solitary,
at that time, when they break forth or reign; whereas it proeeedeth (indeed)
touching -^»
J

I
Error received from a Precedent Sequence, and Series of the Seafons of the Year And :

! «6o«r Epide- '

therefore Hippocrates, in his Prognofticks, doth make good obfervations of
mical Difeafes.
the Difeafes, that enfue upon the Nature of the precedent four Seafons of
the Year. .

385. TRval hath been made with Earthen Bottles, well flopped, hanged in a

j
Experiment Well Twenty Fathom deep, at theleaft; and tome of the Bottles
of
{Solitary, have been let down into the Water, fome others have hanged above, with-
touching the
'
alteration or in about a Fathom of the Water; and the Liquors fo tryed havebeen,Beer,
1 Prefervation (not new, but ready for drinking) and V Vine, and Milk. The proof hath
of Liquoxt in
been, that both the Beer, and the Wine, (as well within VVater, as above)
1

I Weils, or deep
\Vaults. have not been palled or deaded at all but as good, or fomewhat better ,•

than Bottles of rfce fame Drinks and ftalenefs, kept in aCeiler. But tbofc
which did hang above V Vater, were apparently the beft ; and that Beer did-
flower
 :

Century F. I 85
— ' ' ™ ' '» ' '
! 1 » " — i> - — .1 .--I .ll
'

. .1 "
«
'

I
.1 ^— ,

flower whereas that under Water did nor, though it were frefh.
a little;;
The Milk foured, and began toputrific. Neverthelefs it is true, that there is a
Village ntsiBlois, where in deep Caves they do thicken Milk, in fueh forr,
that it becomethverypleafantj which was iomecaufe of thistryalof hang-
ing Milk in the Well : But our proof was naught, ncitherdolknow, whe-
ther that Milk in thole Caves be flrft boyled. It were good therefore to try
it with Milk fodder, and with Cream ; for that Milk of it felf, is fuch a Com-
pound Body of Cream, Cruds, and Whey, as itiseafily turned and diffolved.
Itwere good alfo to try the Beer, when it is in Wort, that it may be feen,
whether the hanging in the Well, will accelerate the ripening and clarifying
of it.

DIverr, we The caufe may be (in moftj the Refrigeration of

fee, doStut. 386.
Tongue, whereby it islefs apt to move ; and therefore wefee,
the Experiment
Solitary,"
that Naturals do generally Stut: And wefee, that in thofe that Stut, if they touching
drink Wine moderately, they Stut lefs, becaufe it heateth ; And (b we fee, Stutting.

that they that Stut, do S<ut more in the firft offer to fpeak,tban in continuance;
becaufe the Tongue is, by motion, fomewhat heated. In fome alio, it may
be (ihough rarely) the drynefs of the Tongue , which likewife makethit'
lefs apt to move as well as cold 5 for iris an affe& that cometh to fome wife

andgreatMen, avit did unto Mofes, who was Lmgut, Tr&pe&m : And many
Stutters (we finde) are very Choleriek Men, Choler enduring a drynefs in
the Tongue,

i
SMells, and other Odors, are fweeter
the Air, atfome diftance, than near in
the Ncfc as hath been partly touched heretofore. The caufe is double
s
Experiments
firft, The finer mixture, or incorporation of the Smell. Forwefee, that in inConfoit.
touching the
Sounds likewife, theyarefweeteft, when we cannot hear every part by it felf. Smells.
The ether resfonb, For that all fweet Smells have joyned With them fome
Hatthyor Crude Odors j and at fome diftance the Sweet, which is the more
fpiritual, is perceived j and the Earthy reacheth not fo far.

Fweet Smells aremoft forcible in dry Subftanees, when they are broken ;
and fa like wile in Orenges or Lemmons, the nipping off their Rinde, giveth out
more Andgenerally, whenBodies are moved or ftirred, though
their fmell :

not broken, they fmell more, as a Sweet-Bag waved. The caufe is double;
the one, for that there is a geater emiffion of the Spirit, when way is made
And this holdeti in the Breaking, Nipping, or Crushing; itholdeth alfo,
(in fome degree) in the Moving. Bminthislaft, there is a concurrence of
thefecond caufe, which is the Impulfion of the Air, that bringeth the fent
fafter upon us.
Tne dainrieft fmclls of Flowers, are out of thofe Plants whofe Leaves 3S9.
fmell not; as Violett Rofes, Wall-floTvers, G iUj -flaTters, Pine ks, IVood-bine, Vine-
flowers, Affle-bloomi, Limetree blooms ,
Bean-blooms, &c The caufe is, for that
where there is heat and ftrength enough in the Plant to make the Leaves
odorate, there the fmell of the Flower is rather evanide and weaker, than
that of the Leaves; as it is in Rofemary-floTvers, Lttvendcr-fioivers, and SWeet-Britr

Rofes But where there is lefs heat there the Spirit of the Plant is digefted
: ,

and refined, and fevered from the groffer Juyeein the Effiorefcence, and not
before.

I Moft
 86 Natural Hijlory 5

3fO, Moft Odors fmellbeft, broken, or crufht.ashath been faid but Flowers ,•

preffed or beaten, do lofe thefrefhnefs and fweetnefs of their Odor. The

caufe is , for that when they are crufhed, the groffer and more earthy Spirit
eometh out with the Finer,and troubleth it ; whereas in ftronger Odors there
are no fuch degrees of the jfFue of the fmell.

is ufe, to difcover the goodnefs of Waters. The

a thing of very good
391. ITtafte
Experiments to thofe that drink "Water onely doth fomewhat But other Expe- :

[inConfott,
riments are more fure. Firfr, try Waters by weight , wherein you may
touching the
Gaodnefs and finde fome difference, though not much And the lighter, you may account
:

Choice of the better.

Secondly, Try them by boiling upon an equal fire ; and that which con-
392.
fumeth away fafteft, you may account the beft.
Thirdly, Try them in feveral Bottles or open Veffels, matches in every
393-
thing elfe, and fee which of them laftlongeft without ftench or corruption*,
and that which holdeth unputrified longeft, you may likewife account the
beft.
Try them by making Drinks, ftronger or fmaller, with the
Fourthly,
394, and you may conclude, that that Water, which
fame quantity of Malt ;

maketh the ftronger Drink, is the more concocted and nouri/hing ; though
perhaps it be not fo good for Medicinal ufe. And fuch Water (commonly)
is Water of large and navigable Rivers ; and likewife in large and clean
the
Ponds of (tending Water For upon boththem, the Sun hathmore power
:

than upon Fountains, or fmall Rivers. And I conceive, that Chalk- water is
next them the beft, for goinc furtheft in Drink. For that alfohelpeth con-
coction, foit be out of a deep Well 5 for thenitcureth therawnefs of the
Water,- but Chalky-water towards the top of the Earth, is too fretting,
as it appeareth in Laundry of Cloaths, which wear out apace, if you ufe fuch
VVaters.
Fifthly, The Houfwives do finde a difference in Waters, for the bear-
395' ing or not bearing of Soap ; and it is likely, that the rr^rc fat water Will
bear Soap beft, for the hungry water doth kill the unctuous nature of the
Soap.
Sixthly, You may make Waters according to the place,
a judgment of
39*-
whence they fpring or come. The Rain-water is by the Phyfitians efteemed
the fineft and the bell but yet it is faid to putrifie fooneft, which is
;

likely, becaufe of the fineneft of the Spirit and in Confer vatories of

>

Rain-water, (fuch as they have in Venice, &c ) they are found not fo
choice Waters ; (the worfe pethaps ) becaufe they are covered aloft,
and kept from the Sun. Snow-water is held unwholefome, infomuch,as
the people that dwell at the Foot of the Snow Mountains, or otherwife
upon the afcenr, (efpeeially the Women) by drinking of Snow-water,
have great bags hanging under their Throats. Well VVacer, except it be
upon Chalk, or a very plentiful Spring maketh Meat red, which is an ill fign.
Springs on the tops of high Hills are the beft for both they feem to have
;

a Lightnefs and Appetite of Mounting; andbefides, they are moft pure and
-unmingled And again are more percolated through a great fpaceof Earth.
:

For VVaters in Valleys, joyn in effect under ground with alLVVaters of the
fime Level whereas Springs on the tops of Hill?, pafs through a greatdeal
;

of pure Earth with le(s mixture of other Waters.

39*. Seventhly, Judgment may be made of Waters by the Soyl whereupon
the Water runneth, as Pebble is the cleaneft and beft tafted; and next to that
Clay-
 ;

(Jentury I V. i

Clay-water; and thirdly, Water upon Chalk ; Fourthly, that upon Sand $

andworft of all, upon Mud. Neither may you trutt. Waters that tafte tweet,
for they are commonly found in Rifing-grounds of great Cities, which muft
needs take in a great deal of filth.
.

though under the Line, the

divers parts of the Weft- indies,
IN*P*n/, and 398.
Heats are not fo intolerable, as they be in Barbary, and the Skirts of the Experiment
Solitary,
Torrid Zone. The caufesarc, firft, the great Brizes which die motion of the touching the
Airin great Circles (fuchasare under the Girdle of* the World) produccth, Temperate
a.d therefore in thofe parts, Noonis nothing fo hot Heat under
which do refrigerate ;
the ^.cjui-
when the Brizes arcgreat, as about nine or ten of theclock in the Fore- no&ial.

noon. Another caufe is, for that the length of the Night, and the Dews
thereof, do compence the Heat of the
clay. A third caufe is, the flay of the
Sun ; not in re pedof day and
night (for that we fpake of before) but in
refped of the Seaion For under the
: Line, the Sun crofleth the Line, and
maketh two Summers and two Winters ; but in the skirts of the Torrid
Zone, it doubleth and goeth back again, and fo maketh one long
Summer.

THeheatof the Sun maketh Men

black in fome Countreys, asinc_<^-
399.
tbiopKt and Guinny,&c Fire doth it not as we fee in Glafs-Men, that are
Experiment
continually about the Fire. Thereafon may be, becaufe Fire doth lick up Solitary,
touching the
the Spirits and Blood of the Body, fo as they exhale fb that it ever maketh Coloration of
;

MenlookPale and Sallow but the Sun which is agentler heat, doth but Blac\ and
;

Tawny Msors~.
draw the Blood to the outwardparts, and rather conco&eth it, then foaketh
it: And therefore, we fee that all c^/Etbiopes are flefhly, plump, and have
great Lips. All which betoken moifture retained, and not drawn out. We
feealfo, that the Negroes are bred in Coun-reys that have plenty of Water,
by Rivers or otherwife For CMero, which was the Metropolis of c_yEtlnopia,
:

was upon a great Lake and Congo, where thcNegroes are, is full of Rivers
;

And the confines of the River Niger where the Negroes alfo are are
, ,

well watered ; and the' Region about Capo Verde is likewife moifl, info-
much, as it is peftilent through moifture: But the Countreys cf faeAbyfr
fenes, and Barbary andfWw, whercthey areTa\vncy, andOIivaftcr, and Pale,
,

are generally more fandy and dry. As for the j£tbiopes, as they are plump
and flefhly, io (it may be) they are Sanguine and Ruddy coloured, if their
Black Skin would fuffer it to be feen.

SOme Creatures do move good

w-hile after their head is ofF, as Birds.
a ^OD.
Some a very little time, as Men
and all Beafts. Some move, though cut Experiment
Solitary,
in feveral pieces, as Snakes, Eels, Worms, Flies, &c. Firft, therefore it is
touching
certain, that the immediate caufe of Death, isthe«rcfolution orextinguifh- Motion after

ment of the Spirits; and that the deftrudtion or corruption of the Organs, the Jnflantof
Death.
is but the mediate caufe. But fome Organs are fo peremptorily neceifary,
that the extinguishment of the Spirits doth fpeedily follow but yet fo, as
;

there is an interim of a fmall time. It is reported by one of the Ancients, of

credit.That a Sacrificed Beafthath lowed after the Heart hath been levered
and it is a report alfo of credit, ThattheHeadof a Pig hath been opened,
and the Brain put into the Palm of a Mans Hand, trembling, without
breaking anv part of ir, or fevering it from the Marrow of the Back-bone :

during which time, the Pig hath been, inall appearance, ffcark dead, and
without motion And after a imall time the Brain hath been replaced.
:

I z and
 ;

88 3\(jttural Hiflory

and the Skull of the Pig clofcd, and the Pig hath alittle after gone abont.
And certain it is, that an Eye upon Revenge, hath been thruft forth, fo asit
hanged a pretty diftanee by the Vifual Netve; and during thattime, the Eye
hath been without any power of Sight ; and yet after (being replaced; re-
covered Sight. Now the Spirits are chiefly in the Head, and Cells of the
Brain, which in Men and Beafts are large; and therefore, when the Head is
off, they move little or nothing: But Birds have fmall Heads and there-
fore the spirits are a little more difperfed in the Sinews , whereby Motion re-
maineth in them a little longer ; infomuch, as it is extant in ftory, that an
Emperor of Rome, to mew the certainty of his hand, did (hoot a great Forked
Arrow at an Efirich , as flie ran fwiftly upon the Stage, andftrokeoffher
Head • and yet me continued the race a little way with her Head off. As
for Worms, and Flies, and Eels, the Spirits are diffufed almoft all over j and
therefore they move in their feveral pieces.

NATURAL
NATURAL
HISTOR
Century V*

E willnow enquire of Tims or Vegetables and we fliall

; Experiments
inConforr,
do with diligence. They are the principal pare of
it
touching the
the Third dajs fVork ; they are the firft Troducdt, which Acceleration

is the word of ^Animation, for the other words are but of GtymhiAti-
Qtl.
the words of Efience ; and they are of excellent and
general ufe, For Food, CMedicine, and a number of Medi
anal Arts.

There were fown in a Bed, Turnip feed, Raddi/h-feed JVheat, Cucumber*feed, 401
and Feafe. The Bed we call a Hot-bed, and the manner of it is this. There
was taken Horfe-dung, old, and well rotted ; this was laid upon a Bank
half a foot high, and fupported round about with Planks ; and upon the
top was caft fitted Earth, fome two fingers deep; and then the Seed
Iprinkled upon it, having been fteeped all night in Water mixed with Cow-
dang. The Turnip-feed, and the FFueat, came up half an inch aboveground,
within two days after, without any watering ; the reft the third day. The
Experiment was made in Oclober, and (it may be) in the Spring, the Accele-
rating would have been the ipeedier. This is a noble' Experiment; for,
without this help, they would have been four times as long incoming up.
But there doth not occur to me, at this prefent, any ufe thereof, for pro-
fir, except it mould be for Sowing of feafe, which have their price Very
much increafed by the early coming. It may be tryed alfo with Cher-
ries, Strawberries, and other Fruit which arc deareft, when they come

early.
There was Wheat fteeped in Water mixed with Cow. dung, other irr 402-.
Water mixed with Horfe-dung, other in Water mixed withPigeon-dung,
I 3 other
^o Statural hiflory ;

other in Urine of Man, othcrin Water mixed with Chalk powdrcd, other
in Water mixed with Soot, other in Water mixed "with Allies, other in
Water mixed with Bay-Salt, other in Claret Wine, other in Malmfey, other
in Spirit of Wine. The proportion of the mixture was, a fourth part of
the ingredients to the Water, fave that there was not cf the Salt above an
eight part. The Urine, and Winds, and Spiritof Wine, were fimple without
mixture of Wat r > the time of fteeping was twelve hours; the time of the
.

year Ottober .There was alfo other Wheat fownunfteeped,butwatred twice a

day with warm Water there was alfo other Wheat fown fimple, to com-
;

pare it with the reft. The event was, that thofe that were in the mixture of
Dung, and Urine, Soot, Chalk, Afhes, and Salt, came up v ithin fix days ;

and thofe that afterwards proved the higheft, thic'keft, and moft lufty, were,
firft the Urine, and then the Dungs 5 next the Chalk, next the Soot, next

the Afhes, next the Salt, next the Wheat fimple of it felf unfteeped and
unwatcrcd, next the watered twice a day with warm Water next the Claret
Wine. So that thefe three laft were flower than the ordinary Wheat of it
felf,- and this Culture did rather retard than advance. As for thofe that
were fteeped in Malmfey, and Spirit of Wine, they came not up at all. This
is a rich Experiment for profit ; for the moft of theftcepings arc cheap
things, and the goodnefs of the crop is a great matter of gain if the ;

goodnefs of the crop anfwer thecarlinefs of the coming up, as it is like it

villi, both being from the vigor of the Seed which alio partly appeared
•

in the former Experiment, as hath been faid. This Experiment would be

tryed inotherGrains>Seeds,andKernels; for itmay be fome fteeping vrill
agree beft with fome Seeds. It would be alfo tryed with Roots fteeped as

before, but for longer time ; it would be tryed alfo in feveral feafons of the
Year, efpecially in the Spring.
403 Strawberries watered now and then (asoncein three days) with Water,
wherein hath been fteeped Sheeps-dung, or Pigeons-dung, will prevent and
come early. And it is like the fa me effecT: would folio win other Berries, Herbs t

Flowers, Grains, or Trees ; and therefore

it is an Experiment, though vulgar in

Strawberries, yet not brought into ufe generally For it is ufual to help the
:

Ground with Muck, and like wife to recomfort it fametimes with Muckput
to the Roots, but to water it with Muck-water, which is like to be more
forcible, is not pradtifed.
404. or Chalky or Blood, applied in fubftance (feafonably) to the Roots
Tiling,
of Trees, doth fet them forwards. Bin to do it unto Herbs, without mixture
o( Water or Earth, it may be thefe helps are too hot.
405. The former means of helping Germination, are either by the goodnefs
and ftrength of the Nourifhmerir, or by the comforting and exciting the
Spir.tsin the Plant, to dr aw the Nourishment better. And of thislatterkinde
concerning the comforting of the Spirits of the Plant, are alfo the experi-
ments that follow ; though they be not applications to the Root or Seed.
The planting of Trees warm upon a Wall, againft the South orSouth-Eatt
Sun, doth haften their coming on and ripening and the South-Eaft
•,

is found robe better than the South- Weft, though the South-Weft be the

hotter Coaft. But the eaufe is chiefly for that the heat of the morning
,

fuccecdeth the cold of the night;, and partly, becaufe (many times) the
Souih-Weft Sun is too parching. So likewife planting of them upon the
Back of a Chimney where a fire is kept, dotb haften their coming on, and
"ripening : Nay more, the drawing of the Boughs into the infide of a
room, where a Fire is continually kept,, workerh the fame effed which ;

hath
 9*
hath been try ed with Grapes j infomucb, as they will come a Moneth earlier,
then tli3 Grapes abroad.
two Means of Accelerating Germination formerly defcribed;
Befides the 40 £.
that is to fay, the mending of the Nouriflimentjj comforting of the Spirit of
the Plant; there is a third, which is the making way for the eafie coming to
theNourifhmenr, and drawing it. And therefore gentle digging and looining
of the Earth about the Roots of Trees,and the removing Hetb^ and flowers
into new Earth, once in two years (which is the fame thing, for the new Earth
is ever loofer) doth greatly further the profper ing and earlirrefs of Plants.

But the moft admirable Acceleration by facilitating the Nouriftiment, is 407.

thatof Water. For a Standard of a'Damask.Rofe withtheRooton, was fet
in a Chamber , where no Fire was, upright in an Eatthen Parr, full of fair
Water, without any mixture, half a foot under the Water, the Standard be-
ing more than two foot high above the Water. Within, in the fpace of ten
days, the Standard did put forth a fair green Leaf, and fbme other little
Buds, which flood at a (lay without any fhew of decay or withering, more
then feven days. But afterwards that Leaf faded, but the young Buds did
fprouton, which afterward opened into fair Leaves in the fpace of three
,

Moneths, and continued fo awhile after, till upon removal we left the tryal.
But note, that the Leaves were fomewhat paler, and light-coloured then the
Leaves ufe to be abroad. Note, that the firftBuds were in the end of Oftober,
and it is likely, that if it had been in the Spring time, it would have put forth
with greater ftrength, and (it may) be to have grown on to bear Flowers.
By this means, you may have (as it feemeth; Roles fet in the midft of a Pool,
being fupported with fome ftay ; which is matter of rarenefs and pleafure,
though or fmall ufe. This is the more firange, for that the like Rofe Stand-
ard was put at the fame time, into Water mixed with Horfe-dung, the Horfe-
dung about the fourth part to the Water, and in four Moneths fpace (while it
was oblerved) put not forth any Leaf, though divers Buds at the firft, as the
other.
A 'Dutch Flayer that had a Buttons Root, was likewife put at the fame time 40J
all under Water, fome two or three ringers deep ; and within feven days
fpromed, and continued long after further growing. There were alfoputin,
a Beet-root, a Borr age-root, and a faddish-root, which had all their Leaves cut al-
moft clofe to the Roots 5 and within fix weeks had fair Leaves, and fo con-
tinued till the end of November.
;

Note, that if Roots, or Peafe, or Flowers may be accelerated in their 409?.

comingandripening, there is a double profit* the one in the high price that
thofe things bear when they come early theorherin the fwiftnefs of their
;

returns: For in fome Grounds which areftrong you{hallhaveaRaddifh,&c.

come in a moneth, that in other Grounds will not come in two, and fo make
double returns.
Wheat alfo was put into the Water, and came not forth at all; foas it 4I0.
feemeth there muft be fome ftrength andbulk in the Body, put into the Wa
ter, as it is in Roots for Grains, orSeeds,thecoldof the Water will morti-
i

fie. But cafuafly fome Wheat lay under the Pan, which was fomewhatmoi-

ftened by the fuing of the Pan, which in fix weeks (-^s aforefaid) looked
mouldy to the eye, but it was fprouted forth half a fingers length.
feemeth by thelelnftances of Water, that for nourifhmentthe Water
It 411
isalmoft allinall, and that the Earth doth but keep the PJant upright, and -V.\
fave it from over-hear, and over-cold s and therefore is a comfortable
Experiment for good Drinkers. Itproveth a!fo that our former opinion, that
Drink
 ,

92 Statural hijlory ;

Drink incorporate withFlefh or Roots (as lnCapon-£eer,&c.) will nourifh

more eafily than Meat and Drink taken feverally.
4i3< The Houfingof Plants (I conceive) will both Accelerate Germination,
and bring forth Flowers and Plants in the colder Seafons Andasvvc Houfe- :

hotCouncrey Plants, zsLemmont, Orenges, Myrtles, to fovc them j fowemay

Houle our own Country Plants to forward them, and make them come in
the cold Seafons, in fuch fort, that you may have Violets, Strawberries, reafc,
all Winter: So that you fow or remove them at fit times. This Experiment
is to be referred unto the comforting of the Spirit ofthePlant by warmth, as
well as Houfing their Boughs, &c. So then the means to Accelerate Germi-
nation, are in particular eight, in general three.

4tj.
Experiments
in Confort,
TO make Rofes or other (lowers come late, it is an Experiment of Pleafure.
Forthe Ancients efteemed much of Rofa Sera, and indeed the November
touchingthe Rofe is the fweeteft, having been lefs exhaled by the Sun. The Means are
Patting back^ thefe, Firft, The cutting off their tops immediately after they have done bear-
or Retardation
of Gemma- ingi and then they will come again the fame year about Novembir but they ;

tion' will not come juft on the tops where they were cur, but out of thofe Shoots
which were (as it were) Water-boughs. The eaufe is, for that the Sap,
which otherwife would have fed the top, (though after bearing) will, by
the difcharge of that, divert unto the Side fprouts, and they will come to
bear, but later.

4I4, The fecond is the 'Pulling of the Buds of the Rofe, when they are newly
knotted, for then the fide Branches will bear. The caufe is ihe fame with the
former: For cutting off the Tops, ant pulling off the Buds, work the fame effecT", in
Retention of the Sap for a time, and Diverfion of it to the Sprouts that were
notfoforward.
415, The third is fome few of the Top-boughs in the Spring
the cutting off"

time but fufferingthe lower Boughs to grow on. The caufe is, for that ihe
Boughs do help to draw up the Sap more ftrongly and we fee that in;

Pouling of Trees, many do ufe to leave a Bough or two on the top to

help to draw up the Sap. And it is repotted alfo, That if you graft upon
the Bough of a Tree, and cut off fame of the old Boughs, thenewCiOns
will penfhl
41^. The fourth by laying the Roots bare about Chrifimas fome days. The
is

caufe doth arreft the Sap from going upwards for a time j
is plain, for that it

which arreft, is afterwards releafed by the covering of the Root again wnh
Earth, and then the Sap getteth up, bur later.
417- The fifth is the removing of the Tree fome M.oneth before it Buddeth.
^fhe caufe is, for that fome time will be required after the Remove, for the

Refetling, before it can draw the Juyce; and that time being loft, the bloffom
muft needs come forth later
4 lS The fixth is the Grafting of Rofes in May, which commonly Gardiners
do not till July, and then they bear not till the next year j but if yougcaft
them in May, they will bear the fame year, but late.
4I9« Thefeventh is the Girding of the Body of the Tree about with fome
Packthred for that alfo in a degree reftraineththe Sap, andmaketh it come
;

up more late, and more flovvly.

420, The eighth is the Planting of them in a Shade or in a Hedge. The caufe
is, partly the keeping out of the Sun, which haftneth the Sap torifc, and

partly the robbing of them of Nourishment by the fluff in the Hedge*

thefe
 Century P. 93
thefe means may be praftifed upon other, both Trees, and Flowers, Mutatit
mutandis.
Men haveentertained a conceit that fhewerh prettily, namely, That if 42 I

you coming. Fruit, upon a Stock of a Fruit-tree that comerh ear-

graft a Late-
ly, the Graft willbear Fmit early, as a Peach upon a Cherry And contrari- :

wife, if an Early coming-Fruit upon a Stock of a Fruit-tree that cometh late,

the Graft will bear Fruit late as a Cherry upon aPeacn. But thefc are but
;

imaginations, and untrue. The caufe is> for that the Cionsover-ruleth the
Stock quite, and the Stock is but Pafnre oncly, and giveth Aliment, but no
Motion to the Graft.

E will fpeak now, how to make Fruits, Flowers, and Roots larger, in ExpefimeBts
more plenty and fweeter than they ufetobe; and howto make the inConfort,
touching the
Trees tall, more fpred, and more hafty and fudden, than
themfelves more Mtlioratlon
they ufe to be. Wherein there is no doubr, but the former Experiments of Fruit. Trees > |

and Plants.
of Acceleration will ferve much to thefe purpoics. And again, that thele
Experiments which we (hall now let down, do ferve alfo for Acceleration, be-
caufe both ErTe&s proceeds from the enoreafe of Vigor in the Tree ; but yet
to avoid confufion. And becaufefome of the Means are more proper for the
oneeffed, and fome for the other. We will handle them apart.

Itan allured Experience, That an heap of Flint or Stone, laid about the
is 4 ai s
bottom of a wilde Tree, (as in Oak, Elm, Afii, &c.) upon the firft planting,
doth make itprofper double as much as without it. The caufe is, for that
itretaineththemoifture which falleth at any time upon the Tree, andfufFer-
eth it not to be exhaled by the Sun. Again, it keepeth the Tree warm from
cold Blafts and Frofts, as it wereinanHoule. It may be alfo, there is fome-
what in the keeping of it fteady at the firft. J^um, if laying of Straw fome
height about the Body of a Tree, will not make the Tree forwards For :

thoughthe Root giveth the Sap, yetitistheBodythatclraweth it. But you

muft note, that if you lay Stones about the Stalk of Lettuce, or otherPlants
that are more fofr, it will over-moiften the Roots, io as the Worms will eat
them.
A Treeat the firft fetting, fhouldnotbefliaken, until it hathtaken Root 42.3
fully 5 And therefore fome have put too little Forks about the bottom of
their Trees, to keep them upright ; but after a years rooting, then fliaking
doth the Tree good fey loofntng of the Earth, and (perhaps) by exercifing
(as it were) and ftirring the Sap of the Jree.
Generally, thecutting away of Boughs and Suckers attheRoot and 424=
Body, doth make Trees grow high > andcontrariwife, the Poling and Cut.
ting of the top maketh them grow, fpred, and bufhy ; as we fee in Pol-
,

lords, &c.
Itis reported, That to make haft/ growing Coppice- wood, the way is, 4-5'
to take Willow, Sallow, Popler, Alder, of fomefeven years growth and •>

to fet them, not upright, buta-flope, a reafonable depth under the Ground $
and then inftead of one Root they will put forth many, and fo carry more
fhoots uponaStem.
When you would have many new Roots of Fruit-Trees, take alow 426.
Tree, and bow and lay ail his Branches a flat uponthe ground, and call-
ir,

Earth upon them, and every twig will take Root. And this is a very profitable
Experiment for coftly Trees ; ( for the Boughs will make Stocks without
charge) fuch as are tyipricots, Peaches, Almonds, Cornelians, Mulberries, Figs,
&c*
 ;

ZhQtturdl Hiflory

&c. The like is continually pradifed with Vines, Rcfcs, Musk-Rofcs,

&c.
From May to you may take off the Bark of any Bough, being of
'July
427.
Inches, and cover the bare place, fomewhat
the btenefs of Three or Four
with Horfc-dung, binding it
above and below with Loam, well tempered
faft down. Then cut off
the Bough about JlhotUntide m the bare place, and
fet it in Ground, and it
will grow to be a fair Tree in one year. The caufe
theSap fromdefcend-
may be, for that the Bearing from the Bark, keepeth
Bough; and itmay bealfo, that
ina towards Winter, and foholdethitinthe
and Horfe-dung applied to the bare place,
do moiftcn it and cherlfil
Loam
it more apt to put forth the Root. Note, thatthis may be a
and make it

gcneralmeansforkeepinguptheSapof Trees in their Boughs, whichmay

ferve to other effects.
hath been pradifed in Trees that (hew fair
and bear not, to bore a
4^8« It
Tree, and thereupon it will bear. Whichmay
hole thorowthe Heart of the
be, for that the Tree
before hath too much Repletion, and was oppreffed
to Generation.
with his own Sap-, for Repletion is an enemy
It hath been pra&ifed in Tree*
that do net bear, to cleave two or three
429.
Cleft a fmall Pebble which may
of the chief Roots, and to put into the
keep it open, and then it will bear. The caufe may be, for that a Root of
lefs then the Body ol the Tree;
a Tree may be fas it were) hide-bound,no
put into it.
but it will not keep open without fomewhat
It is ufuallypradifcd to fet Trees
that require much Sun, upon Walls
430.
againft the South Mtjipricots, Teaches, Plumbs, Fines, Figs, and the like. It
3

the Wall by reflexion-, the

hath a double commodity,- the one, the heat of
other, the taking away of the made For when a Tree growcth round, the
:

fpred upon a Wall,

upper Boughs over maddow the lower, but when it is
and lower Branches.
the Sun comcth alike upon the upper
43i. It hath alfo been prattifed fby fomc)
to pullfome Leaves from the

Trees fo Sun may come upon the Bough and Fruit the bet-'
fpred, that the
ter. There hath been pradifed
alfo a curiofity, to fet a Tree upon the North

fide of a Wall, and at a little

height, to draw him through the Wall, and

fpred him upon the South fide conceiving, that the Root and lower part
;

the upper Boughs

of the Stock mould enjoy thefrefhnefs of the made, and
and Fruit, the comfort of the Sun butitfortcdnor.
;
The caufe is, for that
the Sun, though under Earth, as well
the Root requirethfome comfort from
and the lower part of the Body more than the upper, as we
» as the Body ;

fee in compafling a Tree below

Bough,
with, itraw-
where the Fruit cometh, maketh the ^ruit
',

451. 1 he lownefs of the

fee in Apricotes, Peaches, ct
greater, and to ripen better"; foryou mail ever
the bottom. And in
CWeh-Cotones upon zWall, the greateft Fruits towards
Grapes that make the Wine, grow upon the low Vines,
bound to
France the
fmall Stakes and .the raifed Vines in Arbors, make but Verjuyce. It is
5

true, that in Italy, and other Countreys

where they have hotter Sun, they
raife them upon Elms and Trees: But I
conceive, that if the French man-
ner of Planting low, were brought inufe, their
Wines would beftronger
and fleeter :But it is more chargeable in refpecl of the Props. It were
and the
good to try whether a Tree grafted fomewhat near the ground,
continually proyned off,
lower Boughs onely maintained, and the higher
would notmake a larger Fruit.
To have Fruit the Way is to graft, not onely upon
in greater Plenty,
433
D Stocks, but
voun* upon divers Boughs of an old Tree for they will bear
•,

J
great
 Century v* 95
great numbers of Fruit ; whereas if you graft but upon oneStoek'theTrea
can bear but few.
The digging yearly about the Roots of Trees, which is a great means, 4H-
both to the Acceleration and Melioration of Fruits, is praftifed in nothing
but in Vines ; which, if it were transferred untoothcrTrcesandShrubs, (as
Rofes,&c.) I conceive, would advance them likewife.
It hath been known, that a Fruit-tree hath been blown up (almoft) by
43 5
theRoots, and fet up again, and the nexc year bare exceedingly. The
caufeof this was nothingbut the loofeningof the Earth, which comforterh
any Tree, and is fit to be prattifed more than it is in Fruit-trees For :

Trees cannot be fo fitly removed into new Grounds, as Flowers and Herbs
may.
.

" To revive an old Tree, the digging of

about the Roots, and applying
it 436c
new Mould to the Roots, is the way. We fee alfo
that Draught-Oxen put
into frefh Pafture, gather new and tender flefli
5
and in all things, better
nourifhment than hath been ufed, doth help to sencw> efpecially, if it be
notoncly better but changed, and differing from the former.
If an Herb be cut off from the Roots in the beginning of Winter, and
4*7-
then the Earth be trodden and beaten down hard with the Foot and Spade,
the Roots will become of very great magnitude in Summer/ The reafon is,
for that the moiftute being forbidden to come up in the Plant, ftayeth longer
in the Root, and*fo dilateth it. And Gardiners ufe to tread down any loofe
Ground after they have fown Onions, or Turnips, &c.
If Tmicum be laid below, and about the bottom of a Root, it will caufe 43S.
the Root to grow to an exceflivc bignefs. The caufe is, for that being it
felf of afpungy fubftance, it draweth the moiftureof the Earth to it, andfo

feedeth the Root. This is of greateft ufe for Onions, Turnip, Parfnips, and
Carrets,
•The of Ground is a means to better the Tree and Fruit; but
fhifting 439=
with rhisCaution, That all things do profper beft, when thty are advanced
to the better. Your Nurfery of Stocks ought to be in a more barren Ground,
than the Ground is whereunto you remove them. So all Grafters prefer their
Cattle from meaner Paftures to better. We
fee alfo, that hardnefs in youth
lengthneth life, becaufe it leaveth a cherifliing to the better of the Body in
Age: Nay, in exercifes it is good to begin with the hardeft, as Dancing in
thick Shooes,'&c.
It hath been observed that hacking of Trees in their Bark, both down-

right, and aerofs, fo as you make them rather indices, thanincontinued

Hacks doth great good to Trees, and efpecially delivereth them from being
Hide bound, and killcth their Mofs.
Shade to fome Plants conduceth to make them large and profperous 441,
more than Sun; as in Strawberries, and Bays, &c. Therefore amohgft Straw-
berries, low here and there fome Borrage-Secdi and you mail finde the Straw-
berries under thofe Leaves, far more large than their fellows. And Bays you
muft plant to the North, or defend them from the Sun by a Hedg Row j and
when you fow the Berries, Weed not the Botders fortheficfthalf year, for
the Weed giveth them Shade.
Toincreafethe Crops of Plants, there would be confidered, notonely 442'-
theincrcafingtheLuft oftheEarth, or of the Plant, but the faving alfo of
that which is fpilt. So they have lately made a tryal to fet Wheat ; which
neverthelefs hath been left off, becaufe of the trouble and pains ; yet fo
much is ttue, that there is much faved by the Setting;, in comparifon of
-

that
;

J
 96 3\Qttttrd Hiflory;

that which is Sown ; both by keeping from being picked up by Birds, and
it

by avoiding the (hallow lying of it, whereby much that is fown, taketh no
Root.
443- It is prcfcribed by tome of the Ancients, you take
fmall Trees, upon
that
which grow, being yet unripe, and cover the Trees in
Figs or other Fruit
the middle of Autumn with Dung until the Spring, and then take them
up in a warm day, and replant them in good Ground and by that means, -,

the former years Tree will be ripe, as by a new Birth, when other Trees of
the fame kinde do but bloflbm. But this feemeth to have no gteat pro-
bability.
It is reported, That if you take Nitre, and mingle it with Water", to
444-
the thicknef s> of Honey, and therewith anoint the Bud, after the Vine is c ut,
it will fprout forth within eight days.The caufe is like to bt £if tq|
Experiment be true) the opening of the Bud, and of the parts Contigu-
ous, by the Spirit of the Nitre; for Nitre is (isitwere) the life of Vege-
tables.
445 Take Seed or Kernels of ^Apples, Tern, Orenges\ or a Teach, or a 'Plumb-
Stone ,&c.And put them into a Squill, (which is like a great Onion) and rhey
will come up much earlier than in the Earth it felf. This I conceive to be as
a kindeof Grafting in the Root; for as the Stock of a Graftyielderh better
prepared nourifhmenr to the Graft, than the Crude Earth, fo theSquilldoth
the like to the Seed ; and, I fuppofe, the fame would be done, by putting
Kernels into a Turnip, or the like, fave that the Squill is more vigorous
and hot. It maybe tryed alfo, With putting Onion-Seed into an Onion-
Head , which thereby (perhaps) will bring forth a larger and earlier
Oniori.
446. pricking of a Fruit in feveral places, when it is almoft at his big-
The
nefs, and before it ripeneth, hath been pra£fifed with fuccefs, to ripen the
Fruit more fuddenly. We
(ee the example of the biting of Wafps or Worms
upon Fruit (whereby it manifeftly) ripeneth the fooner.
447- It is reported, That t^dlga Marin* (Seaweed) put under the Roots of
Cblworts, and (perhaps) of other Plants, will further their growth. The
venue (.no doubt) hath relation to Salt, which is a great help to Fer-
tility.

hath been pra£tifed to cut off the Stalks of Cucumbers, immeSiatcly

It

after their bearing clofe by the Earth and then to caft a pretty quantity of
;.

Earth upon the Plant that rcmatneth, and they will bear the next year Fruit
long before the ordinary time. The caufe may be, for that the Sap goeth
down the fooner, and is not fpent in the Stalk or Leaf, which remaineth
after the Fruit. Wherenote, that the Dying in the Winter, oftheKootsor
Plants that are Annual, feemeth to be partly caufed bytheover-expence 01
the Sap into Stalk and Leaves ; which being prevented, they will fuper annu-
ate, if they ftand warm.
449. - The pulling ofTmany of the Bloffomsfrom a Fruit-tree, doth make the
Fruit fairer. The caufe is manifeft, for that the Sap hath the iefs tonourifh.
And it is a common experience, That if you do not pull off fome Bloffomi,
the firft time a Tree bloometh, it will bloflbm it felf to death.
45©. It were good to try what would be the effetl:, if all the BlofToms were
puljedfrom aFruir-tree, or the Acorns and Chefnur.buds,&c. fromawilde
Tree, for two years together. I fuppofe, that the* Tree will either pu: forth
the third year bigger, and more plentiful Fruit'* or elfe/the fame years, larger
Leaves, becaufe of the Sap ftored up.
It

I—
 Century V. 97
hath been generally received, that a Plant wafted, with warm Water,
It 451'
will come up fooner and' better, than with cold Water, or with Showers.
But the Experiment of watering Wheat with warm Water (as hath been
faid) fuccecded not,- Which may be, becaufe the tryal was too late in
the Year, viz. in the end of Oftober. For the Cold then coming upon the
Seed, after it was made more tender by the warm Water, might
check it.
There is no doubt, but that Grafting (for the moft parr) doth meliorate 45a.
the Fruit. The eaufe is manifeft, for that the nourifliment is better prepared

in the Stock, than in the Crude Earth: But yet note well, that there be Tome
Trees that are faid to come up more happily from the Kernel, than from the
Graft; as the Fetch, and CWelocotone. The caufe, I fuppofe to be, for that
thofe Plants require a nourifliment of great moiftute 3 and though the nou-
rifliment of the Stock be finer, and better prepared, yet it is not lo moift and
plentiful, as the nourifliment of the Earth. And indeed we fee thofeTruits

are very cold Fruits in their Nature.

It hath been received, that a fmaller Pear grafted upon a Stock that 453.
beareth a greater Pear, will become great* But I think it is as true, as that of

the Prime- Fruit upon the late Stock, and e Cmwerfo, which we rejected
before,* fortheCions will govern. Neverthelefs, it is probable enough,
that if you can get a Cions togrow upon a Stock of another kinde, that is
much moifter than his own Stock, it may make the Fruit greater, becaufe it

will yieldmore plentiful nourifliment, though it is like it will make the Fruit
bafer. But generally the grafting is upon a dryer Stock; as the Apple upon
aCrab, the Pear upon a Thorn, &c. Yet it is repotted, that in the Lot»~
Ceumrejs they will gr^ft an Apple-Cions upon the Stock of a Cblewort, and
it Apple ; the Kernel of which, if it be fet, will be a
will bear a great flaggy
Coiewort, and not an Apple. It were good to try, whether an Apple-Cions
will profper.if it be grafted upon a Sallow or upon a Poplar,or upon an Alder,
or upon an Elm, or upon an Horfe Plum, which are the moifteft of Trees. I
have heard that it hath bcentryed upon an Elm.and fucceeded.
It is manifeft by experience , That Flowers removed, wax greater, be- 454»
caufe the nourifliment is more eafily come by in the loofe Earth. It may be,
that oft regraking of the fame Cions, may Ukcwife make Fruit greater; as if
you take a Cions, andgraftit upon a Stock the firft year ; and then cut it off,
and graft it upon another Stock the fecond year, and fo for a third, or fourth
year, and then let it reft, it will yield afterward, when it beareth, thegreater
Fruit.
Of Grafting, there are many Experiments Tverth the noting, but thofe >* referve
to a proper place.
maketh Figs better , if a Fig-tree , when it heginneth to put forth
It
455-
Leaves, have his top cut off. The caufe is plain, for that the Sap hath the lefs
to feed, and the lefs way to mount But it may be the Fig will come fome-
:

what later, as was formerly touched. The fame may be tried likewife in other
Trees. , .

It is That Mulberries will be fairer, and the Tree more fruit-

reported, 4$»«
ful* if you bore the Trunk of the Tree thorow in feveral places, and thruft

into the places bored,' Wedges of fome hot Trees ; as Turpentine, Mafiick-tree,
Guaiacum, Jumper, &c. The caufe may be, for that Advehtive heat doth chear
up the Native Juyce of the Tree.
It is reported, That Trees will grow greater and bear better Fruity if
457.
you put Salt, or Lees of Wme.or Blood to the Root.Thc caufe may be the en-
: .
K _ rj| creating
 ;

3\[aturd hiflory
98 ;

creafing the Luft or Spirit of the Root : 1 hefe things being more forcible
than ordinary compoits.
45*' It is reported by one of the Ancients, that Artichoaks will be lefs prick-

ly, and more tender, if the Seeds have their tops dulled or grated off upon
a Stone.
459« Herbs will be tenderer, and fairer, if you take them out of Beds when
theyarenewly come up, and remove them into Pots with better Earth. The
remove from Bed to Bed was fpoken of before but that was in feveral ;

years, this is upon the fuddcn. The caufe is the fame with other removes,
formerly mentioned.
460. Cole'toorts are reported by one of the Ancients, to profper exceedingly,

and to be better tafted, if they be femctimes watred with iak-water, and

much more with Water mixed with Nitre the Spirit of which islefs Adu* ;

rent than Salt. *

461 It is more tender and dainty, if

reported. That Cucumbers will prove
their Seeds be fteeped Milk; the caufe may be, for that the Seed
(little) in
being mollified with the Milk, willbe too weak todrawthegroflerjuyceof
the Earth, but onely the finer. The fame Experiment may be made in Arti-
choaks, and other Seeds when you would take away, either their Flafhi-
,

nefs orBitternefs. They fpeak alfo, that the likeeffedtfolloweth of fteep-

ing in Water mixed with Honey but that feemeth to me not fo probable,
;

becaufe Honey hath too quick a Spirit.

462. It is reported, That Watry, and more Melon-
Cucumbers will be lefs
like, if in the Pit where you
them, you fill it (half way up) with Chaff, or
fet

fmall Sticks, and then power Earth upon them ; for Cucumbers, as it feemeth,
do extreamly affect moifture, and over-drink themfelves s which this Chaff,
or Chips forbiddeth. Nay it is further reported, That if when a Cucumber
is grown, you fet a Pot of water about five or fix inches diftance from ir,
it will in Four and twenty hours fhootfb much out as to touch the Pot

which if it be true, itis an Experiment of anhigher nature than belongeth

to this Title Foritdifcovereth Perceptionin Plants to move towards that
:

which ftiouldhelp and comfort them, though it be at adiftancc. The ancient

Tradition of the Vine is far more ftrange It is, that if you fet a ftake, or :

prop, fomediftancefromit, it will grow that way, which is far ftranger (as
is laid) than the other For that Water may work by a Sympathy of At-
:

traction But this of the Stake feemeth to be a reafonabledifcourfe.

:

463. It hath been touched befor e,that Tcrebration of Trees doth make them

profper better. Butit is found alfo, thatitmaketh the Fruit fweeter, and
better- The caufe is, for that not withftanding the Tercbration, they may
receive Aliment and yet no more than they can well turn, and
fufficient ,

difgeft; and withal do fvveat out the courfeft andunprofitableft juyce, even
as it is in Living Creatures which, by moderate feeding, and exercife, and
;

fweat, attain the foundeft habit of Body.

464. As Tercbration dothmeliorate Fruit, fo, upon the like reafon, doth
Letting of Plants Blood as Pricking Vines, or other Trees, a rterthcy be of
;

fome growth, and thereby letting forthGum or Tears, though this be not to
ontinue, as it is in Tercbration, butatfome Seafons. And it is reported,
that bv this artifice, Bitter dlmondshave been turned into fweet.
4<£5. The Ancients for the Dulcorating of Fruit, do commend Swines dung
above all other Dung, which may be, becaufe of the moiftureof thatBeaft,
whereby the Excrement hath lefs Acrimony for we fee Swines and Pigs ,

Flefh isthe moillefi of flefhes.

Ir
1
 ;

Century V*
_!
Itisobfervedby fome, that all Herbs wax iweeter, both irifmelland 466.
taftc, if after they be grown up(ome realonable time, they be cut, andfo

you take the latter Sprour, The caufe may be, for chat the longer (he Juyce
fhyeth in the Root and Stalk, the better it concocteth. For one of the chief
caufes, why Grains, Seeds, and Fruits, are more nouriming than Leaves, is
the length of time, in which they grow to Maturation. It were not amifs to

keep back the Sip of Herbs, or the Ukc.'Jby fome fit means till the end of

Summer, whereby (it may be) they will be more nourifhing,,

As Grafting doth generally advance and Meliorate Fruits, above that 4^7.
which they would be, if they where fet of Kernels or Stones, in regard the
nourifhment is better concocted. So (riodoubr) even in Grafting,for the fame
caufe the choice of the Stock doth much; always provided, that it be fome-
what inferior to the Cions. For ocherwife it dullethit. They commend
-much the Grafting of Pears, or Apples, upon a Quince.
Befides the Means of Melioration of Fruits before^mentionedj it is fet 468.
down mixture of Bran and Swines Dung or Chaff and S wines-
as try ed, that a
Dung (efpecially laid up together for a moneth to rot) is a very great nounm-
er and comforter toaFtuit-trec.
It is delivered, that Onions wax greater if they be taken out of the Earth,

and laid a drying twenty days, and then fetagainj andyetmore, if theouter-
rooft Pill betaken off all over.
It is delivered by fome, that if one take the Bough of a low Fruit-tree, 470.
newly budded, and draw it gensiy, without hurting it, into an Earthen por
perforate at the bottom to let in the Plant, and then cover the Pot with Earth,
it will yield a very large Fruit within the Ground. Which Experiment is no-
thing but potting of Plants, without removing and leaving the Fruit in the
Earth. The like (they fay) will be effe&ed by an empty Pot without Earth in
ir, put over a Fmit.being propped up with a flake as it hangeth upon the Tree,

and the better, if fome few Pertufionsbe madeinthePot. VVherein, befides

the defending of the Fruit from extremity of Sun or Weather, lomegivea
reafon, thattheFruit loving and coveting theopen Air and Sun, is invited
by the Pert ufions to fpred and approach as near the open Air as it can, and fo
inlargeth in Magnitude.
AllTreesinhigh and Sandy Grounds, are to be fet deep * and in VVatry 471.
Grounds more mallow. And in all Trees when they be removed (efpecially
Fruk-trees) care ought to be taken, that the fides of the Trees becoafted,
(North and South, &c.) as they flood before. The fame is (aid aho ot Stone
out of the Quarry, to make it more durable, though that feemeth to have
lefs real'on ; becaufe the Stone lyeth not fo near the Sun, as the Tree grow-

eth.
Timber Trees in a Coppice- wood, do grow better than in an open Field 47 2 «
both, becaule they offer not tolpred fo much, butfhoot up ftill in height,
and chiefly, becaufe they are defended from too much Sun and Wind,which
do check the growth of all Fruit ; and fo (no doubt) Fruit-trees, or Vines,
fetupon a Wall, againft theSun, between Elbows and Butriffesof Stone,
ripen more than upon a plain Wall.
It is (aid, that if Totado Roots be fet in a Pot filled with Earth, and then
47*'
the Pot with Earth be fetlikewife within the Ground, fome two or three
inches, the Roots will grow greater than ordinary. The caufe maybe, for
that having Earth enough within the Pot to nourifh them ; and then being
topped by the bottom of the Pot from putting ftrings downward, they
muft needs grow greater in breadth and thieknefs,- And it may be
K 2 that
 ;

IOO U^QtXurd Hiflory

that all Seeds, Roots, potted, and fo fet into the Earth, will profper the
better. "

474- The cutting off the Leaves of Raddifh, or other Roots,in the boginnin^
of Winter before they wither ; and covering again the Root, fomething
high with Earth, will preferve the Root all Winter, and make it bigger ir
the Spring following, as hath been partly touched before. So that there i<
a double ufe of this cutting off the Leaves For in Plants, u here the Root
: i:

the Efculent, as Raddilh, and Parfnips, it will make the Root the greater
and fo it wijl do to the'H«ads of Onions, and where the Fruit is the efculent
by ftrengthning the Root, it will make the Fruit alfo the greater.
475 an Experiment of great pleafure to make the Leaves of fhaddj
It is
Trees, larger than ordinary. It hath beentryed (for certain; that a Oon:

of a Wecch Elm, grafted upon the flockof an ordinary Elm. will putfortl
Leaves, almoft as broad as the brim of ones Hat. And it is very likely
that as in Fruit-Trees, the Graft maketh a greater Fruit ; fo in Trees tha$
bear no Fruit, it will make the greater Leaves. It would be try cd therefore
in Trees of that kinde chiefly j as Birch, A(h^ WiU^>, and especially the*
Shining WiU-to, which they call Shallow-Tail 3 becaufe of che plealure of th
Leaf.
476. The Barrennefs of Trees by accident (befiJes the weaknefs of the*

Soil Seed, orRoot, and the injury of the Weather) coming either of their
overgrowing with Mofs, or their being hide bound, or their planting too
deep, or by ifiuing of the Sap too much into the Leaves : For all thefc three
arc remedies mentioned before.

Experiments
inConfoit»
touching
WE fee that in Living Creatures that have Male and Female, there is
copulation cffeveral kindes, andfo Compound Creatures as the >

Compound LMule, that is generated betwixt the Horfe and o^/f; and feme other
Fruits and
Compounds which we call though more rare
Monfters > And it is held, :

cometh, for that the

that that Trovevb, \yifrica femper aliquid Monftri parit
,

Fountains of Waters there being rare, divers forts of Bcafts come from
fevcral parts to drink, and fo being refrefhed, fall to couple, and many
times with fevcral kindes. The compounding or mixture of Kindes in
Plants is not found out ; which neverthelefs, if it be poflible is more at
command than that of Living Creatures, for that their lull requireth a
voluntary motion wherefore it were oneof the moft notable Experiments
;

touching Plants, tofindeitout, forfo you may have great variety of new
Fruits, and flowers yet unknown. Grafting doth it not, that mendeth the
Fruit, or doubleth the Flowers, Sec. But it hath not thepowcrto make a
new Kind. FortheCions ever over-ruleth the Stock.

477. It hath been fet down by one of the Ancient, That if you take two
Twigs of fcveral Fruit Trees, and flat them on the fides, and thenbinde
them clofe together, and fet them in the ground, they will come up in one
Stock ; but yet they willputforth in their fcveral Fruits without any com-
mixture in the Fruit. Wherein note (by the way) that Unity of Continu-
ance, is cafier to procure, than Unity of Species. It is reported alfo, That
Vines of Red and White Grapes, being let in the Ground, and the upper
parts being flatted, and bound clofe together, will put forth Grapes of the
feveral colours, upon the fame Branch ; and Grape Hones of fevcral co-
lours within the fame Grape But the more, after a year or two, the unity
:

(as it feemeth) growing more perfect. And this will likewife help, if from
the
 ;
, ,

ir ..

Century V* t<Ol

the firft uniting, they be often w#rcd

; for aty moifture helpeth to Union:
And it is prefcribed alfo tobinde the Bud, as loon as it comcth fortll,as well
as the Stock, atthcleaftforatimc.
They report, that divers Seeds put into a Clout, and laid iri Earth Veil 478.
dunged, will put up Plants contiguous; which (afterwards) being bound in,
their Shoots will incorporate. The like is faid of Kernels put into a Bottle,
with anarrow mouth, filled with fcarthu
It is reported, that young Trees of fevcralkindcs let contiguous with- 479-
out any binding, and very often Watred in a fruitful ground, with the very
luxury of the Trees, will incorporate and grow together. Which feemeth
to me the likclicft means that hath been propounded for that the binding
;

doth hinder the natural fwelling of theTreej which, while itis in motion,
doth better unite.
• •

Efcperi merits

THcre arc many

ancient and received Traditions ana* Obfervations inContort,
couching the
touching the Sympathy and Antipathy of Plants ; for that fome will
Sympathy and
thrive belt growing nearothers, which they impute to Sympathy and fome ; Antipathy of
worfe which they impute to Antipathy. But thefe are idle and ignorant con- PUntt.

ceits, and forfake the true indication of the caufes as the moftpart of Ex-
;

periments, thatconcern Sympathies and Antipathies do; For as to Plants, neither

is there any fuch fecret Friendship, or Hatred, as they imagine. And
if we fhoufd be content to call it Sympathy and Antipathy, itis utterly miftaken
for their Sympathy is an Antipathy, and their Antipathy is a Sympathy : For it is
thus, wherefocver one Tlant diraweth fuch a particular Juyce out of the
Earth, as itqualifieth the Earth, fo as that Juyce which remaineth is fit for
the other Tlant, there the Neighborhood doth good becaufe the nourish-
,

ments are contrary, or levcral But whtfre two ^Plants draw (much) the
:

fame Juyce, there the Neighborhood hurteth for the one deecivcth the
;

other.

Firft, therefore, all ^Plants that do draw much nourishment fromthe 426.
Earth, andfo foakthc Earth, and exhauft it, hurt all things that grow by
them i as great Trees, (efpecially Afhes) and filch Trees, as Ipred their
Roots near the top of the ground. So the Golemxtnit not an enemy (though
that were anciently received) to the Vine onc\^\ but it is an enemy to any
ether Plant , becaufe it draweth ftrongly the fatteft Juyce of the Eaftrr.
And if it be true, that the Fine, when it crcepcth near the Colewrt, will turn
away :1 his may be, becaufe there it findeth worfe nourishment ; for
though the Root be where it was, yet (I doubt) the Plant will bend as ft

nourifheth.
Where Tinware of feveral Nature^ and drawfeveral JuyceS out of 4&i,
the Earth, there ^as hath been faid) the one fetby the other helpeth : As it
is fet down by divers of the Ancients, that ReT» doth profper much, and bc-

cometh ftronger, if it be fet by a Fig-Tree : Which (we conceive) is caufed

not by reafon of Friendship, but by Extraction of contrary Juyces; the
one drawing Juyce fit to retult fweet, the other bitter. So they have fet down
likewife,that a Rofe fet by Garlick is Tweeter > which like wife may be,becauie
the more Fetide Juyce of the Earth goeth into the Garlick, and the more
oderare into the Rofe.
This we fee manifeftly, That there be certain Corn^Eo^ers which Come 48s.
feldom or never in other places, unlcfs they be let, but oncly arrrongft
—Ki_ ? — •i*n aaaa -jsa- JSk
 '

102 3\Qitural hiftory -

Corn : blew Bottle a kinde of yello\V;Mary-Gold, Wilde Poppey

As the
and Fumitory. Neither can this be by reafun of (he-culture of the Ground,
by Ploughing or Furrowing, as (ome Herbs and Fiowerswill grow but it*
Dkches new caft, for if the ground lye fallow and unlown, they will not
come £oas it fhould feem to be the Corn that qualifierh the Earth, and pre-
:

pareth it tor their growth.

483- This obfervation if it holdeth (as it is Very probable) is of great ufc,for
the meliorating of tafte in Fruits, and Efcuknt Herbs, and of the tent of
Flowers. For I do not doubt, but if the Fig-tree do make the Rew more
(hong 3nd bitter, (as the Ancients have noted) good iiore of Rew planted
aboufcthe Figures, will make the Fig more Tweet. Nowtheraftes thatdo
mpf| offend in Fruits,and Herbs, and Roots, are bitter,harfli, four, and watrift,
or flamy. It were good therefore to make the Tryals following.
4H4. Take Wormwood or Rew, and let it
near Lettuce, or Coleflory, or
. .vs.. .
Artichoak j and fee whether the Lettuce, or the Coleflory, &c. become not
no I

the fVee'ter.
485. Tdke or aCornelian-rree, or an Elder-tree, which we
a Service-tree,
I

know have Fruits of hirfh and binding Juyce, andfetthem near a Vine or
Fig«tree, and fee whether the Grapes or Figs will not be the fweeter.
486. ; Take Cucumbers orPumpions, and fet them (here and there) amongft
Musk-IVlelons,and fee whether the Melons will not be more winy, and better
rafted. Set Cucumbers (likewise) amongft Raddifli, and fee whether the
Raddifh will not be made the more biting.
4^7. Take Sorrel andfet it amongft Rafps, and fee whether the Rafps will not
be trie fweeter.
488. Take Common Bryar, and amongft Violets or Wall-flowers, and
fetit
fee whether it will not make the Violets or Wall-flowers fweeter, and.lefs
earthy in their fmell. So fet Lettuce or Cucumbers, amongft Rofemary or
Bays, and fee whether the Rofemary or Bays, willnot be the more oderate or
aromatical. 1

489- Contrariwife.you muft take heed how you fet Herbs together that draw
much the like Juyce. And therefore I think Rofemary willleefeinTweetnefs,
if it befet with Lavender or Bays, orthe like. Butyer,if you will correct the
ftrengthof an Herb, you mail do well to fet other like Herbs by him, to take
hinvdown j and if you would fet Tanfey. by Angelica, it may be the Ange-
lica would be the weaker and fitter for mixture in perfume. And if you
fhouUi let Jvew by Common Wormwood , it may be, the Wormwood
would turn to be liker Roman Wormwood.
490. ThisAxiomisof large extent; and therefore would be fevered, and re-
finedby Tryal. Neither mud you expect to have agrofs difference by this
kinde of Culture, butonely further Perfection.
49I, Jryal would bealfomade in Herbs, Poyfonous, and Purgative, whofe ;

ill quality perhaps) may be difcharged or attempted, by fetting ftronger

i

Poyions or Purgatives by them.

49a. It is reported, That the Shrub called Our Ladies Peal, ( which is a kinde
of Bripny) and Coleworts, fet near together, one or both will die. The
caule is, for that they be both great Depredators of the Earth, and one of
them ftarveth the other. The like is faid of Reed, and a Brake, both which
are fucculenr j and therefore the cine decei vet h the other. And the like of
HemlockandRcw, both which draw ftrong Juyccs.
4-91. Someof the Ancients, and Ukewife divers of the Modern Writers, that
|iajY$ labored in Natural Magick, have noted a Sympathy between the Sun, I
•
_ i Moon, {
** 1
-
hi » '1 11
 ••

ury t®3
Moon, and fome principal 'Stars, ankkc
nn Herbs, and Plates. ^Ahti<t6
re

they have denominated Tome Herbs S&laV, and forritf Lunar, and futlf like
toys put into great words. It is manifonV tharmerS ale fbrrve Fjo^tff rsrft^
j

; the one by opening andfhuftmgy ant!

1

have refpeft to the Sun in twokindes

the other by bowing and inclining theTiead. Tor Marigolds, 'Tadpfaty FMJi
perneJ, and indeed raoft flowers do ©j&ttoot fpred their Leave's alJroiac^wheri
the Sun fhineth fereneand fair: And: again, (in forateipaft^ clefe*frem, or
gather them inward, either toward night, or wHeh -Ct»&Sfeyl^ over'cafl:. Of
r

this, there needeth no fuch folemnReafon to be affi^riedi' a6'to/ftyi Th^tthey

rejoyeeatthe prefencc of the Sun, and mourn at ttleabfenc-e ther-ebf. For
it is nothing elfe, but a little loading oi trie Leavesi f*rfd jw^&tig §&e\#arthe
J

bottom, with the moifture of the Air whereas the dry Air doth extehd thrift;
•>

And they make ic apiece of the wonder, That Garden Claver will-httie the
Stalk, when the Sun fbeweth bright, which is nothing but a fulM^Hflbn
of the Leaves; for the bowing and inclining the Head, it is found iri the
great Flower of the Sun, in Marygolds, Wattworr, Mallow flowers, aa-d
others. The caufe is fomewhat more obfeure than the former But 1 tike
:

it to be no other, but that the part, againftr which the Sun beatethi- Avaxerh
;

more faint and flaccide irtih'e Stalk, and thereby tefc able to fupporc the
Flower. •'• "

What a little Moifture will do in Vegetables ,everi though they be'^d^ad, 494.
anefcfevered from the Earth, appeareth well in the Experiment of J uglers.
They take the Beard of an Oat, which (if you mark it well>is wreathed at
the bottom, and one fmooth entire ftrWat the top. They take ondy the
part that is wreathed , asd cut off the other , leaving the Beard half the
bredth of a finger in length. Then the^ rciake'alittleCfofs of a QuiH long
ways, of that part of the Quill whieh'hath the Pith; and Grofs.ways of
that piece of the Quill without Pith, the whole Crofs being the bredth of a 1

finger high : Then they prick thebottom where the Pith i§, and thereinto
they put the Oaten-Beard, leaving half of it flicking forth? off the Quill Then :

they take a little white Box of Wood to deceive- m eft, as if fomewhat in the
7 '

Box did work the feat ; in which, with a Pin, they make a little hole, enough
to takeBeard, but not to lee the Crofs fink down, but to flick Then like-
:

wife, by way oflmpofture, they make aqueftion: As, who is the foireft
Woman in the company ? or who hath a Glove or Card ? and caufe an-
other to name divers perfons; and upon every, naming, they flick the Grofs
in theBox, havingfirft put it towards their Mouth, as if they charmed It,
and the Grofs, ftirreth not.: But when they come to the perfon that they
would take, as they hold the Gtofs totheir Mouth, they touch the Beard
with the tip of their Tongue, and wet ir, and fa flick the Crofs in the Box,
and then you (hall fee it turn finely andfbftly, three or four turns, which is
cauled by the untwining of the Beard by the moiflure. You may fee it :

more evidently ifypu flick the Crofs between your fingers, inftead of the
Box And therefore you may fee, that this- Motion, which is effecldd by
:

fo little wer, is ftronger than the doting or bending of the Head of a Mary-
gold.
It is reported by fome , That the Herb called Rofa^SolU (whereof they 495
make StTong-Taaters) will at the Noon-day, when the Sun fhineth hot arid
bright, have a great Dew upon it. And therefore, that the right name is
Rot which they impute to a delight and fympathy that it hath with
S'olis ;

the Sun. Men favor wonders. It were good firft to be fure

1
Tfoatf the ,

Dew that is found upon it, be not the Dew the Mdrning preferred,
of
when
 104 SSQitural Hiftory;

when the Dew of other breathed away

Herbs is For it hath a fmooth and
:

thick Leaf that doth notdifcharge the Dew fofoon as other Herbs, that are
more Spungy and Porous. And it may be Purjlane, or fome other Herb doth
the like, and isnotmarked. But if it befo, that it hathmore Dew at Noon
than in the Morning, thenfureitfeemeth to be an exudation of the Herb it
felf. As Plums fweat when they Oven For you willnot (1
are fet into the :

hope) ttunk, that it is like Gideons Fleece of Wooll, that the Dew mould fall
upon that, and no where elfe.
496. It is certain, that the Hony^deics are found more upon Oak Leaves, than
upon Ashy or Seech, or the like: But whether any caufe be from the Leaf it
to concoft the Dew ;
felf, or whether it be onely, that the Leaf is clofeand
fmooth (and therefore drinkcth not in the Dew* but prefervech it) maybe
It would be well inquired, whether Mama the Drug, doth fall
c
doubted.
but upon certain Herbs or Leaves onely. Flowers that have deep Sockets, do
gather in the bottom, akinde of Honey; as Honey-S'uckjes both the fVoodb'me 4.
t

and the Trifo'U) Lillies, and the like. And in theiri certainly thetf-Vowr beareth
<
part with the Dew.
497- The Experience is* That the Froth, which they call Woodfare, (being
like akinde of Spittle; is found but upon certain Herbs, and thofe hot ones}
as Lavender, Lavender-cotton, Sage, Hyffope, &c. Of the caufe of this erfquire
further, for it leemcth a fecret. Ihere falleth alfb Milder upon Com, and
fmutteth it: But itmay be, that the fame falleth alio upon other Herbs, And
'

is not obferved.

It were good, Tryal were made, whether the great confent between
Plants and Water* which is a principal nourishment of them, will make an
Attraction or Diltancc, and not at touch onely. Therefore take a VefleL
and in the middle of itmake a falfe bottom of courfe Canvas fill it with ;

Earth above the Canvas, and let not the Earth be watred then fow fome ,

good Seeds in chat Earth But under the Canvas, fome half a foot id
:

the bottom of the Veflel,lay a great Spunge, thorowlv wet in Water and ,

let it lie forrie ten days ; and fee whether the Seeds will fprout.and the Earth I

become more moift, and the Spunge more dry. The Experiment formerly
mentioned of the Cucumber, creeping to the Pot of Water, isfarftranger
than this.

499.
Experiments
THe of the
altering Colour, or Tafle of
Sent, by Mixing,
Fruit,
or Letting into the Bark, or Root of the Tree, Herb, or Flower, any
Infufing,

in Confott,
touching ihe Coloured, Aromatical, or Medicinal Subltance, arc but fancies. The caufe
Makjng htrbi is, for that thofe things have pahed their period, and nourish not,* and ail
and fruits
alteration of Vegetables, in thofe qualities, muft be by fonaewhat that is apt
MtdicinMt.
to go into the nourishment of the Plant. But this is true, that where Kine
feed upon Wilde Garlick, their Milk tailed plainly of thcGarlick. And the
Flefli of Muttons is better tailed where theSheep feed upon Wilde Thyme,

and other wholfbmc Herbs. Galen alfbfpcaketh of the curing of thaScirrm

of the. Liver, by Milk of a Cow, that feedeth upon certain Herbs and Honey <

in Spain fmellcth (apparently) of the Rofe mary, or Orenge, from whence the
Bee gather it And there is an old Tradition of a.Maidcn that was fed w;ch
:

Napellw, (which is counted theftrongell poyfbnof all Vegetables) which

with ufe, did not hurt the Maid, but poylonedfome thathad carnal com-
pany vrith her. So it is obferved by fome, that there is a ycrtuous Betyar,
and another without vcrtuc, which appear to the fhew alike ; butthevcr^
tuousis taken from the Bead, that feedeth upon the Mountains, where
there
 fantury V. toi
thercarc rheriacel Herbs and that without vertue, from thofe that fed in
;

the Valleys, where no fuch Herbs arc. Ihus far lam of opinion, that as
ftceped Wines and Beers are very Medici ,al, andlikewife Bread tempered

with divers powders lo of -JMeM alfo, (as flesh, Fish, CM<lk,a.n& Eggs) that
;

they may be made of great ufc fur Medicine and Diet, if the Seafi, FoTpU
or Fish, be fed vx ith afpecialkindeof focd, fit for the difcafe. It were a dan-
gerous thing alfo for fecret empoyfonments. But whether itmaybeap-
plied unto Plants, and Herbs, I doubt more, becaufc the nourifhmentof
them is a more common Juyce ; which is hardly capable of any fpecial
quality until the Plant do affimilate it.

But leftour incredulity may prejudice any profitable operations in $Oo.

this kinde (efpccially fincemany of rhc Ancients have fct them down) wc
think good briefly to p opoundthe four Means, which they have devifed of
making Plants Medicinable. The firft is by flitting of the Root, and infufing
into it the Medicine, as Hellebore, Opium, Scammomy, Triacle &c. and then
binding it up again. 1 his fecmeth to me theleaftprobable.becaufe the Root
draweth immediately from the Earth, andfo the nourishment isthcmore
c

common and left qualified; andbefides, it is a long time in going up, ere
it come to the Fruit. The fecond way is, toperforate the Body of the Tree,

and there to infufe the Medicine, it hath thelefs way, and the lefs time to go
up* The third is, the fteeping of the Seed or Kernel in feme Liquor,
wherein the Medicine is infufed which I have little opinion of, becaufe
;

the Seed (I doubt) will not draw the parts of the matter which have the
propriety ;but it will be far the more likely, if you mingle the Medicine
with Dung, for that the Seed, naturally drawingthe moifturc of the Dung,
may call in withal fome of the propriety. Thefourthis, the Watering of
the Plant oft, with an infufion of the Medicine. This* in one refpeft may
have more force than the reft, becaufc the Medication is oft renewed ,

whereas the reft are applied, but at onetime; and therefore the vertue may
the fooner vanifh. But (till I doubt, that the Root is fomewhat too ftubborn
to receive thofc fne Impreflions ; andbefides (as I have faid before; they
have a great Hill to go up. I judge therefore the likelieft way to be the
perforation of theBody of the Tree, in fevcralplaces,onc above the other*
and the filling of the Holes with Dung mingled with the Medicine* And
the Watring of thofe Lumps of Dung, with Squirts of anlnfufionof the
Medicine in dunged Water, once in three or fourdays.

NATURAL
 i

livi .
 io?

I #?Wa^?HtfH$* ^^^^^te^^H*?* ?

NATURAL
HISTORY
Century V I.

Ur Experiments we take care to be (as we have often Experiments

inConfort,
faid, ) either Experiment^ or Lucifera
Eruttifera, either ;
touching
of Ufe, or of Difcovery For we hate Impoftures,'
: Curiofities

and defpife Curiofities. Yet becaufe we muft apply about Fruits

and Plants.
our felvesfome what to others, we will fet down fomc
Curiofities touching Plants.

It is a Curiofity to have fevetal Fruits upon one Tree j and the more, 5oi«
when fome of them come early, andfome come late: So that you may
have, upon the lame Tree, ripe Fruits all Summer. This is eafily done by
Grafting of fcveralCions uponfcveral Boughs of a Stock,in a good ground,
plentifully fed. So you may have all kindes of Cherries, and allkindes of
Plumbs, and Peaches, and Apricots upon one Tree But, I conceive the :

Diverfity of Fruits muft be fuch, as will graft upon the fame Stock. And
therefore, I doubt, whether you can have Apples, or Pears, or Orenges,

upon the fame Stock, upon which you graft Plumbs.

It is aCuriofity to have Fruits of divers Shapes and Figures. 1 h's is 502.
eafily performed by Moulding them,when the Fruit is young, with Moulds
of Earth or Wood. So you may have Cucumbers, &c. as long as a
Cane, or as round as a Sphere, or formed like a Crofs. You may have
alfo Apples in the form of Pears or Lemmons. You may have alfo Fruit
in more accurateFigures as we faid of;Men, Bealh, or Birds, according
as you make the Moulds, wherein you muft underftand, that you make
the Mould big enough to contain the whole Fruit, when it is grown to the
greateft for elfe you will choakthefpreding of the Fruit
; which other- ,

wife would fpred it felf, and fill the Concave, and fo be turned into the (hape
defired ; as it is in Mould-worksof Liquid things. Some doubtmay be con-
ceived,
 < ;

p 1.

io8 kkQitural Hi/lory ;

Ceived, that the k ecping of the Sun from the Fruit, may hurt it : But there
isordinary experience of Fruit that groweth covered, j^n? alfo, whether
fome fmall holes may not be made in the Wood, to let in the Sun. And note,
that it were beft to make the Moulds partible, glued, or cemented together,
that you may open them when you takeout the Fruit.

503 to have Inscriptions or Engravings, in Fruit or Trees. This

It is a curiofity
is eafilyperformed* by writing with a Needle, or Bedkjn, or Knife, or the like,
when the Fruit or Trees are young for as they grow 3 fo the Letters will
5

grow more large, and graphical.

— Tenerifque meos incidere Amores
ty4.rboribut, crescent ill*,, crefcetU Anions.

504. You may have Trees apparelled with Flowers or Herbs by boring holes
in the Bodies of them, and putting into them Earth holpen wich Muck,and
fefting Seeds or Slips, of Violets, %mt, Camomtl, andfuch
Strawberries Wilde
,

like in the Earth, wherein they do butgrow in the Tree, as they do in Pots,
though (perhaps) with fome reeding from the Trees- As it would be tryed
alfo with Shoots of Vines, and Roots of Red-Rofes for it may be, they being ;

of a more Ligneous Nature, will incorporate with the Tree it felf«-

It is an ordinary curiofity to form Trees and Shrubs (as Rofemarj, Juni-
505
per, and the like) into fundry fhapes ; which is done by moulding them
within, and cutting them without. But they are but lame things, being
toofmall to keep Figure great Caftlcs made of Trees upon Frames of
;

Timber, with Turrets and Arches, were anciently matters of magnifi-

cence.
506. Amongfl: curiofitics, I fliall rilace Colouration, though it be fomewhat
better ; for Beauty in Flowers is their pre-eminence. It isobferved by fome,
that GiUy- Flowers, STveet-fViUiams, Violets, that arc coloured, if theybc neg-
lected, and neither Watered,, nor new Moulded, nor TranfpLmted, will
turn White. And it is probable, that the; White, with much culture, may
turn coloured for this is certain, That the white colour comcth of fcarcity
>

of Nourishment ; except in Flowers that are onely white, and admit no

other colours.
507. It is good therefore to fee what Natures do accompany what colours
for by that you (hall have light, how to induce colours by producing ,

thofe Natures. Whites are more inodorate (for the moftpart) than Flowers
of the fame kinde coloured ; as is found in fingle White Violets, White
Rofes, White Gilly-Flowers, White Stock- Gilly-Flowcrs, &c. We finde al-
fo, that Blotfbms of Trees that are White, are commonly inodorate; as
Cherries, Pears, Plums, whereas thofe of Apples, Crabs, Almonds, and
Peaches, are blufhy, and fmell fwect. Thecaufeis, for that the fubftance
that maketh the Flower, is of the thinncftandfineft of the Plant $ which alfo
maketh Flowers to be of fo dainty Colours. And if it be too fparing and
thin, it attaineth no ftrength of odor, except it be in fuch Plants as are
very fucculent ; whereby they need rather to be fcanted in their nburifhr
ment, than replenished, to have them fweet. As we fee in White Satynon,
which is of a dainty fmell; and in Bean-flower?, &c. And again, if the
Plant be of Nature to put forth White Flowers onely, and thofe not thin or
dry, they are commonly of rank and fulfome fmell as May-Flowers and ,•

White Lillies.

508. Contrariwife, in Berries, the White is commonly more delicate and

fweet in tafte, than the Coloured ; as we fee in white Grapes, in white
Rafpes, in white Strawberries, in white Currans, &c« The caufc is for that
the
 Century VI. lo 9
the coloured are courfcr juyced; and therefore not fo
mbre juyced, and
well and equally concocted, but the white arc better proportioned to the
difgeftion of the Plant.

But in Fruits, the white commonly is meaner, as in Pear* Plumbs, ^amo* 509.
fins, &c. and the choiceft Plumbs are black the Mulberry, (which though ;

they call it a Berry, is a Fruit) is better the Black, than the White. The
Harveft White-Plumb, is a bafe Plumb, and the ferdoccio and White Date-
Plumb, are no very good Plumbs. The caufe is, for that they are all
ovcr-watry Whereas an higher Concoction is required for fweetnefs, or
:

pleafure of tafte ; and therefore all your dainty Plumbs, are a little dry,
and come from the Stone ; as the tj^lmkle- Plumb, the 1)amofin- Plumb,' the
Teach, the apricot, &(. Yet fome Fruits which grow not to be Black,
are of the Nature of Berries, fweeteftfuch as are paler, as the Cxur-Cberry,
which inclineth more to White, is fweeter than the Red butthe/s^riM is 5

more foWre. -

Take Gilliflovers of one kinde of GWifloTvers (as of the Clove-Gilli-

Seed, 510.
floiier which is the mo ft commonj and fow it, and there will come up

GillihWers, fome of one colour, and fome of another, cafually, as the

ieed meeteth with nourishment in the Earth So that theGardiners finde, :

that they may have two or three Roots amongft an hundred that are rare,
and of great price, as Purple Carnation of feveral flripcs. The caufe is (no
doubt) that in Earth, thoughitbe contiguous, and in one Bed, there arevery
feveral Juyces and as the Seed doth cafually, meet with them, fo it com cth
;

forth. And it is noted efpecially, that thofe which do come up Purple, do

always come up Single; the Juyce, as itfeemcth, notbeingableto jfuffice a
Succulent colour, and a double keaf. This Experiment of feveral colours,
coming up from one Seed, would be tryed alfo in fcarfo-foot, Monkshood,
Toppy, and Hottioak. v ,..:..-
-
,
•

Few Fruits are coloured Red within,- the Jgueen- Apple\is, and another 511.
Apple,called the Rofe- Apple cJMw/£wi«likewife,and Grapes though moft to-
;

ward the skin. There is a Teach alfo, that hath a circle of Red towards the
ftone ; and the Egriot-Cherry is fomewhat Red within: But no Pear, nor
Warden, nor Plumb, nor apricot, although they Have (many times) Red
fides, are coloured Red within. The caufe may be enquired.
The general colour of Plants is Green, which is a colour th at no Flower 512-
is of. There isagrcenifli Trime-Rofe, butitispale, andfearce agreen; the

Leaves of fome Trees turn a little Murrey or Reddifh, and they be com-
monly young Leaves that do fo as it is in Oaks and Vines. And Hajle-
>

Leaves rot into a Yellow; and fome Hollies had part of their Leaves Yellow,
that are (to all feeming) as frefh and fhining as the Green. I fuppofe alfo,
that Yellow is a lefs fucculenc colour than Green, and a degree nearer
White. For it hath been noted, that thofe Yellow Leaves of Holly, ftand
ever toward the North or North-Eaft. Some Roots are Yellow,; as Garrets;
and fome Plants, Blood-red, Stalk and Leaf, and all as ^Amarantbws. Some 5

Hfrfo incline to Purple and Red; as akinde of Sage doth, and a kinde of
CMint, and Rofa S'olis, &c. And fome have White Leaves, as another kinde
of Sage, and another kinde of CUint : But tyltyre and a fair Purple are
never found >n Leaves. This fheweth, that Flowers arc made of a refined
Juyce of the Earth, and fo are Fruits but Leaves of a more courfc and
*>

common.
It is a curiofity alfo to make Flowers double, which is effe&cd by often 513
removing them into new Earth j as on the contrary part, double Flown,
,
L by*
 1 lO 3\(aiUral Hi/lory 5

by negle&ing,and hot removing, prove fingte. And the way codo it fpeedily,
is to fow or fet Seeds, or Slips of Flowers; and as foon as they come up, cov

remove them into new ground that is good Enquire alfo, whether inocu.
:

lating of Flowers, (as Stoek-Gilliftowers, Roles, Musk-Rof;s, &c.) -doth

not male them double. There is a Cherry-Tree that hath double Blcflbms,
but that Tree beateth noFruitj arid, it may be, that the fame means which
Applied td the Tree, doth extreamly accelerate the Sap to rife and break
forth, would make the Tree fpend it felf in flowers and thofe to become ,

double, which werea great pleafare to fee, efpecially in Apple-trees, Peach-

trees, and Almond-trees, that have Blofioms Blum coloured.

514. The making of Fruits without Core or Stone, ishkewife acuriofity,.

and fomewhat better; beeaufe Whatfoever makeththemfo, is like to make
them mbre tender and delicate.' If a Cions or Shoot fit to be fet inthe
Ground, have the Pith finely taken forth fand hot altogether, but feme of it
left, the better tofave the life) it will bear a Fruit with little or no Core. or.

Stone. And the like is faid to be of divrdinga quick Tree down to the Ground,
and taking out the Pith, and then binding it up again.
515 It is reported alfo, thataCitron grafted upon a Quince will havefmall

or no Seeds i and it is very probable, that any fowre Fruit grafted upon a
Stock that beareth a fweeter Fruit, may both make the Fruit fweeter, and
more void of the harm matter of Kernels or Seeds.
516. It is reported^ that not ohely the taking out of the Pith, but the flopping
of the Juyce of the'Pith from riilngin the mictn\ and turning it to rife on the
outfide, will makethe Fruit without Core or Stone; as if you mould borea
Tree clean thorow, andfmt a.wedge in. Itis true, there is fome affinity be-
tween the Pith and the Kerne), beeaufe they ardboth of a harm fubftanee,.
and both placed in the midft.
517. It is reported, that Trees wateredperpetually with warm Water, will
make a Fruit with little or no Gbre dr Stone. And the rule is general, That
whatfoever will make a wilde Tree, a Garden Trecwill make a Garden Tree
to have lefs Core or Stone. o V

518.
E xperimcnts
THe Rule That
baferinthe famekinde
is want of Culture, degenerate
certain,
and fometimesfo change
;
be
Plants for
another far, as to into
to

in Confbrt,
touching the kinde. 1. The (landing long, and not being removed, makeththem dege-
Dtgtntrating nerate. 2. Drought, unlefs the Earth of it felf be moid, doththelike. 3. So
of Pla7tls } and
doth removing into worfe Earth, ot forbearing tocompoft the Eatth ; as we
of the Tranf-
mutauon of fee, that Water- Mint tiirneth into Field Mint, and the Colewort into Rape by
them, one into negleclj&e.
another.
•. .

519. Whatfoever upon a Root, or a Slip, if it befown;

iFruitufeth to be fet
will degenerate; Grapes fown, Figs, Almonds, Pomegranate Kernels fown,
make the Fruits degenerate, and become wilde* And again, moft of thole
Fruits that ufe to be grafted, if they be fet of Kernels, or Stones degenerate.
It is true, that Peaches (as hath been touched before) do better upon Stones,

fet, than upon And the rule of Exception mould feemtobethis

grafting :

That whatfoever Plant requirethmueh moiftdre, profpereth better upon the

Stone or Kernel, than upon theGtaft. F6r the Stock, though it giveth a finer
nourimmenr, yet it giveth a fcarit ci», than the Earth at large.
5 Seqds if they be very old,md yet have ftrength enough to bring forth a
f?* Plant, make the Plant degenerate. And therefore skilful Gardiners maketryal
of theSeeds, before they buy them.* Whether they be good or no, by putting
.

... .
J them
 Century VL a i x

them in Water gently boiled ; and if they be good, they will fprout within half
an hour. . ;

It is (trangc which is reported, Tnat Bafil too much expofed to the Sun, 521,
doth turn into fVilde Time : Although thole two Heibs feem tohavefmall
Affinity; almoft the onely hot Herb that hath fat and fucculent
but Bafil is*

Leaves; which Oylinefs if it be drawn forth by the Sun, it is like it Will make
a very great change.
Thereis an old Tradition, that Boughs of Oak put into. the Earth, willput 532.
forth Wilde Vines which if it be true, (no doubt) it is not theO^hatturneth
;

into a Vine , but the Oak^Baugb putrifying, qualifieth the Earth to put forth a
Vine of it lelf.

It is have heard it verified, that upon cutting do wn

not impofliblci and I

of an old Timber-Tree, the Stub hath put out fometimes a Tree of another
kinde, as that Beech hath put forth Birch Which if it be true, the caufe may
:

be, for that the old Stub is too fcantof Juyceto put forth the former Tret;
and therefore putterh forth a Tree of fmaller kinde, that needeth lefs JSIou -
rifhmenf.
There is an opinion in Countrey , That if the fame Ground be oft
the
524.
fown with the Grain that grew upon it, it will, in the end, grow to be of a
bafer kinde.
It is certain, that in Sterile Years, Corn fown will grow to an other
5*5.
kinde. i

Gundia fape quibtu rnandavimus Hordea Sulcis,

;
-
Infcelix Lolium, &Jieriles dominatur 4ven&.

And generally it is a Rule, that Plants that are brought forth by Culture,
as Corn, will fooner change into other Spccies.than thofe that come of them-
felves : For thatCulture giveth but an Adventitious Kat«re, which is more
eafily put off.

This work of the Iran/mutation of Plants, one into another, is inter Mag-
Nature : For the Tranfmtttation »f Species is, in the vulgar Philofophy, pro-
nalia
nounced impoffible : And certainly, it is a thing of difficulty, and requireth
deepfearchintoNature But feeing there appear fomemanifeft inftances of
:

it, the opinion of impoffibility is to be rejected, and the means thereof to

befound out. We
fee that in Living Creatures, that come of Putrefaction,
there is much Tranfmutation of one into another. AsCaterpillersturn into
Flies, &c. And it mould feem probable, thatwhatfoever Creature having
life, is generated without Seed, that Creature will change out of one Spe-

cies into another; for it is the Seed, and the Nature cf it, which locketh
and boundeth in the Creature, that it doth not expatiate. So as we may
well conclude, that feeing the Earth of it fel£ doth put forth Plants with,
out Seed therefore Plants may well have a Tranfmigration of Species.
;

Wherefore wanting I nftances, which do occur, wefhallgiveDire&ionsof

the moft likely tryals And generally, wc would not have thole that read
:

this work of Sylva Sylvamn, account itftrange, or think that it is anover-

hafte, thatwe have let down particulars untried :) For contrariwife, in our
own eftimation, we account fuch particulars mote worthy than thofe that
ate already tryed and known. For thefe latter mud be taken as you
finde them, but the other do level point blank at the inventing of caufes
and Axioms.

L 2 Firff,
'[anmJi
 —
-4

tix JsQitural Hijlory •

$%<>. youmuft make account.that if you will have one Plant

Firft, therefore
rule the Seed
change into another, you muft have the Nourishment over-
:

as may be,
And therefore you are topradife it by Nourifliments as contrary
the Heib may grow, and like-
to the Nature of theHeib; foneverthelefs as
\
wife with Seeds that are of the weakeft fort, and
have leaft vigor. You fliall
do well therefore to take Marfli Herbs , and plant them upon tops
of Hills
moifture, upon Sandy
and Champaigns; and fuch Plants as require much
Mar w. Mallows, and Sedge upon
\
and very dry grounds. As for example,
Hills and Lettuce Seeds, and Coleworts upon Sandy Plat ; fo
Cucumber a
Brakes upon a Wet or Marfli
contrariwife plant Bufhes, Heath, Ling, and
''

Ground. This I conceive alfo, that all Efculent and Garden Herbs, let upon
,

2tf«to*/, though lefs Efculent, than they

i the tops of Hills, will prove more
i
were before. And it may be likewife, fome
Wilde Herbs you may make
This is the firft Rulefor Tranfmutation of Plants.
Salet Herbs.
1

Seeds of theHerb you

5*7- 'The fecond Rule fliould be to bury fome few
fliall fee whether the Juyce
would change amongft other Seeds and then you s

Earth, as it will alter the Seed

of thoic other Seeds do not fo qualifie the
amongft Onion-feed,
Whereupon you work. As for example,Put Parfly.feed
fly- feed, or Bafil-feed amongft Thyme-fccd,
or Lettuce-feed amongft Par
But you fhall do well to put the
and fee the change of tafte or otherwife.
Cloth, that it mingle not with
Seed you would change into a little Linnen
the Foreign Seed. ; cx;„ f u .

mixture of Earth,
5»S. The third Rule (hall be the making of fomemedly, or
orRoot: As for ex-
withfomeother Plants bruifed, or ftiaved, eitherin Leaf
ftamped, and let in
amplemake Earth, wirh amixture of Colewort Leaves
So take Earth made with cMj/imw, ot Origanum,
it Artichoaks.orParfnips:
and fet in it Fennel-feed, &c> In whicn
or Wilde Tkme, bruifed, or ftamped,
be, (as I conceive,) not that the Herb
operation, theProces of Nature (till will
you, work upon, mould draw the Juyce
of the Foreign Herb; (for that
opinion we have formerly rejefted )
but there will be a new confection
not tothe kiode of the
of mould, which perhaps will alter the Seed, and yet
" Earths do put forth
fourth Rule mail be to mark what Herbs fome
The
529. toPotit,ortoVeffel it I and into
of themfelves, andtotake that Earth, and
that, fet rhe Seed you would change
: As for Example, take from under
abundance, the Earth wrucri
Walls orthelike; where Nettles put forth in
mail there finde, without any String or
Root of the Nettks; and pot
you fow
that Earth, and fet in it Stock-Giily-flowers, or Wallflowers, &c. Or
you
Seeds of them, and fee
in the
what the event will be ; or "ke Earth, that
<M4kmm of itfelf, (whereof you fliall finde
have prepared to put forth
Purflane-feed or Lettuce-feed , for
i fome inftances following,) and fow it in
Earth being accuftomed to
i
inthefeExperiments, it is likely enough, thatthe
will alter the new Seed.
!
fend forth onekinde of Nouriflimenr,
to his nature, is
5 30.
The fifth Rule fhall be, to make the Herb grow contrary
to make Ground Herbs rife in height
: As for exa mple. Carry Cagoiwle, 01
as you do Hops upon
!

Wilde Thyme, or the Green Strawberry, upon flicks,

Poles, and fee what the event will be. .

„,.„«„„
or open
The fixth Rule fhall be to make Plants grow out of the Sun,
1

W' a great mutation in Nature, and may incuce a change in t fie

Air? for that is
andpmintjcbotion.
Seed •
As barrel upEarth, and fow fome Seed in it,
try alfo the fowmg
of a Pond, or put it in fome great hollow Tree 1

>.'.,/ J >

.
 f

Century VI. 113

of Seeds in the bottoms of Caves ; and Pors with Seeds (own , hanged
up in Wells, fome diftance from the Water \ and fee what the event
will be.

is certain, that Timber-Trees in Coppice Woods grow more upright, and 13%.
ITmore free from under Boughs, ,

than thofe that ftand in the Fields. The Experiments

in Confort.
caufe whereof is , for that Flams have a natural motion to get to the couching the
Sun ; and befides, they are not glutted with too much nourishment ;
Trocertty, and
"Lownefs, and
for that the Coppice fhareth with them , and Repletion ever hindreth
Artificial
ftature. Laftly, they are kept warm, and that ever in Plants helpeth Dwarfing of
Trees.
mounting.

Trees that are of themfelves full of Heat, ( which heatappearethby 553..

their inflamable Gums) as Firrs, and Pines, mount of themfelves in heighth
without Side-boughs, till they come towards the top. The caufc is partly
heat, and partly tenuity of Juycej both which fend the Sap upwards. As for
Juniper,itisbut aShrub, and groweth not big enough inBody tomaintaina
call Tree. j
It is reported, that a goodftrong Canvas, fpred over a Tree graft- 534-
ed low. foon after it putteth forth, will dwarf it, and make it fpred.
The caufe is plain; for that all things that grow, will grow as they flnde
room.
Trees are generally fet of Roots or Kernels; but if you fet them of Slips, 535
(as of fome Trees you may, by name the fJMulberry) fome of the Slips will
<
take and thofe that take, (as is reported) will be Dn>arf-trees. The caufe
j

is, for thata5Yi/> draweth nourifhment more weakly, than either a Root or
Kernel.
Ail flams that put forth their have their Bodies not propor-
Sap haftily,
53*.
tionable to their length, and therefore they are Winders and Creepers as ;

Ivy, Briony, Hops, Woodbine: Whereas Dwarfing requireth a flow putting

forth, and lefs vigor of mounting.

THs Scripture faith,

CW«*r of Libanus, to the
That
CMofi
wrote a Natural rMory* from the
Solomon
growing upon the Wall for fo thebeft ;
Experiments
in Confine,
touching the
Tranjlations have it. And it is true, that M$ is but the Rudiment of a Plant, and Rjtdimenu ef
(as it were) the Mould of Earth or Bark, Plants, and of
the Excrefcm-
cesof Plants
CWofi groweth chiefly upon Ridges of Houfes, tiled or thatched , and ** Super-
Plants.
upon the Crefts of Wails , and that Mofs is of a lightfome and pleafant
Green. The growing upon Slopes is caufed for that Mofs , as on the 537.
one fide it comcth of Moifture and Water , fo on the other fide the
Water mufr but flide, and not ftand or pool. And the growing upon
Tilef, or Walls, &c. is caufed, for that thofe dried Earths, having not
moiiture to put forch a plant, do practice Germination by put-
(ufficient
ting forth Mofs ; though when by age, or otherwife, they grow to re-
lent and refolve they fomerimes put forth Plants , as Wall flowers.
,

And almoft all Mofs hath here and there little Stalks , befides the low
Thrum*.
groweth upon Alleys, cfpeciallyfuchas lye cold, and upon the
<JMofi 538.
North as in divers Tarrafes. And again, if they be much trodden or if
; ;

they were atthefirftgtavelled: For wherefoevcr Plants are kept down, the
Earth putteth forth Mofs.
________ Lj Old
 ;

m.— --j 11 .i pm* .

1
'
.
i |

iH Natural Hiforty
539- Old Ground, thac hath been long unbroken up, gathererh Mols i and
therefore Husbandmen ufe to cure their Pafture-Grounds, when they grow
to Mofs, by Tilling them for a year, or two Which alfo dependeth upon :

the fame caufe ; for that the more (paring andftarving Juyce of the Earth,
inefficient for Plant?, doth breed Mofs.
540. Old Trees are more Moffie, (far) than young ; for that the Sap is not
fo frank as to rife all to the Boughs, but tireth by the way, and pucteth our
CWofi.
541 have Mofi growing upon the Ground about them ;
Fountains
UMufcofi tomes
Thecaufeis, for that the Fountains drain the Water from the Ground adja-
cent, and leave but fufficient moiftureto breed Mofi, and befldes, the cold-
nefs of the Water conduccth to the fame.
542. TheiWo/of Trees,is a kindeof Hair ; for it is the Juyce of the Tree.that
is excerned, and doth not aflimilate, and upon great Trees the Mofigacher-

eth a figure, like a Leaf.

543- The moifture fort of Trees yield little Mofs, as we fee in t^Ajps, 'Poplars,
IViUoTts, Beeches, &c. Which is partly caufed for the reafon that hath been
given of the frank putting up of the Sap into the Boughs and partly, fot ,•

that the Barks of thofe Trees are more clofe andfmooth, than thofe of
Oaks, and Allies, whereby the Mofs can the hardlier iflue our.
544- In Clay Grounds, all Fruit Trees grow full of Mofs, both upon Body
and Boughs ; which is caufed, partly by thecoldnefs of the Ground, whereby
the Plants nourifh lefs ; and partly by thetoughnefs of the Earth, whereby
the Sap is fhut in, and cannot get up , to ipred fo frankly as it fhould
do.
545: We have faid heretofore,that if Trees be hide-bound, they wax lefs
fruitfuland gather Mofs? and that they are holpen by hacking, &c. And
therefore by the reafon of contraries, if Trees be bound in with Cords or
ioiic outward Bands, they will put forth more Mofs: Which (I think)
hapneth to Trees that ftand bleak, and upon the cold Winds. It would

alfo be tried, whether, if you cover a Tree , fomewhat thick upon the
top, after hispowling, it will not gather more Mofs. I think alio, the
Watring of Trees with cold Fountain Water will make them grow full of
Mofs.
54^- There Mofs the ^P^/tfw^r/ have, which cometh out of Apple-Trees,
is a

that hath an excellent fent. Quart, particularly for the manner of the
growth, and the nature of it. And for this Experiments fake, being athing
of price, I have fetdown the laft Experiments, how to multiply and call on
Mofles.
Next unto Mof , I will fpeak of CMmbrotnes , which are likewife an
unperfecl: Plant. The Mufhromes have two ftrange properties; the one,
that they yield fo delicious aMeat; the other, that they come up fo haftily,
as in a night, and yet they arc unfown. And therefore fuch as are Upftarts
in State, they call in reproach, Mmbromes. It muft needs be therefore, that
they be made of much moifture; and that moifture fat, grofs, and yet
fomewhat concocted. And (indeed) we finde , that Mmhromes caufe the
accident, which we call Iniubus, orthecJ%*rin the Stomach. Atid there-
fore the Surfeit of them may fuffocate and empoyfon. And this ftieweth,
that they are windy > and that windinefs is grofs and dwelling not , ,

fliarp or griping. And upon the fame reafon Mmhromes are a venereous
Meat.
1 — -
- * ' — -
. , .. *• — .
. '
It
•— "
•
 ;

Century VL 115
It isreporced, tt?attheBarkof white or Red Poplar, (which arc of tnc 547.
moifteft of Trees) cut ("mail, and caft into Furrows well dunged, will cau(e
the ground to put forth Muthromes t at all leafonsof the year fit tobeeaten ,

fome add to the mixture Leaven of Bread, rcfolved in Water.

It is reported, that if a Hilly-field, where the ftubble is ft ending, be fet on 54*-
fire, in thefhowry feaion, it will put forth great (lore of Mushrofnes.
It is reported, that Harts-Horn fhaken, or in frriall pieces, mixed with 549.
Dung, and watred, ipnttcth up Musbromes. And we know that Ham- Horn \s
of a tat and clammy fubftance And it may be Ox-Horn would do the
:

like.
It hath been reported, though it be fcarce credible,that Ivy hath grown 5 jo.
out of zStagS'Horn; which theyluppofe did father come from a confisca-
tion of the Horn upon the Ivy, than from the Horn it felt. There is not
known any fubftance, but Earth, and the Procedeurs of Earth (as Tile- ,

Stone,&c.) that yieldethany Mols, or Herby fubftance. There may betry al

made of fome Seeds, as that Fennel-Seed, Mu!tard-Seed, and Rape-Seed,
put into fome lit tie holes made in the Horns of Stag*, or Oxen, to fee if they
will grow.
There is alfo another unperfed rlanr>that(infliew; is like a great Mufli ft*.
rome And it is fometimes as broad as ones Hat, which they call a Toads-
:

ftool ; not Efculenr, and it growcth (commonly) by a dead Stub of

but it is

a Tree, and likewife about the Roots of rotten Trees; and therefore feemeth
to take his J uyce from Wood putrified. Which fhewech by the way, that
Wood putrified yieldethafrankmoifture.
TncreisaCake that groweth upon the fide of a dead Tree, that hath 5*2.
gotten no name, but it is large and of a Chefnut colour, and hard and pithy
whereby it fhouldfeem, that even dcadTrees forget not their putringfdrth,
no more than the Carcatfes of Mens Bodies that put forth Hair and Nails for
a time.
There is a Cod or Bag that groweth commonly in the Fields; that at ffr
firft is hard like a Tennis-Bail, and white; and after growth of a Mufliromc

colour, and full of light duft upon the breaking ; and is thought to be dan-
gerous for the eyes, if the Povvdcr get into them, and to be good for Kibes.
Behkeithath aCorrofive, and fretting Nature.
There is an Herb called Jew-Ear, thatgroweth upon the Roots, and 5j4-
lower parts of the B odics of Trees,efpecially of Elders, and fometimes Ames.
It hatha ftrange propriety forinwarm Water, it fwelleth, andopenethex-
;

treamly. It is not greeny but of a dusky brown colour. And it is ufed for

fqutnancies and inflamarions in the Throat, whereby it feemeth to have a

mollifving, and lenifying vertue.
There is a kindeof Spongy excrefcence, vVhich groweth chiefly upon T5*.
the Roots of theLafer-Tree, and fometimes upon Cedar, and other Trees.
It is very white, and light, and fryablc; which we ci\\ jigarick^. It is famous in

Phyfickfor the purging of tough Flegm. And it is alio an excellent opent i

for the Liver , but ofFenfive to the Stomach j and intafte it is, at thefiift
fweet and afcer bitter.
We
finde no Super-Plant, that is a formed Plant, but Miffeltoe. They tfS«
have an idle Tradition, that thcte is a Bird called a LMiffel-Bird that fecdeth ,

upon a Seed, which many t mes (Tie cannot difgeft, and fo expelleth it
whole with her Excrement > which falling upon a Bough' of a Tree, that
hath fome rift, puttcth forth Miffeltoe. But this is a Fable ; for it is not
probable, that Birds fhould teed upon that they cannot difgeft. But allow
,-. that, -4'
 :;

1x6 3\Qituf-al Hi/lory ;

that, yet it cannot be for other Reafons For firft, it is found bur upon
:

certain Trees; and thofe Trees bear no fuch Fruit, as may allure that B rd to
fit and feed upon them. It may be, that Bird feedeth upon the MifTeltoe-
Berries, and fo is often found there ; which may have given occafion tothe

tale. But that which maketh an end of thequeftion is* that Miflelroe hath
been found to put forth under the Boughs,andnot (onely) abovethe Boughs
fo it cannot be any thing that falleth upon the Bough. Mfllltoe groweth
chiefly upon Crab-trees, Apples- trees, fometimes upon Hfl?s, and rarely

upon Oaks; the MhTeltoe whereof is counted very Medicinal. It is ever

green, Winter and Summer, and bcareth a white glittering Berry and it is a
;

Plant, utterly differing from the Planr, upon which it groweth. Two things
therefore may be certainly fee down Firft, that Superfetation muft be by
:

abundance of Sap, in the Bough that putteth it forth. Secondly, that that
Sap muft be fuch as the Tree doth excern, and cannot afiimilare, for clfe it
would go into a Bough ; and befides,it feemeth to be more fat and unctuous,
than the ordinary Sap of the Tree both by the Berry Which is clammy, and
•

by that it continueth green Winter and Summer, which the Tree doth
not.

57- This Experiment of Mifeltoe may give light toother practices therefore
•
5
tryal would be made, by ripping of the Bough of a Grab-tree in the Batk, and
watering of the Wound every day, with warm water dunged , to fee if it
would bring forth Mifleltoe, or any fuchlike thing. But it were yet more
likely, to try it with fomeother watering or anointing, that were not fonatu-
ral totheTreeas Wateris; as Oyl, or Barm of Drink, &c. So they be fuch
things as kill not the Boagh.
55*. It were good to try, what Wants would put forth, if they be forbidden
to put forth their natural Boughs : Powl therefore a Tree, and cover ir,fome
thicknefs with Clay on the top, and fee what it w ill put forth. I iuppo(e it
will put forth Roots for fo
; will a Cions, being turned down into Clay.
Therefore in this Experiment alfo, the Tree would be clofed with fome what
that is not fo natural to the Plant as Clay is try it with Leather, or Cloth, or
;

Painting, fo it And it is certain, that a Brake hath

be not hurtful to the Tree.
been known to grow out of a Pollard.
5 59-
AMan may count thePrickesof Treestobeakinde of Excrefcence,fof
they will never beBoughs, nor bear Leaves. The Plants that have Prickles,
are Thorns, Black and White ; Bryer, Rofe, Lemrrion-trees, Crab-rrees,
Goosberry, Berberry thefe have it in the Bough. The Plants that have
;

PiicklcsintheLeaf are, Holly, Juniper, Whin bufh, Ihiftle ; Nettles alfo

have a (mail venemous Prickle; lohqthBorrage, but harmlefs. The caufe
muft be, hafty putting forth, want of moifture, and the clofenefs of the Bark
For the hafte of the Spirit to put forth, and the want of nourishment roput
forth a Bough, andthe clofenefs of the Bark, caufe Prickles in Boughs,* and
c
therefore they are ever like a PyramU> for thac the moifture fpendeth after a lit*
tie putting forth. And for Prickles in Leaves, they come alfo of putting forth
J
more Juyce intothe Leaf, that can fpted in the Leaf fmooh; and therefore
the Leaves otherwifeare rough, as Burrage and Netties are. As for the Leaves
of Holly, they arefmooth, but never plain , but as it were with folds for the
fame caufe.
5 60.
There ^e alfo 'Plants, that though they have no Prickles, yet they have a
kinde of Downey or Velvet Rine upon their Leafes; as Rofe- Campion. Stock?
GiUiflowers, Colts-foot»which Down orNapcometh ofafubtile Spirit, in a
foft or fat fubftanee. For it is certain, that both Stock-GiMflo'tocrs, and Rofe-
•

Campions,
 ;
,

Century VL 1 17
Campions,ftamped, have been applied ("with fuccefs to the Wrefts of )

thole thathave had Tertian or Quartan Agues and the Vapor or Colts-foot
;

have a fanative vcrtue towards the Lungs, and the Leaf alio is healing in
Surgery.
Another kinde of Fxcrcfcence is an Exudation of Plants, joyned with I
561.
Putrefaction, as wefee in Oak-Apples, which arc found chiefly upon the j

Leaves of Oaks, and the like upon Willows And Countrey people hare a
:

kinde of Prediction, that if the Oak- Apple, broken, be full of Worms, it is |

a fign of a pcftilcnt year j which is a likely thing, becaufc they grow of cor-
! ruption.
There upon Swet, or other Brjet, a fine Tuft, or Brafhof Mofs
is alfo 562,
of divers colours which if you cut, you (hall ever findc full of little white
j

Worms.

that Earth taken out of the Foundations of faults and Houfes f6j.
ITandcertain,
;

is
Experiments
bottoms of Weh, and then put into Pots> will put forth fundry kinde
j

in Conforr, t

of Herbs: Butfome time ii required for the Germination; for if it be taken touching the
Producing of
but from a Fathom deep, it will put forth the firft year, if much deeper, not j

perfetf Plants
till after a year or two. without Seedi,
j

The nature of the Ttants growing out of the Earth fo taken up, doth fol- 564. J

low the nature of the Mould it felf, as if the Mould be loft and fine, it put- I

tcth forth foft Herbs as Graf, Tiantine, and the like

j If the Earth be
:

harder and courfer, it putteth forth Herbs more rough, as Tbijlles,. Firs,
,
&(.
It is common Experience, that where xyilleys are clofe gravelled, the 5 $5-
'.

Earth putteth forth thefirfl: year Knot Graf, and after Spire Graf. The caufe
is, for that the hard Gravel or Pebble at the firftlaying> will not fuifer the

Graftto come forth upright, but turneth it to findc his way where it can
but after that the Earth is fome what loofened at the top, the ordinary Grafs
cometh up.
It is reported, that Earth being taken out of fliady and watry Woods $66.
fome depth, and potted, will put forth Herbs of a fat and juycy fubftancc j
as Pennj-f»ort,FurJlane, Houjleek, Tennj Rtyal, &e.
The Water alfo doth fend forth Plants that have no Roots fixed in the
bottom but they are lefs perfect Plants being almoft but Leaves, and thofc
;

fmallones: Such is that we call Duck n>eedt which hath a Leaf no bigger
j then a Thyme Leaf, but of a frefher Green and putteth forth a little
,

firing into the Water, far from the bottom. As for the Water-Lilly, it hath
a Root in the Ground; and fo have a number of other Herbs that grow in
Ponds-
It is reported by fome of the Ancients and fome CModern Tefiimony like*
y 568.
I
wife, that there be fome Plants, that grow upon the top of the Sea; being
! fuppofed to grow of fome concretion of Slime from the Water, where the
Sun heatcth hot, and where the Pea ftirreth little. As for the tjllga Ocarina,
(fea-Tfeed) and Er'wgium {Sea~7hi{lle) both the Roots ; but have Sea-leeed un-
der the Water, the Sea Thijile but upon the Shore.
The (Ancients have noted, that there are fome Herbs that grow out of 569.
Smie, laid up clofe together, and putrified ; and that they are all bitcer, and
I they name one efpccially, FUtnus, which we call CMotb-Molletn. It is certain,
|
that Worms are found inS*oT» commonly, like Earth-worms and there- ;

,
fore it is not unlike, that it may like wife put forth Plants.
The
 ; .

1x8 Statural Hiflory

5 7°. The Ancients have fome Herbs that grow out

affirmed, chat there are
of Stone, which may be, Toads have been found
for that it is certain, that
in the middle of a Freeftone. We fee alfo, that Flints lying aboveground
gather Mofs; and Wall-flowers, and (ome other Flowers grow upon Walls.
But whether upon the main Brick or Stone, or whether out of the Lime, or
Chinks, is not well obferved. For Elders and Allies have been feen to grow
out of Steeples; but they manifestly grow out of Clefts, infomuch as, when
they grow big, they willdisjoyn the Stone. And befides.it is doubtful, whe-
ther- the Mortar it (elf putteth it forth, or whether fome Seeds be not let
fallby Birds. There be likewife Rock- Herbs, but I fuppofe thofe are ,
where there is fome Mould or Earth. It hath likewife been found, that
great Trees, growing upon Quarries, have put down their Root into the
Stone.
571 In fome Mines in Germany, as is reported, there grow in the bottom
Vegetables and the Workfolks ufeto fay, Tney have CfrUgicd Ferine* and
;

will not (urTer men together them.

57*- The Sea-fands feldom bear Plants. Whereof the caufe is yielded by
fome of the Ancients, for that the Sun exhaleththe Moifture, before it can
incorporate with the Earth, and yield a Nouriflimentfor the Plant. And itis
affirmed alfo, that Sand hath (always) his Root in Clay } and that there be
no Veins of Sand, any great depth within the Earth
It is certain, that fome Plants put forth for a time of their own ftore,
573.
without any NouriftimentfxomEarrh, "Water, Stone, &c. Of v/hkh, vide the
Experiment 29. ..•

574- reported, That Earth that was brought out of the Indies, and other
is
Experiments ITremote Countreys for Ballaft for Ships, caft upon fome Grounds in did Italy,
in Confottj
touching put forth Foreign Herbs, to us in Europe not known ; and, that which is more,
Foreign Plants
that of their Roots, Barks, and Seeds, contufed together, and mingled with
other Earth, and well watred with warm Water, there came forth Herbs
much like the other.

575- Plants, brought out of hot Gountreys, will endeavor to put forth at the
fame time, that they do ufnally do in their own climate j and therefore to
preferve them, there is no more required than to keep them from the injury
of putting back by Cold. It is reported alfo, that Grain out of the hotter
Countreys tranflated into the Colder, will be more foreword than the ordi-
nary Grain of the cold Countrey. It is likely, that this will prove better in
Grains, than in Trees for that Grains are but Annual, and fo the vertueof
,•

the Seed is not worn out j whereas in a Tree, it is embafed by the Ground, to
which it is removed.
576. Many Plants, which grow in the hotter Countreys,being fet in the colder,
will nevertheless, even in thofe cold Countreys, being fown of Seeds
late in the Spring come up and abide moft part of the Summer i as we
finde it in Orenge, and Lemmon Seeds, &c. The Seeds whereof, fown
in the end of ^ipriU will bring forth excellent Sailers, mingled with other

Herbs. And I doubt not, but the Seeds of Clove- Trees, and Pepper-
Seeds &c. If they could come hither Green enough to be fown, would
do the like. ,

There
 . v !

Century VL /<. oii^

.9 i(jd *.
lasmorf
hi
be fome Floaters, Blofftmi, Grains, and Fruits, which come more
THere 5 77- .

early , and others which come more late in che -year.- The Flowers Experiments
in Confort>
with us, are, Prime^kofes, Violm ,\Unemomes Bratfr- Daff<t-
t
:that come early ,
touching the
dtHies, Crocus Vernm, and fome early Tulipfas. And they are .all cold Plants, Seafons in
which PUntt
which therefore (as itfhould feent) have a quicker Perception of the hear
cormfanh.
of the Sun inereafing, than the hot Herbs have, as a cold handbill fooneu
rinde a little warmth, than a hot. Ariel thofe thatcome next afterA are Wall-
Flowers, Gowflips, Hyacinths, Rofemary-flowers, &c. And after them
Pinks, rlofes, Flowerdeluces, &c. Andthe latcit are, GilLv -flowers, Holly-
, i

Oak?, Larks-Foot, &c. Theearlie ftBIoflbmsare,tiie BloffomsorPeache|,

Almonds, Cornelians,Mezerions, &c. And thejr alre.of fuch Trees, as have
3'' i

much moifture, either Watery, or Oyly. And therefore C focus ftmusa\lo y

being an Herb that hath an Oyly Juyce, putceth forth, early. Eor thofe alfo
finde the Sun fooner than the dryer Trees, The Grains are, irrft Rye and^
Wheat, then Oats and Barley, then Peafe and Beans, ; for though Green
Peafe and Beans be eaten fooner, yet the dry ones that are ufed for Horfe: L
meat, are ripelaft ; and it feemeth, that the fatter Grain cometh fitit. The
earlieft Fruits are, Goofeberries> Corrin-s • ^nd
Strawberries, Cherries^
after them early Apples, early Pears, Apricots, Rafps ; and after them, Da-
mofins,3ndmoftkindeof Piumbs,Peaches,&c. And the lateft are, Apples,
Wardens, Grapes, Nuts, Quinces, Almonds, Sloes., Briei-berries, Heps,
Medlars, Services, Cornelians, &c.
:

It is That (commonly) Trees that ripen lateuy bloflbm

to be noted, 578.
fooneft j as Peaches, Cornelians, Sloes, Almonds, &c. And it feemeth to be
a work of providence that they bioffom fo foon, for otherwjfe they could
not have the ^un long enough to ripen.
There be come twice a year; as fome Pears^
Fruiirs (but rarely) that 579-
Strawberries, &c. And if feemeth, they are fuch as abound with; nouriuV
ment, whereby after one period , before the Sun waxeth too weak, they
can endure another. The amongft Flowers, cometh twice a
Kolet alio,
-year, efpecially the double White and that alfo is a Plant full of moi-
>

fture. Rofa come twice, but it is not without cutting, as hath been formerly
laid. .

In CMufcovi*, though the Corn come not up till late Spring, yet their 5 So.
Harvcit is as early as ours. The caufeis,for thattheftrengthof the Ground
is kept in with the Snow ; and we fee with us, that
be a long .Winter, it
if it

is commonly a more plentiful year : And after thofe kinde of" Winters like-
wife, the Flowers and Corn which are earlier and later, dp come com-
monly at once, and at the fame time ; which troubleth the Husbandman
many times For you flnll have Red-Rofes and Damask-Roles come toge-
:

ther, and like wife the Harveft of Wheat and Barley. But this hapneth
ever, for that the earlier ftayeth the later, and not that the later cometh
fooner. ; .- •- |
>v
There be divers Fruit Trees, in thehot Gountreys, which have Blq^.i 5$I.
foms, and young fruit, and ripe fruir, almoft all the year , lueceeding one,
another. And it is faid, the Orenge hath the like with us, for a great part of
Summer, and fo alfo hath' the Fig. And no.doubr, the Natural Motion of
Plants is to have fo But that eithectbey want Juyce to fpend-, ortheymeet
:

with the cold of the Winter. And therefore tbis Circle of ripening cannot
be, but in fucculent Plants, and hot Countreys.
Some
 HO Statural hiftory .

5 8*. Some Herbs; are but tsfnnual, and die Root and all once a year ; as Bor-
rage, Lettuct, Cucumbers^ MwkzMelons^afil, Tobacco, Mu/fard-fted, and all kin des
of Corn,' fome continue many yeais^ as Hyjfope, Germander, Lavender, Fennel,
3
-
&c. The caufe of the Dying is double i the firft is, the tendernefs and
weaknefs of the Seed, which maketh the period in afmall time, as it is in
Barrage, Lettuce, Cucumber?, Corn, &c. And therefore none of thefc arc hot.
The other caufe is, for that fome Herbs can woric endure cold, as Safil,
Tobacco, Mujiard feed and thefc have (all) much heat. ;•

[ 1
x
1
-
._ T T

583.
'Experiments
THe lafting of Plants, is
Elm, Cbefnut the Loat-tree, &c.
moft in thofe that are largeftof Body,
And this holdeth in Trees, but in
as Oakj,
Herbs
in Confort,
touching the
it is often contrary ; forBorrage; Coleworts, Pompions, which are Herbs
Lafling of ofthelargeft fizc, are offmatl durance; whereas Hyjfope, IVmter-Savory,
Herbs and The
Germander, Tme, Sage, will laft long. caufe is, for that Trees laft ac-
Trees.
cording to the ftrengt^ and quantity of their Sap and 'Juyce, being
Jwell munited by their Bark, againft the injuries of the Air But Herbs :

idraw a weak Juyce and have a foft Stalk and therefore thofe a-
, ;

jmongftthem which laft longeft, are Herbs of ftrong fmcll, and with a
ifticky ftalk.-:
!
1
.,-? 1
,.-.;-:-

584.
U Trees that bear Maft and Nuts, are commohlv more lafting thanthofc
'

that bear Fruits, efpecially the moifter Fruits; as Oaks, Beeches, Chefnuts,
Walnuts, Almonds Pine trees, &c. laftlonger than Apples, Pears, Plumbs,
&c. The caufe is, the fatnefs, and oylinefs oftheSap,- which ever wafteth
lefs, than the more Watry.

585. Trees that bring forth their Leaves late in the year, and caft them like-
wife late, are more lafting than thofe that fprout their Leaves early, orfhed
them betimes. The caufe is, for that the late coming forth, fteweth a moi-
fture more fixed and the Other loofe, and more eafily reiolved. And the
5

fame caufe is, that wilde Trees laftlonger than Garden-trees and in the ;

fame kinde, thofe whofe Fruit is acide more than thofe .whole Fruit is

{wee 1-
.

586. Nothing procureth the lafting of Trees, Bufhes, and Herbs, fo much
as often cutting for every cutting caufeth a renovation of the Ju\ce
;

of the Plant ; that it neither goeth fo far, nor rifeth fo faintly, as when
the Plant is not cut: Infomuch, as Annual Tlants, if you cut them fca-
fonably, and will fpare the ufe of them, and fuffer them to come up ftill
'

young will laft more years than one, as hath been partly touched j fuch
as is Lettuce, Purflane, Cucumber, and the like. And for great Trees,
we fee almoft all overgrown Trees in Church-yards, or near ancient
Building, and the like, are Pollards or Dottards, and not Trees at their
full height.

5^. *
Some would be made, how by Art to make Plants more
Experiment
lafting than their ordinary peri, d; as to make a Stalk of Wheat, laft a &o
whole yean You muftever prefuppofe, that you handle itfb, as the Winter
1 * :
killefth it not ; forwefpeakonely of prolonging the Natural Period. I con-
ceive, that the Rule will hold.That whatfoever maketh the Herb come later,
than at his time will make it laft longer time It were good to try it in a Stalk :

of Wheat, dec. fetin thefhade, and encompafTed with a cafe of Wood, not
touching the Straw, to keep out open Air.
588. As forthePrelervationof Fruits, as well upon the Tree or Stalk, as
gathered, We fliall handle it underthe Title of Conservation of Bodies,
The
 (jnlury VL 1 2,1

Figures of Tlantswc leave to their descriptions,

THc5 Particulargeneral, but fome
few things \vc in obfer Trees and Herbs, inthegrow-i Expeiimcpts
will re.
ing forth of their Boughs and Branches, are not figured, and keep no order. JJoSmalhc
!

Thecaufe is, for that tnc Sap, being retrained in theRinde and Bark.break- feveral Fi-
ethnot forth at all, (as in the Bodies of Trees, and Stalks of Herbs,) till gures of
'Plants.
they begin to branch, and then, when they make an eruption, they break
forth caiiially. where they finde beft way in the Bark or Rinde. It is true,
thatfome Trees are more fcattcred in their Boughs ; as Sallow trees, fVarden-
trees, Quince-trees, Medlar-trees, Lerrimon trees, &e. Some arc more in the
form of a Tyramis, and come almoftto tod,- as the
Pear-trees (which the Ci-
ticks will have to borrow his name of »£§ Fire) Orenge-trees, Fir-trees, Service

trees, Lime-trees, &c. And fome are more fpred and broad, as Beeches, Horn-

beam,&c. The reft are more The caufeof feathering the Boughs
indifferent.
is, the hafty breaking forth of the Sap 5 and therefore thofe Trees rife not
in a Body of any height, but Branch near the Ground. The caufe of the
'PyramU is, the keeping in of the Sap long before ittranch, and the fpend-
3

ingof it, when it beginneth to branch, by equal degrees The fpreding is :

caufed, by the carrying up of the Sap plentifully, without expence, and then
putting it forth fpeedily, and at once.

There be divers Herbs, but

no Trees, that may be faid to have fome 589*
kinde of order, in the putting forth of their Leaves: For they have Joynts,
or Knuckles, as it were flops in their Germination ; as have GiUiflowrst Pinks,
Fennel, Com, Reeds, and Canes. The caufe whereof is, for that the Sap
afcend-
cth unequally, and doth (as it were) tire and flop by the way. And it feem-
cth, they have fome clofenefs and hardnefs in their Stalk, which hindereth
the Sap from going up, until it hath gathered into a knot, andfois more urged
to put forth. And therefore, they arc moftof them hollow, when the Stalk
is dry as Fennel Stalkj, Stubble, and Canes.
;

Flowers have (all) exquifite Figures, and the Flower numbers are
590.
(chiefly) five and four; as in Trime-Rofes, Bryer.Rofesjmgle CMuskzKofes,
frngle
Finks, and Gittiflo-toers.&c. which have five Leaves Lillies, Flower-de-luces^
j

Borage. Bugloj? &c> which have four Leaves. But fome put
forth Leaves not
numbred, but they are ever fmall ones ; as Marigolds, Trifole, &c. fee We
alfo, that the Sockets, and Supporters of Flowers, are
Figured as in the ;

five Brethren of the Rofe, Sockets of GiUifloTters,&c. Leaves alfo arc all
figured,
fome round, fome long, nonefquare, and many jagged on the fides which ;

Leaves of Flowers feldom arc. For, I account, the jagging of Pinks, and Gil-
liflovers, to belike the inequality of OaLleaves, of Vine-leaves,
or the like but ;

they feldom or never have any fmall Purls.

OF Plants fome few put forth their Bloffoms before their Leaves;
t_Almonds, Peaches, Cornelians, Black-7?wn,&c. But moft put forth lome
as 59i.
Experiments
Leaves before their Bloffoms ; as LsJpplet, Pears, Plumbs, Cherry White-thorn,
in Confort,
touching
&c The caufe isfor that thofe that put forth their Bloffoms firft.have either Some principal
an acute and fharp fpirit; (and therefore commonly they all put forth early differenctt in
Plants.
in the Spring, and ripen very late, as moft of the particulars before mention-
ed) orclfean oyly Juyce, which is apter to put out Flowers than Leaves.
Of plam fome are Green
s all Winter, others caft their Leaves. There 597-
areGreen all Winter, Holly, Ivy, Box, Firr, Eugh, Cypre),
Juniper, Bays, Rofe-
m *ry, drc The caufe of the holding Green,
is theclofe and compart fub-

__ M ftance
 122 Statural Hiflory ;

ftance of their Leaver, and thePcdicles of them. And the c^ufe of chat again,
is, tough and vifecu? Juyce of the Plant, or the ftrcngth and heat
either the
thereof. Of thefirftforr, is Holly, which hof fo vifcous a juyce, as they
make Birdlime of the Bark or if. The S;aikof 7fj is cough, and not fragile,
as we fee it in other fmall Twigs dry.Fm- yieldeth Vitch. Box is afaft and heavy
Wood, as we fee it in Bowls. Eugh is a iirong and rough Wood, as we fee it
in Bows. Of the fecona (ovt, is Jumper, which is a Wood odorate, indmaketh
a hot Fire. Bays is likcwife a hot and aromatical Wood, and fo is Bofemary for

a Shrub. A- iorthe Leaves, their denfity jppeareth in that,' either they are

fmooth and (riming, as in Bays, Holly, Ivy, Box &c. or in that they are hard and
fairy, as in the reft. And tryal would be made of Grafting of Bofemary, and
md Box, upon a Holly Stock,becaufe they are Plants that come all
Bays, inter. W
U were good to fry it aho with Grafts of other Trees, either Fruit trees, or
Wild-trees, to fee whether they will not yield their Fruit, or bear their Leaves
later, and longer in the Winter > beeaufe the S-^p of the Holly pucteth forth
mo(t in the Winter. It may be alfo a Mezerion-tree grafted upon a Holly, will
prove both an earlier, and a greater Tree.
55>3«
There be fome Plants that bear no Flower, and yetbear Fruit; there be
fome that bear Flowers, and no Fruit > there be fome that bear neither
Flowers nor Fruit. Moftof the great Timber-trees, (as Oaks, Beeches.&c;
bearno apparentFiowers > fome few (l!kewife)ot the Fruit-trees, as Mul-
berry, Walnuts, &e. And fome Shrubb, (as Juniper, Holly, &c.) bear no
Flowers. Divers Herbs alfo bear Seeds, twhieh is as the Fruit,) and yet bear
no Flower?, as Purflane, &c. Thofe that bear Flowers, and no F. uit, are few,
as the double Cherry, theSallow, &c. But for theChem, it is doubtful,
whether it be nor by Art or Culture* for if it be by Art, then tryal wouldbe
made, whether Apples and other FiiiirsBlciToms may not be doubled. There
are fome few, that bear neither Fruit, nor Flower j as the Elm, the Poplars,
Box Br,iks,&G.
Tuere be fome ftill upwards, and can fupporr them,
Plants that flioot
594-
felves, as the greateft part of Trees and Plants: There be fomeocher, that
creep along the Ground, or wind abeut other Trees, or props, and cannot
fupport thcmfelves; as Vines, Ivy, Bryar, Briony, Wood-bines, Hops,
Climatis, Camomih &c. The caufe is, (as hath been partly touched) for that
all Plants, (naturally) move upwards $ but if the Sap put up too fall, it maketh

a fljnuer Stalk, which will not fupport the weight ; and therefore thefe latter
fort are all fwift and hafty comers.

595- THe and moft ordinary help

firft isTht Cheeps-dung isoneof
Stercoration.
Experiments the beft; and the T^mg of Kine;
next, and thirdly, that of Horfes-,
in Confort,
touching all
wnich is held to be fome what toohor, unlefs it be mingled that of Tigeons ;

Manntr of for a Garden, as a fmal! quantity of Ground, excelleth. The ordering of

Ctmpoflt and
Dung is, if the Ground be Arable, to fpred it immediately before the Plough-
Htlf of
Ground, ing and Sowing, and fo to Plough it in For if you fpred it long before, the
:

Sun will draw out much of thefatnefs of the Dung : If the Ground be Grazing
Ground, to fpred it fomewhat late towards Winter, that the Sun may have
thelefs power todry it up. Asforfpecial Contposls for Gardens (as a HotBed,&c.)
we have handled them before.

$ 9 6.
Thefecond kinde of Compoft is,the fpreding of divers kindes of Earths
upon Earthy Pond-Earth, and the mixtures of
as <JM<trl, Chalky Sea Sand, Earth
them. CMarl is thought to be the be ft, as having moft fatnefs. And not
:
heating
 Qentury VL i*3
heating the Ground coo much. The next is Sea-fa*d y Vhich (ho doubt)
obtained a fpccial vcrtuc by the Sain tot Salt is the firft rudiment of life.
Chalk ovcr-iicatech the Ground a little and therefore is beft upon cold
,*

Clay Grounds, or moift Grounds But I heard a great Husband lay, that ic was
•

a common error to think that Chalk helpcth Airable Grounds, but helpcth
not Grazing Grounds, whereas (indeed) it helpcth Grafs as well ffif Corn.
But that which brecdeth the error is, becaufe after the chalking of the
Ground, they wear it out with many Crops, without reft ; and then (indeed)
afterwards it Ground is
will bear little Grafs; becaufe the tired out.It were

good to try the laying of Chalk upon Airable Grounds, a little while before
Ploughing, and to Plough ic in, as they do the Dung but thenitmuftbe >

Friable firft, by Rain or Lying As for£W;it compaffech ic felf ; for I

:

knew a areat Garden, that had a Field (m a manner,! poured upon it, and it
did bear Fruit excellently the firftyear of the Planting for the Surface of ;

the Earthis ever the fiuitfulleft: And Earth fo prepared hath a double Sur-
face. But it is true, as I conceive, that fuch Earth as hath Salt-Peter bred in it,
if you can procure it without too much charge, doth excel. The way to
haften the breeding of ?ali- Peter, is to forbid the Sun, and the growth of
Vegetables. And therefore, if you make a large Hovel, thatched, overfome
quantity of Ground youdo but planck the Ground over, it will
; nay> if

breed Salt-Peter. As for *F'ond-earth or River-earth, it is a very good compoft,

cfpccially, if the Tond have been long uncleanfed, and fothc Water be not
too huntrrv > and 1 judge it will be yetbcttcr> if therrbeiome mixture of
'

Chalk.
°
The third help of Ground is, by fbme other Subftances that have vcr- 597.
tueto make Ground Fertile, though they benotmeerly Earth, wherein Afhes
excel; infomuch as the Countreys about ay£tna andFefuvim have akindeof
amends made them, for the miichief the eruptions (many times) do, by
the exceeding fruitfulnefs of the foyl, caufed by the Allies icattcrcd about.
Soot alfo, though thin, fprcd in a. Field or Garden, is tryed to be a very good
compoft. For Salt it is too coftly but it is tryed, that mingled with Seed-
;

corn, and fown together, it doth good: And I am of opinion, that Chalk in
Ponder, mingled with Seed-corn jWould do good perhaps as much as Chalk- ;

ing the Ground all over. As forthefteeping of the Seeds in fevcral mixtures
with Water, to give them vigor, or watring Grounds with Compoft- water,
we have fpoken of them before.
The fourth help of Gfound is, the fuffering of Vegetables to die into 598.
the Ground, and fo to fatten it ; as the Stubble of Corn, efpecially Peaie.
Brakes caftupon the Ground in the beginning of Winter, will make it very
fruitful. It were good (alfo) to try whether Leaves of Trees fwept together,
With lome Chalk and Dung mixed, to give them more heart, would not
make a good Compoft: For there is nothing loft, fomuch as Leaves of
Trees, and as they lie fcattcrcd, and without mixture, they rather make the
Ground four, than othcrwife.
T he fth help of Ground
; Heat and Warmth. Ithath been anciently
is, 599 f
-

pradifed to burn Heath, and Ling and Sedge, with the vantage of the Wind,
upon the Ground. We fee, that Warmth of Walls and Inclofurcs, merideth
Ground ; wc fee alfo, that lying open ro the South,
mendcth Ground we fee ;

again that the Foldings of Sheep help Gound as well by their Warmth, as by
theircompoft: Anditmay bedoubted, whetherthe covering of the Ground
with Brakes, in the beginning of the Winter (whereof we fpake in the laft
Experiment) helpeth it not, by rcafonof the Warmth. Nay, fomc very good
1 M
Husbands
>wif U« rn»|iffi »
'

..., ^
124 Statural hiftory 5

Husbands do fufpe&, that the gathering up of Flints in Flinty Ground, and

laying them on heaps (which is much ufed) is no good Husbandry for that
they would keep the Ground warm.
tfoo. The fixth help of Ground is, by Watring and Irrigation, which is in
two manners; The one by Letting in, and Shutting out Waters, atieaion-
able times for Water, at iome feafons, and with reafonable (lay, doth good
> ;

but at fome other feafons, and with too long itay, doth hurt. And this
fcrveth onely for Meadows, which are along fome River. The other way
is to bring Water from fome hanging Grounds, where there are Springs

into the lower Grounds, carrying it in fome long Furrows ; and from thofe
Furrows, drawing it traverfe tofprcd the Water And this makcth an excel-
:

lent improvement, both for Corn and Grafs. It is the richer, if thofe hang-
ing Grounds, be fruitful, becaufe it walheth off fome of thefatnefsof the
Earth but howfoever it prohtcth much. Generally where there are great
,*

overflows in Fens, or the like, the drowning of them in the Winter, makcth
the Summer following more fruitful The caufe may be for, that it kcepe:h
:

the Ground warm, and nouriflieth it. But the Fen men hold,that the Sewers
muft be kept fo, as the Water may not ftay too long in the Spring till the
,

Weeds and Sedge be grown up for then the Ground will belike a Wood
;

Which keepeth out the Sun, and fo continued) the wet whereby it will
,•

never graze (to purpofc) that year. Thus much for Irrigation but for
;

Avoidances, and Drainings of Water, where there is too much, and the
helps of Ground in that kinde,wc (hall fpeak of thina in anotherplace.

NATURAL

I
 ;

12 5

NAT
HISTO
r\
R
L
Century VII.

He differences between Animate and Inanimate Bodies, \ve 601.

fhall handle fully under the Title of Life, and Living Experiments
in Confort,
Spirits* and Toners. We (hall therefore make but a brief
touching the
mention of them in this place. The main differences affinities and
Differences,
are two. All Bodies have Spirits, and Pneumatical parts
•

between Plants
within them ; but the main differences between Ani- and Inanimate
mate and Inanimate are two. The firft is, that the Spirits Bodies.

of things animate, are all contined with themfelves,

and are branched in Veins, and fecret Sanales, as Blood is: AndinLivinor
Creatures, the Spirits have not onely Branches, but certain Sells or Scats,
where the principal Spirits do refide, and whetreunto the reft do reibrt But
:

the Spirits in things Inanimate are fhut in, and cut off by the Tangible parts
and are not pervious one to another, as Air is in Snow. The fecond main
difference is, that the Spirits of Animate Bodies are all infome degree (more
or lefs) kindled and inflamed, and have a fine commixture of Flame, and
an JErial fubftance : But Inanimate Bodies have their Spirits no whit in-
flamed or kindled. And this difference conflfteth not in the Heat or Cool-
nefs of Spiritsi for Chvcs and other Spices, Naptba and Tetroleiim, have ex-
ceeding hot Spirits (hotter a great deal than Oyl, Wax, or TaUolv, &c) but
not inflamed- And when any of thofe weak and temperate Bodies come to
be inflamed, than they gather a much greater heat, than others have unin-
flamed, befides their light and motion, dec.

The differences which are lecondary, and proceed from thefe two ra- 602.
dical differences are, firft, 'Plants are and determinate, which
all figurate
inanimate Bodies are not; for look how far the Spirit is able tofpred and
continue it felf, k> fargoeth the fhape or figure, and then is determined.
Secondly, plants do nourifh, inanimate Bodies do not; they have an Accre-
tion, but no Alimentation. Thirdly, Flams have a period of life, whichin-
animate Bodies have not. Fourthly, they have afucceffion and propagation
of theirkinde, which is notin Bodies inanimate,
M 3 The
 120 J\Qitural hi/lory •

6o$. The differences between l?k»ts, and Metals, or Fofiles be fides rhofe four
beforementioned, {[or Metals I hold inanimate) arc thefe Firft, tJMetals
:

are more durable than Plants : Secondly, they arc more folid and hard :

1 hirdly, they arc wholly fubtcrrany; whereas Plants arc part above Earth,
and part under Earth.
604. There be' very few Creatures that participate of the Nature of Hams, and
Metals both,* Cortisone of the nearcftof bothkindes, another is Vitriol,
for that is apteft tofprout withmoifturc.
605. Another fpecial Affinity is between Plants and Mould, or 'Putrefaction:
For all Putrefaction, (if it diffolve notin Arefa&ion) will in the end ifTue in-
to plants or Living Creaturesbrcd of Putref action. I account CfttoJ?, and Mufh-
romes, and Agarick, and other of thofe kindes, to be but Aloulds of the Ground,
Walls, and Trees, and the like. As for Flesh and Fish and Plants them felves,
and a number of other things, after a (JWouldineJ?, or Rottentiefl, or Corrupting,
they will fall to breed Worms. Thefe Putrefactions, which have Affinity with
Plants, have this difference irom them; that they have no fucceflion or pro-
pagation, though' they nourish, and have a period of Life, and havelikcwifc
fome Figure.
606. I left once, by chance, aCitron cut in a clofcroom, for three Summcr-
moneths, thutl was abfent and at my return, there were grown forth out
;

of the Pith cut, Tufts of Hairs, an inch long, with little black Heads as if thev
would have been fome Hafl.

Experiments
in Confbrt, THe and Differences.between Plants and Living Creatures, are
Affinities
thefe that follow. They have both of them Spirits continued and
touchingthe
affinities and branched, and alfo inflamed. Butfirftin Living Creatures the Spirits have a Cell
Differences of or Seat, which Plants have not, as was alfo formerly laid. And fecondly, the
Plants, and
Living Cycx- Spirits of Living Creatures hold more of Flame, than the Spirits of Plants do ;

turei : >Znsi and thefe two are the Radical differences. For the Secondary differences,
the Canfines
and Participles
they are as follow. Firft, Plants are all fixed to the Earth; whereas all Living
of them. Creatures are fevered, and of themfelves. Secondly, LivingCreatureshave
Local Motion, Plants have not, Thirdly, Living Creatures nourifh from
their upper parts by the Mouth chiefly Plants nourifh from below, namely
*,

from the Roots. Fourthly, Plants have their Seed and Seminal parts upper-
moft, Living Creatures have them lowermoft: and therefore it was laid,
;

not Elegantly alone, butPhilofophically Horns eji Planta inverfa CMan is like
: .

a Plant turned upwards For the Root in Plants, is as the Head in Living Crea-
;

tures. Fifthly, Living Creatureshavc a mote exact Figure than Plants. Sixthly,
Living C reatureshave more diverfityof Organs within their Bodies and (as
it were,) inward Figures than Plants have. Seventhly ; Living Creatures have
Senfe,which Plants have not. Eightly, Living Creatures have Voluntary
Motion, which Plants have not.

608. For the difference of Sexes in Plants, they are oftentimes by name diftin-
guifhed; as Male-Piony, Female Pion) ' ; (JHale Rofemarf, Female- Rofemarj ; He-
Holly, She-Holly, &t. But Generation by Copulation (certainly! extendeth
not to Plants. The neareft approach of it, is between the He-Palm, and the
She-Palm, which (as they report) if they grow near, incline the one to the
other infomuch as, (that which is more ftrangej they doubtnot to report,
;

that to keep the Trees upright from bending, theytye Ropes or Lines from
the one to the other, that the contact might be enjoynedby the contact, of a
middle Body. But thismay be feigned, oratleaft amplified. Neverthelefs,I
^_ _L
am
 L :

Century VI (lj
am apt enough to think, that this fame Bmarum of a fTrongcr arid a weaker,
like unto Mafculine and Feminine, doth hoi i in all Living Bodies. It is con-
founded fomecimes ;iniomc Creatures of Putrefaction, wherein no marks
as
of distinction appear and it is doubled fomctimes, as in Hermaphrodites
;

but generally there is a degree of ftrcngth in moftSpccics.

The Participles or Confiners between Plants and Living Creatures, arc tfd#.
fuch chiefly as are fixed,, and have not Local Motion of remove though ;

they have a Motion in their parts,fuch as are Qyfters, Cockles, and fuch like,
There is a fabulous Narration, That in the Northern Countreys there fhould be
an Herb that groweth in the liken els of a Lamb, and feedethupon the Grafs,
in fuch lore,as it will bear theGrafs round about. But, I fuppofe/that the |

Figure maketh the Fable for lo we fee there be Bee-flowers, &c.

5 And as J

for the Grafs, it feemeth the Plant, having a great ftalk and top, doth prey
upon the Grafs a good way about 3 by drawing the Juyce of the Earth
from it.

6 in.
THe boweth
Indian Fig
taketh Rootagain; and
Roots down lowin one
his
multiplieth from Root
fo
fo
Root, making of
year,
to
as of it felf it
Experiment!
Ptomifcuous
one Tree a kinde of Wood. The caufe is, the plenty of the Sap, and the touching
Plana.
fofcncfsof theftalk, which maketh the Bough, being over-loa Jen, andnot
ftiffly upheld, weigh down. It hath Leaves as broad as a little Target, but

the Fruitnobiggerthan Beans. The caufe is, for that the continual fhade in-
creafeth the Leaves, and abateth the Fruit; which neverthelefs is of a plca-
fant tafte. And that mo doubt) is caufed, by the fupplenefs and gentlenefs
of the Juyce of that Plant, being that which maketh the Boughs alio fo
flexible.

It is reported by one of the Ancients, that there is a certain Indian tree,

tfll.
having few, but very great Leaves, three cubits long, and two broad,* and
that the Fruit being of good tafte, groweth out of the Bark. It may be -there
be Plants that pour out the Sapi ofaft, as th^y have noleifure, either to divide
into many Leaves, or to put forth Stilks to the Fruit. With us Trees gene-
rally have fmall Leaves in comparifon; The Fig hath the greateft, and next
it the Vmt, Mulberrj, and Sycamore, and the lead aire thofeof theff^illoDr, Birch,

andlhorn. But there be found Herbs with far greater Leaves ihan an v Tree;
as the Bur, Gourd, Cucumber,
and Cole\\>ort. The" caufe h, (like to that of the In-
dian Ftg) the hafty and plentiful putting forth of the Sap. •

There be three things in ufe for fweetnefs, Sugar Money, Manna. For 612,
Sugar, to the Ancients it was fcarce known, and little ufed. It is found in
Canes; Qjure whether to the firft Knuckle, or further up? and whether the
very Bark of the Cane ic felf do yield Sugar, or no ? For Honey, the See
maketh it, orgathereth it but I have heard from one, that was induftrious
;

in Husbandry, that the labor of the Bee is about the Wax, arid that he hath
known in the beginning of Mxy, Honey-Combs empty of Honey, and within
a fortnight, when the f weet Dews fall, filled like a Cellar. It is reported by
fomeof the Kyincients,tV,2.t there is a Tree called Occhus, in the Valleys of tiyr-
cania, that diftilleth Honey in the Mornings. It is not unlike, that the Sap
and fears of fome Trees maybe fwect. It may bealfo,thatfomelvvect Juy-
ces, fit for many ufes, may be concocted out of Fruits, to the thickneifs of
Honey, or perhaps of Sugar the likelieft are Rafins of the Sun, Figs, and
;

Corran= The Means may be enquired.

:

The ancients report of a Tree, byxhePerfianSeA, upon the Miore-ftnds, $13.

which
 ; }

128 J\Qitural Hijlory

which nounfhedwiththeSalt-water
is and whemhe fide tbbcth, you Mall
;

(ee the it were, bare without Bark (being, asitfeemeth, corroded by

Roots, as
the Silt) and grafping the Sands like a Crab which nevertheless bearcih a
,

Fruit. It were good to try fomc hard Trees, as a Seivice.Trceor Fir Tree,
by fetting them within the Sands.
614° There be of Plants which they ufe for Garments, thefe that follow,
Hemp, Flax, Cotton, Kettles, (whereof they make Nettle cloth) Sericum, which
isagrowingSilk; they make alfoOWw of theikr^of Lime-Trees. Itisthe
Statt^ihzz maketh the Filaceous matter commonly, and fometimes the T)o-\\n
thatgroweih above.
615. Tney have in fome Countreys, a Plant of a Rofie-colour, which fhurteth
in the Night, openeth in the Morning, and openeth wioe at Noon which the ;

Inhabitants of thofe Countreys fay, is a Plant that fleepeth. There be Sleep-

ers enough then; for almoft all Flowers do the like.

61 6. SomePlants there are, but rare, that have a Motlie orDowny Root, and
likewife that have a number of Threds like Beards, asUWandrakes; whereof
Witches zw&Impoftors make an ugly Image, giving it the form of a face at the
top of the Root, and leave thofe firings to make a broad Beard down to the
foot. Alfo there isa kindeof Nardm Creet (being a kinde ot Tha) that hath
a Root hairy, like a Rough-footed Doves foot. So as you may fee, there are
of Roots, Bulbous Roots, Fih out Roots, and Htrfute Roots. And, 1 take it, in the
Bulbous, the Saphaftneth moftto the Air and inn In the Fibrous, the Sap dc-
:

lighteth more in the Earth, and therefore putteth downward ; and the Hir-
fute'isa, middle between both, that befides the putting forth upwards and

downwards* putteth forth in round.

617. There are fome Tears of Trees, which are kembed from the Beards of
Goats; for when theGoats bite and crop them, efpecially in the Morning?,
the Dew being on, the Tear Cometh forth, and hangeth upon their Beards :
Of this fort is fome kinde of Ladanum.
618. The irrigation of the Plane-tree by Wine, is reported by the tyincients,
to make it fruitful. It would be tryed likewife with Roots for upon Seeds>

it worketh no great effecT:.

619. The way to carry Foreign Roots, a long way, is to vefTel them dole in
Earthen vefTels but if the Vcflels be not very great, you muft make fome
;

holes in the bottom, to give fome refreshment to the Roots; which other-
wife (as it feemeth) will decay, and fuffocate.
620. The aneient Cinnamon, was, of all other Plants, while it grew, the dryeft
and thofe things which are known to comfort other Plants did make
,

that more fteril for in fhowers it profpered worft

; It grew alfo amongft
:

Bu/hes of other kindes, where commonly Plants do not thrive, neither did
it love the Sun. There might be one caufe of all thofe efTc&s , namely,.
the fparing nourifhment, which that Plant required. J>)u<tre, how far
Cajfia, which is now the fubftitute of Cinnamon , doth participate of thefe
things.
622, It is reported by one of the Ancients, that Cafiia, when it is gathered, is
put into the Skins of Beafts newly fleyed ; and that the Skins corrupting,
and breeding Worms » the Worms do devour the Pith and Marrow of if, I

and fo make it hollow, but meddle not with the Bark, becaufe to them it is

bitter.
6i%. There were in ancient time, Vines of far greater Bodies, then we know
any; for there have been Cups made of them, and an Image of Jupiter. But
it islike they were wilde Vines j for the Vines that they ufefor Wine, are fo
often (
 Century Vlt. 119
often cut; and fomuchdigged and Sap fpendethinto the
drefTed, that their
! Grapes, and fo the 6 talk cannot increafe much in bulk. T he Wood of Vines
is very durable, without rotting. And that which is ftrange, though no Tree

j hath the Twigs, while they arcgreen, fobrittlc, yet tie Wood dried is cx-
j
cream tough, and was ufed by the Captains of Armies amor gft the Romans
j for their Cudgels.
It is reported, Thatinfome places, Vines are fuffcred to grow like 615
Herbs ipreJing upon the Ground, and that the Grapes of thofe Vines arc
very great. It were good tomaketryal, whether Plants that ufe to be born
up by props, will put forth greater Leaves, and greater Fruits if they belaid
along the Ground as Hops, Ivy, Woodbine, &c.
;

Quinces or jifples &c. if you will keep them long, drown them in Honey; 624.
but becaufe Honey (perhaps) will give them a tafte over-lufhious, it were
good to make tryal in Powder of Sugar, or in Syrrup of Wine onely boiled
to height. Both thefe would likewifc be tried in Orcnges, Lemmons, and
Pomegranates for the Powder of Sugar, and Syrrup of Wine, willferve
;

for times more than once.

The Confervationof Fruit would be alfo tried in VclTels, filled with fine 625.
\
Sand, or with Powder of Chajk , or in Meal and Flowerpot in Duft of
Oak-wood, or in Mill.
Such Fruits 3S you appoint for long keeping, you muft gather before 616.
;
thev be full ripe, and in a fair and dry day, towards Noon and when the
,•

:
Wind blowcch not South, and when the Moon is under the Earth, and in
'
decrcafe.
Take Grapes, and hang them in an empty VefFel, well flopped and let ; 627.
the VciTcl not in a Cellar, but in fome dry place, and it is faid, they will laft
long. But reported by fome, they will keep better in a Veffel half full
it is

0/ vVinc, fo that the Grapes touch not the Wine.

It is reported, that the preferving of the Stalk, hclpeth to prefcrve the 618.
i Grape ; efpecially, if the Stalk be put into the jpith of Elder, the Elder not
I
touching the Fruit.
It is reported by fomeof the t^/incients, that Fruit put into Bottles, and 629-
'

the Bottles let down into Wells under water, will keep long.
Of Herbs and Plants, lome arc good to eatRavv J as Lettuce, Endive, 63a.
. Purflane, Tarragon,Creties, Cucumbcrs,Musk-Melons, Radifh,&c. Others
onelv after they are boiled, or have palled the Fire ; as Parflcy,Clary,Sage*
1 Parfnips, Turnips, Afparagus, Artichoaks, (though they alfo beingyoung
are eaten raw.) But a number of Herbs are not efculent at all as Worm- ;

wood, Grafs Green-Corn, Centory, HyfTope, Lavender, Balm, &C. The

caufes are, forthattheHerbs that are not efculent, do want the tvvotaftes,
in vi hich nourifhment refteth which arc fat and fweet, and have (contrari-
;

wife) bitter and over-ftrong taftes, or ajuycelo crude, as cannot be ripened

to the degree of Nourifhment, Herbs, and Plants, that are Efculent raw,have
fatnefs,or fweetnefs (as allEfculent Fruits; fuch are Onions, Lettuce, dec. But
then it muft be luch a fatnefs (for as for fweet things, they are in effect al-
ways efculent) as is not ovcr-grofs.as loading of theStomack for Parfnips ;

and Leeks have fatnefs; but it is too grofs and heavy without boiling. It
muft be alfo in a fubftance fomewhat tender; for we fee Wheat,Barley, Arti-
choaks, arc no good Nourifhment, till they have patted the Fire ; but the
Fire foth ripen, and makcth them foft and tender, and fo they become
efculent. As for Raddifh, and Tarragon, and the like, they are for Condi-
ments, and not for Nourifhment j and even fome of thofe Herbs, which are
not
 ; ;

ISO I
Statural Hi(lory
notefculent, are notwithstanding poculent j as Hops, Broom,&c. %ure, what
Herbs are good for Drink, befides the two aforenamed for that it may
;

(perhaps) cafe the charge of Brewing, if they make Beer to require lefs Malt,
or make it laft longer.
631. fit for the nourishment of tMan in flams, arc Seeds, Roots, and
Parts
Fruits;but chiefly Seeds and Boots. For LedveS,thcy give no nourishment at all,
or very little ; no more do Flowers, or Blojfoms, or Stalks. The reafon is, for
that Roots, and Seeds, 2nd Fruits, (in as much as all flams confift of anOyly,
and Watry fubftance commixed) have more of the Oyly fubftance, and
Leaves, Fiotvers,&c. of theWatry. Andfecondly, they are more concocted,
for the Root, which continueth ever in the Earth, is ftillconco&ed by the
Earths and Fruits and Grains (we fee) arc half a year, or more in concocting;
whereas Leaves are out, and perfed in a Moneth.
652. Plants (for the moft part) are more ftrong, both in tafte and finell in the
Seed, than in the Leaf and. Root. The caufe is, for that in Plants that are not
of a fierce and eager fpirit, the vertuc is increafed by Concoction and Ma-
turation, which is ever moft in the Seed but in plants that are of a fierce and
;

eager fpirit, they are ftronger whileft the fpirit is inclofed in the Root 5 and
the fpirits do but weaken and diffipate, when they come to the Air and Sun
as we fee in
Onions, Garlic^, 'Dragon &c. Nay, there be Plants that have their
,

Roots very hot and aromatical, and their Seeds rather infipideas Ginger. 1 he
caufeis (as was touched before) for that the heat of thofc Plants is very difli-
pable ; which under the Earth is contained and held in, but when it cometh
to the Air, it exhaleth.
633. The Juyces of Fruits, are either Watry or Oyly. I rcckorwmongft the

Watry, the Fruits, out of which, Drink is exprefledj usthcGrape, the^-

all

fle, the Petty the Cherry, the Pomegranate, &c. And there arefome others, whhh
though they be not in ufe for Drink, yet they appear to be of the fame nature ;
as Plums, Services Mulberries, Rajps, Orenges, Lemmons, &c.
Andior thofc Juyces
that arefoflefhv, as they cannot make Drink byExpreflion, yet perhaps)
they may make Drink by mixture of Water.

foculaque admifiis imitantur vitea Sorbis.

And itmay be Heps and Brier-Berries woulddo thehke. Thofe that have Oyly
Juyces, are Olives. Almonds, Nuts of all forts, Pine- Apples, &c. and their Juyces
arc all inflamable.And you muftobfervcalfo,thatibmc of the Watry Juyces,
have gathered fpirit, will burn and enflame, as Wine. Thcieis a
after they
third kinde of Fruitthzt is fweet, without either fharpoefs or oylinefs ; fuch
as is the Fig and the 'Date.
$34. It hath been noted.that moft: Trces,and efpecially thofe that bzttMaJ},

arc fruitful but once in two years. The caufe, no doubt, is the expencc of
Sap for many Orchard Trees well cultured , will bear divers years toge-
i

ther.
635 There is no Tree, which befides the Natural Fruit, dothbearfomany
Baftard Fruits as the Oak, doth for befides the ^Acorn, it beareth Galls,
,*

Oak* Apples , and certain Oak^Nuts, which are inflamable ; and certain
Oak- Berries {ticking clofe to the Body of the Tree without Stalk. It beareth
j

though rarely. The caufe of all thefc may be, the clofenefs,
alfo Mitfeltoe,
J

and folidnefs of the Wood, and Pithe of the Oakj, which maketfa fevcral
Juyces finde fevcral Eruptions. And therefore, if you will devife to make
any SupeuPlants you muft ever give the Sap plentiful riling , and hard
,

ifliie.

There
 Century VII 13 t

There arerwo Excrefccnces which grow upon Trees, both of them 616.
in the nature of CMiuhromes; the one the Romans called Boletus, which
grow-
eth upon the Roots of Oaks, and was one of the dainties of their T ti b!e :

The other is Medicinal, that (whereof we have fpoken

is called <_/fgatick
before) which groweth upon the tops of Oaks though it be affirmed •>

by fome, that it groweth al(o at the Roots. I do conceive, that many Ex-
j

crefcences of Trees grow chiefly, where the Tree is dead or faded for ;

that the Natural Sap of the Tree, corrupteth into fome Prenatural fub-
ftance.
The greater part of Trees bear raoft, and beft
on the lower Boughs $ 637.
as Oaks, Figs, Walnuts, "Pears,&e. But fome bear beft on the top Boughs > as
Crabs, &c. Thofe that bear belt below, a$e fuch, as (hade doth more good to
than hurt For generally all Fruits bear beft loweft, becaufe the S*p irreth,
:

not having but amort way. And therefore in Fruits fpred upon Walls, the
loweft are the greateft, as was formely faid : So it is, the (hade that hindrefh
the lower Boughs, except it be in fuch Trees as delight in made, or at leaft
bear it well. And therefore they are either ftrong Trees, as the Oak # orclfe
they have large Leaves, as the Walnut and Fig, or elfe they grow \x\Vyramvs
as the Pear. But if they require very much Sun, they bear beft on the top,-
as it is Crab^, Apples, Plumb,, &c.
There be Tfrcesthn bear beft when they begin to be old ; as Almonds, 6\ 8.
Pears, Vines, and all Trees that giveMaft. The caufe i$, for that all Trees that
bear Maft have an oyly Fruit; and young Trees have a more watry Juyee,and
lefsconcocted; and of the ame kinde alfo is the Almond. The Pear likewife
though it be not oyly, yet itrcquireth much Sap, and well conco&ed,- for
we fee it is a heavy Fruit and (olid, much more than Apples, Plumbs, &c. As
for the Vine, it is noted that it beareth more Grapes when it is young; but
Grapes that make better Wine when it is old, for that the Juyce is the better
conco&ed : And we fee, that Wine is inflamable* fo as it hath a kinde of oyli-
nefs'. But the moft part of Trees, amongft which are Apples, Plumbs, &c.
'
bear beft when they are young.
There be Plants that have a Milk in them when they are cut ; as Figs, 639.
Old Lettuce, Sow-thiftles, Spurge, See. The caufe may be an Inception of
Pu. refaction For thofe Milks have all an Acrimony, though one would think
:

they fhould be Lenitive. For if you write upon Paper with the Milk of the
Fig, the Letters will not be feen, until you hold the Paper before the fire,
and then they wax brown which fheweth, that it is a fharp or fretting
;

"Juyce. L Luce V, thought poyfonous, when itis fo old as tohaveMiik :

Spurge ii a kinde of poylon in it felf and as for Sow-thiftles, though Coneys

,•

eat them, yet Sheep arid Cartel w ill not touch them and befides, the Milk ;

of them, rubbed up ^n Warts, in fhorttime weareth them away Which :

fheweth the Milk of ?hem to be Corrowfive. We fee al o, that Wheat and

other Cornlown, if you take them forth of the Ground, b- fore they fprout,
are full of Mil '<.; and the beginning of Germination is ever a kinde of Pu-
trefaction of the Seed. Eupborb'mm alfohath aMilk, thoughnotvery white,
whichis of a great Acrimony. And SaUdine hash a yellow Milk, which hath
likewife much Acrimony, for it cleanfeth the Eyes it is good alio for 5

Cataracts-
Muthromes are reported to grow, as well upon the Bodies of Trees as 640.
upon their Roots, or upon the tarth, and especially upon the Oak. The
caufe is, for that ftrong Trees are towards fuch Excrefccnces in the nature
of Earth, and therefore put forth Mofi, Mmbromes, and the like.
The
\3^ '3\Qttural Hi(lory ;

64I' There is hardly found a /7«w thatyicldetha red juycein the Biade or
Ear, except it be the Tree that beareth Sanguis 'Draconv, which gr. we*th
chiefly in the Iflancl Soquotra: he Herb ^dramanthus (indeed) i s re d a U
1

over •>
and red in the Wood; and fo is Red Sanders.
Bjv/j/ is The Tree of
(
Sanguis DraconiA groweth in the form of a Sugar-Loaf it is like the Sap
of ,•

that Plant concocieth in the Body of the 1 ree. For we fee, that Grapes
and Pomegranates are red in the juy cc> but are Green in the Tear. And this
makeththe i ree of Sanguis T)raconis leflertowardsthetop, becaufe thejuyce
haftneth not up and befides, it is very Aftringent, and therefore of flow
j

motion.
It is reported, that Sweet Mofs, befides that upon the Apple-trees
H groweth likewife (fometimes) upon Poplars, and yet (generally) the Poplar
is afmooth Tree of Bark, and hath little Mofs. The Mofs of the Larix- tree
burneth alfo fweet, and fparkleth in the burning. J>>u&re, of the MolTes of
Odorate Trees; as Cedar, (.yprefi, Lignum, Aloes &c.
643 The Death, that is moft without pain, hath been nc ted to be upon the
taking of the Potion of Hemlock which in Humanity was the form of ex e-
;

cutionof capital offenders in Mens. The Poyfonof the djpe, that Cleopatra
ufed,hath fome affinity with it. The caufcis, for that the torments of Death
are chiefly raifedby theftrifc of the Spirits andthefe Vapors quench the
;

Spiritsby degrees like to the death of an extream old Man.

;
I con-
ceive it is lefs painful then Opium, becaule Opium hath parts of heat
mixed.
^44- There be Fruits that are fweet before they ripen ;
as CMirahlanes ;
fo
Fennel-feeds are fweet before they ripen, and after grow fpicy ; and fome
never ripen to be fweet ; as Tamarinds, Barberries, Crabs, Sloes, &c. The caufe
is, for that the former kinde have much and fubtile heat, which caufeth early

fvveetnefs; the latter have a cold and acide Juyce , which no heat of the
Sun can fweeten. But as for the Mirabolane, it hath parts of contrary natures,
for it is fweet and aftringent.

*+5. There be few Herbs that have a Salt tafte j and contrariwife, all Blood
of Living Creatures hath afaltnefs the caufe may be, for that Salt, though
;

it be the Rudimentof Life, yet in Plants the original tafte remaineth not
j

for you fhall have them bitter, fowre, fweet. biting, but leldom fait Butin :

Living Creatures, allthofe high taftes may happen to be (fometimct) in the

humors, but are feldom intheflefh, or fubftance; becaufe it is of a more
oy ly Nature, which is not very fufceptible of thofe taftes j and the faltnefs
itfelf of Blood, is but a light and fecret faltnefs And even among Plants, :

fome do participate of faltnefs, as t^Alga Marina, Samphire, Scurvy Graft, ejre.

And they report there is in fome of the Indian Seas, a Swiming Plant, which
they call Salgazju, fpreding over the Sea, in fort, as one wouldthink it were
a Meadow. It is certain, that out of the Afhes of all Plants, they extract a
Salt which they ufe in Medicines.
6±6, It is reported by one of the Ancients, that there is an Herb, growing in
the Water, called Lintoslu, which is full of Prickles This Hcrbputteth forth :

another fmallHerbout of the Leaf, which is imputed to fome moifture, that

is gathered between the Prickles, which putrified by the Sun, germinateth.

But I remember alfo, I have feen, for a great rarity, one Rofe grow out of
anotherjike Honey Suckles, that they call Top and Top-gallants.
6 \1> Barley (as appeareth in the Malting) being fteeped in Water three days,
and afterwards the Water drained from it, and the Barley turned upon a drv
Floar, will fprout half an inch long, at leaft And if it be let alone, and
:

not
 ;

Century V IL ,
\$$
n:>t turned, much more, until the heart be out. Wheat will do the lame )

try it alfo with Peafe and Beans,This Experiment. is not like that of tli £ f

Orpin and Stmper-vive ;. for there it is of the old ftore, for no Water is added,
but here it is nourished from tile Water! The txperiment would be further
driven for it appeareth already, By that which hath beenfaid, thatEartii
;

is not necciTary to the firftfpr outing of Plants and we fee, that Rofc-Buds
>

fet in Water, will blow Therefore try whether the Sprouts of fuch Grains
:

may not be railed to a further degree, aitoan Herb or Flower, with Water
onely, orfotne fmall commixture of Earth Forif they will, it thouldfec'ni
:

by the Experiments before, both of the Malt, and oftheRofes, that they
will come far falter on in Water then in Earth for the nourishment is eafi-
;

lier drawn out of Waterthenoutof Earth. Itmaygive fome light alfo that
Drink infufed with Flelh, as that with the Capon, dec. will hourifh fafter
and cafilier, then Meat and Drink together. Try the fame Experiment with
Roots, as well as with Grains. As for example, take a Turnip and fteep it a
while, and then dry it, and fee whetherit will fprout.
,'

I
, i

<JMalnn the Drenching willfwel!* and that in fuch a manner, as after

1
£ 4 8.
the putting forth in fprouts.and thedrying upon the Kiln, there will be gain-
ed, atleaft, aBulhelin eight, and yet the Iproutsarc rubbed off, and there
Will be a Bufhel of Duft befidesthe Male ; which I fuppofe to be, npt onely
by the loofc and open laying of the Parts, but by fome addition of I ubftaace
drawn from the Water, in whichit was fteeped.
(Malt gathereth a fweetnefs to the tafte, which appeareth yeC more in £49.
the Wort. The Dulcbration of things is worthy to be tf yed to the full ; for
that Dulcoration importeth a degree to nouriftiment. And the making of
things inalimental to become alimental , may be an Experiment of great
p'rorit for making new victual*
Moll: Seeds in the growing, leave their Husk
at Rind about the Root 6%o.
but the Onion it up, that it will belike a cap upon the top of
will carry
the young Onion. Thccaufemaybe, for that the Skin or Husk is not eafic
to break v as we fee by the pilling of Onions, what a holding fubftance the
Skin is.

have curled Leaves, do all abound with moifture ; which

'Plants that tfjj,
comcth they cannot fpred thcmlelves plain, but muft needs
fo fall on, as
gather together* 1 he weakeft kindc of curling is roughnefs, as in Clary and
Bur. Thefecdnd is, curling onthe fides asin Lettuce and young Cabbage.
j

And the third is, folding into an Head, as in Cabbage full grown, and Cab-
bage Lettuce.
It is reported, that Firr and Pine, efpccially if they be old and putrefied, 652,
though they fhine not as fome rotten Woodsdo, yet in the fudden breaking
they will fparkle like hard Sugar. • •

The Roots of Trees do (fome of them') put downwards deep into the Gfi,
Ground; as the Oak, Pine, Firr, &c. Some fpred more towards the Surface
of the Earth as the L/fth, Cyprefi-tree, Olivi, &c.' Tliecaufe of this latter
;

may be, for that fuch Trees as love the Sun, do not willingly, defcend
far into the Earth; and therefore they ate (commonly) Trees that fiioot
up much j for in their Body their defire of approach to the Sun maketh
them fpred the lets. And the fame reafon, under Ground, to avoid recefs
from the Sun maketh them fpred the more, And wc fee it cometh to
,

pafs in fome Trees which have been planted to deep in the Ground, that
for love of approach to the Sun, they forfake their firfl: Root, and put
out another more towards the tap of the Earth. And we fee alfo, that
N the
 )

/""

134- 3\Qiturd Hi/lory 5

the Olive of -Oily Juyce, and Afli maketh rhe beft Fire, and
is full

Cyprefs is an hot Tree. As for rhe Oak, which is of the former (brr, it
loveth the Earth, and therefore groweth (lowly. And for the Pinr, and
Firr likewifc, they have fo much heat in themfelver, as they nr cd Ids the
heat of the Sun. There be Herbs alfo, that have the fame difference; as
the Herb they call OHorfusT>iahlh which putteth the Root down fo low- as
you cannot pull it up without breaking which gave occafion to the name
>

and fable, for that it was faid it was fo wholefome a Root, That the Devil
trhen it Ttas gathered, bit it for envy. And fome of the ^Ancients do report,
that there was a goodly Firr ( which they defired to remove whole

that had a Root undei ground eight cubits deep , and (o the Root came up
broken. f
^54- It hath been observed, that Branch of a Tree being unbarked fome
a
fpace at the bottom, and fo fetGround , hachgrown even of fuch
into the
Trees, asif the Branch were fet With the Bark on, they would not grew yet ;

contrariwife we fee, that a Tree pared round in the Body above Ground will
die. The caufemaybe, for that the unbarkt part draweth the nounfhment
beft, buttheBatkcontinuethitonely.
*55- Crapes will continue irefli and moift all Winter long, if you hang them
elufter by elufter in the Roof of a warm Room, efpecially, if whenyouga-
therthe elufter, you take off with the elufter forne of theftock.
6<)6. The Reed or Cane is a watry PIant,and groweth not but in the Water.
It hath theie properti«s, That it is hollow, that it is knuckled, both Stalk

and Root, that being dry it is more hard and fragile then other Wood, that
it putteth forth no Boughs, though many Stalks out of one Root. It differ-
ethmuchin greatnef*, the fmalJeft being fit for thatching of Houfes, and
flopping the chinks of Ships better then Glew or Pitch. The fecond bignefs
is uied for Angle-rods and Staves, and in China for beating of offenders upon

the Thig s. The differing kindes of them are, the common Reed, the
Cafia Ft/tula, and the Sugar-Reel. Of all Plants it boweth the eafieft, and
rifeth again. Itfeemeth, that amongft Plants which atenouriflied with
mixture of Earth and Water, it draweth moil nourishment from Water i

which maketh it the fmootheftof all others in Bark, and the holloweft in
Body.
The Sap of frees, whenthey are let Blood, is of differing Natures. Some
6 5 7.
more watry and clear, as that of Vines, of Beeches, of Pears; fome thick,
asApples; fome Gummy, as Cherries j fome frothy,as Elms > fomemilky,
as Figs. In Mulberries, the Sap feemeth to be (almoft) towards the Bark
onely ; forif you cut the Ttoalittle into the Bark withaStone, it will come
forth, if deeper with a tool, itwiMbedry. The Trees which
you pierce it

have the moifteft Juyces in their Fruit, have commonly themoifteftSap in

rheir Body ; for the Vines and Pears are very moift, Apples fomewhat
more fpongy the Milk of the Fig hath the quality of the Rennet, to ga-
:

ther Cheefe , and fo have certain four Herbs wherewith they make Cheefe
In Lent.

6k%, The %mber and fV«o.A are in fome 'trees more clean,in fome mote knotty*
and it is a good tryal, to try it by fpeaking at one end, and laying the
Ear at the other: For if it be knotty, the voice will not pafs well. Some!
have the Veins more varied and Chamloted ; as Oak, whereof Wainfcot
is made j M*pie9 whereof Trenchers are made Some more fmooth, as
:

Firr and FPalnut', fome do more eaiily breed Worms and Spiders ; fome
more hardly , as it is faid of Jrifh Trees. Befides, there be a number of
differences
 Century VII. »35
differences that concern their ufe As Oak, Cedar, and ChcfTriuf, are
:

the beft builders. Some Plough -timber as Afh, fome for Peers
are beft for ,

that are fomctimes wet and fometimes dry, astlm fome for Plancherr, as ;

Deal; fome for Tables* Cupboards and Desks, as Walnuts; fome for Ship-
timber, as Oaks that grow in moift Grounds for that maketh the Timber
tough, and not apt to rift with Ordnance, wherein Englifli and Irifh Timber
are thought to excel) fome for Mafts of Ships, as Firr and Pine, becaufe of
their length, ftraightnefs, andlightnefs, fome for Pale, as Oak; fome for
Fuel, as Afh : And fo of the reft.
The coming of Trees and Plants in certain Regions, and not in others, 6j9.
is fometimes calual for many have been tranflated, and have profpered
;

(
well Damxsk.Rofes i that have not been known in EngUnd above an:
; as

hundred years
, and now are Co common. But the liking of Plants \m
certain Soyls more then in others, is meerly Natural 5 as the Firr and
Pine love the Mountains ; the Poplar, Willow, Sallow, and Alder, love
Rivers and moift places ; the Afh loveth Coppices, but is beft in Standards
alone* Juniper loveth Chalk, and fo do moft Fruit-trees > Sampire
groweth but upon Rocks Reeds and Oficrs grow where they are waflied
,•

with Winter the Vine loveth fides of Hills turning upon the South- Eaft
i

Sun, &c.
The putting forth of certain Herbs* difcovereth of what nature the &6oi
Ground where they put forth is as wilde Thyme (hewetb good Feeding
;

Ground for Cattel , Bettony and Strawberries fliew Grounds fit for Wood j
Camomile fheweth mellow Grounds fit for Wheat ; Muftard-feed growing
after the Plough fheweth a good ftrong Ground alfo for Wheat; Burnet
,

fheweth good Meadow, andtheiKke. <

There are found in divers Gountreys, fome other Plants that grow out
of Trees and Plants, befides Mifleltoe: As in fyria there is an Herb called
Cafpasi that groweth out of tall Trees, and windeth it fclf about the fame
Tree where it groweth, and fometimes about Thorns. There isakinde
of Polypode that groweth out of Tree?, though it Windeth not; So like-
wi(e an Herb called Faunos upon the Wilde Olive 5 and an Herb called flip-
foph&fton upon the Fullers Thorn, which, they fay, is good for the Falling -
fieknefs.
hath been obferved by fome of the indents
It that howfdevercold , 661,
and Eafterly winds are thought to be great enemies to Fruit, yet nevefthe-
lefs South-winds are alfo found to do hurt, cfpeeially in the Bloflbming

time , and the more, if fliowers follow. It feemeth they call forth the
moifture too faft. The Weft winds are the beft. It hath been obferved alfo,
that green and open Winters do hurt Trees, infomuch, as if two or three
men Winters come together, Almosid-Trees,and fome other Trees will die.
The caufe is the fame with the former, becaufe the Luft of the Earth over-
fpendeth it felf howfoever fome other of the Ancitms have commended
;

warm Winters.
For firft,they keep in theftrength
Snon/s lying long caufc a fruitful year. £63.
of the Earth Secondly, they water the Earth better then Rain ; for in
:

Snow the Earth doth (as it were) fuck the Water as out of the Teat Third- :

ly, the moifture of Snow is the fineft moifture, for it is the Froth of the
Cloudy Waters.
Shoieert, if they come a little before the ripening of Fruits* do good to £64,
all fucculent and moiftFruits , as Vines, olives, ^ome^ranMSy yet it is rather
;

for plenty then for goodnefs, for the beft Wines arc in the dryefl: Vintages.
N ft Small
 ;

136 I
$\Qatural Hiflory

Small fhowers are likewife good for Corn, io as parching heats come
not upon them. Generally, Night-fhowers are better then Day fhowers;
for that the Sun follow eth not lo fail upon them : And wc fee, even
in watering by the Hand, it is bell in Summer time to water in the
Evening.
66$, The differences of Earths, and the tryals of them, are worthy to be
diligently enquired. The Earth that with fhowers doiheafily foften, is com
mended i and yet fome Earth of that kinde will be very dry and hard before
the mowers. The Earth that cafteth up from the Plough a great clod, is not
fo good as that which cafteth up a (mailer clod. The Earth that puttcrh forth
Mofs eafily, and may be called Mouldy is not good. The Earth that fmel-
,

leth well upon the Digging, or Ploughing, is commended > as containing

the Juyce of Vegetables almoft already prepared. It is thought by fome, that
the ends of low Rain-bows fall more upon one kinde of Earth then upon
another As it may well be, for that Earth is mod rofcide • and therefore it
:

is commended for a fign of a good Earth. Thepoornefsof the Herbs (it is

plain) meweth the pooroefs of the Earth, and efpeci.lly,if they be in colour
more dark But if the Herbs mew withered or blafted at the top, it fheweth
:

the Earth to be very cold ; and fo doth the MolTir efs of Trees. The Earth
whereof the Grafs is foon parched with the Sun and toafted, is commonly
forced Earth, and barren in his own nature. The tender, chciTom, and mellow
Earth is the beft 5 being rneer Mould, between the two exrreams of Clay
and Sand, efpecially» if it be not Loamy and Binding. The Earth that after
Rain will fcatce be Ploughed, *is commonly fruitful* for it is cleaving, and
'

full of Juyce. n ,
'

666. It is ftrange, which

obferved by fame of the Ancients, that Duft
is

name } infomucb, as they

helpeth the fruitfulnefsof Trees, and of Vijfes by
caft Duft upon them of purpofe. It mould feem thatjthatpewdring, when
3 mower cometh, maketh ak-inde of foyling to the Tree, being Earth and

Water finely laid on. And they note* that Countreys where the Fields and
Ways are dufty, bear the beft Vines.
667. It is commended by the Ancients for an.excellent help toTrees to lay
rhe Stalks and Leaves of Lupines about the Roots, or to Plough them into
The Ground, where you will low Corn. The burning alfo of the cuttings of
Vines, and cafting them upon Land, doth much gocd. And it was general-
ly received of old, that dunging of Grounds when the Weft-wind blowcth,

and in the decreafe of the Moon, doth greatly help the Earth fas it feemeth) ;

being then more thirfty, and open to receive the Dung.

668. The Grafting of Vines upon Vines (as I take it) is notnowinufe. The
Ancients had it, and that three ways j the firft was Jnfition, which is the
ordinary manner of Grafting The fecond was Terebmion through the
: ,

middle of the Stock, and putting in theCions there : And the third was
Paring oft wo Vines that grow together to the Marrow, and binding them
clofe.
669, 'Che E)ifeafes and ill Accidents of Corn, are worthy tobe enquired, and
WfOuld be, more: worthy to be enquired Mens power to help , if it were in

them* whereas many of them are not to be remedied. The Mildew is one
of the greareft., which ( out of queftion ) cometh by clofenefs of Air 5
and therefore in Hills, or large Champatn Grounds, it feldom cometh,
%
fuch as is with us Tork s Woald. This cannot be remedied, otherwife
then that in Gountreys of fmall enclofure the Grounds be turned into
larger Fields Which I have known to do good in fome Farms.
:

Another
 Century V IL U7
Another Difeaie is the pucting torch ot Wilde Oats, whereintoCorn ofren-
It hapneth chiefly from the
cimes ( efpecially Barley ) doth degenerate.
weakncfsof the Grain that is Town 5 for if it be either too old Or mouldy,

it will bring forth wilde Oats. Another difeafc is the fniety of the
Ground * you fow one Ground ftill with the fame Corn (I mean not
for if
the fame Corn that grew upon the fame Ground, but the fame kinde of
Grain, as Wheat, Barley, &c. ) it will profper but poorly therefore be
;

fides the refting ot the (Jround, you muft vary the Seed Another ill Acrid ent
.

is from the Winds, which hurt at two times at the flowring by making off
>

the Flowers, and at the full ripening by making out the Corn. Another ill
Accident is Drought at the fpindling of the Corn , Which with us is rare, but
in hotter Countreys common, infomiich.as'thc word Calamitas was firft
derived from Calamus, when the Corn could not get out of the ftalk.
Another ill Accident is Over-wet at fowing time, which with us breedeth
much Dearth, iafomuch as the Corn never cometh up and (many times) %

they are forced to re-fow Summer-Corn, where they fowed Winter-Corn.

Another ill Accident is bitter Frofts, continued without Snow, efpecially in
the beginning of the Winter, after the Seed is new fown.
Another Difeafe
is Worms, which fometimes breed in the Root, and happen upon hot Suns

and mowers immediately after the fowing; and another Worm breedeth in
the Ear it felf, efpecially when hot Suns break often out of Clouds.. An-
other Difeafe is Weeds; and they are fueh, as either choak and over-flladow
the Corn, and bear it down, or ftarve the Corn, and deceive it of nourifh-
naent. Another Diieafeis, over-ranknefs of the Corn, which they ufe to
remedy by Mowing it after it is come up, or putting Sheep into it. An-
other Accident is, laying of Corn With great Rains near or in Harveft.
ill

Another ill Accident is, if the Seed happen to have touched Oyl, or any
thing that is fat ; for thofefubftanceshave an antipathy with nourishment of
Water.
The remedies of the Difeafes of Corn have been obferved as folio werh. 670.
The Steeping of the Grain before Sowing, a little time in Wine, is thought a
prefetvative; the Mingling of Seed- Corn with Afhes, is thought to be good;
the Sowing at the wane of the Moon> is thought to make the Corn found.
It hath not been pra&ifed, but it is thought to be of ufe to make fome Miffel-

lane in Corn; as if you fow a few Beans with Wheat, your Wheat will be the
better. It hath been obferved, that the fowing of Corn with Houfleek doth
good. Though Grain that toucheth Oyl Or Fat receiveth hurt, yet the
fteeping of it in the Dregs of Oyl, when it beginneth to tfutrefle, (which they
call Jftnurca) is thought to allure it againft Worms. It is reported alfo, that

if Corn be moved, it will make the Grain longer, but emptier, and having

more of the Husk.

It hath been noted, that Seed of a year old is the beft, and of tw o or 6ji>
three years is worfe; and that which is more old is quite barren, though
(no doubt) fome Seed and Grain laft better then/ others. The Corn
which in the Vanning liethlowcft is the beft; and the Corn which broken
or bitten, retaineth a little yellownefs , is better then that which is very
white.
It hath been obferved, that of all Roots of Herbs* 'the
Root of Sorrel £72.
goeth the furtheft into the Bartb,infomuch as ithath been known to go three
cubits deep ; and that it is the Root that continueth fit (longeft) to be let
again, of any Root that groweth. It is a cold and acide Herb, that (asitleem-
eth)loveth the Earth, and is not much drawn by the Sun.
N 3 It
138 Statural Hi/lory .

673- It hath been obferved, ihat fome Herbs like beft being watered with
Salt-water as Rad'vfh, Beet, Rue, penny royal. This tryal would be extended
$

to Tome other Herbs; efpc'cially fuchas arc ftrong, as Tarragon, CMuJlard-

feed, Rocket, and tb e like, ,

<?74< It is itrange, that it is how fome poyfonous Beads

generally received,
affedodorate and wholfome Herbs j as, that the Jiw^lovcth Fennel, that
the ^^wiil be -much under Sage, \Yiii Frogs will be in Cinqucfoil. It may be

it is rather the Shade, or other Coverture,

that the^ take liking in, then the,

virtue of theH tb.

6?y were a matter of great prpfit, (fave that I doubt itis tobconje£turaI
It

to venture upon) it one could dtfeern what Corn, Herbs, or Fruits, are like
to be in Plenty or Scarcity, by fome Signs and Prognofticks inthebcgln-
nii g of the yearFor as for thofe that are like to be in Plenty, they may be
:

bargained for upon the Ground ; as the old relation wasof Thales, who to
mew how eafie it was for aphjlofopher to be rich, whenheforeiawagreat
plenty of. Olives, made a Monopoly of them. And for Scarcity, Men may
make profit in keeping better the oldftore. Long continuance of Snow is
believed to make a fruitful year of Corn ; an early Winter, or a very late
Winter, a barren year of Corn* an open and ferene Winter, an ill year of
Fruit. Thefewe have partly touched before} but other Prognofticks of like
nature are diligently to be enquired.
676' There (eem to be in fome Plants fingularitics, wherein they differ from
all other. The Olive hath the
ojlypart onely on theoutfide, whereas all
other Fruits have it in the Nut or Kernel. TheFirr hath (in effect) no Stone,

Nut, nor Kernel j except you will coiant the little Grains, Kernels. The
Pomegranate and Pine-Apple haye onely, amongft Fruits, Grains, diftind in
fcveral Cells. No Heibs haye curled Leaves, but Cabbage and Cabbage-
Lettuce. Nose have double Leay e?, one belonging to the Stalk, another to
theFrii;torSeed, but the Artichoak. No Flower hath thatkindeof fpred
that the Wood- bine hath. This
may be a large Field of Contemplation for •,

it fheweth, that in the

Frame of Nature there is, in the producing of fome
Species,, a eompofition of Matter,
which hapneth oft, and may be much
rarely, and admitteth little variety.
d verhfied; in others, fuch as hapneth
For (0 it is likewife in Beans ; Dogs have a refemblance with Wolves and
Foxes, Horfes withAffts, K'tnewith Buflcs,
Hares with Coneys, ckc. And
loin Birds j Kites and Keftreh> have a
refemblance with Hawks ; Common
Doves with Ring-Doves and Turtles 3 Black-Birds with Thrufhes and Ma-
viffes i Crows with Ravens,
Daws, and Choughs, &c. But Elephants and
Swine amongft Beafts, and theBird ofParadif'e, and the
Peacock amongft
and fome few others, have fcarce any other Species that have
affinity
I
Birds,
with them.

We leave the Defcription of Tims and their Virtues to Herhals, and

other like Books of Natural Hitjory ,
wherein Mens diligence hath been
as do ever
great even to Curiofity. For our Experiments are onely fuch,
,

alcend a degree to the deriving ofCaufes,and extracting of

Axioms,whieh
we are not ignorant, but that fome, both of ihc Jncient a%dMoiern Writers

have alfo labored but their Caufes and Axioms are fo full
,•
of Imagination,

and fo infected with the old received Theories, as they are nicer Inquinati
ons of Experience, and concoft it nor.

It
 Century VII. '39

byfomeofthe xjlntiems that Skins* cfpccially of 6 77

hath been obferved
ITRams , I

nt
newly pulled off, aed applied to the Wounds of Stripes, do keep f*^"™
therh from (welling and exulcerating and likewife heal them, and dole touching
,

there up; and that the Whites of bggs do the fame. Thecauleis, a tern- ?
'^j^f'
perate Conglutination 5 for both Bodies are clammy and and do
vifcous,
bridle the Deflux of Humors to the hurts, without penning them in too
much.

67S.
YOu
and
may
cut
turn (almoft)
it
all Flefli into a fatty fubftance
and put the pieces into aGlafs covered with
into pieces,
] if you take Fiefli
Experiment
Solitary,
touching
Parchment, and fo lettheGlafs ftand fix or feven hours in boyling Water. It
Fat dijf'uftdin
may be an experiment of profit, for making of Fat or Greafe for many ufes: Fitfit.
But then it muft be of fuch Flefli as is not edible j as Horfes, Dogs, Bears, Foxes,
Badgers, &c.

679.
is reported by one of the %yincients t that new Wine put into Veffels
ITwell Experiment
(topped, and the Veffels let down into the Sea, will accelerate very Solitary,
much the making of them ripe and potables the feme would betryed in touching
Ripening of
Wort. "Drin\ before
the time.

6io.
BEafts are more Hairy then Men* and Savage Men more then Civil » and
Experiment
the Plumage of Birds exceedeth the Pilofity of Beafts. Thecaufeof the Solitary,
fmoothnefs in Men is not any abundance of Heat and Moifture, though that
, touching
and
indeed caufetb Pilofity ; but there is requifite to Pilofity, not fo much Heat
Pilofity
Plumage,
and Moifture, as Excrementhious Heat and Moifture; (for whatfoevet afll-

milateth goeth not into the Hair) and Excrementitious Moifture aboundeth
moft in Beafts, and Men that are more favage. Much the fame Reafon is
there of the Plumage of Birds ; for Birds affimilate lefs, and excern more
then Beafts, for their Excrements are ever aliquid, and their Flefh (generally)
more dry ; befide, they have not Inftruments for Urine, and fo all the Excre-
mentitious Moifture goeth into the Feathers ; And therefore it is no mar-
vel though Birds be commonly better Meat then Beafts, becaufe their flefh
doth affimilate more finely, and fe-eerneth more fubtilly. Again, the Head
of Man hath Hair upon the firft Birth, which no other part of the Body hath*
The caufe may be want of Perfpiration for much of the matter of Hair, in
j

the other parts of the Body goeth forch by inferifible Perfpiration. And be-
fides, theSkull being of amore folid fubftance, nourifhethandaflimilaceth
lefs,andexcernethmorei and fo likewife doth theGhin. Wefeealfo that
Hair cometh not upon the Palms of the Hands, nor Soals of the Feet, which
are parts more perfpirable. And Children likewife are not Hairy, for that
their Skins are more perfpirable.

6% x '

Birds are of motion then Beafts ; for the flight of many Birds is
fwifter
fwifter then the race of any Beafts. The caufe is, for that the Spirits in Solitary,

Bras are in greater proportion* in comparifon of the bulk of their Body, ;touchingtfce

then in Beafts. For as for the reafon that fome give, that they are partly car- SfiTt
ried, whereas Beafts go, that is nothing ; for by thatreafon,fwimmingfhould .Birds.

be fwifter then running And thatkinde of carriageMfo, is not without labor

:

of the Wing.

The
 ; ;

f]\(atural Hijlory
14° I

when theNorth-windbloweth, when the South-

68 2.
Experiment
THe
wind.
Sea is clearer
The caufeis, for that Saltwater hath a little
then
Oylinefsin the Surface
Solitary,
touching the thereof, as appeareth in very hot days : And again, for that the Southern-
Different wind relaxeth the Water fomewhat ; as no Water boyling, is fo clear as cold
clearnefl of the
Sea.
Water.
683. burneth ffood, making it firft Luminous, then black and brittle, and
Experiment
Fire
laftly, broken and incinerate; fcalding Water doth none of thefe. The
Solitary,
touchingthe eaufe is, for that by Fire the Spirit of the Body is firft refined, and then emit-
Different
ted; whereof the refining or attenuation cauferh the light, and theemiffion,
Heats of Fire
tmd Boiling firft the fragility, and after the difTolution into Allies, neither doth any other

Water. Body enter. But in Water, the Spirit of the Body is not refined fo much
and beftdes, part of the Water entreth, which doth increafe the Spirit, and
m a degree extinguish it ; therefore we fee that hot Water will quench Fire.
And again, we fee that in Bodies wherein the Water doth not much enter,
but onely the heat pafleth, hot Water worketh the effeds of Fire: As in
Eggs polled and roafted, (into which the Water entreth not at all) there is

fcarce difference to be difcerned ; but in Fruit and Flefli, whereinto the Wa

ter entreth in fomepart, there is much more difference.

684, bottom of VefTel of boyling Water

Experiment THe a
very much heated, foasmen may put
(as hath
hand under the VefTel, and
their
been obferved) is not
Solitary,
touching the remove it. The cattfe is, for that the moifture of Water, as it quencheth
Qualification
Coals where it entreth, fo it doth allay heat where it toucheth. And there-
of Heat by
Moifturo. fore note Well, that moifture, although it doth not pafs through Bodies with-
out Communication of fome fubftanee (as hear and cold do) yet it worketh
manifeft effects ; not by entrance of the Body, but by qualifying of the heat
and cold, as we fee in this inftance. And we fee like of
wife, that the water
things diftilled in water, (which they call the Bath) differeth not much from
the water of things diftilled by Fire. We fee alio, that Pewter-Dimes with
Water in them not melt eafily, but without it they will. Nay, we fee
will
more, that Butter or Oyl, which in themlelves are inflamable, yet by the vir-
tue of their moifture will do the like.

hath been noted by the Ancients, that

it is dangerous to pick ones Ear
685.
Experiment
ITwhileft he Yawneth. ThecaufeiJ, for that in Yawning, the inner Parch-
Solinry, extended by the drawing in of the Spirit and Breath ; for
ment of the Ear is
tuoching
Yawning. in Yawning and Sighing both, the Spirit is firft ftrongly drawn in, and then
fttongly expelled.

686. hath been obferved by the Ancims, that Sneezing doth ceafe the Hic-
Experiment ITcough. Thecaufeif, for that the Motion of the Hiccough a lifting up of is
Solitary,
touchingthe the Stomach; which Sneezing doth fomewhat deprefs, and divert the moti.
Hiccough. on another way. For fit ft, we fee that the Hiccough cometh of fulnefs of
Meat, (efpecially in Children) which caufcth an extenfion of the Stomach :

We fee alio, it is caufed by acide Meats or Drinks, which is by the pricking

of the Stomach. And this motion is ceafed, either by Di verfion.or by Deten-
tion of theSpirits: Diverfion, asinSneczing; Detention, as we fee holding
of the Breath doth help fome what to ceafe the Hiccough, and putting a Man
into an earned ftudy dotto the like, as is commonly ufed : And Vinegar put to
the Noftrils cr Gargarized doth it alfo ; for that it is Aftringenr, and inhibit eth
the motion of the Spirit.
Looking
 fyntury V IL 141

Tr-c caufe is, not the

Sun doth induce Sneezing: 6%7
LOoking againftthe Experiment
heating of the Noftrils; for then the holding up of the Noftrils againft
Solirary,

the Sun, thiU^h one wink, would do it, but the drawing down of the moi- touching

fturcof the Brain For it will make the Eyes run with water, and thedraw
;
:

ingof moiftute to the Eyes, doth draw it to the Noftrils by Motion of Cori-
fent, and fo followeth Sneezing. As contrariwife, the Tickling f the <

Noftrils v ithin doth draw themoifture to the Noftrils, and to the Eyes by
confent, for they alfo will water. But yet it hath been obferved, thatifone
be about to fneeze, the rubbing of the Eyes till they run with water, will
prevent it. Whereof the caufe is, for that the humor which wasdefcending
totheNoftrils.is diverted to the tyeS.

are more by cold drink, or the

688
THe Teeth
The caufe double the One, for that the
parts. is ;
like, affected, then the
refiftance of Boric t6
other
Experiment
Solitary,

cold, is greater then of Flefh ; for that the Flefti fhrinkcth, but the Bone re- touching
Tcndernefi "f
fifteth, v\ hereby the Cold becometh more eager. The other is, for that the
the teeth.
Teeth are parts without Blood, whereas Blood hclpeth to qualne the cold.
And therefore we fee, that the Sinews are much affedted with Cold, for that
they are parts without Blood. So the Bones in fliarp Colds wax brittle; and
therefore hath been feen, that all contufions of Bones in hard weather, are
it

more difficult tocUre.

hath been noted, that the Tongue receiveth more eafily tokens of
ITDifeafes then the other parts as of heats within, $ which appear moft
6S9.
Fxperimenc
in the blacknefs of the Again, Pied Cartel are fpotted in their
Tongue. Solirary,
touching the
Tongues, &c. The caufe is (no doubt) the tendernefs of the part, which T cngut,
thereby receiveth more eafily all alterations then any other parts of the
Fleft.

WHen Mouthis Out of ttfte, it maketh things taftcfometimes fait,

the
chiefly bitter, and fometimes Ioathfome, but never fwect. The
696.
Experiment
Caufe is, the corrupting of the moifture about the Tongue, which many Solitary,
touching the
times turneth bitter, and fait, and Ioathfome, but fwect never for the reft >
Tafle.
are degrees of corruption.

was obferved in the Great Plague of the laft year, that there were feen in
ITdivers Ditches, and low Grounds about London, many
6§i.
Toads that had Experiment
Solirary,
Tails two or three inches long at the leaft, whereas Toads (ufually) have no touching
Tails at all which argueth a great difpofition to putrcfa&ion in the Soil
i Some Prcgno*
and Air. Ilis reported hkewife, that Roots (fuch as Carrots and Pgrfnips) are fiiil^i of Pefti-
lential Sed-
morefweetandlufciousin infectious years then in other years. foni.

Wife orild with all diligence inquire what Simples Nature

Thjrftcians fti
692.
have extream fubtile parts without any Mordication
yieldeth, that Experiment
Solitary,
or Acrimony for they undermine that which is hard, they open that which
;
rouchinp
is flopped and fhut, and they expel that which is ofFenfivegentlv, without Special Sim-

too much perturbation. Of this kindc are Elder-fiowrs, which therefore pi e< for .Mtdi-
ciritt.
are proper for the Stone i of this kinde is the 'Dwarf-fine which is *

proper for the ]aundies of this kinde is Hartshorn, which is propei

;

•or Agues and Infections of this kinde is Twy, which is proper for Stop-
i

...
pings in the Head of this kindc is Fumitory which' is proper for the Spleen
,*
;

and
 .

14-t, J\Qitural hi/lory ;

and a number of others. Generally, divers Creatures bred of Putrefaction,

though they be iomewhat loathfome to take, are of this kinde as Earth- ;

worms, Timber-folvs, Snails, &c. And

conceive, that the Trochtfcs of Vipers,
I

(which arefo much magnified) and the flefli of Snakes fome ways condited
and corrected (which of late are grown into fome credit) are of the fame
nature. So the parti of Beafts putrefied (as Cafioreum and Admky which hare
extream fubtil parts) are to be placed amongft them. We fee alfo, that,

putrefaction of Plants (as Agarick^ and Jeivs-Ear) are of greateft vertue.

The caufe is, for that putrefaction is the fubtileft of all motions in the parts
of Bodies, Andfince we cannot take down the lives of Living Creatures
(w hich fome of the Taracelftans fay, if they could be taken down, would
make us Immortal,) the next is, for fubtilty of operation to take Bodies
putrefied,fuchas may be fafely taken.

&9h by the Ancients, that muchufcof Venm doth dim the

Experiments IT hath been obferVed
Eunuchs, which are unable to generate, are (neverthelefsj
%ht, and yet
in Confort,
couching alfo dim-fighted. The caufe of dimnefs of fight in the former, is the ex-
VtntM. pence of Spirits ; in the latter, the o ver-moifture of the Brain j for the o ver-
moifture of the Brain doth thicken the Spirits vifual, and obftrucleth their
paffages , asby the decay in the fight m Age where alfo the dimi-
we fee ,

nution of the Spirits concurreth as another caufe. We fee alfo, that blind-
nefs comcth by Rheums and Cataracts Now in Eunuchs there are all the
notes of moiflure ; as the fuelling of their Thighs, the loofnefs of their
Belly, thefmoothnefsof their skin, &c.

$94' The pleafure in the Act of Venus, is the greateft of the pica fores of the j

Senfes the matching of it with Itch is improper, though that alfo beplet-
\

fingto the touch, but the caufes are profound. Firft, all the Organs of the;
Senfes qualifie the motions of the Spirits, and makefo many fcveral ipecies
of motions, and plcafurcs or difpleafures thereupon, as there be diverfitics
of Organs. The Inftruments of Sight, Hearing, Tajie, and SmeU^rc of feveral
framefand fo are the parts for Generation therefore Scaliger doth well to
;

make the pleafure of Generation a ftxth Senfe. And if there were any other
differing Organs, and qualified Perforations for the Spirits to pafs, there
would be more then the Five Senfes .Neither do we well know,whether fome
Beafts and Birds have not Senfes that we know not, and the very Sent of
Dogs is almoft a fenfe by itfelf. Secondly, the Plcafures of the Touch are
greater and deeper then thofe of the other Senfes , as we fee in Warming up-
on Colder Refrigeration upon Heat; For as the Pains of theToucharc greater
then tfyc offences of other Senfes, fo likewifc are the Pleafures. It is true,
that the affecting of the Spirits immediately, and (as it were) without
an
Organ, is of the greateft pleafure J which is but in two things, S^eetfmeUs
and Wine, and the like Sweet vapors. For Smells, we fee their great and fudden
effeain fetching Men again when they fwown ; for Drink, it is certain, that
the pleafure ofDrunkennefs is next the pleafure of Venw\ and great Joyes
(li^ewife) make the Spirits move and touch themf elves; and the pleafure
!
of Venm is iomewhat of the fame kinde.
6i?5 It hath been always obferved, that Men are more inclined to tenus in
the Winter, and Women in the Summer. The caufe is,for that the Spirits in
a Body more hot and dry, fas the Spirits of Men are) by the Summer
arc

more exhaled and diffipated, and in the Winter more condenfed and kept
entire ; but in Bodies thatarecold and moift, (as Womens are) the Summer
doth
 Century VI I. 143
doth cherifli the Spirits, and calleththem forth, the Winter doth dull them; I

Furrhermorr,theAbftincnceorIntermiflion ot- the uleof Fenus, in moiftand

well habituate Bodies, brecdeth a number of Dit'eafes ; and efpecially danger- |

ous impofthumatons. The reafon is evident, for that it is a principal evacua-

tion, efpecially of theSpirits ; for of the Spirits, there is fcarce any evacua-
tion, butinK<?»«^andexereife. And therefore the omifli on of either of them
breedeth all difeafes of Repletion.

THe nature of
of things commonly
is
very Worthy the enquiry ; and as the Nature Experiments
Vivification is

better perceived infmall then in^rear, and in fcjSfjSjB

unperfect then in perfect, and in parts then in whole ; (o rheNatureof Vt- ptfiea.
vification is beft enquired in Creatures bred of Putrefaction. The contem-
plation whereof hath many excellent Fruits. Firft, in difclofitig the original

of Vivification. Secondly, in difclcfing the original of Figuration. Thirdly,

in difclofing many things in the nature c f perfect Creatures, which in them

lie more hidden. And fourthly, in traducing by way of operation, fome

obfervations to wotk effects upon
in the InfettA, perfect Creatures. Note, that
the word agreeth not with the matter , but we ever ufe
infefta it for brevities
fake, intending by it Creatures bred of Putrefaction.

Tnc InfettA are found to breed out of feveral matters t Some breed of 696.
Mud or Dung ; as the EArth-vomt, Eels> SaAkjes, (jra For they are both
Putrefactions : For Water in Mud do pufrefie.as notableropreferveitfelf >
and for Dung, all Excrements are the refufe and putrefactions of nourish-
ment. Some breed in Wood, both growing and cut down, JgutreAn what
Woods mod, and atwhatfeafons. We fee that the Worms with many feet,
which round themfelves into Balls j are bred chiefly under Logs of Timber,
but not in the Timber , and they arefaid to be found alfo (many time) in
Gardens where no Logs are. But it feemeth their Generation requireth a
coverture both from Sun, andRainor Dew, as the Timber is; and therefore
they are not venemous, but (contrariwife) are held by the Phyfitiansto
clarifie the Blood. Ic is obferved, that Cipticeizit foUnd in the holes Of Bed-
fides. Some breed in the Hair of Living Creatures as Lice and 7 ikes, which
;

are bred by the fweat clofe kept, and fomewhat airified by the Hair. The
Excrements of Living Creatures do not onely breed InfeftA when they are
excerned, but alfo while they are in the Body; as in Worms, whereto Chil-
dren are mod
fubject, and are chiefly in the Guts. And it hath been lately
observed by Phyfitians, that in many 'Peftilent *DifeAfes there are WorniS
! found in the upper parts of the Body, where Excrements are not, but onely
humors putrefied. Pleas breed principally ot Straw or Mats.where there hath
been a little moifture, or the Chamber and Bed-ftraw kept clofe, and not
aired.lt is received,thatiiley are killed by ftrewing Wormwood in rhe Rooms.
And it is truly obferved, that bitter things are apt rather to kill then en-
gender Putrefaction, and they be things that are fator (weet that are apteft
to putrefie. T/iere is a Worm that breedeth in Meal of the ihapeof a large
whte Maggot, which is given as a great dainty to Nightingales* The Moth
|
breedeth upon Gloth, and other Lanificcs, efpecially if they be Iaidupdankifti
and wet. ltdelightethtobe about the flame of a Candle. There is a Worm
cal ed a VVevil, bred under Ground, and that feedeth upon Roots, as Parfnips,
;

Catrots.&c. S)mc breed iri Waters, efpecially (haded, but they munVbeby
j
(landing Waters; as tie Water- Spider that hath fix Legs. The Fly called the
\Gadflie breedeth of fomewhat that fwimeth upon the top of the Water, and
1

is
 ;

144 J^aturd Hiflory

ismoft about Ponds. There is a Worm that brecoeth of the Dregs of Wine
decayed, which afterwards (asisobfervedbyfome of the yinci(nts) turneth in-
to a Gnat. It hath been obicrved by the Ancients, that there is a Worm that
breedeth in old Snow, and is of colour reddifh.anddull of motion.md dierii
foon after itcomethout of Snow which mould fliew thatSnow hathun it a
;

fecret warmth, for clfe it could hardly vivifle. And thereafon of the dying
of the Worm may be the fudden exhaling of that little Spirit , as foon as u
cometh out of the told, which had fhutitin. For as Butter- flies quicken with
heat, which Were benummed with cold ; fo Spirits may exhale with heat,
which were prefervedin cold. It is affirmed, both by the ancient and Mcdhn
obfervation,thatin Furnaces of Copper andBrafs, where Chalcites is < which
is Vitriol) often call: in to mend the working.thererifethfudcicnlya Fly which
fomctimesmoveth, as if it took hold on the Walls of the Furnace ; fome-
times is (een moving in the fire below, anddieth prefentiy as foonask isout
of the Furnace. WhichisanobleinftaBCf, and worthy to be weighed for it >

fheweth that as well violent heat of fire, as the gentle heat of Living Crea-
tures will vivifle, if it have matter proportionable. Now the great axiom
of Vivification is, that there mud be heat to dilate the Spirit of
the Bodv, an
Active Spirit to be dilated, matter vifcous or tenacious to hold in the Spirit,
and that matter to be put forth and figured. Now
a Spirit dilated by fo ardent
a fire as thatof theFurnace.as foon as ever itcoolcth never fo little, coqgeal-
eth prefently. And (no doubt) this action is furthered by the Chalciteswhich
hath a Spirit that will put forth and germinate, as we fee inChymical Tryals..
Briefly, moft things putrefied bring forth 7»/«tf4 of fevctal names, butwe will
not take upon us now to enumerate them all.
£p7« The infea* have been noted by the Ancients to feed little: But this hath
nor been, diligently- obferved j for Graflioppers eat up the Green of whole
Countreys, and Silkworms devour Leaves fwiftly.and Ants make great pro-
vision. It is true, that Creatures that flecp and reft much, eat little, as Dor-
mice and Bats, Sec. they are all without Blood which may be, for that the
;

Juyceof their Bodies is almoft all one 5 not Blood, and Flefh, and Skin, and
Bone, as in perfett Creatures ; The integral parts have extream variety, but
the fimiUr parts little. \It is true, that they have (fome of them) Diaphragm,
and an Intefti'ne; and they have all Skins, which in moft of the /»/*&*, af e
caft often. They areljot
^generally) of longlife j yet Bees have been known
to live feven years andSnakesare thought, therather for the carting of their
;

fpoily to live till they be old* and Eels, which many times breed of putre-
fadion,will live and grow very longVand thofe that entercbange from Worms
toFlies in the Summer, and from Flies to Worms in the Winter, havebeen
kept in Boxes four years at the Ieaft ; yet there are certain Flies that are called
Ef kerner* that live but a day. The caufe is, the exility of the Spirit, or per.
haps theabfence of the San j for that if they were brought in, or kept clofe,
they might live longer. Many of the Infeila (as Butter-flies and other Flies)
revive eafily, when/they Jeem dead, being brought to the Sun or Fire. The
caufe whereof the diffufion of the Vital Spirit, and the eafle dilatingof it
is,

by a little heat- Xheyftir a good while after their heads are off, or that they be
ctltjn pieces ; which is £aufed alfo, for that their Vital Spirits are more dif-
fufed throughout all their parts, and lefs confined to Organs then in perfeft
Qeaiures. r u
vd 2 aTfee /«/*&* htfve voluntary Motion, and .therefore imagination. And
1

e>98.
whereas fome of the yfMtfW have faid,that their Motion is indetetminate,and
their imagination: indefinite, it is negligently obferved > for Ants go right.,

forwards,
 Century FIL (
145
forwards to their Hills ; and Bees do (admirably) know the way from a
Floury Heath, two or three miles off ro th:ir Hives. It may be Gnats and
Flies have their Imagination more mutable and giddy, as fmall Birds like-
wife have. It is faidby fame of the Ancients, that they haveonely the Senfe

of Feeling, which ismanifeftly unrtue ; for if they go forth right to a place,

they muLt needs have Sight: Befides, they delight more in one Flower or
Herb, then in another, and therefore have tafte. And Bees are called with
found upon Brafs, and therefore they have hearing. Which fheweth like-
wife, that though their Spirits be diffufed, yet there is a Seat of their Senfes in
their Head.
Other obfervations concerning thelnCc&a, together with the Enumeration of them,
T»e refer to that place where n>e mean to handle the Title of Animals in general.

Man
A if,
leapeth better with weights
for that the weight (if it
in his hands, then without.
be proportionable; ftrengthneth the Si-
news, by contracting them; for otherwife, where no contraction is needful,
The caufe 699.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching
weight hindreth. As we fee in Horfe Races, Men are curious to iorefee that Leaping.
there benot the leaft weight upon the one Horfe more then upon theother.
In Leaping with Weights, the Arms are firftcaft backward', and then forwards,
with fo much the greater force ; for the hands go backward before they
take their raile, Qjure, if the contrary motion of the Spirits, immediately
before the Motion we intend, doth not caufe the Spirits as it were to bieak
forth with more force 5 as Breath alfo drawn, and kept in, cometh forth more
forcibly And in cafting of any thing, the Arms, to make a greater fwing, are
:

firft caftbaukward.

OF Mufual Tones and unequal Sounds, we have fpoken before, but touch-
the plealure anddifpleaiureof the Senfes notfo fully. Harfh Founds, as
70O.
Experiment
Solitary,
ci a JVrpwhenitisfharpned, Grirrdingof one Stone againft another, fqueak-^
touching the
ingorfcriechingnoifes, make a fhiveringor horror in the Body, and fet the Pleafures and
Teerhon edge. Tnc caufe if, for that the objects of the Ear do affect the Difpleafures
of the Senfes,
Spirits (immediately) moftwith pleafure and offence. We fee there is no efpecially of
colour tnat affecteth the Eye much With difpleafure. There be fights that Hearing.

are horrible, becaufe they excite the memory of things that are odious or
fearful; but the famethings painted, do little affect. As toTpmeUs, Taftes, and
1 ouches, they be things that do affect by a Participation or Impulfion of the
body of the Object. So it is Sound alone that doth immediately and incorpo-
really affect mo(t. This moft manifeft in Mufuk., and
is and cDifcords
Concords,
in Cfrlufick.: For all Sounds, whether they be fharpor flat, if theybefweer,

havea roundnefs and equality ,• and if they be harfh, are unequal For aDi/"
:

cord it but a harfhnefs of divers founds meeting.

felf, is It is true, that in-

equality, not (laid upon, but pafling, is rather an incteafe of fweetnefs ; as

in thePurlingof a Wreathed Scring, and in theraucity of ^Trumpet, and
in the T^ightingale-^Pipe of a Regal* and in a 'Difcord ftraight falling upon a
Concord: Bunt youftay upon it, it isoffenfive. And therefore there be thefe
three degrees of pleafing and difpleafirg in Sounds ; Sn>eet founds, 'Difcords,
and Harfh founds, which we call by divers names, as Scriech'wg, or Grating, luch
as we now (peak of. Asforthefettingof the Teeth on edge, we plainly fee
whar an intercourfe there is bet ween the Teeth, andthe Organ of the Hearing,
by netakiiigof the end cf a Bow between the Teeth, and {hiking upon the
String.

O NATURAL
*-J\
 H?

4 «?H*?^^^^## ## #?^^^?W*?*' k : :

NATURAL
HISTORY
Century Fill.

r
i Here be (-Minerals and Fofiles in great variety , but of 701.
Veins of Earth Medicinal but few* The chief arc, Terra Experiment
Solitary,
Lemnia , Terra SigiUata communis , and
Arminus Bolus ; touching
whereof Terra Lemnia is the chief* The Vertues of Veir.sof Me-
dhinal Earth.
them are for Curing of Wounds, Stanching of Blood ,
Stopping of Fluxes and Rheums, and Arrefting the Spred-
ing of Toyfoit, infeft'ton, and Putrefaclion : And they have of
all other Simples the perfc&eft and purefl: quality of
'Drying, with little or no mixture of any other quality. Yet it is true, that
the Bole Arminuk is the moft cold of them, and that Terra Lemnia is the moll
hot; for which caufe the lfland Lemnos where it is digged, was in the old
Fabulous tyiges confecrated to Vulcan.

A Boutthc Bottom of the Sereights are gathered great quantities of Spongis, 701.
j£\ which are gathered from the fides of Rocks, being as it were a large, Experiment
but tough CMofs". It is the more to be noted, becaufe that there be but few Solitary
Subftanccs, Plant-like, that grow deep within the Sea for they are gathered
J^JjJv*
,

fometimc Fifteen fathom deep And when they are kid on Shore, they feem sponga.
:

to be of great Bulk > but crufhed together, will be tranlported in a very

fmallroom.

ITfeemeth that Fish that arc ufed to the Salt-water, do ncverthelefs de- 7°3.
lightmore in frefh. We
fee that Salmonszwi Vmeltslovc to get into Rivers, Experiment

though it be againft the Stream. At the Haven of Con/lantinople you fhall touching
have great quantities of Fish that come from the Euxine Sea, that when they [

se<t-Ftfb put

come into the Frefh-water, do inebriate and turn up their Bellies, fo as you I
wF"Jb "+
may take them with your hand. Idoubtthere hath not been fufficieric Ex- 1

O 2 pcriroen&
 ;

14§ J\(atural Hillary

perimentmadcof putting Sea fish into Frefli-water, Ponds, and Fools. It is

a thing of great ufe and plcafurc 5 for fo you may have them new at fomc
good diftanee from the Sea : And befides, it may be the FiHi will cat the
j
pleafanter, and may fall fcb breed. And it is faid, that Lohbefter O) Iters,
j
which are put into where the Sea gocth and Cometh, (but yet fo that
Pits,

j
there is a Frefh-water coming alfbtothem when the Scavoidcth) become
! by thatnaeans fatter, and moregrbAvn.

704* BoT*> givcth a very forcible Shoot, infomuch as it hath been

Experiment THe. Turkish
Solitary,
known,
that the tytrroTp hath pierced a Steel Target, or apiece of Brafs
touching of two Inches thick But that which is more ftrange, the Arro^ if it be
:

Attraction by
Similitude of
headed with Wood, hath been known to pierce through a piece of ood of W
Subjlance. eight Inches thick. And it is certain, that we had in ufe at one time, for Sea-
fight, fhort Antys, which they called Sprigbts, uithoutany other Pleads,
fave Woodfliarpned which were difcharged out of Muskets, and would
;

pierce through the fides of Ships, where a Bullet would not pierce. But
this dependcthupon one of thegreatcft fecrctsin all Nature,- v\ hich is, that
Similitude of Subjtancew'iW caufe Attraction, where the Eody is wholly freed
from theMotionof Gravity Forif that were taken away, Lead would draw
:

Lead, and Gold would draw Gold, and Iron would draw Iron without the help
of the Load-// one. But this fame Motion of Weightor Gravity (which is
a mccr Motion of Matter, and hath no affinity with the Form or Kinde)
doth kill the other Motion, exccptitfclf be killed by aviolentMotion;
and
in thefe inftances of Arrows, for then the Motion of Attraction by Simili-
tude of 5ubftancebeginncthtofhewiticlf. But we fhall handle this point
of Nature fully in due place,

Confettions, which they call

705. THey have in Turky^ and
which arc like
the Eafi } certain
and are made of Sugar and
Experiment Servets, to Candid Conferves ,

Solitary,
Lemmons, or Sugar and Citrons, or Sugar and Molets, and fome other Flowers;
touching
Certain drink> and fome mixture of timber for the more delicate perfons And thofethey :

in Turkey* diffolve in Water, and thereof make their Drink,becaufe they are forbidden
WinebytheirLaw. ButI do muchmarYcl.that no Englishman, or 'Dutchman,
or German, doth fet up Brewing in Confiantimple, confideririg they have fuch
quantity of Barley. For as for the general fort of Men, frugality may be the
caufe of Drinking Water ; for that it is no fmall faving to pay nothing for
ones drink: But the better fort might well be at the coft. And yet I wonder
the lefs at it, becaufe I fee France, jtalj, or Spain, have not taken into ufe Beer
or Ale ; which /"perhaps) if they did, would better both their Healths and
their Complexions. It is likely it would be matter of greatgain to any that
fh ould b •
: gi n it in Turks) •>

Bathing in hot water, fweat fneverthelcfs) comcth not in the parts un-
j
Experiments
ui Confort,
IN
der the Warer. The caufe for that fweat a kinde of Colliqua-
is, firft, is

miching tion. And that kinde of Colliquation is not made cither by an over-dry
Sneat,
Heat, or an over-moift Heat. For over-moifture dothfomewhat extinguim
the Heat as we fee, that evenhot water qilencheth Fire* and over-dry Heat
J
,

fhutteth the Pores, And therefore Men will fponer fweat covered before j

the Sun or Fire, then if they ftodd naked And Earthen Bottles filled :

with hot water, do provoke in Bed a Sweat more daintily then Brick-bats
hot. Secondly, Hot water doth caufe Evaporation from the Skin fo as >

it fpendeth thetmtter in thofe parts under the Water, before ithflucth in

Sweat,
 Century

Sweat. Again, Sweat comcthmore plentifully, if the Hcatbcincrcafed by

degrees , then if it be grcatcfl atfirfl, or equal. The caufe is, for that the
Pores are better opened by a gentle Heat, then by a more violent; and by
their opening the Sweat, more abundantly.. And. therefore Phyfician:
ifTueth
•
may do-well, when they provoke Sweat in Bed by Bottle.^ with a Deco&ion
of Sudorifick Herbs in Hot Water, to make two degrees of Heat in the Bottles,
and to lay in the Bed the lefs-heated firil, and after, half an hour the more-
heated.
S^. eat is fait in tafte. The caufeis, for that that part of the Nourifhment 70 7,
which isfrefhand ftvect, turneth into Blood and Flefh and the Sweat is ,•

onely that part which is fcparate and excerned. Blood alio raw, hath fome
faltnefs more then Flelh becaufe the Affimilation into Flefh,is not without
;

a little and fubtile excretion from the Blood.

Sweat cometh forth more out of the upper parts of the Body then the 708.
lower. The reafonis, becaufe thofe parts arc more replenifhed with Spirits,
and the Spirits are they that put forth Sweat; befides, they are lefs'flefhy,
and Sweat ifiueth (chiefly) out of the parts that are lefs flefhy an^l more dry,
as the Forehead and Breft.
Men fweat more in deep then waking, and yet flcep doth rather flay 709.
other Fluxions, then caufe them ; as Rheums, Loofnefi of the Body, &c. The
caufeis, for that in Sleep the Heat and Spiritsdo naturally move inwards,
and there reft. But when they are collected once within,the Heat becomcth
more violent and irritate, and thereby cxpclleth S-toeat.
Cold Sweats arc (many times) Mortal and near 'Death, and always ill and 710.
fufpefted; as in great Fears, Hypochondriacal Tafions, &c. The caufeis, for
that Cold Sweats come by a relaxation or forfakingof the Spirits, whereby the
Moifture of the Body, which Ijleat did keep firm in the parts, feverethand
ifTueth out. %
In thole Difeafes which cannot be difcharged by Sweat, Swat is ill, and 711-
rather to be flayed ; as in Tiifeafes of the Lungs, and Flumes of the Belly but ;

in thoicDifeafes which are expelled by Swat, it eafeth and lightneth ; as in

^^gues, Pefttlences, &c. The caufe is, for that Stoeat in the latter fort is partly
Critical, and fendeth forth the Matter that ofFendeth But in the former, :

it either proceedeth from the Labor of the Spirits, which fheweth them
oppreffed or from Motion of Confent, when Nature notable to expel the
;

*Difeafe where it isfeated, moveth to an Expulfion indifferent overall the

'

Body.

'He Nature of the GloTrorm is hitherto not well obferved.712. Thus, much
we fee,
thatthey breed chiefly in the hotteffc Moneths of Summer ; and Experiment
Solitary,
thatthey breed not in Champaign, but in Bushes and Hedges. Whereby it may touchingthe
be conceived, that the Spirit of them is very fine, and not to be refined but Gloworm.
by Summer beats. And again, that byreafonof the finenefs, it doth eafily ex-
hale. In and the Hotter Countreys, there is a Flie they call Lucciole,
Italy,

that fhineth as the Glowrm doth, and it may be isthe Flying-Gloworm bat ;

that Flie is chiefly upon Fens and CWarishes. Butyet the two former obferva-
713.
tions hold, for they arc not feen but in the heat of Summer ; and Sedge, or Experiments
other Green of the Fens give as good fhadeasBufties. It may be the GloTvorms in Conform,
touching the
of the Cold Countreys ripen not fo far as to be winged. rmprcjihr.s
Vfhkh the Plf-

He Pafliom of the CMmde work upon the Body the imprcflions fol- Uions of the
Mind* nrakf !

lowing. iar, caufeth Talenef, Trembling, the Standing of the Hair up- u'jiKr'ic Bndy.
.
O z
j
-

. ,__„_
risht,
t-
 ,

x5o Statural hi/lory 5

rights Starting, and Scrieching. The Palcncfs is caufcd, for that the Blood
runneth inward to fuccor the Heart. The Trembling is cau(ed, for that
through the flight of thcSpirits inward.the outward parts are deftituted,and
not fuftained. Standing upright of the Hair is caufed, for that byftiutting
of the Pores of cheSkin, the Hair thatlyeth afloap muft needs rife. Scarring
is both an apprehenfion of the thing feared, (and in that kinde it is a motion

of Shrinking j) and likewife an Inquifuion in the beginning what the matter

mould be, (and in that kinde it is a motion of Erection ;) and therefore
when a Man would liften fuddenly to any thing, heftartethj fortheftart-
ing is an Erection of the Spirits to attend. Scrieching is an appetite of ex-
pelling that which fuddenly ftriketh the Spirits. For it muft be noted, that
manyMotionSv though they be unprofitable to expei that which hurteth,
yet they are Offers of Nature, and caufe Motions by Confent , as in Groan-
ing.or Crying upon Pain.
9*4* Grief and Pain, caufe Sighing.Sobbing, Groanirig,Screaming,and Roar-
ing, Tears, Diftortingof the FaccGrinding of the Teeth, Sweating. Sighing
is caufed by the drawing in of a greater quantity of Breath to refrefh the

Heart that laboreth ; like a great draught when one is thirfty. Sobbing is
the fame thing ftronger. Groaning, and Screaming, and Roaring, are caufed
by an appetite of Expulfion, as hath been faid > for when the Spirits cannot
expel the thing that hurteth in their ftrife to do it, by Motion of Confent
they expel the Voice. And this is when the Spirits yield, and give over to
refift; for one do conftantly refift Pain, he will not groan. Tears are caufed
if

by a Contraction of the Spirits of the Brain; which Contraction by confe-

rence aftringeth the Moiftureof the Btain, and thereby fendeth Tears into
the Eyes. And this Contraction or Compreffion eaulcth alfo Wringing of
the Hands ; foE Wringing is a Gefture of Expreflion of Moifture. The Dif-
torting of the Face is cauled by a Contention, firft, to bear and refift,and then
to expel ; which maketh the Parts knit firft, and afterwards open. Grinding
of the Teeth is caufed (likewife) by a Gathering and Serring of the Spirits
together to refift i which maketh the Teeth alfo to fet hard oneagainft an-
other. Sweating is alfo a Compound Motion by the Labor of the Spir its,firft
to refift, and then to expel.

n<> Joy caufeth aChearfulnefsand Vigor in the Eyes.Mnging, Leaping, Dan-

cing, and fometimes Tears. All thefe are the effects of the Dilatation and
coming forth of the Spirits into the outward parts , which maketh them
more lively andftirring. We know it hath been feen, that Exceffive fud-
den Joy hath caufed prefent Death, while the Spirits did fpred fo much as
they could not retire again. As for Tears, they are the effects of Compref-
fionof the Moiftureof the Brain, upon Dilatation of the Spirits. For Com-
preflion of the Spirits worketh an Expreflion of the Moifture of the Brain by
confent, as hath been faid in Grief : But then in Joy it worketh it diverfly,
vie. By Propulfionof the Moifture, when the Spirits diiate.and occupy more
room.
716, Anger caufethPalenefs in fome,and the going and coming of the colour
in others alfo Trembling in fome, Swelling, Foaming at the Mouth, Stamp-
$

ing, Bending of the Fift. Palenefs, and Going* and Coming of the Colour,
are caufed by the Burning of the Spirits about the Heart 5 which to refrefh
themfdves, call in more Spirits from the outward parts. And if the Palenefs
be alone, without fending forth the colour again, it is commonly joyned
with fome fear But in many there is no Palenefs at all, but contrariwife
.*

Rednefs about the Checks and Gils ; which is by the fending forth of the
.
Spirits
 1

Century VI It 15

Spirits* in an appetite to Revenge. Trembliisgin Anger is likevvife by a call

ing in of the Spirits, and is commonly when Anger is joy ned with Fear. Swel-
ling is caufed both by a Dilatation of the Spirits by over-heating* and by a
Liquefaction ot Boiling of the Humors thereupon. Foaming at the Mouth
is from the fame caufe, being an Ebullition. Stamping and Bending of the Fift

are caufed by an Imagination of the Act of Revenge.

Light Difpleafure or Oiflike caufeth fliaking of the Head,FroWning,and 717*
Knitting of the Brows. Thefe effects arife from the fame caufe that Tiem-
bling and Horror do \ namely, from the Retiring of the Spirits, but in a lefs
degree. For the Shaking of the Head, is but allow and definite Trembling i

and is a Gefture of flight refufal And we fee alfo,

: thatadiflikecaufeth often
that Gefture of the Hand* which we ufe when We refufe a thing, or warn ic
away. The Frowning and Knitting of the Brows, is a Gathering or Serring
of the Spirits, to refift in fome meafure. And we fee alfo, this Knitting of the
Brows will follow upon earneft Studying,or Cogitation of any thing, though
it be without diflike.
Shame caufeth Blufhing, and cafting down of theEyes. Blutiiingis the 718,
Refort of Blood to the Face* which in the PalTion of Shame, is the part that
laboreth mod. And although the Blufhing will be feen in the whole Brett,
if itbe naked , yet that is but in pafTage to the Face. As for the cafting
down of the Eyes* it proceedeth of the Reverence a Man beareth to other
Men, whereby ,when he is afhamed, he cannot endure to look firmly upon
others And we fee, that Blufhing and the Cafting down of theEyes both*
:

are more when we come before many $ Ore Pompeii quidmollius ? Nmquam non
corAm pimibui erubuit i and likewife, when we come before Great or Reverend

Perfms.
Pity caufeth fometimes Tears, and a Flexion or Caft of the Eye afide. 719".

Tears come from the caufe, that they do in Grief : For Pity is but Grief in
anothers behalf. The Caft of the Eye, is a Gefture of AverfionorLothnefs
to behold the object of Pity.
Wonder caufeth Aftonifllment, or an Immovable Pofture of the Body, 720.
Cafting up of the Eyes to Heaven, and Lifting up of the Hands. For Aftonifh-
ment, itiscaufedby the Fixing of the Mjnde upon one object of Cogitation,
whereby it doth not fpatiate and tranfeur asitufeth: For in Wonder the
Spirits nie not, as in Fear j but onely fettle, and are made lefs apt to move.
As for the Gafting up of theEyes, and Lifting up of the Hands, itisakinde
of Appeal to the Deity, which is theAuchor, byPoWer andProvidence of
ftrange Wonders.
Laughing caufeth a Dilatation of the Mouth and Lips > a continued Ex- 721.
pulfion of the Breath, with the loud Noife, which maketh the Interjection
of Laughing ; Shaking of the Breft and Sides ? Running of theEyes with
Water, if it be violent and continued. Wherein firft it is to be underftood,
that Laughing is fcarce (properly) aPaflion, but hath his Source from the In-
tellect; for in Laughing, there ever precedeth a conceit of fomewhat ridicu-
lous. And therefore it is proper to Man. Secondly, that the caufe of Laugh-
ing, is but a light touch of the Spirits, and not fo deep an ImprelTion as in
other Patlions. And therefore fthat which hath no Affinity with the Paflf-
ons of the Minde) it is moved, and that in great vehemency, onely by Tick-
lingfome parts of the Body. And we fee, that Men even in a grieved ftateof
Mindc, yet- cannot fometimes forbear Laughing. Thirdly, it is ever joy ned
with fome degree of Delight: And therefore Exhilaration hath fome Affinity
With Joy, though it be much Lighter Motion. ResfeverdeJ} V ernmGtudium.
Fourthly.'
 '

—
152 3S(a\uyal hijlory .

Fourthly, That the object of itis 'Deformity, Abfurduy, Shrelfd turns, znd the like.
Nowtofpeakof thecaufes of theeffe&s before- mentioned^hercunrothde
general Motes give feme light. For the Dilatation of the Uiioutb and Lips,
continued Expulfion of the Breath and Voice and Shaking of the Brejlt and
>

Sides, they proceed (all) from the Dilatation of the spirits, cfpecially beirg

fudden.- So likewife the Running 0$ the Eyes with Water, (as harh been for-
rnerly touched, where we fpake of he 7 e<tr; of Joy 2nd Grief ) is an effect of
1

Dil-itatiOn of the Spirits, And for Suddennefi,

it is a great part of the Matter
:

For we fee any Shrewd turn that lightcth upon another, or any Deformity,
that
&c. moveth. Z/^/frintheinftanr, which after a little time it doth not. bo
we cannot Laugh at any thing after it is ft ale, butwhileft it is new. And even
in7i;^w^,if you tickle the fides, and give warning, or give a hard or con-
tinued touch, it doth not move Laughter fo much.,
722. Lufi caufeth a Flagrancy in the Eys, and Vriapifm. The caufe of both
thefe is, for that in Lufi the Sight and the Touch, are the things defired; and
therefore the Spirits refort to thofe parts which are moll affected. And note
well in general, (for that great ufe may be made of the obfervation) that
(evermore) the Spirits in all Pafions refort moft to the parts that labor moff, or
aremoft affected. As in the laft, which hath been mentioned, theyreforteo
the Ejes and Venereom parts ; in Fear and Anger to the Hearty \n Shame to the
Face •>
and in Light dijlikes to the Head.

7*3- beenobferved by the ty4ncients, and

[Experiments ITofhath
Drunken-men unfruitful. The caufe
is

for that
yet believed, That the Sperm
is is, it isover-moiftned, and
I
in Confott)
touching wantethSpiffitude. And we have a merry faying, Tiiat they that go drunk to Bed,
Brunkfnnefi. get ^Daughters.

f
724. Druttken-men are taken with a plain Defect: or Deftitution in Voluntary
Motion ; they reel, they tremble, they cannot ftand, nor fpeak ftrongly. The
caufe i?p for that the Spirits of the Wine opprefs the Spirits Animal, and oc-
cupatepartof the place where they are, and fo make them weak to move;
and therefore 'Drunken-men are apt to fall afleep. And Opiates and Stupefattives
(as *Poppj, Henbane Hemlock^, &c.)
, induce a kinde of Drunkennefiby the grofsnefs
of their Vapor, as Wine doth by the quantity cf the Vapor. Bcfides, they rob
Animal of their Matter whereby they arenourifhed $ for the Spirits
the Spirits
of the Wine, prey upon it as well as they, and fo they make the Spirits lefs
lupple and apt to move.
<
7M' Drunken-men imagine every thing turneth round ; they imagine alfo,
that things come upon them ; they fee not well things afar off; thofe things
that they fee near hand, they fee out of their place and (focnetimes) they ;

fee things double. The caufe of the imagination that things turn round is,
for that the Spirits themfelves turn, being comprefTed by the Vapor of the
Wine,-(for any Liquid Body upon Compreflion turneth, as we fee in Water:)
And it is all one to the fight , whether the Vifual Spirits move, or the Object
moveth, or the Medium moveth and we fee, that long turning round brecd-
•

eth the fame imagination. The caufe of the imagination that things come I

upon them isfor that the Spirits Vifual themfelves draw back, which maketh
the Object fecm to come on ; and.beftdes, when they fee things turn
round and move, Fear maketh them think they come upon them. The .

caufe that they cannot fee rhings afar off, istheweaknefsof the. Spirits; for
in every (Jfrfegrim or Vertigo, there is an Obtenebration joyned with a fem-
blance of Turning round, which we fee alfo in the lighter fort of Swoningj.
, The]
 >
:

Century FIJI. I n
rhe caufe of feeing things our of their place', is the rcfra&ion ot the Spirits
vifual ; for the vapor is as an unequal Medium, and it is as the fight of things
bur of place in Water. The cauL- of feeing things double, isihefwift and
unquiet motion of the Spirits (being opprclled) to and fro for (as was (aid
\

before) the motion of the Spirits vifual, and the motion of the object make
the fame appearances; and tor the fwift motion of theobje6t, we fee that if
you fillip a Zb/* firing, it flieweth double or trebble.
Men are fooner Drunk with (mall draughts then with great. And again, 726.
Wine fugired, inebriateth lefs then Wine pure. The caufe of the former is,
for that tne Wine lefccndeth not fo faft to the Bottom of the Stomack; but
maketh longer fray intbe upper part of the Scomack, and fendeth Vapors
fader to the Head, and therefore inebriateth fooner. And for the famereafon,
Sops in Wine (quantity for quaiitity) inebriate more then Wine of it felf.
The caufe of the latter is, for that the Sugar doth infpiiTtte the Spirits of the
Wme, and maketh them not fo eafie to refolve into Vapor. Nay further, it
is thought to be fome remedy
againft inebriating, if Wine fugared be taken

after Wine pure. And the fame effecT: is wrought, either by Oylor Milk taken
upon much Drinking,

ufe of Wine dry and confumed Bodies is hurtful, in moift and full
THe
Bodies itisgood.
in
Thecaufeis.for thatthe Spirits of the Winedoprey
727-
Experiment
Solitary,
upon the Dew or radical moifture (as they term it) of theBody.and fo deceive touching the
the Animal Spirits. But where there is moifture enough, or fuperfluous,there Help or hurt
of Wine ,
Wine hefpeth to digeft and deficcate the moifture^ though Mode-
rately ufed.

one of the mod general bf Worms , and breedeth' of

THe CaterpiUer is

Dew and Leaves for we fee infinite number of CatterpiUers which breed
;
72s.
Experiment
Solitary,
upon Trees and Hedges, by which the Leaves of the Trees or Hedges are in touching
great part cdnfumed j as well by their breeding out of the Leaf; as by their CatterpHlen.

feeding upon the Leaf. They breed in the Spring chiefly, becaufe then there
is both Dew and Leaf. And they breed commonly when the Eaft Winds
have much blown: The caufe whereof is* the drynefs of that Wind; for to
all Vi vrfiearion upon Putrefaction; it is requifite the matter be not too moift

And therefore we fee they have Cobwebs about thetrii which is aTign of a'
flimy drynefs; as we fee upon the Ground, whereupon by Dew and Sim
Cobwebs breed all over. We
fee alfo the Green CatterpiUer breedeth in the in-
ward parts of Rofes, efpecially not blown where the Dew fticketh : Bin
• r
efpecially CatterpiUers , both the greateft and the moft breed xx$or\ Cabbagei
3
S

which have a fat Leaf, and apt to pucrifie. The Cmerpilkt toward the end of
Summer waxeth and turneth to zButterfiie, or perhaps fome other
volatile, :

Flie. ThereisaGt/w/'ififrthathatha Fur or Down upon him, andfecmeth to

have affinity with the Silkworm.

THe Flies Cxntharides,

certain Fruit-trees ;
are bred of a florin or CatterpiUer , but peculiar to
as are the Fig-tree, the Pine-tree, and the Wilde
729.
Experime nt
Solitary,
Bryar ;
which bear fweet Fruit, and Fruit that hath a kindeof fecret biting
all touching the
or fharpnefs. For the Fig hath a Milk in it that is fweet and corrofive; FUes Cantha-
rides.
the Pine- Apple hath aKernel that is ftrong and abfterfive the Fiuit of the ;

Bryar is (aid to make Children, or thofe that eat them, fcabbed. And there-
fore no marvel though Cantharides have fuch a Corrofive and Cauteri-
zing quality for there is not one other of the Infefta, but is bred of a
,•

duller matter; The Body of the Cantharides is bright coloured! and it may
be.
 i5+ DsQuurd Hi/lory ;

be, that the delicate coloured Dragon Flics may have likewife fome Cor-
rofivc quality.

7;o. LJfimde is remedied by Bathing or Anointing with Oyl and warm Wa-
Experiment* ter. The caufe is, forthatallL<*/Wkis akindeof Contufion and Com-
in Contort.
tuoching preflionof the Parts i andBathing and Anointing give a Relaxion or Emol-
Latitude. Jition : And the mixture of Oyl and Water is better then either of them a-
lonc, becaufe Water entreth better into the Pores, and Oyl after entry foft-
neth better. It is found alfo, that the taking of Tobacco doth help and difcharge
Latitude. The reafon whereof is partly, becaufe by chiifring or comfort-
ing of the Spirits, it openeth the Parts compreifed or contufed Andchicfly, :

becaufe it refrefheth the Spirits by the Opiate Vertue thereof, and fo dil-
chargeth Wearinefs,as Sleep likewife doth.
73I« In going up a Hill the Kneesmlibc molt weary; ingoing downaHill,
Thighs. The caufe is,forthatin the Lift of the Feet, when a man goeth up
the Hill, the weight of the Body beareth moft upon the Knees and in going ;

down the Hill, upon the Thighs.

731.
Experiment
THe
the
by the Ancients compared to the breaking of
calling of the Skin, is

Secund'me or Call, but not rightly-, for that were to make every call-
Solitary,
touching the ing of the Skin a new Birth And befides, the S*e cundine is but a general
:

Cover, notlhaped according to the Parts butthc Skin is fhaped according

;

Skjnand Sl*U
to the Parts. The Creatures thatcaft their Skin arc, the Snake, the Viper,
in fomtCr in-
jures. the Grashopper, the Lizard, the Silk-s»orm, &c. Thole that call their Shell are,
the Lobfter, the Crab, thcCra-fisb, the Hodmandod or 'Dodman, the Tortoife,&c.
The old Skins are found, buttheold Shells never So asitislikethcyfcalc :

off, and crumble away by degrees. And they arc known by the extream
tendernefs and foftnefs of the new Shell ; andfemewhatby the frclhnefs of
the colour of it. The caufe of the calling and Skin and Shell fhould fecm
to be the great quantity of matter in thofe Creatures, that is fit to make
Skin or Shell : And again, the loofnefs of the Skin or Shell, that flicketh
not clofe to the FleiQi. For it is certain, that it is the new Skin or Shell
that putteth off the old. So we fee that in 1)eer, it is the young Horn that
putteth off the old. And in Birds, the young Feathers put off the old and ;

lb Birds that have much matter for their Beak, call their Beaks, the new
Beakputting off the old.

711- LYing not Erect butj-follow, which is inthemakingof the Bed, or with
Experiments
the Legs gathered up, whichis in the pollute of the Body, is the more
in Confort,
touching the wholefome, ihcreafbnis. the better comforting of theStomack, whichis
Poflurei »f the
by thatlefs penfile j andvrc fee,thatin weak Stomaeks, thelaying upof the
Body%
Legs high, andthe Knees almofl to the Mouth, helpethand comforteth.
We fee alio, that Gatty-flaves, notwithstanding their milery otherwifc, arc
commonly fat and flefny and the reafon is, becaufe the Stomackis fup-
;

ported fomewhatin fitting, and is penlile in Handing or going. And there-

fore for Prolongation of Life, it is good to chufc thofe hxercifes where the
Limbs move more then the Stomack and Belly as in Rowing and in Saw- ;

ing, being fct.

73 4«
when we Rife, after long fitting, then
fJM.egr\ms and Giddinef arc rather
while we fit. The
caufe is, for that the Vapors vrhi ch were gathered by
fitting, by the fudden Motion flic moreupintothc Head.

73 5
Leaning upon any Part makcth it , Num
and, as we call it, ^yfpep.
The
 Centnrj VI 11. 155
The caufe is, for that the Comprefliori of the Parts fufferetH not the Spirits
to have free accefs ; and therefore, when we come but cf ir< we feel a hing-
ing or pricking, which is the re-entrance of the Spirits.

Thath been noted, Thatthofe Years are peftilential and urtwholfome, ±

i6%
Im when there are great numbers of Frogs, Flies* Locufts, &c. 1 he caufe is Experiment
plain; for that thofe Creatures being ihgeftdted of Putrefa&ion, when they Solitary,
abound, fllew a general difpofition 6f the Year, and conftitution of the Air SS;^
to Diicafes of Putrefa&ion. And the fame Prognoftiek (as hath been faid r«».
befote) holdeth, if you finde Worms in Oak-Apples* For the Conftitution
of the Air appeareth more fubtilly inahy of fflfift things, then to thefenfe of
Man. /

obfervation amongft Country people, that Ydars of (tore of Hxm 11%

ITand anHeps,
is

do commonly portend e61d Winters j and they ascribe it to Experiment

Solitary, ,

Gods Providence, that (as the Scripture faith) reacheth even to the falling of a touching tbe
Sparrow; and much more* is like to reach to the Preservation of Birds in fuch Pregnofiukftf
Hard, Winttt'u
Seafons. The Natural caufe alfomay be the want of Hear, and abundance of
Moifture in the Summer precedent, which putteth forth thole Fruits, and
muft needs leave great quantity of cold Vapors not diflipate, which caufeth
the cold of the Winter following;

Hey have in Turkey Drink called Coffeet made of a Berry of the fame
T a
name, as black as 566r* and of aftrongfent* bathdtaromaticaU which Experiment
they take, beaten into powder, in Water as hot as they can drink it f And
Solirary,
touching
they take it, and fit at it in their Coffee^Houfes , which arc like our Taverns. Medicinti thai
This Drink comforteth the Brain and Heart, and heijje'th Digeftidrt. Cer- Conatnceand
RiUm the
tainly this Berry Coffee, the Root and Leaf Betel, the Leaf Tobacco, and the Sfirltt,
Teare of Toppy, (Opium) of which, the7«r& are great takers ((uppofing it
cxpelleth all fear J do all condence the Spirits, and make them iirOng and
aleger. But it feemeth they are taken after feveral mahriers ; for Coffee and
Opium are taken down, Tobacco but in Smoak, and #«Wisbut champed in
theMou'hwithalittleLime. It is like, there are mQre of them, if they were
well found out, and Well cbrre&ed. Jgu&re, of Htiihane-fedd, of (Jtfandrak^
of Saffron, Root and Flower, of Folium indum, of %jimbergieete of the Jf- t

fjrian tyimomum, if it may be had ; and of the Starlet 'PoTkder which they
call Kermez. ; and (generally) of all fuch things as do inebriate and provoke
fleep. Note, that Tobacco is not taken in Root or Seed, Which are more forci-
ble ever then Leaves.
•

made of a
THe
with a
Turks have a black Powder Mineral called ^Alcohole, which
long Pencil they lay under their By e-lids* which doth colour
fine Experiment
them whereby the White of the Eye is fet off more white. With
black, Solitatjr,
touching
the fame Powder they colour alfo the Hairs of their Bye-lids, and of their Painting' of
Eye-brows, which they draw into erribo wed Arches. You mall finde that »he Body*

Xenophon maketh mention, that the LMedes ufed to paint their Eyes. The
Turk} life with the fame Tin&ure to colour the Hait of their Heads and Beards
black And divers with us that are grown Gray, and yet would appear young,*
:

finde means to mike their Hiir black, by combing it (as they fay) with a
Leiden Gomb, or the like. As for theC/>j»<?/«,whdare of an ill Complexion*
(being Olivaffer) they paint their Cheeks Scarlet efpechlly their King and
,

I
Grandees, Generally, Batbarous People that go naked * do not dnely paint
i
__^ . _ __„
,;.t
them
 ,

x 56 Statural Hiflory $

themfelves, but they pounce and rafe their skin, that the Painting may not
be taken forthyand make
it into "Vv orks ; So do the Wefl-hdians and fo did >

the ancient^Pifo zhd Britons So that itfeemeth Men would have the colours
.

of Birds Feathers, if t)iey could tell ho w,or at leaft they will have gay Skins in
(lead of gay Cloaths.

of Bathing as a part of 'Diet is left. With the Ro-

that the ufe
740.
Experiment
ITmans ftrange
is

and the Grecians it was as ufual as Eating or Sleeping ,and (0 is it ;

Solitary,
touching the
amongft the Turks at this day ; whereas with usitremaincth but as a part of
rfe of Bath- Phyfick. I am of opinion, that the ufe of it as it was with the Romans, was
ing and An-
hurtful to health for that it made the Body foftandeafieto wafte.
; For the
ointing.
Turks it is more proper, becaufe their drinking Water, and feeding upon
Rice, and other Food of fmall nourishment, maketh their Bodies Ibfolid
and hard, as you need not fear that Bathing mould make them frothy. Be-
tides, the Turks are great fittets, and feldom walk ; whereby they fweat lefs,
and need Bathing more. But yet certain it is, that Bathing, and efpecially An*
ointing, may be fo ufed, as it may be a great help to Health, and Prolongation

of Life But hereof we (hall fpeak in due place, when wecome tohandlc
Experiments Medicinal.

741.
Experiment
THe
us
have a pretty Art of Chamoletting of Taper, which is not with
Turks
They take divers Oyled Colours, and put them feverally (in
in ufe.
Solitary, drops) upon Water, and ftk the. Water lightly, and then wet their Paper
touching
Chamoletting (being of lome thicknefs) with it ; and the Paper will be waved and veined
$f Paper. like Oumolet or CMarble.

74 2 -
fomewhat Grange, that the Blopcj of
is Birds, and Beads, and Fifties, all
Experiment ITfhouldbe of a Red colour, and-onely the Blood of the Cuttle mould be
Solitary,
touching as black as Ink. A
man would think that the caufe mould be the high Con-
Cattle-In\,
eoction of that Blood,- for we fee inordinary Puddings^ thattheBoyling
turncrh the Blood to be £>lack j and the Guttle is accounted a delicate Meat,
and is much in requeue
r
i o .3. . „ .

743- -TT Land adjoyning to the

Experiment
is reported of credit, That if you take Earth from
Solitary, A River of Nile, aucl'preferve it in that manner, that it neither come to be
touching
wet nor wafted, and weigh it daily, it will not alter weight until the Se-
Encreafe ,of
Weight in venteenth of jrW, which is the day when the River beginneth to ri(e,
Earth., and then it will grow more and more ponderous till the River corneth to
,

his height. Which if it be true, it cannot be caufed but" by the Air

which then beginneth to condenfe and fo turneth within that fmall;

Mould into a degree of Moifture, which produeeth weight. Soithaxh

S 'c been obferved, that Tobacco cut and weighed, and then dry ed by |he
Fire, lofeth Weight and after being laid in the open Air, recovefeth
j

weight again. And it ftiould feeing that as foon as ever the River beginneth
to increafe,. the whole Body of the.Air thereabouts fuffereth a change For :

(that which is more ftrangej. it is credibly affirmed, that upon that very
day , when the River firft rifeth great Plagues in Cairo ufe (uddenlyto
,

breakup.r . . .

744-
Experiments
THofe that are very cold , and efpecially in their Feet, cannot get to Sleep.
Thecaiifemay be, for that in Sleep is required a free refpiration, which
in Contort,
touching cold doth fhut in and hinder: For we fee, that in great Colds, onecanfearce
Sleep. draw
 L ;;

(^cntury V 11 1-5-7

draw his Breath.Another caufc may be, for that Col J calleth the Spirits ro
fuccor , and therefore thev cannot fo well clofe, and go together in the
Head, which is ever requifite to Sleep And for the lame caulc, Pc'm and
noife hinder lleep, anddarknefs (contrariwife)furthercth flccp.

Some noiies (whereof we fpakc in the n 2 Experiment) help Sleep as ; 745

the blowing of the Wind, the trickling of Water, humming of Bees, foft
linging, reading, Sec. Thecauleis, for that they move in the Spirits a gen-
tle attention and whatfoever moveth attention, without too much labor,
;

ftilleth the natural an 1 difcurfivemotions-of the Spirits.

Sleep nourifheth, or at leaft preferveth* Bodies a long time, without 745.
other nourishment. Beads that deep in Winter, (as it is noted of wilde
Bears) during their fleep wax very though they eat nothing. Bats
fat,

have been found in Ovens, and other hollow clofe places, matted one
upon another ; and therefore it is likely that they fleep in the Winter
time, and eat nothing. Qutre whether Bees do not fleep all Winter, and
{pare their Honey. Butter-flies, and other Flies, do not onely fleep, but
lie as dead all Winter; and yet with a little heat of Sun or Fire revive again.

A Dormoufe, both Winter and Summer will fleep fome days together,
and eat nothing.

TO reftore Teeth Age, were UUdgnale Nature, it rriay be thought

in
of; but howfoever, the nature of the Teeth deferveth to be enquired
Experiments
inConfott,
touching
of, as well as the other parts of Living Creatures Bodies. Teeth and
hard Subftan-
ees in the
There be of Livittg Creatures that are of hard fub-
five parts in the Bodies Bodies of Li-
ftances the Skull-, the
; Teeth, the Bones, the Horns, artd the Nails. Thegreateft ving Crea*
tures.
quantity of hard fubftance continued, is towards the Head ; for there is the
Skull of one entireBone, there are the Teeth, there are Maxillary Bones*
7^7.
there is the hard Bone that is the Inftrument of Hearing, and thence ifluc
the Horns. So that the building of Living Creatures Bodies is like the build-
ing of a Timber-houfe, where the Walls and other parts have Columns
and Beams ; but the Roof is in the better fort of Houfes, all Tile, of Lead,
or Stone. As (or Birds, they have three other hard fubftances proper to them
the Bill, which is of the like matter with theTeeth.for no Birds have Teeth
the Shell of the Egg, and their Quills for as for their Spur, it is but a
;

Nail. Butno Living Creatures that have Shells very hard (as Oyfters, Cockles,
Muflles, Shalops, Crabs, Lobjters, Craft-fish, Shrimps, and efpccially the Tortoife)
have Bones within them, but onely little Grijlles.
Bones, after full gro w th, continue at a flay, and fo doth the SkjtU. Horns, 748.
in fome Creatures, are call: and renewed: Teeth ftand at a ftay,except their
wearing. As for Nails, they grow continually, and Bills and Beaks will over-
grow, and fometimes be caft, as in Eagles and Parrots.
Moil of the hard fubftances flie to the extreams of the Body ; as Skull, 749-
Horns, Teeth, Nails, and Beaks onely the Bones are more inward, and clad
;

with Flefli. As for the Entrails, they are all without Bones,fave that a Bone
is fometimes found in the Heart of a Stag, and it may be in fome- other

Creatures.
The Vkutt hath Brains, as a kinde ofMarroTv within it. The Back-bone 750.
hath one kinde of MarroTt, which hath an affinity with the Brain and ;

other Bones of the Body have another. The Jawbones have no Manolt> fe-
vered, but a little Tulp of MtrW* difTufed. Teeth likewife are thought to
have a kinde of Marrow diffufed, which caufeththe Senfeand Pain But it :

P is
 ;

153 j\£atural. Hiflory

is rather Sinew 5 for Marrow hath ho Senfe, no more then Blood. Horn is
alike throughout, and fo is the Nail.
75 1 None other of the hard fubftances have Scnfe, but the Teeth and the i

Teeth have Senfc>not onelyof Pain, but of Cold.

But we will leave the Enquiries of other Hard Subjlanies unto their feve-
ral places, and now enquire onelyof ihcTeetb.
752. T-ne Teeth are in Men of three kindes, Sharp, as the Fore-teeth Broad, as
;

the Back-teeth, which we call the tJMolar -teeth, or Grinders; and Pointed-teeth,
or Canine, which are between both. But there have been fomeMcn that
have had their Teeth undivided, as t>f one whole Bone with fome little
,

mark in the place of the Divifion, as 'Pyrrhus had. Some Creatures have
over-long or out growing Teeth , which we call Fangs or Tusks; as Boars,
Pikes, Salmons, and 'Dogs, though lefs. Some Living Creatures have Teeth
againft Teeth, as Men and Horfes; and fome have Teeth, efpecially their Maflcr-
teeth, indented one within another like Sales, as Lions-, and foagainhave

Dogs. Some Fishes have divers Rows of Teeth in the Roofs of their Mouths-,
as F'ikes, Salmons, Trouts, &c. andmany more in Salt- waters. Snakes and other
Serpents have venemous Teeth , which are fometimes mittaken for their
Sting.

753'
No Beaft that hath Horns hath upper-teeth
and no Beaft that hath Teeth
>

above, wanteth them below. But yet if they be of the fame kinde, it folio w-
eth not, that if the hard matter goeth not into upper-teeth, it will go into
Horns-, nor yet e converfo, for *Does that have no Horns, have no upper-
teeth.

754- Horfes have, at three years old, a Tooth put forth which they call the
Colts-tooth > and atfour years old, there eometh the Mark.tootb , which hath
a hole fo big as you may lay a Peafe within it and that weareth fliorter
;

and fhorter every year, till that at eight years old the Tooth is fmooth ,
and the hole gone 5 and then they fay, That the Markets out of the Horfes
LMouth.
755 The Teethof Men breed firftj when theChilde is about a year and
half old, and then they caft them, and new come about feven years old. But
divershave Backward-teeth come forth at twenty, yea, fome at thirty, and
forty,-. ^uAre of the manner of the coming of them forth. They tell a tale
(
of the old Countefs of De[mond, who lived till me was Sevenfcore years
old, that fhe did Dentire twice or thrice, calling her old Teeth, andothers
coming in their plice.
7*6. Teeth are much hurt by Sweet-meats, and by Painting with Mercury,
and by things over-hot, and by things over-cold, and by Rheums. And the
pain of the Teeth, is one of the (harped of pains.
757- Concerning Teeth, thefe things are to be confidered. i.The prefetving
of them. 2. The keeping of them white. 3. The drawing of them with
leraft pain. 4. The flaying and eating of the Tooth-ach. 5. The binding in
of Artificial Teeth, where Teeth have been ftrueken out. 6. And laftof
all, that great one, of reftoring Teeth in Age. The inftances thatgiveany
likelihood of reftoring Teeth in Age, are, The late coming of Teeth in
fome, and the renewing of the Beaks in Birds, which are cornmarerial with
Teeth. Jguare therefore more particularly how that eometh. And again,
the renewing of Horns. But yet that hath not been known to have been
provoked by Art therefore lettryal.be made, whether Horns may be pro-
j

cured to grow in Beafts that are not horned, and how \ and whether they
may be procured to come larger then ufual, as to make an Ox or a Deer
have
 Century Fill.
have a Head of Horns and whether the Head of a Deer, that by
greater ;
j

age more, fpictcd, may be brought again to be more branched. Fori

is

Whether by art fuch hard matter can

'

thefc tryals and the like will fhew ,

be called and provoked. It maybe tryed alfo, whether Birds may not have

fomcthingdoneto them when they are young, whereby they may be made !

to have greater or longer Bills, or greater and longer Talons And wht- :
|

ther Children may not have fome Waili or fomething to make their
,

Teeth better and ftrcngcr. Coral is in ule as an help to the Teeth of

Children.

SOme Living Creatures generate but at certain feafons of the year; as

758.
Heer, Sheep, Wilde Coneys, ejre. and moil forts of Birds and Fishes : Others Experiments
in Contort,
at any time of the year, as CMen and all Domeftick Creatures , as HorfeS,
;
touchingrhe
Hogs, 'Dogs, Cats, ejre. The caufe of Generation
atallfeafons, feemeth robe Generation
Fulnefs j Generation is from Redundance. This Fulnefs anfeth from two
for and Bearing
of Living
caufes, Either from the Nature of the Creature, if it be Hofj and Moift, and Creatures in
Sanguine, or from Plenty of Food. For the firft, Men, Horfes, T>ogs,&c. the Womb,
which breed atallfeafons, are full of Heat and Moifture; ©omarethe full-
eft of Heat and Moifture amongft Birds, and therefore breed often, the

Tame T)ove almoft continually. But Tdeer are a Mdancholick dry Creature,
as appearcth by their fearfulnefs, and the hardnelsof their Flefli. sheep are a
cold Creature, as appeareth by their mildnefs, and for that they leldom
drink. Moft forts of Birds are 'of a dry fubftance in companfon oiBeaJls-,
Fishes are cold. For the (econd caufe, Fulnefs of Food, (JMen, Kine, Supine,
Dogs, &c. feed full. And we fee* that thofe Creatures which, being Wilde,
generate feldom, being tame, generate often j which is from warmth and
fulnefs of food. "Wefinde that the time of going xoRut of IDeer is in Sep-
tember, for that they need the whole Summers Feed and Grafs to make them
fit for Generation 3 and if Rain come early about the middle of September;

they go to Rut fome what the fooncr; if Drought, fomewhat the later. So
Sheep, in refpecl of their fmail hear, generate about the fame time.or fome-
what before. But for the moft parr, Creatures that generate, at certain fea-
fons generate in the Spring; as Birds and Fifties : For that the end of the
Winter, and the heat and comfort of the Spring prepareth them. There is
alfo another reafon why fome Creatures generate at certain fealons, andthat
isthe Relation of their timeof Bearing to thetime of Generation for no ,*

Creature goeth to generate whileft the Female is full, nor whileft (he is bufie
or rearing her young; and therefore it is found by experience, that
in fitting,
if the Eggs or Young-ones out of theNeftsof Birds, they will fall
you take
to generate again three or four times one after another;

Of Living Creatures, fome are longer time in the Womb, and fome 759-
fhorter. Women go commonly nineMoneths, the Cow and the Ewe about
fixMoneths, Does go about nine Moneths, Mares eleven Moneths, Bitches
nine Weeks Elephants are faid to go two years, for the received Tra-
;

dition often years is fabulous. For Birds there is double enquiry; the di-
fcance between the treading or coupling, and the laying of the Egg and j

again, between the Egg laid, and the difclofing or hatching. And amongft
Birds there is lefs diverfity of
time then amongft other Creatures, yet fome
there is ;
fori the Hen
but three Weeks, the Turky-hen , Goofc
fitteth
and Duck) a moneth. £>ut.re of others. The caufe of the great difference
Of times amongft Living Creatures is, either from the nature of the Kind,
P 2 Of
 160
•

3\[atural hi(lory 5

or from theconftitution of the Womb, For the former, thoferhat are longer
in coming to their maturity or growth, are longer in the as is cbicflv Womb ,

feen in Men and fo Elephants, which arc long in the Womb, are long time
;

in coming to their full growth. But in moft other Kind?, the conflitiition of
the Womb (that is, the hardnefs or drynefs thereof)
is concurrent with the

former caufe. FortheColt hath about four yearsof growth, and fo the Fawn,
sndfo the Calf; but Wnclps, which come to their growth (commonly) with-
in three quarters of a year, are but nine weeks in the Womb. As for Birds as
there isleis diverfity amongft them in the time of their bringing forth, Co
there is lefs diverfity in the time of their growth, moft of them coming to
their growth within a twelve-moneth.
760. Some Creatures bring forth many youngones at a Burthen ; as Bitches,
Hares, Coneys, &c, fome (ordinarily) but one; as Women, Lionefles, &c.
This may be caufed, either by the quantity of Sperm required to the pro-
ducing one of that Kind which if lefs be required, may admit greater num-
;

ber*, if more, fewer: Or by the Partitions andCells of the Womb, which

may fever the Sperm.

j6i. THereisnodoubt but Light by Refraction will fliew greater, as well as

Experiments things coloured ; for like as a milling in the bottom of the Water will
in Confort,
touching fhew greater , fo will a Candle in a Lanthorn in the bottom of the Water. 1
Species vijible. have heard of a practice, that Glo worms in
were put in the Water to
Glafles
make the Fifh come. But I am not yet informed, whether when z'Diycr
1

diveth, having his eyesopen, and fwimmeth upon his back, whether (I fay)
he feeth things in the Air, greater or lefs. For itismanifeft, that when the
eye ftandeth in the finer medium, and the object is in the groffer, things fhew
greater^ but contrariwife, when the eye is placed inthegrofler medium, and
theobjectin the finer, howitworketh I know nor.

J&2. .
would be well boulted our, whether great Refractions may not be
It
made upon Reflexions, as well as upon direct beams. For example, we fee,
that take an empty Bafon, pur an C/Ingel of Gold, or what you will into it n
then go fo far from the Bafon till you cannot fee the Angel, becaufe it is not
in a right Line then fill the Bafon with Water, and you mall fee it out of
;

his place, becaufe of the Reflexion, To proceed therefore, put a Looking-

glafsinto a Bafon of Water; I fuppofe you fhallnot fee the Image in aright
Line, or at equal Angles, butafide. I know not whether this Experiment may
not be extended fo, as you might fee the Image, and not the Glafs j which
for beauty and ftrangenefs wereafineproof, for then you fhail fee the Image
like a Spirit in the Air. As for example, if there beaCifkrn or Pool of Water,
you mail place over sgainft it a picture of the Devil, or what you will, foas
youdo notfee the Water, thenputa Looking glafs in the Water: Now if
you can fee the Devils picture afide, not feeing the Water, it will look like a
Devil indeed. They have an old tale in Oxford, That Fryer Bawi walked be-
tween two Steeples ^ which was thought to be done by GlafTes, when he
walked upon the Ground.

7 6 3*
Experiments
in Confort.,
touching the
A Weighty Body put into Motion , is more eafily impelled fhenatfirft

when it refteth. The caufe is, partly becaufe Motion doth difcufs the
lorpourof folid Bodies, which befide their Motion of Gravity, havein them
Imfitlfi'in and aNatural Appetite not to move at all ; arid partly, becaufe a Body that reft-
Ferc7tftion,-
eth doth get, by the refinance of the Body upon which it refteth, a ftronger
'

___ compreflion
 L

Century P 1 1 161
compreffion of pares then it hath of it Cdf, and therefore hcedeth moreforce
to be: put in motion. For if a weighty Body be pcnfile, and hang but by a
thred, thepercufllon will make an impulfion very near ascafily as if it were
already morion.
in
over-great or over-fmal!, will not be thrown fo far as a Body of
A Body 7*4*
amiddlefize; fo tnat fit fecmeth) there muii be acommenfuration or pro-
portion between the Body moved, and t'heforce, tomake it move well.Thc
caufe is, becaufe to the Impulfion there is requifite the force of the Bo dy
that moveth , and the refinance of the Body that is moved ; and if the
Bodybe" too great, it yieldeth too little j and if it be too fniall, it refifteth

too little*
It is common experience, that no weight will prefs or cut Co ftrong.be-
ing laid upon a Body, as falling or ftrucken from above. It may be the Air

hath fomepart in furthering the percuflion But the chief caufe take to be, : 11

for that the parts of the Body moved, have by impulfion, or by the motion
of gravity continued, acompreffioninthemas well downwards as they have 3

When they are thrown or /hot through the Air forwards, 1 conceive alfo,
that the quick loofe of that motion preventeth the refiftance of the Body be-
low; and priority of the force (always) is of great efficacy, as appeareth in
infinite inftances.

Tlckjmg «s melt in the Sales of the Feet, and under the t^/frm-hdes, and 766.
onihtSides. The caufe is, thethinnefs of theSkin in thofe parts, joyned Experiment
Solitary,
with the rarenefs of being touched there ; for all Tickling is a light motion touching
of the Spirits, which the thinnefs of the Skin, and fuddennefs and rarenefs titillation.

of rouch do farther : For we fee a Feather or a Rufli drawn along the Lip
or- Cheek, doth tickle ; whereas a thing more obtufe* or a touch more
hard, doth nor. And for fuddennefs, we fee no man can ticklehimfelf: We
fee al(o, that the Palm of the Hand, though it hath as thin a Skin as the other
parts mentioned, yet is not ticklifli, becaufe it is accuftomed to be touched.
Tickling alio caufeth Laughter. The caufe may be the emiffion of the Spirits,
and fo of the Breath, by a from Titillation j for upon Tickling, we
flight
fee there is ever a darting or fhrinking away of the part to avoid it ; and
we fee alfo, that if you tickle the Noftrils with a Feather or Straw, it
procureth Snee"\ing , which is a fudden emiffion of the Spirits, that do
likewife expel the moifture. And Tickling is ever painful, and not well
endured.

thatthe River of Nilus overflowing, as doth theCountrey

ITofisftrange,
Egypt, there Zhou Id b'eneverthelefs or no Rain in that Countrey. little
it 7*7-
Experiment
Solitary,
The caufe muft be, either in the Nature of the Water, or in the Nature touching the
of the Air, or of both. In the Water, ir may be afcribed either unto Scarcity of
running Waters vapor not fo much Rain
in
the long race of the Water; for fwift-
Hyt<-
as (landing Waters, oreife totheconcottion of the Water; for Waters well

concocted, vapor not fomuch as Waters raw, no more then Waters upon
the fire do vapor fomuch, after fome time of boyling, as at the firft.
And it is true, that the Water of Niltais fweeter then other Waters intafte;
and it is excellent good for the Stone } and Hypochondriacal Melancholy,
which fheweth it is lenifying ; and it runneth through a Countrey of a
hot Climate, and flat, without fliade either of Woods or Hills, whereby
j
the Sun muft needs have great power ro concott it* As for the Air (from
whence I conceive this wantof Showers cometh chiefly) the caufe muft be,
r _P_j for
 ;

-<•' • -

162 3\(aturd Hiflory

for that the Air is of it Celt thin and thinty, and a* ioun as ever it gcttctji
any moifture from the Water, it imbibeih, and dflipateth it in the whole
Body of the Air, and iuffercrh ;t not tu remain in Vapor, whereby u might
breed Rain.

j6l. T hath bee n touched in the Title of Perlocarions, (namely, fuch as are in-
Experiment
Solitary >
I,.
wards) that the Whites of Eggs and Milk do clanfic; and it is certain^
touching that in 'Egypt they prepare and clarifie the Water ot T^ile, by putting it into
Clarificatian. great Jars of Stone, andftirringit about with a few damped Almond.*, where-
with ihey alfobefmear the Mouth of the VelTel and fo draw it off, after it
;

hath rcfted fome time. It were good .to try this Clarifying with Almonds in
newBeecor Mud, tohaiten and perfed the Clarifying.

jfy-
Experiment
THere be fcarce to be found any Vegetables that have Branches and no
Leaves, except you allow Coral for one. But there is alfo in thcDelarrs
Solitary,
touching of S.Mtcario in Egypt, a Plant which is long, Leafkfs, brown of colour, and
Plants with- branched like Coral, favethat itclofeth at the top. This being fet in Neater
out Ltxvis.
within Houfe, fpredeth and difplayeth ftrangely ; and the people thereabout
ha ve a fuperftiticus belief, that in the Labor of Womcnit helpcth tothe cafie
Deliverance.

770.
Experiment
THe Vemce-GlaJ?
Cryjialline
of Stones brought from
is reported to be a mixture, in equal portions,
by the River Ticinum, and the Aftiesof a
/'rfvi/,
Solitary, Weed called by the t^drabs, KaU> which is gathered in a Defart between
touching the
Materia*: of {^Alexandria and Kofettai and is by the Egyptians ufedfirfl for Fuel, and then
CI4, they crufli the Afhes into lumps likeaStone, and fafelhhem to the Venetians
for their Glafs- works.

77I. ftrange, and how long Carcaffes have continued

well to be noted,
Experiment ITuncorrupt,
is

and former Dimenfions ; as appeareth in the Mummies

in their
Solitary*
touching of Egjpt, having lafted, as is conceived (fome of them) three Moufand
Prohibition of
years. It is true, they flnde means to draw forth the Brain?, and to take
Putrefafitou,
artd the long forth the Entrails, which are the parrs apteft to corrupt. But that is no-
Confervztiun rhing to the wonder; for we fee what a foft and corruptible fubftance the
of Bodies,
Fkfli of all the other parts of the Body is. But it mould feem, that accord-
ing to our obfervation and axiom, in our hundredth Experiments, *Putre-
faction, which we conceive to be fo natural a Period of Bodies, is but an

accident, and that Matter maketh not that hafte to Corruption that is
conceived j and therefore Bodies in Aiming Amber, in Qdck-filver, in
Balm c , ( whereof wc now fpeak) in Wax, in Woney, in Gums, and (it
may be) in Coriervatories of Snow, &c. are preferved very long. It need
not go for repetition, if we rcfume again that which wefaid in the afore-
faid Experiments concerning t^nnihiUtion, namely, That if you provide
<
againft three caufes of Putrefaciion # Bodies will not corrupt. The firft is,
that the Air be excluded , for that undermineth the Body, and confpireth
with the Spirit of the Body todiflblveit. The fecond is, that the Body adja-
cent and ambient be not Commaterial, but meerly Heterogeneal towards
the Body that is to be preferved for rf nothing can be received by the
;

one,nothingcan ifTuefrom the other » fuch ate Quick-filverand Ignite Am-

ber to Herbs and Flies, and fuch Bodies. The third is, that the Body robe
preferved. be not of that grofs that it may corrupt within it felf, although no
part o.f itiffue into the Body adjacent; and therefore itmuft be rather thin
and [
 L :

Qeniury F11 163

and finall then ot Bulk. There is a fourth Remedy alfo, winch is* That if

the Body Corps is,

to be prelerved, be of bulk, as a then the Body that in-
clofeth itmuft have a virtue to draw forth and dry themoiltureof the in-
ward Body; for elfe the Putrefaction vV ill play within, though nothing ifTue
forth. I remember Livy doth relate* that there were found at a time two
Coffins of Lead in a Tomb, whereof the one contained the Body of King
Numa, it being fome* Four hundred years after his death andtheother, his *

Books of Sacred Rites and Ceremonies* and the Difcipiinc of the Pontiffs
And that in the Coffin that had the Body, there was nothing (at all) tobefeen
but a Cinders about the fides , but in the Coffin that had the
little light
Book?, they were found as frefh as if they had been but newly written, being
written in Parchment, and covered over with Watch-candles of Wax three
or four fold. By this it feemeth, that the Romans in Numa's time were not
fo good Embalmers as the Egyptians were which was the caufe that the ;

Body was utterly confumed. But 1 finde in Plutanb and others, that when
\jiugu(lus C<tfar vifited the Sepulchre of Alexander the Great in Alexandria,
he found the Body tokeephisDimenfion but wichal, that notwithstanding
',

all the Embalming (which no doubt was of the belt) the Body was fo tender,
as C&far touching but the Nofe of it, defaced ir. Which mafceth mefihde it
very flrange, thit the Egyptian Mummies fhould be reported to be as hard
as Scone-pitch For I hndeno difference but one, which indeed may be
:

very material namely, that the ancient Egyptian Mummies were flirowded
>

in a number of folds of Linnen* befmeared with Gums, in manner of

Sear-cloth i which it doth not appear, was pra&Tcd upon the Body of
K^/iltxander.
'

•
ru

NHar the Caftie of Cdtie, and by the Wells Afpti, in the Land of Idutiua, 77 1.
Experiment
a great part of the way, you would think the Sea were near hand,
Solitary,
though it be a gooddiftance of: And it' ft nothing,- butthefhiningof the touching trie
Nitre upon the Sea-fands j fuch abundance rof Nitre the Shores there do put yfbundemet

forch. of Nitre in
certain Sea •

jharet.

THe Dead.Sea which vorhiteth up Bitumen,

Living Bodies, bound hand and
,

and have been borne

foot,
is

caft into
of thit Croifitude, as
it,
7J\>
Experiment
up and not funk: Which flieweth, that all finking into Water, is but an over- Solitary,
touching
weight of the Body put into the Water, in refpeft of the Water 5 fo thu Bodies that
you may make Water fofttong andheavy of J>Hiick-filver, ( perhaps ) or the are borne up

like, as may bear up Iron ; of which I fee no ufe, but Impofture. We by Water,

fee alfo, that all Metals, except Gold, for the fame reafon fwim upon
Quick filven

IT is reported, that at the Foot of a Hill near the CMate mortuum, there is a
J- Black Stone (whereof Pilgrims make Fires) which burncih like a Coal and
Experiment
diminiflieth nor, but onely waxeth brighter and whiter. That it fhould do Solitary,
fo, is not ftrange ; for we fee Iron red hot burncth and cbnfumeth not. touching
Fuel ihtt con-
But the ftrangenefs is, that it fhotJld continue any time fo for Iron, as ; fumeth lit tie ot
foon as it is out of the Fire, deadeth ftraight-ways. Certainly, it Were a nothing.
'

thing of great ufe and profit, if you could finde out Fuel that would
burn
hot, and yet laft long Neither am I altogether incredulous, but there
:

may be fuch Candles as (they fay) are made of Salamanders Wool, being a
kinde of Mineral which whiteneth alfo in the burning, and confumeth
not.
The Question is this. Flame muff be made of fomewhat \ andcommonlv it
- .. - . s«
Js
»^
 - ;

164 Statural hiflory $

is made of fome Body which hath weight but ic is not impolTible,

tangible ;

perhaps, thatit fhould bemade of Spirit or Vaporin 3 Body, (which Spirit

or Vapor hath no weight) fitch as is the matter of Ignu fatuus. But then you
will fay, that that Vapor alio can laft but a fhontime. To that it may bean-
fwered, That by the help of Oyl and Wax, and other Candle-fluff, the flame
may continue, and the wiek not burnt.

775- SEa-coal laft ; and Charcoal of Roots being coaled

longer then Char-coal ,

Experiment into great pieces longer then ordinary Charcoal.

laft Turf, and Teat,
Solitary,
Oecnnomical
and Coin -/beards are cheap Fewels, and laft long. Small-coal or Char-coal pour-
touching cheap ed upon Char-coal make them laft longer.. Sedge is a cheap Fewel to Brew
Feted. or Bake with, the rather, becaufe it is good for nothing elfe. Tryal would
be made of fome mixture of Sea-coal with Earth, or Cbalk^; for if that mix-
ture be, as the Sea-coal-men u(e it privily , to make the Bulk cf the Coal
greater, it is deceit ; but if it be ufed purpofely, and bemade known, it is

laving.

776. Is day inufe InGaza, to couch Pot-sherds or Veffels of Earth in their

at this
Experiment ITWahy to gather the Wind from the top, and topafs it down in Spouts
Solitary,
touching the Into Rooms. It is a device for frefhnefs in great Heats. And it is faid, there
Gathering of are fome Rooms in/w/yand .fyrfi» for frefhnefs, and gathering the Winds and
Wind far
Frejhnef. <
Air in the Heats of Summer ; but they be but Pennings of the Winds, and
enlarging them again, and making them reverberate , and go round in Cir-
cles, rather then this device of Spouts in the Wall.

777- •Here would be ufed much diligence in the choice of fome Bodies and
Experiment Places (as were) for the tafting of Air, todikover the wholefomencfs
it
Solitary,
rouching the or unwholefomnefsaswell of Seafons, as of the Seats of Dwellings. It is
Tryali of certain, that there be fome Houfes wherein Confitures and Pies, will gather
Mould more then in others and I am perfwaded, that a piece of raw Flefh
*>

or Fifh, will fooner corrupt in fome Airs then in others. They be noble
Experiments that can make this difcovery > for they ferve for a Natural
Divination of Sealons, better then the Aftronomers canby their Figures;
and again, they teach men where to chufe their dwelling for their better
health.

778. THere is a kindeof Stone about Bethlehem which they grinde to powder,
Experiment and put into Water, whereof Cattel drink, which maketh them give
Solitary,
touching more Milk. Surely, there would be fome better Tryals made of Mixtures
Jncreaftng of of Water m Ponds for Cattel, to make them more Milch, or to fatten them,
Alill^ in
or to keep them from ^Murrain. It may be, Chalk, and Nitre are of the
Mill^Beap.
beft.

reported, thatinthe Valley near the Mountain Camel in Jtdea, there

is
779.
Expoirtrcnt
ITisa Sand, which of other, hath moft affinity with Glafs inlomucb, as
all
Solit^y,'
other Minerals laid in it, turn to a glallie fubftance without the fire and ;
tew thing
Sandpf ths again, Glafs put into ir, turneth into the Mother-fand. The thing is very
Natwe of ftrange, if itbetrue 5 and it is iikelieft to be caufed by fome natural Furnace
GUfi.
of Heat in the Earth , and yet they do not fpeak of any Eruption of Flames
Itweregood to try inGlafs works, whether the crude Materials of Glafs
mingled with Glafs, already made and remoulten,do not facilitate the making
of Glafs with iefs heat,
In
 1

Century V 6 >

theSea, upon the South -Weft of Sicily, much Coral is found. It is Sub-
-i 7S0:
INmarine Plant, it hath no leaves, it branchcth onely when it is under W.i- Experiment
Solitary,
ter; it isand green of colour; but being brought into the Air, it be- rout hir.f the
fofr,
p
cometh hard, and ihining red, as we fee. It is faid alfo to have a white Growth of
Cord.
Ikrry, but we finde it not brought over with the Coral Belike it is caft away t

as nothing worth. Idqnire better of it, for the difcovery of the Nature of
the Plant.

He LMxma of Calabria moft plenty. Tney gnher 78l.

T from the Leaf of the LMulbenj-tree
is the heft, and in

grow in the Vjlleys And Manna talleth upon the Leaves by nighr, as other
:
; but not ot fuch tJMulberry tree's as
it
Experiment
Solitary,
touching the
Dews do. It fhould feern, that before thofe Dews come upon Trees in the Gathering of
Manna.
Valleys, they diffipate andcannothold out. It fhould teem alfo, the Mul-
berry-leaf it felf hath fome coagulating virtue, which infpiffateth the Dew,
for ibat it is not found upon other Trees And we fee by the Silk wormi :

which feedeth upon that Leaf, what a dainty fmooth Juice it hath; and the
Leaves alto (efpecially of the Black Mulberry) are fome what briftly, which
may helptopreferve the Dew. Certainly, it were not amifstoobferve a lit-
tle better the Dews that fall upon Trees or Herbs growing on Mountains ; for
it may be, many Dews fall that fpend before they come to the Valleys. And
I fuppofc, that he that would gather the belt 'May Dew for Medicine^ fhould
gather it from the Hills.

they have a manner

is fai'cfj to prepare ihcitGreek^Winesy to keep them 78l.
ITfrom Fuming and Inebriating, by adding fome Sulphur or xjiUum ; whereof Experiment
Solitary,
the Unctuous, and the other is Aftringent. And certain it is, that
one is touching tfee
Corre&ing of
thofe two Natures do reprefs the Fumes. This Experiment would be tranf-
Wine.,
ferred unto other Wine and Strong-Beer, by putting in fome likeSubftances
while they work; which may make them both to Fume lefs, and to inflame
lefs,

by fome,~ (not improbably) that the reafori why Wild-

ITfires conceived
is

/whereof the principal ingredient Bitumen) do not quench with is

7S3.
Experiment
Solitary,
Water, is, for that the firft concretion of Bitumen, is a mixture of a fiery and touching the
watry fubftance ; fois not Sulphur. This appeareth, for that in the place near MaterUh of
Tuteoli, which they the Court of yulcari, you (hall hear under the
call Wildfire,

Earth a horrible thundring of Fire and Water conflicting together i and

there break forth alfo Spouts ot boiling Water. that place yield- Now
cth great quantities of Bitumen ; whereas c_<£W, and Vefuviui, and the like,
which confift upon Sulphur^- fhoot forth Smoak, and Afhes, and Pumice,
but no Water. It!s reported alfo, that Bitumen mingled with Lime, and put
under Water, will make,as it were,an artificial Rockj the fubftance becometh
fohafd.

T Here is a Cement compounded of Flower, Whites of Eggs, and Stone 7§ 4:

Experiment
powdred, that becometh hard as Marble, wherewith fPifcina Mirabilis, Solitary,
near Cuma, is faid ro have the Walls plaiftered. And it is certain, and tried, jtouchio
that the Powder of Load-ftoneand Flint, by the addition of Whites of Eggs
[ Ij^JlSu
"mg as 1

jand Gum-dragon, made into Pafte,* will in a few days harden to the hardnefs Marble.
of a Stone,
+
h
 166 Statural Hiflory 5

7*1* hath been noted by the t^Antients, that

in full or impure Bodies, U'ccrs
Experiment ITor Hurts in the Legs hard to cure, and in the £L*ad more cade. The
are
Solitary,
touching caufe is, for that Ulcers or Hurts in the Legs require Dcficcation, winch by
Judgment of the defluxion of Humors to the lower parts is hundred whereas Hurts and ,

Iilie Cure in
fame Inkers
Ulcers in the Head require it nor 5 bir, contrariwife, Drynefs makerh them
and Hum. more apt to Confolidate. And in Modern oblcrvation, the like difference
hath been found between French-men and Englifh men whereof the ones
;

Conftirution is more dry, and the others more moift :And therefore a Hurt
of the He^d is harder to cure in a French-man, and of the Leg in an Engliih.
man.

7%6. hath been noted by the tyinciems, that Southern Winds blowing much
Experiment ITwithout Rain, do caufc a levorous Dijpojjtion of rhe Tear but with Rain,
;
Solitary,
touching the not. The caufe is, do of themlelves qualifie the Air
for that Southern Winds
Healthfulnefi to be apt to caufe Fevers but when Showers are joyned, they do refrigerate
;
or Vnbeahh-
in part, and check the foultry Heat of the Southern Wind. Therefore this
fulnefiof the
Southern holdeth not in the Sea-coaft?, becaufe the vapor of the Sea without Showers
Wind.
doth refceili.

787. hath been noted by the Ancients, that Wounds which are made with
Experiment ITBrafs, heal more eafily then Wounds made with Iron. The caufe is, for
Solitary,
touching that Brafs hath in it felf aSanative virtue, and fo in the very inftant helpcth
Wounds*
fomewhatj but Iron is Corrolive, and not Sanative. And therefore it were
good that the Inftruments which are ufed by Chirurgions about Wounds
were rather of Brafs then Iron.

73s. N the cold Countreys, when Mens Nofes and Ears are mortified, and (as
Experiment itwere) Gangrened with cold, if chey come to a Fire, they rot off pre-
Solitary,
touching
fently. The caufe is, for that the few Spirits that remain in thofe parts are
Mortification fuddenly drawn forth, and fo Putrefaction is madecompleat. But Snow put
by Cold.
upon themhelpeth, for that itprefetveth thofe Spirits that remain till they
can revive ; and befides, Snow hath in it a fecret warmth as the LMonk >

proved out of the Texr, ^ui dat Nivemfieut Lanam, Gelu ficut Cineres fyargit ;
whereby he did infer, that Snow did warm like Wool, and Froft did fret like
Ames. Warm Water alfo doth good, becaufe bylittle and little it openeth
the pores, without any fudden working upon the Spirits. This Experiment
may be transferred unto the cure of Gangrenes, either coming of themfelves,
or induced by too much applying of Opiates wherein you muft beware of
;

dry Hear, and refort to things that are Refrigerant, with an inward warmth
and virtue of cherilhing.

789. \ yj Eigh Iron and Aqua-form feverally, then diflbl ve the Iron in the Aqua-
Experiment
Solirary,
Vy fonts, and weigh the Diflblution 5 andyoufhallfindeit tobeatasgood
touching weight as the Bodies did feverally, notwithftanding agooddeal of wafte
Wiight. by a thick vapor that iffueth during the working v which flieweth, that the
opening of a Body doth increale the weight. This wastryed once or twice,
butl know not whether there were any Error in the TryaL
79b.
Experiment
j
Solitary, TAke of Aqtia-forw two Ounces, of Jjhihksfiher two Drachms, (for that
touching the bear) the Diflblution will
charge the %y!quafortU will bear a Flint not
Supernatititi of
as big as a Nutmeg; yet ( no doubt ) the increafmg of the weight of
Bodies.
"Water
 : ,

(^cntury v III. 16

Water will incrcaie his power of bearing; as wetee Broyn, when it is (air
enough, will bear an Egg. Andl remember Well a Pnyfitian, that tiled to
give ionic M neral Bath* for the Gout &c. And the Body when it Was puc
into die Bun, could nor s^et down fj cafily as in ordinary Water. But it feerii'

eth, the weight of the Qmckfilver, more then the weight of a Stone, doth
not compenfo the weight of aS'tone,more then the weight of the ^tqua-fortit.

there be Body of unequal weight, (as of Wood and Lead, or Bone 79 -

LEt
I
a
Experiment
and Lead;) it you throwit from you with the light end forward, it will
Solitary,
.turn, and the weightier end recover to be forwards, unlefs theBody be
will touching the

over-long* The caufe is, for that the more Denfe Body hath a ore violent m Flying of un-
equal Bodies
prelTure of the parts from the firft impuUion which is the caufe (though
>
in the Slir.

heretofore not found out, as hath been often ftid) of all Violent Motions
And when moveth fwifter (for that it lefs endureth preffure of
the hinder part
parts) then the for ward part can make way for it, it muft 'needs be that the
Body turn over; for (turned) it can more eafily draw forward the lighter part.
GaliUus noteth it well, That if an open Trough, wherein Water is, be driven
fafter then the Water can follow, the Water gathereth upon an heap to-
wardsthe hinder end, where the motion began j which hefuppofeth (hold-
ing confidently the motion of theEatth) to be the caufe of the Ebbing and
Flowing of the Ocean, becaufhheEarth overrunneth the Water. Which
Theory though it be falfe, yet the firft Experiment is true as for the inequa- »

lity of the prelTure of parts, itappeareth manifeftly in this, That if you take

a body of Stone or Iron, and another of Wood, of the fame magnitude and
fhape, and throw them with equal force, you cannot poffibly throw the
Wood fo far as the Stone Or Iron*

certain (as
is hath it in part touched) that Water maybe
been formerly
ITthtLMediumoi Sounds. If youdafha Stone againft aStone in the bottom 79 1 -

Experiment
of the Water, it makes a Sound ; fo a long Pole ftrucfc upon Gravel, in the Solitary,

bottom of the Water, maketh a Sound. Nay, if you mould think that the touching
Watery that it
Sound cometh up by the Pole* and not by the Water, you (hall findethat an may be the
Anchor let down by a Rope maketh aSonnd; and yet the Rope is no folid Medium of
Sounds.
Body* whereby the Sound can afcend.
o

A LI objects of the Senfes which are very ofTenflve, do caufe the Spirits
to retire; and upon their flight, the parts are fin fome degree) deftiture,
and 10 there is induced in them a trepidation and horror. For Sounds, we
793.
Experiment
Solitary
of the Flight
fee, that the grating of a Saw, or any veryharfli noife, willfet the Teeth on
of the Spirits
edge, and make all the Body fliiver. ForTaftes, we fee, that in the taking of upon odiout
a Potion, or Pills, the Head and the Neck make. For odious fmells, thelike ObjeBs.

efifeft followeth, which is lefs perceived, becaufe there is a remedy at hand,

by flopping of the Nofe. But in Horfes* that can ufe no fuch help, we fee
the fmell of a Carrion, efpecially of a dead Horfe, maketh them flie away,
andtakeonalmoft, as if they were mad. For Feeling, if you comeout of the
Vt MB •

Sun fuddenly into a made, there followeth achilnefsorfhiveringin all the

Body And even in Sight, which hath (in effect) no odious objeft, coming in-
.

to fudden darknefs, induceth an offer to fhiver.

794-
Experiment
THere is in the City of Jic'mum in Italy, a Church that hath Windows
Solitary,
onely from above; it is in Length an hundred Feet, in Bredth twenty touching the
Feet, and in [Height near fifty, having a Door in the midft. Super- t\cflcxi-
Itreporteth,
on [of Echoes,
—
.

1 . >* i -.
-
.
----- the
 , ;

168 ZhQatuYal Hijlory

the voice twelve or thirteen cimes. If youftand by the clofe end-wall over
againft the Door, the Echo fadcth anddiethby little and little, as the Echo
atTom-Cbarenton doth, and the Voice founduh as if itcamefrom above the
Door and if youftand atthelower end, or on eirherlide of the Door, the
;

Fcho holdeth,- but if you ftand in the Door,or in the midftjutt over againft
the Door, not. Note, that all Echoes found better againft old Walls then
new,becaufe they are more dry and hollo w»

795.
Experiment
THoie effects which are wrought by thepercuflion of the Scnfe, and by
things in Fad, areproduced likewise in fome degree by the Imagina-
Solitary,
touching the tion Therefore if a man fee another eat four or acidc things, which fet the
:

force of Imagt-
Teeth on edge, this object tainteth the Imagination ; fo that he that feeth
nationt Imi-
tating that of the thing done by another, hath his own Teeth alio fet on edge. So if a man
the Senftm fee another turn fwiftlyand long, or if he look upon Wheels
him- that turn,
felf waxeth Turn-nek. So if a man be upon a high place, without Rails, or
good hold, except he be ufed to it, he is ready to fall for imagining a fall,;

it putteth his fpirits into the very action of a fall. So many upon the feeino-

of others Bleed, or Strangled, or Tortured, themfelves are ready to faint,

as if they bled, or were in ftrife.

796.
Experiment
TAke a Stocky Gillifioiver, and tie gently upon a ftick, and put them both
it

both into a Stoop-glafs full of Quick-filver , fo that the Flower be

Solitary
touching covered then lay a little weight upon the top of the Glafs, that may keep
;

Prefervatfon the ftick down and look upon them after four or five day?, and you fhall
;

Bodies.
#f finde the Flower frefh, and the Stalk harder andlefs flexible then it was.
If you compare it with another Flower, gathered at the fame time, it will
be the more manifeft. This fheweth, that Bodies do preferve excellently in
Quick-filver ; and not preferve oncly, but by thecoldnefs of the Quick-filver,
indurate. For the frefhnefs of the Flower may bemeerly Confervation,
(which is the more tQbeobferved,becaufetheX^c^./»/mprcffeth the Flower)
but the ftifnefs of the Stalk cannot be without Induration from the cold (as
it fecmeth) of the Quick film.

797- reported by fome of the ^/Indents, Thatinf^rathereisakindc of

Experiment IT is

Iron, thatbeingcut into little pieces, aod put into the ground, if it be well
Solitary,
touching the watered, will encreafe into greater pieces. This is certain, and known of old,
Grotvth or
that Lead will multiply and encreafe 5 as hath been feen in old Statues of
Multiplying
of Metals.
Stone, which have been put in Cellars, the Feet of them being bound with
Leaden bands 5 where (after a time) there appeared, that the Lead did fwell,
infomuch> as it hanged upon the Stone like Warts.
1

798. Call that drowning of Metals, when the baler Metal is fo incorporate
Experiment
Solitary,
I with the more rich, as it can by no means be fe'parated again ; which is a
touchingthc kindeof Verfbn, though falfe ; as if Silver fhould be infeparably incorpo-
Drowning of rated withOold, or Copper and Lead with Silver. The Ancient Elettrum had
the more Bafe
Metal, in the in it a fifth of Silver to the Gold, and made a Compound Metal, as fit for
I more Preciout. moft ufes as Geld, and more refplendent, and more qualified in fome
other properties 5 but then that was eaflly feparated. This to do privily,
orto make the Compound pals for the rich Metal fimple, is an adulteration
or counterfeiting ; but if it be done avowedly and without diiguiftrig, it

may be a great favingof the richer Metal. I remember to have heard of

a man skilful in Metals, that a fifteenth part of Silver incorporate with
Gold
 Century V'III. 169

onely Subftance which hath nothing in it Volatile, and ycc 799-

GOMisthe Exncrimenc
melteth without much difficulty. The Melting fne'wcth, chat it is noc Solitary,
jejune or fcarce in Spirit. So that the fixing of it isnotwahtof Spirit to flic touching
Fixation of
out, but the equal fpreding of the Tangible parts, and the clofc coacerva- Bodiei.
tion of them 5 whereby they have the lels appetite, and no means (at all) to
ifTue forth.It were good therefore to try whether GlafsRc-moltcn, do lofe

any weight > for the parts in Glafs are evenly fpred, but they are not fo clofe
as in Gold as we lee by the eafle admiffion of Light, Heat, and Cold, and
;

by the fmalnefs of the weight. There be other Bodies fixed, which iiave lit-
tleor no Spirit, fo as there is nothing to flie out,- as we fee in the Stuff, where-
of Coppelsare made, which they put into Furnaces, upon which Firework-
eth not. So that there are three caufes of Fixation the Evcn~fpreding both
5

of the Spirits and Tangible parts j the Clofenef of the Tangible parts and the Je- •

junenefi or Extream Comminution of Spirits : Of which three, the two firft may
bejoyned with a Nature Liquejiable, thclaft not.

SOO.
is a profound Contemplation in Nature, to confider, of thcEmptin^fs (as we
ITmay call it) or Infatisfaction of fevcral Bodies,and bf their appetite to take
Experiment
Solitary,

Air takcth in Lights, and Sounds, and Smells, and vapors And touching .the
in others; :

Hejltefs Na-
it is moft manifeft, that it doth it with a kindc of Thirft, as not fatisficd with ture of Things
his own former Confiftencc for clfe it would never receive them in fo Sud-
,* in themfetvesi
and their Z>e-
denly and eafily. Water and all Z/^mw do haftily receive dry and more Ter- change.
fi're to

reftrial Bodies proportionable ; and Dry Bodies, on the other fide, drink in
Waters and Liquors So that (as it was well faid by one of the Ancients, of
:

e
Earthy and Watry Subftahces) one is a Glue to another. Pdrchments>$$ifa i
Cloth, &d drink in Liquors; though themfelves be entire Bodies, and hot

comminuted, as Sand and A/hes, Hor apparently poroUs^ t^w/j themfelves

do receive in readily Strong Waters, and S'trong-'todierslikcwiCe do readily pierce
into Metals and Stones and that Strong-letter will touch upon Gold, that will
•>

not touch upon Silver, and e converfo. And Gold, which feemeth by the weight
to be the cloleft and mofi folid Body, doth greedily drink in Jguifi^filver. And
it feemeth, that this Reception of otherBodicsisnot violent, for it is (many
-

times^ reciprocal, and, as it Were, with coriferit. Of the caufc of this, and to
what Axiom it may be referred, confider attentively for as for the pretty
,•

affertion,That ^Matter is like a Common Strumpet that defireth all Porms, it is

but a Wandring Notion. Onely Flame doth not content it felf to take in any
other Bodybut cither to overcome, and turn another Body into
; it felf, as
by victory, or itfelf to die' and go out.

a NATURAL
 •

n
i El

.•.-.'
 - :

1 7 t
- i''l I
' " >-—

}ftlU J&K\

NATURAL
HISTORY
Century IX.

T is certain, That all though they

Bodies whatfoever, Experiments
in Confoit,
have no Senfe, yet they have Perception For when :
touching
one Body is applied to another, there is akindc of Electi- Perttpthn ]n
fcudies Iv^h-
on, to embrace that which is agreeable, and to exclude iindiks
fiblty
or expel that which is ingrate And whether the Body
:
to Natural
Divinaiioii or
be alterantor altered 5 evermorfc a Perception precedeth
Subtii Tryati.
Operation » for clfe all Bodies would be alike one to an-
other. And fometimes this Perception in fome kinde
of Bodies isfar more fubtil then the Senfe j fo that the Senfe is but a dull thing

incomparifon of it. We lead difference of

lee a ffeather-glaf will findc the

the Weather in Heat or Cold, vrhen Men finde it not. Andthis Perception
alfois fometimes atdiftance, as well as upon the touch; as when the Load-
ftone draweth Iron, or Flame fireth
Naphtha of Babylon agreatdiftanceoff.
It is therefore a fubjecr of a very Noble Enquiry, toenquireof the more fubtil

'Perceptions \ for it is another Key to open Nature, as well as the Stnfe, and
fometimes better And befides, it is aprincipal means of Natural Divination
: ;

for that which in thefe Perceptions appeareth early > in the great effecls
cometh long after. It is true alfo, that it ferveth to difeoverthat which is
hid, as well as to foretel that which is to come, as it is in many fubtil Tryals
As to try whether Seeds be old or new, the Senfe cannotinform butif you ;

boil them in Water, the new Seeds will fprout fooner. And fo of Wacer,
the tafte will notdifcover the belt Water but the fpeedy confuming of it,
>

and many other means which we have heretofore fet down, willdifcover it;
So in all Thyftognomy.the Lineaments of the Body will difcoyerthofc Natural
Inclinations of the Mindc, which Diflimulation will conceal, orDifcipline
will fupprefs. We fhall therefore now handle onely thofe twoTerceptions
which pertain to T^atural ^Divination and Difcoveryj leaving the handling of
Q. 1 .
Perception
 ,

172. 3\Qttural hiftory ;

Terception in other things to be difpofcd elffthere. Now i t is true, that © j-

vinatiort is attained by other www ; as if you know the caufes> if you know
the Concomitants,youmay judge of the effect to follow and the like may be ,•

faid of Difcovery. But we tye our felvcs here to that 'Divination and 'Difcovery
chiefly, which is caufedby an early or fubtil Perception.
The aptnefs or propenfion of Air or Water to corrupt or putrefie,
(no doubt) is to be found before it break forth into manifeft effects of Dif-
eafes,Blading, or the like. will therefore We fet down fome Prognofticks
of Peftilential and unwholfome years.

Sox',
The Wind blowing much from the South without Rain, and Worms
Oak-Apple, have been fpoken of before. Alto the plenty of Frogs,
in the
Grafhpppcrs, Flies, and the like Creatures bred of Putrefaction,doth portend
Peftilential years.

802. Great and early Heats in the Spring, (and namely in CMay) without
Winds, portend the fame. And generally fo do years with little Wind or
Thunder.
803, Great Droughts in Summer, lafting till towards the end of t^Augusl,
and fome gentle fhowers upon them, andthen fome dry weather again, do
portend a Peftilent Summer the year following For about the end of :

Augufl, all the fweetnefs of tne Earth which goeth into Plants or Trees is
exhaled ; (and much more if the Augufl be dry ) fo that nothing then
can breath forth of the Earth but a grofs vapor, which is apt to corrupt
the Air and that vapor by the firft fhowers, if they begentlc, is releafed,
;

and cometh forth abundantly. Therefore they that come abroad foon
after thofe fhowers are commonly taken with ficknefj. And in Africk no
Body will ftir out of doors after the firft fhowers. But if the firft fhowers
come vehemently , then they rather wafh and fill the Earth, then ^ive
it leave to breath forth prefently. But if dry weather come again, then
it fixeth and continueth the corruption of the Air upon the firft: fhowers

begun, and maketh it of ill influence even to the next Summer, ex-
cept a very Frofty Winter difcharge it, which feldom fucceedcth fuch
Droughts.

804, The leffer Infections of the Small-Pox, Purple leavers] Agues in the Sum-
mer and hovering all Winter, do portend a great Peftilence
precedent,
in the Summer following For Putrefaction doth not rife to its height at
:

once. ;

805, It were good to lay a piece of raw Flefli or Fifh in the open Air j

and if it a fign of a difpofition in the Air to Pu-

putrefie quickly, it is

trefaction. And becaufe you cannot be informed, whther the Putrefacti-

on be quick or late, except you compare this Experiment with the
like Experiment in another year ; it were not amifs in the fame year,
and at the fame time* to lay one piece of Flefli or Fifh in the open Air,
and another of the fame kinde and bignefs Within doors: For I judge,
r
that general di pofition sbe in the Air to putrefie, the Flcfh or Fifh
if a

willfooner putrefie abroad, where the Air hath more power then in the
Houfe, where it hath lefs, being many ways corrected. And this Experi-
ment would be m,ade about the end of CMarcb ; for that fcafon is likeft to
difcover what the Winter hath done, and what the Summer following will/
do upon the Air. And becaufe the Air (no doubtY recti veth great tincture |
and infufion from the Earth , it were good to fry that expofing of Flefhl
or'
1 1 » "i'H< iW-.Afc.4to4T-T
'
 £entury I X.
111
or Fifh both upon a Stake of Wood, iome height above the Earth, and

upon the flat of the Earth.

whether putrefie quickly, or no; for that, 806.
Take ChUy DevV, and fee it

likewife may difclofe the quality of the Air, and vapor of the Earth, more
or lefs corrupted.
A dryMarch, and a dry May, portend a wholefome Slimmer, if there be 807.
a fhowring April between > but otherwifeit is a fign of a eftHernialyear. T
As the difcovery of thedifpofitionof the Air is good for the prognojlicks 808.
of wholefome and unwholefome years Co it is of much more u/e for the
;

choice of places to dwell in; attheleaft for Lodges andRetiring-places for

Health, (for Manfion Houf-s refpeft provifions as well as health) wherein
the Experiments above mentioned may lerve.
But for thechoice cf Places or Seats, it is good to make tryal, riotonely 800.
of aptnefs of Air to corrupt* but of the moifture and drynefs of the
alio

Air,and the temper of it may concern health diverfly.

in heat or cold; for that

We fee that thete be frmeHoufcs wherein S»eet Meats will relent, and Baked
Meats will mould, more then in others; and Wainfcots will alfo fweat more, fo
that they willalmoft iun with Water : All which (no doubr) are caufed chief-
ly by the moiftnefs M the Air in thofc Seats. But becauf; it is better to know
it before a Mm buildeth his Houfe, then tofinde it after, take the Experiments
following-
Lay Wool, or a Sponge, or Bread in the place you would try, comparing %icl
it With fome other places/ and fee whether it
doth not moilren, and make
the Wool or Sponge, Sccmore ponderous then the other And if it do, you :

may judge of that place, as (ituate inagrofs and moift Air.

Becaufe it is certain that in fome place* ,eithcr by theNature of the Earth, n.
or by the fituation of Woods arid Hills, the Air is more unequal then in
others; and inequality of Air is ever an enemy to health: Itweregood to
take two Weather. Glafles, matches in all things, and to £:t them for the fame
hours of one day in feveral places where no (hade is nor enclofurcs ; and to
mark when you fee them, how far the Water cometh ; and to compare them
when you come again, bow the Water frandeth then. And if you finde them
unequal, you may be fure, that the place where the Water isioweft is in the
warmer Air, and the otherin the Colder. And the greater the inequality is
of the afcent or defcent of the Water, the greater is the inequality ot the
temper of the Air.
The of cold and long Winters, and hot and dry
Predictions likewife 812.
Summers, are good to be known, as welt for the difcovery of the cauf.s,
as for divers Provifions. That of Tlentyof Haivs, and Heps, and Bryar-Berries}
hath been fpoken of before. If Wainfeot or Stene, that have uf;d to fwear, be
more dry in the beginning of Winter, or the drops of the Eavs of Houfes
come more (lowly down then they uf* ', it porrendeth ahard andfrofty Win*
ter. The caufe is,forthatitmeweth an inclination of the Air to dry Weather,
which isevcrjoyned with Froft.
in Wir.ter
Generally amoid and a cool Summer, pdrtendeth ahard Winter. The 813.
caufe is, for that the vapors c f the Earth arc not diflipated in the Summer by
the lun and fo they rebound upon the Winter.
;

A hot and dry Summer and Autumn, and efpecially if the heat and
:

*r 4.
drought extend fir into ?rptember, porrendeth an open beginning of Winter,
and colds to fucceed toward the latcer part of the Winter, and the beginning
jofthe Spring. For till then the former heat and drought bear the fway, and
the vapors are not fufficiently multiplied.

__ Ql3 ........ „ An
 174 3\Qitural Hiftory ;

815. An open and warm Winter portendcth a hot and dry Summer For the :

Vapors difperfe into the Winter fliowers whereas Cold and Froft keep.
;

eth them in, and tranfporteth them into the late Spring and Summer fol.
'&•
8l£. Birds that u(e to change Countrevs at certain Seafons if they come
earlier, do mew the temperature of Weather according
ro that Countrcv
whence they came: As the Winter- Birds, (namely, Woodcocks, Feldefares. c .) &
if they come earlier, and out of the T^orthernCountreys, wuh us (hew
cold
Winters. And if it be
fame Gountrey, then they fhew a temperature
in the

of Seafon, like unto that Seafon in which they come usS^aUons Bats ;

Cuckoesy&c. that come towards Summer, if they come early, /hew a hoc
Summer to follow.
817. ThtTrognofticks more immediate of Weather to follow foon after, are
more certain then thofeof Seafons: The Rcfounding of the Sea upon the
Shpre, and the Murmur of Winds in the Woods, without apparent Wind,
fhew Wind tofollow. For fuch Winds, breathing chiefly cut of the Earth,
arenotatthefirft perceived, except they be pent by Water or Wood. And
therefore^ Murmur out of Caves likewife portendethasmuch.
818. The Upper Regions of the Air, perceive the Collection of the matter of
Tempeftand Winds before the Air here below. And therefore the obfeuring
of thefmaller Star?, isafignof Tempefts following. And of this kinde you
flull findc a number of inftanccsinour inquifnion de Ventis.

819. Great Mountains have aPerception of the difpofition of the Air to Tem-
pefts fooner.then the Valleys or Plains below. And therefore they fay in Wales,
When certain Hills have their Night-caps on, thej me,.aunifchief. The caufe is, for that.
Tempefts which are for the moftpart bred, alaove in the Middle Region, (as
they call it) are fooneft perceived to collect in the places next it.

820. The Air and Fire have fubtil Perceptions of W|nd rifing before Men
finde ic. We fee the trembling of a Candle will difcover a Wind, that other-
wife we do
not feel; and the Flexious burningpf flames doth fhew the Air
beginneth to be unquiet ; and fo do Coals of fire, by cafting off the afhes
more then they ufe. The caufe is, for that no Wind at thefirit, till it hath
ftruck and driven the Air, is apparent to the Senfe ; but flame iseafier to
move then Air. And for the Afhes, itisnomarvel though Wind unperceived
fh „ke them off for we ufualiy try which way the Wind bloweth, by calling
•>

up Grafs or Chaff, or fuch light things into the Air.

82,1. When Wind expircth from under the Sea, as it caufeth fome refound
ings of the Water, ('whereof wefpake before) fo it caufeth fome light mo-
tions of Bubbles, and white Circles of Froth. The caufe is, for that the
Wind canpot be perceived by the Senfe, until there be an Eruption of a great
fjuantityfrom under the Water, and fo. itgettethintoaBody, whercasinthe
firft putting up, it cometh in little portions.

822. We fpakeof the Afhes that Coals caft off, and of Grafs and Chaff car-
ried by the Wind; fo any light thing that moveth when we find no Wind,
flieweth a Wind at hand As" when Feathersor Down of ThiRIesflie to and
:

fro in the Air.

For Prognoflicksoi Weather from Living Creatures, it is to be noted, That
Creaiures that live in the open Air {fubdio) rauft needs have a quicker
impreflion from the Air, then Men that live moft within doors i and efpe-
cially Birds who live in the Air freeft and cleareft, and are apteft by their
voice to tell tales what they findc, and likewife by the motion of their
'

flight to exprefs the fame.

Water-
 Century IX. 175
CMoor-Hens, &c.) when they flock and Hie
yVater-foTtls- (it Sea-GuUs, 823.
together from the Sea towards the Shores and contrariwifc Land Birds, (as ;

CroTts Swallows, &c. when they file from the Land to the Water?, and beat
the Waters with their Wings, do forefhew Rain and Wind. The caufe is*
Pieafure that both kindes take in the moiftnefs and denfuy of the Air,
and to defire to be in motion, and upon the Wing, whither-foevcr they
would otherwife go For it is no marvel that Water-fowl do joy molt
:

in chat Air which is likeft Waters and Land Birds alfo (many of them)
;

delight in Buhing and moift Air. For the fame reafon alfo, many Birds do
prune their Feathers, and Geele do gaggle, and Crows fecm to call upon
Rain. All which is but the comfort they feem to receive in the relenting of
the Air.
The Heron when me foarech high, (foasfometimes file is feen to pafs 824.
over a Cloud) fheweth Winds : But Kites flying albfr, fhew fair and dry
weather. The caufe may be, For that they both mount moft into the Air cf
that temper wherein they delight. And the Heron, being a Water-fowl,
taketh pieafure in the Air that is condenfed 5 and befidesj beingbut heavy
of VVing, needeth the help of thegrofTerAir. But the Kite affe&eth not
fo muchthegroffncf>of the Air, as the cold and freftinefs thereof; for be-
ing a Bird of Prey and therefore hot, ffre delighteth in the frefh Air, and
,

(many times) flieth againft the Wind; as Trains and Salmons fwim againft
the fAream. And yet it is true alfo, that Birds findeaneafeinthc depth
all

of the Air, as Shimmers do in a deep Water. And therefore when they are
alfo, they can uphold themfelves with their Wings fpred, fcarcemoving
them. -

Fifhes when they play towards the top of the Water, docommonly 825-
foretel Rain. The caufe is, for thataFifh natingthedry, will not approach
the Air till it groweth moift and when it is dry will tie it, and fwim
;

lower.
Beaffs do take comfort (generally) in a moift Air, and it maketh them 82.6.
eat their Meat better and therefore
> up betimes in the Sheep will get
morning to feed againft Rain and Cattle, and Deer, and Coneys will feed
;

hard before Rain ; and a Heifer will put up his Nofe, and fnuff in the Air
againft Rain.
82.7.
The Trifoil againft Rain, fvvclleth in the Stalk, and fo ftandeth more
uprignt ; and Leaves boWdown. There is a
for by wet, Stalks do erett,
'fmall Red Flower in the Stubble-fields, which Countrey people call the
FTincopipe ; which, if it open in the Morning, you maybe furebf afair day
to follow.
82S.
Even CMea> 'Aches, and Hurts, and Corns, do engtieve either towards
in
Rair, cr towards Froft $ for the one maketh the Humors more to abouud,
and the other maketh them marper. So we fee both extreams bring the
Gout. rbsoi
Worm, Vermine, &c. do fore fhew (likewi(e) Rain foi.Edrth'-Tvorms ,-
8.39.

will come forth, and LMoles will caft up more, and Fleas bite more againft
Ram.
Solid Eodies likewife forefhew Rain As Stones and ^ainfcot when : 830.
they fwear, and Boxes and Pegs of Wood When they draw and wind hard v
though the former be but from an outward caufe, for that the Stone or
Wainfcot tumeth and beateth back the Air againft it felf but the htter is an ;

inward fwclling of the Body of the it felf. Wood

appetite
 e

176 I
Natural Hifloryt

ATpetite is moved chiefly by things that are cold and dry. The caufe is,
Experiment!
for that Cold isakinde of indigence of Natuce,andcallethupon(upply,
Solitary,
touching the andfo is Drynefs : And therefore alt
four things (as Vinegar, Juyceof Lemmons,
Nature of Ojl of Vitriol, &c) provoke Appetite. And the Difeafe wnich they call
appetite in
t^fpttitus Canintts, confifteth in the Matter of an Acide andGlaffiePhlcgm
the Stomtck.
in the Mouth of theStomack. appetite is alfo moved by lour things, for
that four things induce a contraction in the Nerves, placed intheMcuch of
the Stomack, which is a grear caufe of Appetite. As for the caufe vvhv Oni-
ons, and Salt, and Pepper in Baked Meats move Appetite, it is by Vellicarion
of thofe Nerve: for Motion whetteth.; As for Worm-wood, Olives, Capers, and
others of thatkindc, which participate of Birternef, they
Appetite move
by Abfterfion. So as there be four principal caufes of Appetite the Rcfri >

gerationof theStomack joyned with fome Drynefs, Contraction, Vdlicati-

od, and Abfterfion j befides Hunger, which is an empcinefs; and yer over-
fafting doth (many times) caufe the Appetite to ceafe for that want of Meat ;'

maketh the Stomack draw Humorf, and fuch Humors as are light and Cho-
lerick, which quench Appetite raoft.

$12.
hath been obferved by the tyincienti, that where a -Rainbow feemeth to
Experiment IThang over, or to touch, there breatheth forth a fweet fmell. The caufe is,
Solitary,
touching for that this happeneth but in certain matters which ha\je in themfelves lome
Swtetneji of
Odor from the
Sweetnefs, which the gentle Dew of the Rainbow doth dtaw forth 5 and the
I{tnnbq». like do foft Showers, for they alfo make the Ground fweet: But none are fo
delicate as the Dew of the Rainbow where it falleth. It may be alfo, that the
Water itfelf hath fome Sweetnefs,- for the Rainbofp confiikcth of a Glomera-
tion of fmall drops which cannot poflibly fall but from the Air that is
,

very low and therefore may hold the very Sweetnefs of the Herbs and
,

Flowers as a Diftilled Water For Rain and other Dew that fall from high
:

cannot preferve the fmell, being difllpated in thedrawingup; neiiherdowe

know, whether fome Water it telf may not have fome degree of Sweetnefs.
It is truej that we finde it fenfibly in no Pool.River, nor Fountain,-
but good
Earth newly turned up, hath a frefhnefs and if it be good fern; which Water,
not too equal, (for equal objects never move the Senfe) may alfo have. Cer-
tain Ms, that Ba/falt, which is but a kinde of Water congealed, will fome-
tirnesfmetl like Violets.

835.
Experiment
So!atuy>
TO fweet Smells, heat isrequifite to concoct the Matter, and fome Moy-
them: Forheat, wefeethat Woods and Spi-
fture to fpred the Breath of

touching ces are more odorate in the HotCountreys, then in the Cold. For Moifture,
\Swtet Smells. We fee that things too much dryed
lofe their Sweetnefs ; and Flowers grow-
ing fmell better in aMorning or Evening, "then at Noon. Some fweet fmells
are deftroyed by approach to the Fire j as Violets, fVall-floivers, GiMflows.Pinks,
and generally all Flowers that have cool and delicate Spirits. Some continue
both on thefire, and from thefire, as Rofe-^Ater, &c. Some do fcarcc come
forth, or at lcaft not fo pleafantly, as by means of the fire as Juniper, Sweet ;

Gum, &c. and all fmells that are enclofed in a faft Body ; but (generally)
thofe fmells are the mod grateful where the degree of heat is £rial!, or where
the ftrength of the fmell is allayed ; for thefe things do rather wo the Senfe,
then fatiate it.And therefore the fmell of Piolets and Rofes exceedeth in fweet-
nefs that of Spices and Gums, and the ftrongeft fort of fmells, are beft in a
$

weft afar off.

it.;
i sm. 1 ju J—
 Century IX. 177

T is
I (lance;
certain, that no fmell iflucth but with tmiffion of feme corporeal Tub* 834.
Experiment
Light, and Colours, and Sounds: For we ice plainly
not as it is in
Solitary,
ithatfmelldoch fpred nothing that diftance that the other do, It is true, that touching the

fome Woods of Orenge's,.z.r\d Heaths of Rofemary, will fmell a great way into
Corporeal
,

Subfiance of
:

the Sea, perhaps twenty Miles ; but what is that, fince a peal of Ordnance Smells.

! will do as much, which moveth in a (mall compafs, whereas thofe Woods

!
and Heaths are of vaft fpaces ? Befides, we fee that fmells do adhere to hard
•
Bodies ; as in perfuming of Gloves, &c, which fheweth them corporeal; and
! do laft a great while, which Sounds and Light do not.

moft Creatures fmell chiefly to the fame Creature .535.

THe Excremenit6$
voideth them
that For we befides
fee, :
ill,

that of Man, that Pigeons anci Solitary,

Experiment

I Horfcs thrive beft, Houfes and Stables be kept fweet, and foof Cage- touching
if their
F elide and
;
Birds and the Cat burieth that which file voideth. And it holdeth chiefly in Fragrant O-
;

thofe Beafts whichfeed uponFkfii. Dogs (almoft) onely of Beafts delight in doru
:

fetide odors ; which fheweth there is fomewhat in their fenfe of fmell differ-
ing from the fmells of other Beafts. But the caufe why Excrements fmell ill is
manifeft, for that the Body it felf rejecteththem, much more the Spirits:
And we fee, that thofe Excrements that are of the firft digeftion fmell the worft,
as the Excrements from the Belly, thofe that are from the fecond digeftion, lefs
ill, as Vrine ; and thofe that are from the third, yet lefs for Sweat isnot ip ;

bad as the other two, efpecially of fome perfons that are full of heat. Like-
wife moft Put refactions are of an odious fmell, for they fmell either fertile or
mouldy. The caufe may be, for that Putrefaction doth bring forth fiich a
confidence as is moft contrary to the confidence of the Body whileft it is
found, for isameerdilfolutionof that form. Befides, there is another rea-
it

fon, which profound: Anditis, That the objects that pleafeany of the
is

fenfes, have (all) fome equality, and fas it were) order in their compofition, I

but where thofe are wanting the object is ever ingrate. So mixture of many
difagreeing colours is never unpleafant to the Eye : Mixture of difcordant v

Sounds is unpleafant to the Ear ; mixture or hotch-potch of many taftes is

unpleafant to the tafte 5 harfhnefs and ruggednefsof Bodies is unpleafant to
the touch. Now it is certain, that all Putrefaction, being a difTolucson of the
firft form , is^ meer confufion, and unformed mixture of the part. Never-
thelefs, itlsftrange, and feemeth to crofs the former obfervation, that fome
Putrefactions and Excrements do yield excellentOdors j as Cmt and Mtukj^d,
asfome think, Ambtr-grcece, for divers takeit (though unprobably) to come
from the Sperm of Fifh ; and the Mots we fpake of from Apple-trees is little
better then an Excretion. The reafon may be, for that there paifeth in the
Excrements, and remainethin the Putrefactions, (orae goodfpiritS; efpeciaUy
where they proceed from Creatures that are very hot. But it may be alfo
joyned with a further caufe, which is more fubtil; and it is, that the Senfes
love not to be over^pleafed, but to have a commixture of lomewhatthat is
in it fclf ingrate. Certainly, we fee how Difcords inMufick, falling upon
Concords, make the fweeteltftrains : And we fee again what ftrange taftes
delight the tafte j as Red-beirings^ &c. And it may be the
Caviare, Parmefan,
fame holdeth For thofe kinde of fmells that we have mentioned
in fmells.
are all ftrong, and do pull and vellicate the Senfe. And we ftndealfo, that
places where men Urine commonly have fome fmell of Violets, And Urine,
if one hath ea:en Nutmeg, hath fo too.

The
L^
 ;

t78 ZAQatural Hi(lory

The flothfuli general, and indefinite Contemplations and Notions of
the Elements, and tneir Conjugations cf the Influences of Heaven, of Hot,
c
Cold, 'JMoiJiure, Dron± ht, Qualities Jfctive, Tafiive and the like, have fwallow-
ed up the true Phages, and Procejfes, and Affetls, and Conftfiencies of Mttttr, and
Natural Bodiet. Therefore they are to be fet afide, being but notional, and ill
limited ;and definite axioms are to be drawn out of meafured inftances,
and fo afTcnt to be made to the more general axioms by Scale. And of thefc
kihdes of Procejfes of Nature, and Characters of MAtter, we will now fetdoNrn
fome inftances.

8,3$*
Experiment
Solitary,
A Ll Putrefactions
and partly
comefrom the inward fpirits of the Body,
chiefly
from the xylmbientBoay, be it Air, Liquor, or what-
alfo

touching the foevcr elfe. And this laft, by two means either by ingrefs of the fubftance
;

Cauftsof PH- of the Ambient Body into the Body putrefied, or by excitation and felici-
tation of the Body putrefied, and the parts thereof, by the Body Ambient.
trefaftion.

As for the received opinion, that Putrefaction is caufed either by Cold, or

Peregrine and Preternatural FLat, it is but nugation For Cold in things
:

inanimate, is the greateft enemy that is to Putrefaction, though it extin-

guifheth Vivification, which ever confifteth in Spirits attenuate, which the
Cold doth congeal and coagulate. And as for the Peregrine be/id, it is thus
far true, That it the proportion of the tyldventiveheat, be greatly predomi-
nant to the Natural beat, and Spirits of the Body, it tendcth to diffolution, or
notable alteration. But this is wrought by tmiffion, or Suppreffion, or
Suffocation of the Native Spirits, and alio by the Diiordination and Dif-
compofure of the Tangible parts, and other paflTages of Nature, and noc
by a conflict of Heats.

837. verfions or main Alterations of Bodies, there. is a Medium between the

Experiment INBody, at at firft, and the Body resulting > w hich Medium is Corpus im-
it is
Sol'tiry,
touching perfctte Miftum. and is tranfitory, and not durable; zsCMifis Smoaks Sapors,
Bodies unper* Chylus in the Stomackj, Living Creatures in the firft Vtvifi cation ; and the middle
ftltlj mitt.
a&ion which produccthfuch Imperfett Bodies, is fitly called (by fome of the
ancients) Inquination or Inconcoftion, which is a kinde of Putrefaction for the
\

parts are in confufion till they fettle one way or other.

8 3 8-
Experiment
THe word
Creaturesj and
or TJigejlion, is chiefly taken into life from Living
Conception

their Organs, and from thence extended to Liquors

Solitary*
and Fruits,&c. Therefore they fpeak of Meat concocted, Urine and Excre-
touching
Concaiiion and ments concocted and the Four Digcftions (in the Stomack, in theLiver,in
;

Crudity. the Arteries and Nerves, and in the feveral parts of the Body) are likewife
called Concoclions and they arc all made to be the works of He it. All which
>

notions are but ignorant catches of a few things, which are moft obvious
to Mens obfervations. The conftanteft notion of Concoction is.thaticfhould
fignifie the degrees of alteration of one Body into another, from Crudity to
Perfecl Concottion, which is the ultimity of that action or procefs. And while
the Body to be converted and altered is tooftrong for the efficient that
fhould convert or alter it, (whereby it rcfifteth. and holdeth faft in fome
degree the firft Form or Confiftence) it is ( all that while) Crude and
lncorfcoft, and the Procefs is to be called Crudity and Inconcoftion. It is true,

that Concoction is in great part the work oiHeat; but riot the work of Heat
alone : For all things that further the Converfon or ^Iteration ( as Reft,
Mixture of a Body already concocted, &c.) arc alfo means to Concoftion. And
there
 ;

Century IX. 179

there are of Concoction two Periods; the one AfTimilation, or abfolute
Converfion and Subaftion > the other Maturation Whereof, the former is :

moftconfpicuous in the Bodies of Living Creatures, in which theteis an Abfolute

Ctnyerfion and tyiftmilation of the Nourishment into theBody, and likewife in

the Bodies of Plants; and again, in Metals, where there is a full Tranfmu-
tation. The other (which is Maturation) is fcen in Liquors and Fruits
wherein there is not deilred, nor pretended, an utter Converfion, but onely
an Alteration to that Form which is moft fought for Mans ufe; as in Clari-
fying of Drinks, Ripening of Fruits, &c. But note, that there be two kindes
of ijibfoluteConverfions. The one is, when a Body is converted intoanothct
Body which was before j as when Noutifhment is turned into Flefh That is :

it which we call tyifi'imitation. The other is, when the Converfion is into a Body
meerly new, and which was not before as if Silver fhould be turned to
;

Gold, or Iron to Copper. And ihisConvtrfw is better called, bydiftinclion fake,

Tranfmutation.

THere are alfo divprs other great alterations of Matter and Bodies, be- 83 9*
Experiment
(Ides thofethat tend zoConcoftion and CMxturation ; for whatsoever doth
Solitary,
fo alter aBody, asitreturneth not agun to that it was, may be called i^dlte- touching
ratio Mtjor : As when Meat is Boiled, or Rofted, or Fried, &c. or when alterations
which may be
Bread and Meatare Baked ; or whenCheefe is made of Curds, or Butter called Majors.
of Cream, or Coals of Wood, or Bricks of Earth; and a number of others.
But to apply Notions Philofophical to Plebeian Terms or to fay, where the No- \

tions cannot fitly be reconciled, that there wanteth a Term or Nomenclature for

if, (asthe./^m«wufed) they be but fhifts of Ignorance : For Knowledge will

be ever a Wandringand Indigefted thing, if it be but a commixture of a few
Notions that are at hand, and oicur, and* not excited from fufficient number
of inltances, and thofe well collated. •

The Confijiencies of Bodies are very divers ; Benfe, Rare, Tangible, Prieu* ...

matical ; Volatile, Fixed , not 'Determinates Hard) Softi Cleaving,

'Determinate,
not Cleaving 5 Congelable, ; Liquefiable, not Liquefiable; Fragile,
not Congelable
Tough Flexible, Inflexible; Traclile, or to be drawn forth in length, Imraftile ;
,•

Forous, S'olide ; Equal and Smooth, Vneqaal Venous and Fibrous, and with Grains,
;

Entire, and divers others. All which to refer to Heat and Cold, and Motfture
and Drought, is a Compendious and Inutile Speculation. But of thefe fee prin-
cipally our Abecedarium Nature, and otherwife Jparfum in this our SylvdSyU
varum. Nevertheless, in fome good part, we (hall handle divers of them
now prefently. /

Liquefiable and not Liquefiable proeeed from thefecaufes. Liquefaction is ever §40*
caufed by the Detention of the Spirits, which play within the Body, Experiment
Solitary,
and open it Therefore fuch Bodies as aremore Turgid of Spirit, or that touching
havetheir Spirits more ftreightly imprifoned, or again, that hold them bet- Bodies JLicjue-

fiablc, andi\oi
ter pleafed and content, are Liquefiable : Fotthele three 'Dijpofitiont of Bodies
LiqHtfiabU*
do theEmifiion of the Spirits. An example of the firlt rwoProperties
arreft
is in Metals, and of thelaft inGreafe, Pitch, Sulphur,- Butter, Wax, &e. The
1

Difpofition not to Liquefle proceedeth from theeafie Emiflion of the

,

Spirits, whereby the groffer parts contract v and therefore Bodies jejune of
Spirit*;, or which part with their Spirits more willingly," are not Liquefiable ;

as Wood, Clay, Freeftone, &o But yet even many of thofe Bodies that will
not melt, orwillhardly melt, will notwithstanding foften $ as Iron in the
Forge*
 ;

i8o $\(atural Hijlwy

Forge? and a Stick bathed in hot Afhes, which thereby becometh more
Flexible, Moreover, there arc fomc Bodies which do Liquefie or diffolve by
Fire ; as Metals, Wax, &c. and other Bodies which diffolve in Water, as
Salt, Sugar, &c\ The caufe of the former proceedcth from the Dilatation of
the Spirits by Heat The caufe of the latter proceedcth from the opening
:

of the Tangible Parts, which defire to receive the Liquor. Again, there are
fomc Bodies that diffolve with both; as Gum, &c. And thofe be fuch Bodies
as on the one fide have good ftore of Spirit, and on the ether fide have the
Tangible parts indigent of Moifture j for the former helpeth to the dilating
of the Spirits by the Fire, and the latter ftimulatcth the parts to receive the
Liquor.

841,
Experiment
OF Bodies fome are Fragile, and fomc are Tough and not Fragile and
in the breaking, fome Fragile Bodies break but where the force is, fomc
,•

Solitaiy,
touching the
fhatterand flie in many pieces. Of Fragility, the caufe is an impotency to
Bodies Fragile be extended and therefore Stone is more Fragile then Metal; andfo Fictile
;

and Tough. Earth is more Fragile then Crude Earth, and Dry Wood then Green. And
the caufe of this unaptnefs to Extenfion, is the fmall quantity of Spirits (for it
ii the Spirit that furthereth the Extenfion or Dilatation of Bodies ;) and it

is ever concomitant with Porofity, and with Drinefs in the Tangible parts.

Contrariwife, Tough Bodies have more Spirits and fewer Pores

, and ,

Moiftcr Tangible parts Therefore we fee, that Parchment or Lea-

:

ther will ftretch , Paper will not Woollen-Cloth will tenter , Linnen
>

fcarcely. . •to

84:.
Experiment
Solitary,
ALL
and
Bodies Confift of Parts of two feVeral Natures ; TneumaticaU
lolid
: And it is well to be noted, that the "Pneumatical Subftance
Tangible
touching the is in fome Bodies* the Native Spirit of the Body ; and in fome other,
Two iijndes of
plain Air that is gotten inj as in Bodies deficcate, by Heat, or Age: For
Pnettmaticalt
in & adieu in them, when the Native Spirit goeth forth, and the Moifture with it, the
Air with time gcttethinto the Pores- And thofe Bodies are ever the more.
Fragile for the Native Spirit it more Yielding and Extenfive (elpecial-
; ;

ly to follow the Parts) than Air;. The Native Spirits alfo admit great
cjiverfity as Hot, Cold, Active, Dull, &c.
-,
Whence proceed moft of
the Veftues, and Qualities (as we call them) of Bodies But the Air in- :

tcrmixt, iswithout Vertues,, and maketh things infipid, and vrithout any
extimulation,
;

843.
Experiment
THc
which
^commonly) folved by the contrary; as Ice.;
doncretion ef Bodies is
is congealed by Cold, is diflblved by Heat Salt and Sugar, ;
Solitary)
touching chichi *re excofted by Heat, arc diffolved by Gold and Moifture. The
Concretion end caufe is, thatthefe operations arc rather returns to their former Nature,-
for,
Diffoluthn of
Bodies..
than alterations, ; fo that the contrary cureth. As for Oyl, it doth neither
.
eafily congeal with CoH
nor thicken with Hcat-Thc caufe of both Effect,
though they be produced by contrary efficients^ecmeth to be the fame and ,•

that is, becaufe the Spirit of the Oyl, by either means, exhalcth little For :

the Cold keepcth it in,] and the Heat (except it be vehement) doth not call
it forth* As for Cold, though it take hold of the Tangible ParK,yet as to the

§pirHs it doth rather make them fwcll, than congeal them

r As when Ice :

is congealed in a Cup. the lee will fwcll inftead of contracl:ing, and fome-

times rift,

at i.e . .

Of
« ):
 ;

£enlury IX. 161

i

Bodies, fomC (we fee) are hard, and fome foft Thehardriefsis caufcd
OF by the Jejunenefs of the Spirits and their imparity with the
(chiefly) ,-
:
844.
Experiment
Solitary,
Tangible parts ; Both which, if they be in a greater degree, makcth them touching
notonely hard, but fragile, and lefs enduring of preffure > as Steel, Stone, Glafi, Hard and.

*Dry fVood,&c. Softnefs comcth By the greater quantity of

(contrariwife) Soft Bodies.

Spirits, (which ever hclpeth to induce yielding and ceflion j) and by the
more equal fpreding of rhe Tangible parts, 'which thereby are more Aiding,
and following as in Gold, Lexi, Wax, &c. But note, that foft Bodies (as we
;

ufethe word) are of two kindes the one, that eafily giveth place roan-
;

other Body, but alteteth not Bulk by rifihg in other places and therefore we ;

fee that Wax, if you put any thing intoir, doth not rife in Bulk, but onely
giveth place For you may not think* that in Printing of Wax, the Wax rifct h
:

up at all » but onely the depreffed part giveth place, and the other remairieth
as it was. The other that altereth Bulk in the Ceflion, as Water, or other
Liquors, if you put a Stone, or any thing into them, theygive place (in-
deed) eafily, but then they rife all bver$ which is a falfe Ceffionj for it is in
place, and not in Body.

A LI Bodies Dattile, and

the Appetite of Not

Tenjile,

Wool, and Tow that will be drawn

/as (vletals) that will be

discontinuing, ftrong
into
;
draWn into Wires
Yarn orThred 5 have in them
which maketh them follow the
845.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching
force thatpulleth them out j ana yet fo, as not difebntinue or fbrfake their Bodies VuElile
and Tenfile.
own Body. Vifcous Bodies (likewife)asPj/^, /%*, Birdlime, <?A^/>toa(led,
will draw forth and roap. But the difference between Bodies fibrous, and
Bodies vifcous, is plains For all WoolU and Tow, and Cotton, and Silk
(efpccially raw Silk) have, betides their deiire of continuance, in regard of
the tenuity of their Tnred , agreedinefs ofMoifture, and by Moifture to
joyn and incorporate with other Thred, ef^ecially, if there be a little Wreath-
ing, as 3ppeareth by the twifting of Thred , and the practice Of Twirling
about of Spindles. And we fee alfo, that Gold and Silver Thred cannot be
made without Twifting.

THe of impreffible, and riot impreflible ; figurable, and not

differences
figutablej mouldable, andnotmouldablej feiflible, and notfcifliblej
846^.
Experiment
Solitary,
and many other Paffions of Mattery are Plebeian Notions, applied unto the touching
Inftruments and Uf^s which Men ordinarily pradife ; but they are all but the Other Pafii-
effe&sof fomeof thefecaufes following, which we will enumerate without on of Matter,
aniChartkStrs
applying them, becaufe that would be too long. Thefirft is theCeflion, or of Sadies,
not Ceflion of Bodie«, into a (mailer fpacejOr room, keeping the outward
Bulk, and not flying up. The fecond is* the ftronger or Weaker Appetite, in
Bodies, to continuity, and to flie difconrinuity. 1 he third is> the difpofition
of Bodies, to contractor not contract ? and again, toextend, or not extend.
The fourth i$, the finall quantity, or great quantity of the Prieumatical in
Bodies. Tne fifth is, the nature of the Pneumatical, whether it be Native
Spirit of the Body, or common Air. The fixth is, theNature of the Native
Spirits in the Body,whether they be Atlivc, arid Eageft or Dull, and Gentle.
The feventh i?, the emiflion or detenfion of the Spirits in Bodies. The eighth
is,the dilatation or contraction of the Spirits in Bpdie*, while they are de-
tained. Tneninethis, the collocation of the Spirits in Bodies, vvhetherthe
collocation be equal or Unequal ; and again, Vvhetherthe Spirits becoaeer-
vateor difTufed. Thetenthis, thedenfity or rarity of the Tangible part?.
." R The
 tt-2 S\Qtturdl hi/lory ;

the eleventh the Equality or Inequality of the Tangible parts ; the

is

twelfth is the Difgeftion or Crudity of the Tangible pirts ; the thirteenth

is the Nature of the Matter, whether Sulphureous, or Mercurial, orWatry.

or Oily, Dry, and Terreftrial, or Moid and Liquid which Natures of

;

Sulphureous and Mercurial, feem to be Natures Radical and Principal j the <

fourteenth is the placingof the Tangibleparts, in Length or Tranivcrlc (as

it is in the Warp, and the Woof of Textiles;) more inward ormore out-

ward, &c ThenfteenthisthePorofity orlmporofity betwixt theTangiblc

parts, andthegieatnefsorlmallncfsof the Pores the tixteenthis theCoL
j

location and pofture of the Pores. There may be more caufes, but theie do
occur for the prefent.

S47., TAke Lead and melt andinthemidft of it, when it beginneth to con-
it,

Experiment geal, make a little dint or hole, and put Quick-filver

wrapped in a
Solitary,
piece of Linnen into that hole, and the Quick-filver will fix, and run no
touching
Ininration by more, and endure the Hammer. This is a noble in (lance of Induration,
Sympathy. by confent of one Body with another, and Motion of Excitation to imitate;
for to afcribe it onely to the vapor of the Lead, is lefs probable. Qudnrei
whether the fixing may be 'in fuch adegree, as it will be figured like other
Metals 1 For if Co, you may make Works of it for fomepurpofes, lb they
come riot near the Fire.

0*48. SUgar hath put down the ufe of Honey, infomuch, as we have loft thofc
Experiment observations and preparations of Honey, which the Ancients had, when
Solitary,
it was more in price. Firft, it feemeth, that there was in old time Tree-honey,
touching
Honey tni as well as Bee-honey, which was the Year or Blood Hilling from the Tree j
Sugar. infomuch, as one of the dncient? rclateth, that in 7 ribefond, there was Honey
iffuing from the Box trees, which made Men mad. Again, in ancient time,
there was a kinde of Honey, which either of the own Nature, or by Art,
would grow as hard as Sugar, and was not fo lufhious as ours ; they had
alfo a Wine of Honey, which they made thus. They crufhed the Honey in-
to a great quantity of Water, and then drained the liquor after they boil-
,

ed it in a Copper to the half ; then they poured it into Earthen Veffels for
afmalltime, and after turned itint <> Veflfelsof Wood, and kept it for many
years. 1 hey have alfo, at this day in Rufia, and thofe Northern Countrcy s,
CMead Simple, which (well made and feafoned) is a good wholefom
Drink, and very clear. They ufe alfo in Wales, a Compound Drink of
Mead, with Herbs and Spices. But mean while it were good, in recompence
of that we have loft in Honey, there were brought in ufe a Sugar-Mud (for
fo we may call it) though without any mixture at all of Honey and to
;

brew it, and keep it itale, as they ufe Mead for certainly, though it would
-,

not be fo abfterfive, and opening, and folutive a Drink as Mead yet it will
;

be mere grateful to the Stomack, and more lenitive, and fit to be ufed in
(harp Difcafes For we fee, that the ufe of Sugar in Beer and Ale,hath good
:

effe&s in fuch cafes.

... 1 '

%A9. T reported by the Ancients, that there is a kinde oCFteel, in fbmc places,
is
Expctiment
Solitary,
I which would polifh almoft as white and bright as Silver. And that,
there was in India a kinde of Brafs, which (being polifticd) could fcarce be
'

touching the
\Finer fart of difecrned from Gold. This was in the Natural Ure, but I am doubtful,
I Baft Metals.
whether Men have fufficiently refined Metals, which we count Bafe As, :

whether Iron, Brafs, and Tin, be refined to the height ? But when thev
come
 ;,

Century IX. 183

come to fuch a fincnefs , as ferveth the ordinary ufe , they try do
fur then
", !

THere have been found certain Cements under Earth,, that arc very foft, 850;
and yet taken forth in:o the Sun^ harden as hard as Marble: There are Experiment
SuJmty,
alfo ordinary Quarries in S'ommerfet-shire, which in the Quarry cut foft to couching
any bignefs, and in the Buildingprove firm, and hard. Cements and
Quarries.

Living Creatures (generally) do change the'r Hair with Age, turning to h

Experiment
be Gray and White; as is feenin CMen, though fome earlier, feme Solitary,
later; in Horfes, that are Dappled and turn White in Old Squirrels, that turn ; touching die

Grifly, and many others. So do fome Birds as Cygnets from Gray turnj
filtering >.f

the Colour of
White Ha*k§> from Brown turn more White: And fome Birds there be, Hairs and,

that upon their Moulting, do turn Colour as Rob'm-Redbrejts, after their

; Feathers.

Moulting grow to be Red again by degrees fo do Gold*Fmches upon the ;

Head. The caufe is, for that Moifture doth (chiefly) colour Hair, and Fea-
thers j and Dryncfs turneth them Gray and White now Hairin Age wax- ;

eth Dryer, fo do Feathers. As for Feathers, after Moulting, they are young
Feathers, and fo all one as the Feathers of young Birds. So the Beard is
younger than the Hair of the Head, and doth (for the moft part) wax hoary
later. Out of this ground, a Man may devife the Means of altering the co-
r

lour of Birds,and the Retardation of Hoary- Hairs. But of this fee the Fifth
Experiment.
I
He difference between Mile and Female, in fdme Creatures, is not to be
T difcerned, otberwifc than in the parts of Generation as in Horfes&nd
dfares, *Dogs and Bitches, Doves he and fhe, and others. But fome differ in
;
8)Z.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching the
I

magnitude, and that diverfly Forinmoftthe Male is the greater; as in Man,

: Differences of
Living Crea-
'Pbeafants, Peacocks, 7urkjes y and the like j and in fome few, as in Hanks, the
tures, M^le
Female. Some differ in the Hair and Feathers, both in the quantity,crifpatioh and Female,
and colours of them 5 as He-Lions are Hirfuite, and have great Mains the ;

She's are fmooth like Cats. Bulls ate more crifp upon the Forehead than Cons
the Peacock, and Phefant-cockjZnd Goldfinch-cock., have glorious and fine colours (
the Hem have not. Generally,the he's in Birds have the faired Feathcrs.Some
differ in divers features as Buckjhzvc Morns, Does none; Rams have more
;

breathed Horns than Evvs Cocks have great Combs and Spurs, Hens little
;

or none Boars have great Fangs, Sows much left the Turkey-cock^ hath great
j ;

and fwelling Gills, the Hozhathlefs Menhave generally deeper and ftronger
-,

Voices than Women. Some differ in faculty, as the Ctff^amongft, Singing Birds,
are the beft fingers. Thechief caufe of all thefe (no doubt)is, for thatthe
Afales have more ftrength of heat than the Females; which appeareth mani-
feflly in this, that all young Creatures Males are like Females, and fo arc Eu-
nuchs, and Gelt Creatures of all kindes, liker Females. Now heat caufeth great-

nefs of growth, generally, where there is moifture enough to work upon :

But if there be found in any Creature (which is feen rarely) an over -great
heat in proportion to the moifture , in them the Female is the greater ; as
inHawkiand sparrows. And if the heat be ballanced with the moifture,
then there is no difference to be feen between CM ale and Female as in the ;

inftances of Horfes and Dogs. We fee alfo, thatthe Horns of Oxen and Cows,
for themoftpart, are larger than the Butts, which is cauf:d by abundance
of moifture, which in the Horns of the Bull failcth, Again, Heat caufeth
Pilofity, and Crifpation 5
and fo likewife Beards in dfen. It alfo expelleth
R 2 finer
 i8+ 3\(atural Hiflory;

finer moifture, which want of heat cannot expeland that is the caufc of j

the beauty and variety of Feathers: Again, Heat doth put forth manyEx-
crefcencesi and much folid matter, which want of Heat cannot do. And this
is the caufe of Horns, and of the greatnefs of them j and of the greatnefs of

the Comb?j and Spurs of Cocks, Gills of Turkey- Cocks, and Fangs of Boars.
Heat alfo dilateth the Pipes and Organs which caufeth the deepnefs of the
Voice. Again, Heat refineth the Spirits, and that caufeth the Cock Tinging
Bird to excel the Hem
8 )5
Experiment
.
THere be Fiflies greater than any Beads ; as the Whale is far greater than
the Elephant. And Beads are (generally) greater than Birds. For Fifties,
Solitary,
touching the the caufe may
be, that becaufc they live not in the Air, they have not their
Comparative moifture drawn, and foaked by the Air; and Sun-Beams. Alfo they reft al-
Magnitude of
ways, in a manner, and are fupportcd by the Water ; whereas Motion and
Living Crea-
tures, Labor do confume. As for the grearnefs of Beafts, more than of Birds, it is
caufed, for that Beafts ftay longer time in the than Birds, and there Womb
nourifh, and grow ; whereas in Birds, after the Egg laid, there is no further
growth, or nounftiment from the Female $ for the fitting dcxh vivifie, and
not nourifti.

$54-
Experiment
Solitary,
WE have partly touched before the Means of producing Fruits, with-
out Coar?, or Stones. And this we add further, that the caufe muft
touching
be abundance of moifture; for that the Coar, and Stone, are made of a dry
Exoffation of Sap And we fee^thatitispoflible to make a Tree put forth ©nely inBloiTom
:

Fruits,
without Fruit ; as in Cherries with double Flowers, much more in Fruit with-
out Stones, or Coars. It is reported, that a Cions of an Apple, grafted
upon a Colewort-ftaJk, fendeth forth a great Apple without a Coar. It is not
unlikely, that if the inward Pith of a Tree were taken our, fothatthejuyce
came onely by the Bark, it would work the effect. For it haihbcen obferved,
that in Pollards, if the Water get in on the top, and they become hollow,
they put forth the more. We add alfo, that it is delivered for certain by fome,
that if the Cions be grafted, the fkvall ends downwards, it will make Fruit
have little or no Coars, and Stones.

8tf. TObacca is a thing of great price, if itbe in requeft. For an Acre of it

Experiment
Solitary,
will be worth (as is affirmed) Two hundred pounds by the year to-
touchingthe wards charge. charge of making the Ground, and otherwife, is grear,
The
Melioration of but nothing to the profit. But the English Tobacco hath fmall credit, as be-
Tobacco.
ing too dull and earthy : Nay, the Virginian Tobacco , though that be in a
hotter climate, can get no fame caufe. So
credit for the that a tryal to
make Tobacco more Aromatica), and better concofted herein England., were
a thing of greatprofir. Some
have gone about to do ir, by drenching the
English Tobacco, in a Decottion or Infnfion of Indian Tobacio. Bur thofe are
but fophiltications and toyes, for nothing that is once perfect, and hath
run his race, can receive much amendment you muft ever refjrt to the ,•

beginnings of things for Melioration. The way of Miturarion of Tobacco

muft (as in other Plants) be from the Hear, either of the Earth, or of the
Sun. We fee Musk-Melons, which are town
fome leading of this in
upon a hot Bed, dunged below, upon a Bank turned upon the South Sun,
to give Heat by Reflection 5 laid upon Tiles, which increafeth the Heat;
and covered with Straw, to keep them from Cold they remove them alfo, ;

which addeth fome Life And by thefe helps they become as good in
:

England,
 (Jentury IX. 18

England, as in ltd), or Provence. I'hele and the like means may be tried in

Tubacco. Enquire alfo of the ftecping df Roots, in iditie fuch Liquor, as may
gve them Vigor to put forth ftrong.

yea, and the heat of Vi-

for the Miturition of Friiits;
HHatof rheSun, 85^
vihcationof Living Creatures, are both represented and fupplicdby the Expctimcnt -
Solita>y,
neat of Fire; and likew.fe, the heats of the Sun, and life, fire reprcfrnted touching
one by the other. Trees, fet upon the Backs of Chirhneys, do tipen Fruit Several Heati

(boner. Fines, that have been drawn in at the Window of aKirchin, hive
working the
fume Effetih
fent forth Grapes, ripe a moneth (at leaft) before others. Stoves, at tiie Back

of Walls bring forrh Orenges here with us. EggS,2iS is reported by fomc, have
been hatched in the Warmth of an Oven. It is reported by the Ancients, that
the Effrich lay ech her Eggs under Sand, where the heat of the Sun difclofcth

them. »

BAriey Boyling fwelleth not much; Wheat fwelleih more, Ri^eex-

in the 357.
treamly J infomuch, as a quarter of a Pint /unboiled) will ai ife to a Pint Experiment
Solitary,
boiled. Thecaufe (no doubr) is, for that the more dole and compadtthe touching
Body is, the more ic will dilate. Now Barley is the moft hollow, Wheat Swelling and

nibre folid than that, and R'tz.e moftfolid 0[' all. Ic may be alfoj triit lorn.! P'ttatatlon in
Boyling.
Bodies have akinde of Lentor, and more depertible nature than others as •

we fee it evident in colouration ; for a fmall quantity of Saffron, will iinct

more, than a Very great quantity of Brefil, oiWine.

F/?aifgroweth fweet by Rowling or Prc-ffing them gently with ihcHjnd; 8f8.

<
as Rolling Pears, Dama[ws,&c. By Rottennefi as tJWedlars, Services, Sloes,
; Experiment
Solitary,
Heps,&c. By Time as ^Apples, Wardens 'Pomegranates, &c. By certain
; ,

touching trie
fpecial Maturations j as by laying them in Hay, Strait, ejre. And by Fire as ;
Dulcoration of
in Roajling, Steiving, Baking, &c. The caule of the fweetnefs by Rowling, Fruitt.

and Preffing is, Emollition, which they properly enducc; as in beating of

Stockcfah, Flesh,&c. By Rottennefi is, for that the Spirits of the Fruit, by Putre-
faction, gather hear, and thereby difgeft the harder part: ForinallPu, refacti-
ons there is a degree of heat. By Time and Keeping is, becaufe the Spirits of
the Body, do ever feed upon the tangible parts, and. attenuate them* By
feveral Maturations is, by fome degree of hear. And by Fire is, becaufe it is
the proper work of Heat
to refine, and to incorporate and all foUrnefs ,•

confifteth in fomegrofsnefsof the Body Andall incorporation doth make

:

the mixture of the Body, more equal, in all the parts, which ever enduceih
a milder taftc.

' '
1 J I

o $ Fleshes, fome are edible be in Famine, not. As

^ fome, except
thofe that are not edible, the eaufe is, for that they have (commonly)
too much bitternefs of tafte; and therefore thofe Creatures, which are
it 8^9.
Experiment
So)ira«y>
touching
fierce andcholcrick, are not edible; as Lions, VVtlves, Squirrels, 'Dogs, Foxes, Ftejh Edible,

Horfes, &c. As for Kine, Sheep, Goats T 1)eert Supine, Conveys, Hares, &k. and nn Eii-

We fee they are milde, and fearful. Yet it is true, that Horfes Which are
t/e.

Beafts of courage, have been and are eaten by fome Nations as the S'cythians ;

Were called Hippophagi ; and the Cbinefe* eat Hoif-flesb at this day and ;

fome Gluttons have ufed to have Colts-flcfh baked. In Birds, fuch as are
Camivora, and Birds of Prey, are commonly no good Meat ; but trie tea-
fon if, rather theCholerick Nature of thofe Birds, than their Feeding up-
on Flefh; for Puits, Gulls, Sbovelers, Ducks, do feed upon Flefo, and yet are
 ,

i.8'« Statural Hi(lory,-,

good, Meat. And we fee, that thofc Birds which arc of Prey, or feed
upon Flelh, are good Meat, when they are very Young; as I. a* fa, Rookj
out of the Neft, Ovls. Mans flefli is not eaten. The Rcafons are three.
Firft, Bccaufe Men in Humanity do abhor it.
Secondly, Becauie no Living Creature, that dieth of itfelf, is good to
eat; and therefore the Cannibals (themfclves) eat no Mans flefli, oi thofe
that die of themfclves, but of fuch as arc (lain.
The Becaufe there mull: be generally) fomedifparity between
third is,

the Nourifhment, and the Body nourifhed and they muffc not be overnear*
;

or like: Yet we fee, that in great weakneffes andConfumptions, Men have

been (uftained with Womans Milk. And picinus fondly (aslconceive) ad-
vifeth, for the Prolongation of Life, that a Vein be opened in the Arm of
lbme wholfome young man, and the blood to be fucked. It is faid, that
Witches do greedily eat Mans flefli, which if .itbetrue, befidesadevillifli
Appetite in them, it is likely to proceed 'for that Mans flefli may fend up
;

high and pleating Vapors, which may ftir the Imagination and Witches ,

felicity is chiefly in Imagination, ashath been faid.

266. THere an ancient received Tradition of the Salamander, that it liveth

is
Experiment
in the Fire, and hath force alfo to extinguifh the fire. It muft have two
Solitary,
touching the things, if itbetrue, to this operation. The one, a very clofeskin, uherehy
Salamander. flame, which in the midft is not fb hot, cannot enter For we fee, that if the :

Palm of the Hand be anointed thick with White of Eggs, and then stquaviu
be poured upon it, and enflamed, yet one may endure the flame a pretty
while. The other is fome extream cold and quenching vertue, in the Body
of that Creature which choaketh the Are. We fee that Milk quencheth
Wildfire better than VVater, becaufe it entreth better.

•'-L
861. Time doth change Fruit (as Tomegunates, &c.) from more
t_/?pples, Pears,
Experiment four to more fweet ; but contrari wife, Liquors (even thofe that are of
Solitary,
touching the the Juyce of Fruit) from more fweet to more four; as, Won, CWuft, iWi*
I Contrary ope* Vnjuyce, &c. The caufe is, the Congregation of the Spirits together ; for
rations of
in both kindes, the Spirit is attenuated by Time ; but in the firft kinde, itis
I
Tims, upon
Fruits and more diflFufed, and more mattered by the grofTer parts, which the Spirits do
Liquors, but digeft : But in Drinks the Spirits do reign, and finding lefs oppofltion
of the parts, become themfelves more ftrong, which cauieth alio more
ftrength in the Liquor ; fuch, as if the Spirits be of the hotter fort, the Li-
quor becometh apt to burn ; but in time, it caufeth likewife, when the higher
Spirits are evaporated morefournefs.

862.
hath been obfervedby the Ancients, that Plates of efpecially Metal, and
Experiment
Solitary,
IT
of Brafs, applied prefently to a blow, will keep down from fwelling. it
touching The caufe is Repercuffion, without Hume&ation, or entrance ofany Body:
Blowt and
Bruifes*.
For the Plate hath onely a virtual cold, which doth notfearch into the hurt ,•

whereas all Plaifters and Oynmentsdo enter. Surely, the caufe that blows
and bruifes induce fvvellings is, for that the Spirits reforting to fuccor the
part that laboreth, draw alfo the humors with them For we lee, that it is :

not the repulfe, and thereturrtof the humor in the part ftrucken that caufeth
it 5 forthatGouts, and Toothachs caufe fwelling, where there is no Per-

cuffionatall.

.
The
j»; . '
 Century IX. 187

He nature of the Orris Root, almoft lingular for there be few odo- Ui>
T ritcrous Roots ;
is

fame fwcetnefs with the Wood or Leaf But the Orris h notfwect in the
:
,

and in thofeth.it are in any degree ftvect, it is but the

Experiment
Soiii3:y>
touching the
.
J

Ovr'u Kontt
Leaf, neither is the Flower any thing fofwect as the Root, The Rooticcm-
cth to have a tender dainty heat, which when it comcth above ground to
the Sun, and the Air, vanifheth For it is a gecat Mollifier, and hath a fmcll
:

like a Violet.
1

864
T hath been obferved by the jfucients that a great VcfTclfull, drawn into
Experiment j

Bottles; and then the Liquor put again into the VefTel, will not fill the Solirary,

VeiTcl again, fofull,as it was, but thatit may take iri more Liquor; and that touching ihe/i
Comprcjsi'tn of
this holdeth more in Wine, than in Water. Thecaufemay be trivial, name- Liquors^
ly, by the expence of the Liquor, in regard fome may flick to the fides of
i
the Bottles But there may be a caufe more fubtil, which is, that the Liquor
:

in the VefTel, is not lo muchcompreffed, as in the Bottle; becaufe in the

Velfel, the Liquor meeteth with Liquor chiefly but in the Bottles, a fmall
;

quantity of Liquor meeteth with thefi ics of the Bottles, w hich comprefs it

J
fo, that it doth not open again.

WAter being contiguous with Air, coolethir, butmoifteneth it not, B65,

except it Vapor. The caufe is, for thar Heat and Cold have a Virtual 1
Experiment
Solitary,
;
Trarifition, without Communication of fubftancc, but moifture not ; and touching tfld
to all madefaclion there is required an imbibition: But where the Bodies Working of
Water upon
are of fuchfeveral Levity, and Gravity, as they mingle not,they can follow ^/lir camigw*
no imbibition. And therefore, Oyl likewife lieth at the top of the Water, OUf.

without commixture And a drop of Water running fwiftly over a Straw

:

or fmooth Body, wetteth not.

.

STarligbt Nights, yea, and bright tMoonsbine Nights, are colder than Cloudy %6$.
Nights. Thecaufe is, the drinefs and Finenefs of the Air, which thereby Experiment
Solituy,
becometh more piercing and fharp and therefore great Continents are
;
touching trie

colder than Iflands. And as for the Moon, though it felf inclineth the Air to Nature of
sfir*
moifture, yet whsn it fhineth bright, it argueth the Air is dry. Alfo clofe
Air is warmer than open Air, which (it may be) is, for that the true caufe of
cold, is an expiration from the Globe of the Earth, "which in openplaces is
ftronger. And again, Air it felf, if it be not altered by that expiration, is
not withoutfome lecret degree of heat ; as it is not likewife without fome
fecrec degree of Light For otherwife Cms, and OWs, could not fee in the
:

Night; but that Air hath a little Light, proportionable to the Vilual Spirits
of thole Creatures.

T He Eyes do move one andthelame way tor whenone Lye rhoveth

;

to the Noftril, the other moveth from the Noftril. The caufe is Motion
%<*7-
eri s

^^
of Confcnt which in the Spirits and Parts Spiritual, is ftrong. But yet ufewill touching tht
induce the contrary for fome can Iquint when they will. And the common £> t3 * nd
;
\

Tra ition is, that if Children be fet upon a Table with a Candle behinde s>&*'
them, both Eyes will move outwards, as affecting to fee the Light, and fo
induce squinting.

We fee more exquifitely with one Eye fhut, than with both open. The U%.
Caufe is, for that the Spirits Vifual unite thcmfelves more, and fo become
ftronger.
 ; :

i88 Statural Hi'fiory

(tronger. Foryou may Ice, by looking in a Glals, thac when you iluit one
Eye, the Pupil of theothcrEye, that is open, dilareih.
869. Tne Eyes, if the fight meet not in one Angle, Teethings double. The
caufe is, for that feeing two things and feeing one thingtWicc, wotkc h the
fameeffed: And therefore a little Pellet, held between two F.ngers, laid a

crofs, feemeth double.

870, Pore-blind Men, fee beft in the dimmer light 5 and hkewife have their
fight ftronger near hand, thanthofe that are not Poreblind, and. can read
and write lmaller Letters. The caufe is, far that the Spirits V.fuil* in thofe
that are Poreblind, are thinnerand rarer, than inothers and therefore the *,

]
greater light difperfeth them. For the fame cauf; they needconttadingj
but being contracted, are more ftrong than the Vifual Spirits of ordinary eyes
are 3 as when we fee thorowaLeve*', the fight is the ftronger :And lo is it,
when you gather the Eye-lids fome what clofe : And it is commonly feen in
thofe that are Poreblind, that they da much gather the eye-lids together.
But old Men, when they would fee roread, put the Paper fomewhat a far off.
The caufe is, for that old Mens Spirits Vilual, .contrary to thofe or' Pore-
blind Men unite nor, but when the objeel is at fome good diftance from their
Eyes.
871. Men fee better when their Eyes are over againft the Sun or a Candle, if
they put their Hand a little The Reafonis, for that the
before their Eye.
Glaring of the Sun, or the Candle, doth weaken the Eye ; whereas the Light
circumfufed is enough for the Perception. For we fee, that anovcr-ljoht
maketh the Eyes dazel, infomuch as perpetual looking againft the Sun,
Would caufe BHndnefs. Again, if Men come our of a great light, into a
dark room and contrariwife, if they come out of a dark room into a lght
;

room, they feem to have a Mat before their Eyes, and fee worfe than they
mall do after they have ftaid alittlewhile, either in the light, orinthedaik.
The caufe is, iorthat the Spirits Vifual, ate upon a fudden change diftupbed,
and put out of order 5 and till they be recolledcd, do not perform their
Fundion well. For when they are much dilated by light, they cannot con-
trad fuddenly ; and when they are much contraded by darkneft, they cannot
dilate fuddenly. And excefs of boththefe, (that is, of the Dilatation, and
Contradion of the Spirits Vifual) if it be long, deftroyeth the Eye. For as
long looking againft the Sun, or Fire, hurteth the Eye by Dilatation, fo curi-
ous painting in frrull Volumes, and reading of fmall Letters, do hurt the Eye
by contradion.
It hath been obferved, that in Anger the Eyes wax red ; and in Blufh-
872.
ing, not the Eyes, but/the Ears, and the parts behind them. The caufe is, for
that in Anger, the Spirits afeend and wax eager*, which is moft e2hly feen in
the Eyes, becaufe they are tranflucide, though withal it maketh both the
Cheeb, and the Gils red butinBlufhing, it is true, the Spirits a(cend like-
;

wife to fuccor, both the Eyes and the Face,* which are the parts that labor
But when they are repulfed by the Eyes, for that rheEyes, in ffTame do put
back the Spirits that afeend to them, as unwilling to look abroad: Forno
M^n> in that paffion, doth look ftrongly* butdejededly j and that repulfion
from the Eyes, diverteth the Spirits and heat more to the Ears, and the parts
by them.
S73. The objeds of the Sight, may caufe a great picture arid delight in the.
Spirits, but no pain or great offence; except it be by Memory, as hath been
faid, The Glimpfes and Beams of Diamonds that ftrike the Eye, Indian Fea-
thers, that have glorious colours, the coming into a fair Garden, the coming.
into
 Century IX. -

into a fait Room richly mrnifhed ; a beautiful perfon, and the like, do de-
lightand exhilarate the Spirits much. The reafon, why it holdeth not in
che offence i?, for that the Sight is moil fpiritual of the Senfes, whereby it

hath no object grofs enough to offend it. But the caufe (chiefly) is, for
that there be no a&ive objects to offend the Eye. For Harmonical Sounds,
and Difcordant Sounds, are both Active and Pofitive,4 foare fweet fmells,
andftiDks j foare bitter, andfweets, intaftes i fo are over-hot, and over-
cold, in touch but blacknefs, and darknefs, are indeed but privatives ; and
•,

therefore have little or no Activity. Somewhat they docontriftate, but very

little.

WAter of when
the Sea, or otherwife,looketh blacker
Thecaufeis, for that by means of the Moti-
when ids moved, and
Experiment
whiter icrefteth.
Solitary,
on, the Beams of Light pals not ftraight, and therefore muftbe darkned; touching the
whereas when it reftetb, the Beams do pafs ftraighr. Befides, fplendor hath a Colour of the
Sea, or other
degreeof whitcnefs, efpecially, if there be a little repercuflion; foraLook-
Wg.Hr.
ing-Glafs with the Steel behinde, looketh whiter than Glafs fimple. This
Experiment dcfaveih to be driven further, in trying by what means Motion
may hinder Sight.

SHell-fisf> have been by fome of the of

ncienti , compared andforted with
8 7 f.
the Infefta j but 1 fee no reafon why they fhould, for they have Male, Experiment
Solitary,
and Female, as other Fifh have neither are they bred of Putrefaction, efpe-
>
touching
cially fiach as do move. Never thclefs it is certain, that Oyfters, and Cockles, stitlfijh.

and Muffeb, which move nor, have not difctiminate Sex. J£it<&re, in what
time, and how they are bred ? It feemeth, that Shells of Oyders are bred
where none were before; and it is tryed,thatthe great Horfe-Mufle, with the
fine fliell, that breedeth in Ponds> hath bred within thirty years But then, :

which is ftrange, it hath been tryed, that they do not onely gape and fliut as
the Oyftersdo, but remove from one place to another,*

THe Senfet are alike ftrong, both

Limbs on the
on
right fide are fironger.
the tight fide, and
The caufe
on the
may
left 1

be, for thatthe

but the g $;
7
Experiment
J

Brain, which is the Inftrumentof Senfe, is alike on both fides j but Motion, [Soiitaiy.
touching the
and habilities of moving, are fomewhat holpen from the Liver, which lieth Right-fide and
on the right fide. It may be alfo, for that the Senfes are put in exercife, in- the Left,

differently on both fides from the time of our Birth ; but the Limbs are ufed
moft on the right fide, whereby cuftom helpeth For we fee, that fome are
:

left-handed, which are fuch as have ufed the left-hand moft.

factions make the parts more flefhy, and full As we fee both in Men, and 377.
F
: 1

Currying of Horfes, &c. The caufe is, for that they draw greater Experiment
in the
Solitary,
quantity of Spirits and Blood to the parts and again, becaufe they draw the
,•
touching
Aliment more forcibly from within; and again, becaufe they relax the Pores, Frifihnt,

and fo make better paffage for the Spirits, Blood, and Aliment: Laftly, be-
caufe they diiTipate, and difgeft any Inutile, or Excrementitious moifture,
which Hern' in the Fl fh j all which help Aflimulation. Ftittions alfo do,
more fill and impinguate the Body, than Exercife. The caufe is, for that in
Frictions, the inward parts are at reft ; which in exercife are beaten (many

times) roomuch: And for the fame reafon (as we have noted heretofore)
Galliflaves are fat and fleihy, becaufe they ftir the Limbs more, and the in-
ward parts lefs.
All
lL-^I
 ,

—
190 3\[atUrd hi/lory

LI Globes a far off, appearflat.' The caufe is, for that diftance, being a
8 7 8.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching
A
lefs
fecundary objecf of"fight, is not otherVife difcerned, than by more Or
light which disparity, when it cannot be difcerned, all fcemeth one:
j

Globes ap- As it is (generally) in obje&snot diftin&ly difcerned ; fcrfo Letters, if they

pearing Flat
be they cannot bedifecrned, fliew but as duskifh Paper? and
fo far off, as
at dijiance.
all Engravings and Emboffings (a far off) appearp'ain.

879*
Experiment
T He uttermeft parts of Shadows, fccmeVer to tremble Thccaufe is, for
that the little Moats which we fee in the Sun, do ever ftir, though there
Solitary, be no Wind and therefore thofc moving, in the meeting of the Light and
;
touching,
Shadvi&s.
the Shadow, from the Light to the Shadow, and from the Shadow to the
Light, do fhew the fhadow to move, becau!ethe Medium moveth.

$2o. SHaUoT» and Narrow Seas, break more than deep and large. The caufe is,
Experiment for that the Impulsion being the fame in both ; where there isagreater
Solitary,
quantity of Water, and like wife fpace enough, there the Water rouleth,
touching the
Upwltng and and moveth, both more flowly, and with a floper rifeandfall: But where
Breaking of there is lefs Water, and lefs fpace, and the Water dafheth more againftthe
the Seas.
bottom ; there itmoveth more fwiftly, and more m Precipice: For in the
breaking of the Waves, there is ever a Precipice.

831. IT hath been obfervedby the efficients, that Salt-veater boiled, or boiled
Experiment * and cooled again, is more potable, than of itfelf raw and. yet the tafte ;
Solitary,
touching the of Salt, in Diftillations by Fire, rifeth not ; For the /Oiftilled Water will be
Dulcoration of frefh. The caufe may be, for that the Salt part of the Water, doth partly
Salt water.
rife into akinde of Scum on the top, and partly gocth into a Sediment in
the bottom and fo is rather a feparation, than an evaporation. But it is too
;

grofs to into a vapor ; and fo is a bitter tafte like wife

rife : For fimple diftil-
led Waters of Wormwood, and the like, are riot bitter.

hathbeenfetdown before, that Tits upon the Seashores turn intoffefll

Experiment
ITWater, by Percolation of ehe Salt through the Sand But it is further :

Solitary,
noted, by fome of the ^indents, that in fomeplaces of ^slfrick, after atime,
touching the
Return of the Water in fuch Pits will become brakifti again. The caufe is, for that
Saltnefi in after a time, the very* Sands, thorow which the Salt- Water pafteth, become
Pitsupunthe
Salt j andfothe Strainer itfelf is tin&ed with Salt. The remedy therefore is
Seajhore.
to dig ftill new Pits, when the old wax brackifh $ as if you would change
your Strainer.

883. Thath been obferved by the Ancients, that Saltwater will diffolvc Salt put
Experiment I into it, in lefs , than Frefh Water willdnfoive it. The caufe may
time
be, for that the Salt in the precedent Watcr.doth by similitude of SubftanGe,
Solitary,
touching
^4ttra8ion by draw the Salt new put in, unto it ; vrhereby it diifufeth in the Liquor more
Similitude of
fpcedily. This is a noble Experiment, if it be true,* fork flicweth means of
SubBanct,
more quick and eafic Imfufiofls,and it is likewife a good inftance of Attracti-
on by Similitude of Subftance. Try it with Sugar put into Water, formerly
fugred, and into other Water unfugred.
884,
Sugar into Wine, part of above, part under the Wine and you
Experiment
Solitary,
PUt
fnide (that which may feem ftrange)
it

thztthcSugar above the Fftne, will

; thai]

'touching
foften anddifiblvefooner than that within the Wine. The caufe is, for that
\yiuraBion.
the
 •f-x

Century IX. tp
the Wine entrcth Sugar which is under the Wine, by Am-
that part of the
ple Infufion or Spreding; but that part above the Wine is likewifc forced
by Sucking For all Spongy Bodies expel the Air, and drav in Liquor, if
:

it be contiguous; as we lee it alfo in Sponges, purpart above the Water. It

is worthy the inquiry, to fee how you may make more accurate Irifuilons,
by help of Attraction.

WAter in Wells caufeis,

warmer in Winter than in Summer
is and fo Air in ;
88J.
Caves. The in higher parts, for that under
the the barth, Expciiment
So,, "'7»
there is a degree of fome heat (as appe^reth in fulphureous Veins, &c.) !

which fhut clofe in (as in Winter) is the moife j but if it perfpire (as it doth | ^tatupfn
in Summer) it is the lefs. $$.

T reported, that amohgftthe LeucaAUns, in ancienttime, upon a fuper-

is 886.
I ftition, they did ufe to precipitate a Man from high Cliff into the Sea,-
a Experiment
Solitary,
tyino- about him with firings, atfome diftance, many great Fowls and fix- touching •»

ing unto his Body divers Feathers fpred, to break thefall. Certainlymany Flying in the
Stir.
Birds of good Wing \asKnes, and the like) would bear up a good weight
as they flic ; and Ipreding of Feathers thin and clofe, and in great bredth,
will likewife bear up a great weight, being even laid without tilting upon
the fides. The furtner extenfion of this Experiment for Flying, may be
thought upon;

is in fome places (namely, in Cephalonid) a little Shrub, whicl^

THere 887.
they call Ho'y Oa\, or D^arf Oak. Upon the Leaves whereof there Experiment
Solitary,
rifeth a Tumor, like a Blifler ; which they gather, and rub out of it; a cer-
touching the
tain red duft, that converteth (after a while) into Worms, which they ki 1 Dye of Scar-
with Wine, (as is reported) when they begin to quicken: With this Duft
they Die Scarlet.
....-.,•."
Zmt, it is very ordinary, to make Men impotent, to accompany with 888.
INtheir Wives; The like is pradtifed in Gafcony, whereit is called Nover /' Experiment
Solitary,
It is pra&ifed always upon the Wedding day.
Eguilleie. And in Zant, the touching , ,

Mothers themfelves do it by way of prevention,becaufe thereby they hinder Aialefitiiiting

other Charms, and can undo their own. It is a thing the Civil Lav taketh
knovvledge of, and therefore is of no light regard.

a common Experiment, but the caufeismiftaken.

is Take a Pot, (or
ITbetter a Glafs, becaufe therein you may fee the Motion) and fcta Candle
S85?.
Experiment
lighted in the Bottom of a Bafon of Water; and turn the Mouth Solitary of the Pot ,

or Glafs over the Candle, and it will make the Water rife. They afcribeit '^jfiofOteh
to the drawing of heat, which is not true: For it appcarcth plainly to be byMtamof
but a Motion of Nexe. which they call NedetUryAcuumy and it proceedeth. Fldme.
thus 1 he Flame of the Candle as foon, as it is covered, being luffocatcd
3

by the clofe Air, lefleneth by little and little: During which time, there is
fome little afcent of Water, but not much} for the Flame occupying lefs
and lefs room, as it lcffenetb, the Water fuccecdeth. But upon the infhnt
of th e Candles going out, there is afuddeh rife of a great deal of Water for ,*

that tnat the Body of the Flame fflleth no more place , and fo the Air and
Water fuccced. ft vvorketh thefame «fle&,ifinfteadof Water, youpuc
Flower, or Sand, into the Bafon Which fhevvcth.thatit U riotthe Flames
:

drawing the Liquor, as Nourifliment, as his fuppofed j for all Bodies are
' alike
—
 i —; ;

-
••- —
192 3\Qtlural Hijlory

alike unto it; ever in motion of Nexe

as it is infomuchj as I have feen the ;

Glafs, being held by the hand, hath lifted up the Bafon, and all The motion :

of T^exe did fo clafp the bottom of the Bafon. That Experiment, when the
Bafon was lifted up, was made with Oyl, and not with Water. Nevertheless
this this is true, that atthe very firftfetting of the Mouth of the Glafs, upon
the bottom of the Bafon, it draweth up the Water a little, and thenitandcth
at aftay, almoft till the Candles going our, as was (aid. This may fhew fome

Aitraftionat firftj but of this we will fpeak more> when we handle Attra6ri-
ons by Heat*

Experiments
in Confortj
touching the
OF the Power of
they have, befides
the Celeftiat what more (ecrer influences
Bodies, and
the two manifeft influences of Heat and Light, wc
1

Influences if (hall when we handle Experiments touching the CeleftUl Bodies : Mean
fpeak,
the Moon» while, we will give fome Directions for more certain Tryalsof theVcrtuej
1

and Influences of the Moon which is out neareft Neighbor.

j

The Influences of the Moon (moft. obferved) are four

; the drawing
forth of Heat; the Inducing of Putrefaction,* the increafe of Moifturei the
exciting of the Motions of Spirits.

890. For the drawing Forth of Heat, we have formerly prefcribed to take
Water warm, and to fct part of it againft the Moon-beams, and part of it
with a Skreen between ; and to fee whether that which ftandethexpofed to
the Beams will not cool fooner. But becaufe this is but a fmall interpofition,
(though in the Sun we fee afmallfhade doth much; it were good to try it
when the Moon fliineth, and when the Moon fliineth not at all and with 5

Water warm in a Glafs-bottle as well asinaDifb* and with Cinders, and

with Iron red-hot, &c,
Spi. For the inducing of Putrefaction, it were good to try it withFlefh or
Fifhexpofed to the Moon-beams, and again expofed to the Air when the
Moon fhineth nor, for the like time, to fee whether will corrupt fooner*,
and try it alfo withCapon,or fome other fowl laid abroad, to lee whether it
will mortifie and become tender fooner. Try it alfo with dead Flies or dead
Worms, hiving a little Water caft upon them, to fee whether will putrefie
fooner. Try it alio with an Apple or Orenge, having holes made in their
tops, to fee whether will rot or mould fooner. Try it alfo with Holland
Cheefe, having Wine put into it, whether it will breed Mites fooner or
greater.
SfA. Forthc of Moiflure, the opinion received is, that Seeds Will
increafe
grow fooncft, and Hair, and Nails, and Hedges, and Herbs, cut, &c. will
grow fooneft, if they be fet or cut in the increafe of the Moon Alfo, that :

Brains in Rabits, Wood-cocks, Olves, &c. are fulleft in the Full of the
Moon ; and fo of Marrow in the Bones, and foof Oyfters and Cockles
which of All the reft are the eafieft tried, if you have them in Pks.
3^3. Take fome Seeds or Roots (as Onions,&c.> and fee fome of them im-
mediately .after the Change, and others of the fame kinde immediately after
the Full Let them be as like as .can be, the Earth alfo the fame as near as
:

may be, and therefore beft in Pots Let the Pots alfo ftand where no Rain
:

or Sun may come to them, left the 4iffercnce of the Weather confound the
Experiment. :And then fee in what cimc the Seeds fer, in the increafe of the :

Moon, com eta a certain height, and Ji0»w they differ from thofe thatare fet
in the decrcafe of the Moon< i i ;;

j j pj
i
.11
a is—
 Century IX* 193
It is like, that the Brain of Man waxeih moifterand fuller upon the Full
of the Mooiij and therefore it were good for thofe that have moift Brains,
and are great Drinkers, to rake fume of Lignum Aloei, Rofemtry, Franktncenfei
&c about the Full of the Moon. It is like alio* that the Humors in Mens
Bodies increafe and decreafe, as the Moon doth i and therefore it were good
to purge fome day or two after the Full* for that then the Humors will not
repleniih fo foon again.
As for the exciting of the motion of the Spirits you muft note, that the 8<?5^
growth of Hedges, Herbs, Hair* &c. is caufed from the Moon, by exciting of
the Spirit?* as well as by increafe of the moifture. But for Spirits in particular,
the great inftanceisin Lumcies.
There may be other fecret effects of the infiuenceof theMoon, Which *?&
are not yet brought into observation. It may be, that if it fo fall our, that the
Wind be North orNorth-Eaft, in theFullof the Moon, it increafeth Cold »
and if South or South- Weft, itdifpofeth the Ait £05 a good while to warmth
and rain j which would be obferved.
It may be that Children and young Cattel that arc brought forth in the 857.
Full of theMoon, areftronger and larger then thofe that are brought forth
in the Wane; and thofe alfo which are begotten in the Full of theMoon;
So that it mightbegood Husbandry, to put Rams and Bulls to their Females
fomewhat b^fjre tne Full of the Moon. It may be alfo that the Eggs ,

laid in the Full of the Moon, breed thebetter Bird andanumber of the i

like effect, which may be brought into obfervarion. gume alfo, whe-
ther great Thunders and Earth-quakes be not moft in the Full of the
Moon. *

turning of Wine to Vinegar,

THe
making of Vinegar they to ,
is

of Wine ovef againft the

ufe let
a kinde of Putrefaction
Veffels
j and in 8j?&
Experiment
Solitary,
Noon Sun, which callcthoutthe more Oily Spirits, and leaveth the Liquor touching
more four and hard. We
fee alfo, that Burnt-Wine is more hard and aftrin- Vinegar,

gent then Wine unburnr. It is faid, that Cider ^Navigations under the Line
ripeneth, when Wine or Beer foureth. It were good to fet a Rundlet of Ver*
juice over againft the Sun in Summer, as they do Vinegar, to fee whether it
will ripen andfweetcn*

THere be divers Creatures that fleep Winter i as the Bear, thcHedg-

all
Experiment
hog, the Bat, the Bee, &c. Thefe all wax fat when they deep, and egeft
Solitary,
ror. The caufe of their fattening, during their fkeping; time , may be the couching
want of affimilating j for wbatfoever affimilatcth not to Flefh, turneth either Creatures thai
Sleep a,U Win-
Co fweat or far. Thefe Creatures, for part of their fleeping time, have been ter*
obferved not to ftir at all and for the other part, to ftir, but not to remove,
,•

and hey get warm and clofe places to fleep in. When the Flemmmgs wintred
t

in Nora. ZembUj the ZW/about the middle of November went to fleep; and
then the Foxes began to come forth, which durft not before, Itisnotedby
fome of the tyintients , that the She Bear-breedeth, and lieth in with her
young during that time of Reft, and that a Bear big with young, hath feldom
906.
been feen. Experiment
Solitary,
touchingthe
SOme Living Creature^ are procreated by Copulation between Male aad Generation of
Female, fome by Putrefaction j come by Putiefa&ion,
and of thofe which Creatures by
!many do (nevetthelefs) Copulating)
afterwards procreate by Copulation. For the caufe
and by Ptttrt-
lo[ both Generations : Firft, it is moft certain, that the caufe of all Vivi- fiElien,
' - S fication,
 ;

*^P^^ —<!— —I.

t94 I J\(atural Hifary

fication is a gentle and proportionable hear, working upon a gluttinous and

yielding fubftance j for the heat doth bring forth Spirit in that fubftance,
and the fubftance being gluttinous, produceth two effects ; the one, That
the Spirit is detained, and cannot break forth i the other, That the matter
being gentle and yielding, is driven forwards by the motion of the Spirits,
afcer (prac fwelling into fhape and members. Therefore all Sperm, all Mcn-
ftruous fubftance, all matter whereof Creatures are produced by Putrefacti-
on* have evermore a Clofenefs, Lentor,and Scquacity. It feemeth therefore
that the Generation by Sperm onely, and by Putrefaction, have twodiffe-
rent caufe?. The firft is, for that Creatures which have a definite and exact
flupe (as thofe have which are procreated by Copulation) cannot be produ-
ced by a weak and cafual heat ; nor out of matter, which is not exactly pre-
pared according to the Species, The fecond is, for that there is a greater
time required for Maturation of perfect Creatures s for if the time required
in Vivification be of any length, then the Spirit will exhale before the Crea-

ture be mature , except it be inclofed in a place where it may have continu-

ance of the hear, accefsof fome nourifhment tomaintainif, andclof-nefs
that may keep it from exhaling ; and fueh places, or the Wombs and Matri-
ces of the Females And therefore all Creatures made of Putrefaction, arc
:

of more uncertai n fhape, and are made in fhorter time, and need not fo per-
fect an enclofure, though fome clofenefs be commonly required. As for
the Heathen opinion, which was, Thatupongreat mutations of the World,
perfect Creatures were firft ingendred of Concretion, as well as Frogs, and
Worms, and Flies, and fuch like, are now ; we know it to be vain: But if
anyfuch thing mould be admitted, difcourfing according to fenfe, it cannot
be, except you admit of a chaos firft, and commixture of Heaven and Earth;
for the Frame of the World once in order, cannot effect it by any excefs or
cafualty.
 19?

ttkiii!fti

NATURAL
HISTORY.
Century X.

^Hc Philofophy of Tythagoras (which was of Super-

full i
Experiments
in Confoiti
ftition) did firrt plant a Monftrous Imagination, which touching
|

afterwards was, by the School of Tlato, and others, Tranfmifiion

and Influx of
vratred and nourifhed. It was, That the World ivas one i

Immateriate
entire perfeft infomuch, as \y4pollonius of
Living Creature J Virtues, and
the Force of
"lyana, a Pythagorean Prophet, affirmed, That the Ebb-
Imagination.
ing and Flowing of the Sea was the Refpiration of the
World, drawing in Water as Breath, and putting it
forth again. They went on, and inferred, Tbatif the World were a Living
Creature, it had a Soul and Spirit; which alfo they held, calling it Spiriw
Mundi, the Spirit or Soul of the World by which , they did not intend God3
5

(for they did admit ofaCDeifybefides) butonely the Soul, or hffentialForm

of the Uni perfe. This Foundation being laid, they might build upon it what
they would ; for in a Living Creature, though never fb great (as for example,
in a great Whale) the Senfe and the Affe&s of any one part of the Body
inftantly make a Tranlcurfion throughout the whole Body So that by this
:

they did infinuate, that no diftance of place, nor want orindifpofitionof

Matter, could hinder Magical Operations but that (for example) we
;

might here in Europe have Senfe and Feeling of that which was done in
China-, andlikewife,we might work any effect without and againft Matter :

And this not holden by the co-operation of Angels or Spirits but onely by ,

the Unity and Harmony of Nature. There were fome alfo that {laid not
here, but went further, and held, That if the Spirit of Man (whom they
call the CMicrocofm) do give a fit touch to the Spirit of the World,by ftrong
Imaginations and Beliefs, it might command Nature for Paracelfm, ana ;

fome darkfome Jlutbors of Magick, do afcribe to Imagination exalted the

Tower of Miracle-working Faith. With thc-fe vaft and bottomlefs Follies
!Men have been ;in part) entertained. #
S 2. But
 ;

Statural Hiflory ;

Butwe, that hold firm totlv; Works of God, and to the S'enfc, which
r
is Gods Lamp, (Luctm<i Dei Spiraculum Hominu) w ill enquire \\ ith all So-
briety and Severity, whether there be to be found in the Foot-fteps of Na-
ture any fuchTranfmiffion and Influx of Immateriate Virtues and what ;

the force of Imagination is, either upon the Body Imaginant, or upon
another Body : Wherein it will be
like that labor of Hercules in puroincr the
Stable of t^dugeas, to feparate from Superftitious and Magical Arts and Ob-
fervations, any thing that is clean and pure Natural, and not to be either
contemned or condemned. And although we fhall have occaflon to
fpcakof this in more places then one, yet we will now make lbme entrance
thereinto.

901. *
En are tobcadmonifhed, that they do not withdraw credit from the
Experiments .Operations by TranfmifliOn of Spirits and Force of Imagination,
in Confoit
becaufe the effeds fail fometimes. For as in Infection and Contagion from
Mtnitorjt
touching Body to Body, (as the Plague, and the like) it is moft certain, that the In-
Tranfmipion fection is received (many times) by the Body Paflive , but yet is by the
of Spirits, and
ike Force oj
ftrength and good dilpofition thereof repulfed, and wrought out, before it
Imagination, be formed into a Difeafe fo much more in Impreffions from Minde to
•>

Minde, or from Spirit to Spirit, the Impreffion taketh, but is encountred

and overcome by the Minde and Spirit, which is Paflive, before it work any
manifeft effect And therefore they work moft upon weak Mindes and
:

Spirits as thole of Women, Sick Perfons, Superftitious and fearfuj Per-

J

fons, Children, and young Creatures.

JSlefcia qttti teneros oculus tnibi fafclnat Agnes :

The Toet fpeakethnotof Sheep, but of Lambs. As for the weaknefs of the
Fower of them upon Kings andMagiftrates, it may be afcribed (befides the
main, which is the Protection of God over thofe that execute his place) to
the weaknefs of the Imagination of the Imaginant ; for.it is hard for a
Witch or a Sorcerer to put on a belief, that they can hurt fuch perfons.

901. Men are tobe admonifhed on the other fide, that they do not eafily give
place and credit to thefe operations, becaufe they fucceed many times: For
thecaufe of this fuccefsis (oft) to be truly afcribed unto the force of Affecti-
on and Imagination upon the Body Agent, and then by a fecondary means it
may work upon a diverfe Body. As for example. If a man carry a Planets Seal
or a Ring, or fome part of a Beaft, believing ftrongly that it will help him to
obtain his Love, or to keep him from danger of hurt in Fight, or to prevail in
QiS'ute, &c. it may make him more active andinduftrious and again, more j

confident and perfifting.thenotherwifehe would be. Now the great effeds

come of Induftry and Perfeverance (efpecially in civil bufinefs) who
that may
knowethnot ? For we fee audacity doth almoft binde and mate the weaker
fort of Mindes j and the Irate of Humane Actions is fo rariable^ that to try
things oft, and never to give over, doth wonders: Therefore it were a meer
fallacy and niftaking toafcribe that to the Force of Imagination upon an-
other Body, whichis butthe Force of Imagination upon the proper Body
for there is no doubt but that Imagination and vehement Affection work
I greatly upon the Body of the Imaginant, as we fhall mew indue place.
203 Men are to be admonifhed, that as they are not to miftake the caufes of
j
thefe Operations, fo much
they are to miftake the Fact or .Effect,
lefs

!
and rafhly to take that for done which is not done. And therefore, as di-
j \»ers wife Judges have prefcribed and cautioned, Men may not too raflily t

I believe
 Century X. 199 )

believe the Contetfion of Witciies, nor yet the evidence againft them Fjr :

the Witches themfelves are Imaginative, and believe oft-times ihey do that

which they do not J and people are credulous in that point, and ready to
impute Accidents and Natural operations to Witchcraft. It is worthy the
obferving, that both in ancient and late times, (as in the Thejfalian Witches,
and the meetings of Witches that have been recorded by 10 many lareCon-
feffions) the great wonders which they tell of carrying in the Air, trans-
forming themfelves into other Bodies, &c. are full reported to be wrought,
not by Incantation or Ceremonies, bat by Ointments and Anointing them-
felves all over. This may juttly move a Man to think, that thefe Fables are
the effects of Imagination j for it is certain, that Ointments do all (\i they be
laid on any thing thick) by flopping of the Pores, (hut in the Vapor, and
fend them to the head extreamly. And for the particular Ingredients of
thofe Magical Ointments, it is like they are opiate and foporiferou?. For
Anointing of the Forehead, Neck, Feet, Back-bone, weknow is ufed for
procuring dead fleeps. And if any Man fay, that this effect would be bet-
ter done by inward potions ; anfwer may be made,that the Medicines which
go to theOintments are foftrong, that if they were ufed inwards, they would
kill thofe that ufe them j and therefore they work potently, though out-
wards,
We will
divide the feveral kindes of the operations by tranfmiffion of
Spirits and Imagination, which will give no fmall light to the Experiments
that follow. A'l operations by tranfmiffion of Spirits and Imagination have
this, that they work at diftance, and not at touch * and they are thefe being
diftinguiflicd,

Tne firftis, The Tranfmiflion or Emiffion of the thinner and more *°4<
airy parts of Bodies, as in Odors and Infections j and this is, of all the
reft, the moft corporeal. But you muft remember withal , that there
be a number of thofe Emiffion?, both unwholefomeand wbolefome, that
give no fmell at all For the Plague many times when it is taken giveth
.*

no fent at all, and there be many good arcd healthful Airs, as they appear
by Habitation, and other proofs, that differ not in Smell from other Airs,
And under this head you may place all Imbibitions of Air, where thefub-
ftanceis material, odocdike, whereof iome neverthelefs are ftrange, and
very fuddenly diffufed ; as the alteration which the Air reeeiveth in Egypt al-
moft immediately upon the riiing of the River o[Nilu y whereof we have
fpoken.
the Tranfmiffion or Emiffion of thofe things that we call
The fecond is, 905.
Spiritual Species, as Vifiblesand Sounds; the one whereof we have hand-
led, and the other we fhall handle in due place. Thefe move fwiftly and at
great diftance, but then they require a CMe&ium well difpofcd,and their Tranf-
miflion flopped.
is eafily

The is, the Emiffions which eaufe Attraction of certain Bodies at

third ?otf,
diftance. wherein though the Loadftone be commonly placed inthefirft
rank, yet we think good to except it, and refer it to another Head But :

the drawing of %jim\ier% and Jet, and other ElefaUk. Bodies , and the At-
traction inGo/rfof the Spirit of Quick-fiber at diftance, and the Attraction
of Heat at diftance , and that of fire to l^tphtka, and that of fome Herbs
to Water, though at diftance, and divers others , we {hall handle ; but
yet not under this prefent title, but under the title of Attraction in
general.
,
S 3 The
 ;

20O Natural Hiflory

9°7- The fourth is, the Emiflion of Spirits, and Jmmateriate

Powers and
Virtues, in thafe things which work by the univerfal configuration and Sym-
pathy of the Wocki ; not by Forms, or Celeltial Influxes, (.as is vainly taught
and received) but by the Primitive Nature of Matter, and the feeds of
things. Of this kinde is (as we yet fuppofe) the working of the Loadilone,
which is by content with the Globe of the Earth; of thiskinde is the motion
of Gravity, which is by confent of denfe Bodies with cheGlobeof the Earth;
Of this kinde is fome difpofition of Bodies to Rotation , and particularly
fromEafttoWeft; of whichkinde, we conceive the Main Float and Refloat
of the Sea if, which is by confent of the Univcrfe, as part of the 'Diurnal
Motion. Thefe Intmateriate Virtues have this property differing from others
that thc.divcrfity of the Medium hindreth them not, but they pafs through all
Mediums, yet at determinate diftances. And of thefe we mail fpeak, as they
are incident to feveral Titks.
5?cS. The fifth the Emitfion of Spirits ; and, this is the principal in our in-
is,

tention to handle now in this place, namely, the operation of the Spirits of
the minde of Man upon other Spirits ; and this is of a double nature ; the
operation of the Affections, if they be vehement i and the operation of the
Imagination, if be ftrong. But thefe two are fo coupled, as we ihall handle
it

them together for when an envious or amorous afpectdoth infect the Spi-
;

rits of another, there is joyned both Affection and Imagination.

$0$, Thefixth i?, the influxes of xht Heavenly Bodies, befidesthofetwomani-

feftones of Heat and Light. But thefe we will handle, where we handle the
Celejlial Bodies and Motions.
$10. Thcfeventh is, the operations of Sympathy, which the Writers of Na-
tural UMagick have brought into an terror 'Precept j and it is this, That if
you defire to fuper-induceany Virtue Or Difpofition upon a Per fon, you
fhould take the Living which that Virtue is moft eminent and in
Creatitrey in

perfection of that Creature you muft take the part* whetcin that Virtue
,-

chiefly is collocate. Again, you muft take the parts in the time, and aft
when that Virtue is moft in exereife, and then you muft apply it to that part
of Man, wherein that Virtue chiefly confifteth. As if you would fuper-
induce Comage and Fortitnde, take a Lion, or a Cocks and take the Heart, looth,
otPa-boi the Lion > or the Heart, or Spur of the Cock : Take thofe parts im-
mediately after the Lionoi the Ceck have been in fight, and let them be worn
upon a Mans heart or wrift. Of thefe and fuch like Sympathies we fhall fpeak
under this prefent Title.
$IJ> The eighth and laft is, an Emiflion of Immateriate Virtues, fuch as we
are a little doubtful to propound it is fo prodigious , but that it is fo con.
ftantly avouched by many And we have fet it down as a Law to out felves,
:

to examine things to the bottom* and not to receive upon credit, or reject
upon improbabilities, until there hath pafled a due examination. This is the
Sympathy of Individuals for as there is a Sympathy of Species, fo (it may be) there
;

is a Sympathy of Individuals > that is, that in things, or the parts of things that

have been once contiguous or entire, there mould remain a tranfmiflionof

Virtue from the one to the other, as between the Weapon and the Wound.
Whereupon blazed abroad the operation of VngMntum Trii, and fo of a
is

piece of Lard, or flick of Elder, &c. That if part of it be coofumed or pu-

trefied, it will work upon th* other parts fevered. Now we will purfue the
inftances thcmfelves.

i '

. . The
 ;

£entury X. 201

many
times taken without manifeffc fenfe, as hath b.-en
THe Tlague is

faid ; and they report, that where it is found it hath a fent of the limll
912.
Exj crimcniS
in Contort,
or a Mellow Apple, and (asfome fay) of May-flowers And it is alfo re
:
touching
ceived, that fmells of Flowers that are Mellow and Lufhious, arc ill for the •thiftion <if
Spirit in Va-
Midgut ; as White Lilies, Covvfips, and Hyacinths.
1

for or Exha-
lation Odvr-
The Tbgue is not by fueh as continually are about them
eafily received %
that have the 'Plague, as Keepers of the Sick, and Phyficians j nor againby
fuch as take Antidotes, either inward (as LMitkidate, Juniper-berries, Rue, Leaf,
andJW, &c). or outward (as Angelica, Zedoary, and trie likeinthcMoutn
2ir, Ga/banum^ and the like in Perfume :) Nor again, by old people, and luch
as are of a dry and cold complexion. On the other fide, the Plague takcth
fooneft hold of thole that come out of a frefli Air, and of t hofe that are fail-
ing, and of Children ; and it is likewife noted to go in a Blood more then
to a ftranger.
The moft pernicious Infection, next the PUgue, is thefmell of the Goal, 914.
when Prifoners have been long, and clofe, and naftily kept; whereof we
have had in our time, experience twice or thrice, when both thejudges that
fat upon the Goal, and numbers of thofethat attended the buiinets,ot were

prefent, fickned upon it, and died. Therefore it were good wifdom, that in
fuch cafes the Goal were aired before they be brought forth.
Om of queftion, if fuch foul fmells be made by Art, and by the Hand, $15
theyconfift chiefly of Mans flefti, or fweat, putrefied j for they are not thole
ttinks which the Noftrils ftraight abhor and expel, that are moft pernicious,
bur fuch Airs as have fomefimili Hide with Mans body, and fo infinuace them-
ielvcs, and betray the Spirits. There may be.great danger in ufing fuch Com-
pofiiions in great Meetings of people within Houfes ; as in Churches, at %yir~
raignments, at Flays and Solemnities, and the like Forpoyfoning of Air is no
:

lets dan°erous,thcn poyfoning of Water, which hath been ufed by the Turks

in the Wars, and was ufed by Emanuel Comnenut towards the Chriftians, when
they palled through his Countrey to the Htly Land. And thefe empoyfon-
menrs of Air are the more dangerous in Meetings of People, becaufe the
much breath of People doth further the reception of the Infection. And
therefore when any fuch thing is feared, it were good thofepublick places
were perfumed before the Affemblies.
ine empoyfonment of particular perfons by Odors, hath been reported 926.
to be in perfumed Gloves, or the like. And it is like they mingle the poy fon
that is deadly with fome fmells that are fweet, which alfo maketh it
the fooner received. Plagues alfo have been railed by Anointings of the
Ghinksof Doors, and the like; not fo much by the touch, as for that it is
common for men, when they finde any thing wet upon their fingers, to
put them tothcir Nofe 5 which men therefore ihould take heed how they
do. The beft is, that thefe Compofitions of Infectious Airs cannot be made
without dangers of death to them that make them j but then again, they
may have lome Antidotes to fave themfelves 5 fo that men ought not to be
iccureofit.
There have been in divers Countreys great Plagues by the putrefaction of iij.
great fwarms of Grashoppers and Locufis, when they have been dead and call
upon heaps.
It hapneth oft in <J\tmes, that there are Damps which kill either by
?iS.
Suffocation, or by thepoyfonous nature of the CWmerah and thofe that
deal
 ,

202 fhQiturd Hijiory;

deal much or other works about Metals and Minerals, have

in Refining*
their Brains hurt and ttupefied by the Metalline Vapors. Amongft which, it
is noted, that the Spirits of Quick-filver ever flie tothe Skull, Teeth, or
Bones; infomuch; as Gilders, uie to have apiece of Gold in their Mouth to
draw the Spirits ol Qjuick-filver ; which Gold aftctwards theyfinde tobe
•
•
whitned. There are alio certain Lakes and Pits* iucb.asthac o{Averuus, that
poylon Birds (as is faid) which flie over them, or Men that flay too long
about them.
9*9- The Vapor ofChar-ccal or Sea-coal irr a elofe room," hath killed
many 5 and it is the more dangerous, becaufe it cometh without any ill fmell,
but ftealeth on by little and little, inducing onely faintnefs , without any
manifeft ftrangling. "When the 'Dutchmen wintred at Nova ZembU, and
that they could gather no more Clicks, they fell' to make fire of Tome Sea-
coal they had, wherewith (at fitft) they were much refrefhed > but a little

after they had fat about the fire, there grew a general filenee and loihnef,
to fpeak amongft them 3 and immediately after, one of the weakeft of
.he Company fell down in a fwooh Whereupon, they doubting what it
:

was, opened their door to let in Air, and fofaved themfelves. The effect
( no doubt) is wrought by the irifpiffuion of the Air, and fo of the

Breath and Spirits. Tnelike enfueth in Rooms newly Plaiftred, if a fire

be made in them j whereof no lefs Man then the Emperor Joviniamts
died.
£10 Vide the Experiment 805. Touching the lnfetthus Nature of the Air upon
the firft Showers after-long Drought.
It hath come to pals that^fdme
apothecaries, upon damping of CWo-
quimidd,have been put into a great Scouring by the Vapor onely.
922,. It hath been a pradice to burn a Peppk they call Guinny.Pcpper, which
hath fuch aftrong Spirit, that it provoketh'S continual $nte%ing in thok that
are in the Room.
Ancient Tradition/ that Blear Eyes infe& Sound Eye* j and that a
It is an

Menfiruous Woman looking in

a Glafs doth ruft it Nay, they have an opinion,
:

which feemeth fabulous, That MenflruomlVomen going over a Field or Garden,

do Com and Herbs good by killing the Worms.
The Tradition is no lefs ancient, that theZk/i/^killethbyafpecl; and
that the Woolf, if be feeth a Man fitft, by afpeft ftriketh a Man hoarfe.
925. perfumes convenient do dry and ftrengthen the Brain, and ftay Rheums
and Defluxions i as we findeinFume of Rofcmary dried, and Lignum Aloes,
and Calamus taken at the Mouth and Noftrils. And no doubt, there be other
Perfume- that do moiften and refrefh.and are fit to be ufed in Burning Agues,
Confumptions, and too muchwakefulnefs 5 fuchasarcrto/tf-Tfcwr, Vinegar,
Lemmon-pills, Violets, the Leaves of Vines fprinklcd with a little Rofe.tater ,
&c.
92^. They do ufe in fudden Faintirgs andSwooning?, to put a Handkerchief
with Rofe- water* oralittle Vinegar to the Nofe, which gathercth together
jgaifl the Spirits, which are upon point to refolve and fall away.

927. Tobacco comforteth the Spirits, and difchargeth wearinefs > which it
worketh, p-snly by opening, but chiefly by the opiate virtue, which con-
denfeth the Spirits. It were good therefore to try the taking of Fumes by
Pipes (as they do in Tobaccv) of other things, as well to dry and comforr, as
for other intentions. I wiflitryalbe made of the drying Fume of Rofemary
and Lignum Aloes, before mentioned ia Pipe; and foof Nutmegs and Folium
Indum, &c.

~—~— —— The
1 _i-uii ! 1 rw 1 1

t! in i>r Mi-" —1 w-t—^rr"„—

1
r—"—•—"" T ,
— 1
 1

Centuty 20 j
following of the Plough hath been approved for refreshing the
The 028;
Spirits, and procuring Appetite but to do it in the Ploughing for Wheat
;

or Rye isnotfo good, becaufe the Earth hath fpent her iwect breath in Vege-
tables put forth in Summer. It is better iherefore to do it when you low
(Earley. But becaufe Ploughing is tiedtoSeafons.it is beft to take the Air
'

of the Earth new turned up by digging with the Spade, or Handing by him
!that diggeth. Gentlewomen may dothemfelves much goo J by kneeling upon
a Cuihion, and Weeding. And thefe things you may pra&ife in the beft Sea-
fons which is. ever the early Spring, before the Earth putteth forth the
;

I
Vegetables, and in thefweeteft Earth you canchuic. It would be done alfo
w hen the Dew is a little off the Ground, left the Vapor be too moift. 1 knew
a crreat Man that lived long, who had a clean Clod of Earth brought to
him every morning as he Tate in his Bed and he would hold his head
;

over it a good preety while. I commend alfo fometimes in digging of

new Earth, to pour in fome Malmfey or Greek Wine, that the Vapor of
the Earth and Wine together may comfort the Spirits the more pro- ;

vided always it be not taken for a Heathen Sacrifice or Libation to the

|
Earth.

of
They have in Thyfick ufe of Pomanders, and knots of Powders for drying
Rheums, comforting of the Heart, provoking of Sleep, Sec. for though
W
thofe things be not fo ftrong as Perfumes, yet you may have them continu-
!
ally in yourhand, whereas Perfumes you can take but at times; and be-
be divers things that breath better of themielves then when
fides, there
thevcometothe Fire } as Nigtlla Romana, the Seed of <JMeLmbium, Ama-
tnum^&c " 5j
There be two things which (inwardly ufed) do cool and condenfe 9$o >
the Spirits ; and I wifh the fame to be tried outwardly in Vapors. The one
is,j#wej which 1 wouldhave diflblved in Malmfey, or Greek Wine, and fo
ffie imell of the Wine taken 5 or, if you would have it more forcible, pour

of it upon a Fire-pan well heated, as they do Roft-ivater and Vinegar. The

other is, the diftilled Water of Wilde Poppey ; which Iwifh to be mingled
at half with Rofe-water, and fo taken with fome mixture of a few Clovesm a
Perfuming- pan. The like would be done vvith the diftilled Water of SafFron-
Flowers.
Smells of CMtiik., and %yimher, and Civlt, are thought to further Vene- 95
rcous Appetite j which they may do by the refreshing and calling forth of
the Spirits.
Incenfe andNiderous fmells (fuch as were of Sacrifices) were thought to 9P'
intoxicate the Brain, and to difpofe men to devotion which they may do
;

bv a kinde offadnefs and contriftation of the Spirits, andpartly alfo by

! Heating and Exalting them. We
fee that amongft the Jews, the principal
perfume of the San&uary was forbidden all common ufes.
There be fome Perfumes prefcribed by the Writers of Natural Magic^ 9fr
which procure pleafant Dreams and fome others Us they fay) that procure
>

Prophetical Dreams, as the Seeds of Flax, FleaTvort, &c.

Odors do in a fmall degree, nourifh, efpecially the
It is certain, that
9H>
Odor of Wine ;and we fee Men an hungred do love to fmell hot Bread.
c
! It is related, that Democriw when he lay a dying, heard a Woman in the
Houfe complain,that fhe fhould be kept'from being at a Feaftand Solemni-
ty (which fhe much defired to fee) becaufe there would be a Corps in the
Houle Whereupon he caufed Loaves of new Bread
: to be fent for, and open-
ed -them, and poured a little Wine into them, and fo kept himfelf alive with
, the
 ;

204 Statural Hiflory ;

the Odor of them till

the Feaft was paft. 1 knew a Gentleman chat would
faft(fometimes) three or four, yea, five days, without Meat, Bread, or
Drink; but the fame Man ufed to have continually a great Wifp of Herbs
that hefmelledon, and amongft thofe Herbs lomeefculent Herbs offtrong
lent, as Onkns, Garlicky, Leeks, and the like.

?3 5- 1 hey do ufe for the Accident of the Mother toburn Feathers, and other
things of ill Odor 5 and by thofe ill fmells the rifing of the Mother is put
down.
There be Airs which the Phyficians advife their Patients to remove
unto in Confumptions, or upon recovery of long fickneffes, which (common-
ly) are plain Champaigns, but Grafing, and not over- grown with Heath,
or the like; and the like. It is noted al-
01 elfe Timber-fhadts, as in Forefts,
fo, Groves of Bays do forbid Peftilent Airs > which was accounted a
that
great caufe of the wholefome Air of iyimiochia. There be alfofome Soyls
7 7
that put forth Odorate Herbs pf thcmfelves^s^ / //^ Thyme, FP tide Marjoram,
Penny-royal, Camomiie-y and in which, theJSr^r-^o/^fmell almoft likcMutk-
iRofts; which (no doubt) arc iigns that do difcover an excellent Air.

It were good for men to think of having healthful Air in their Houfes
927°
which will never be, if the Rooms be low-roofed, or full of Windows and
Doors fortheonemaketh the Air clofe, and not frefli ; and the other,
;

maketh it exceeding unequal, which is a great enemy to health. The Win-

dows alfo ihould not be high up to the Roof (which is in ufe for Beauty and
Magnificence) but low. Alfo Stone-walls are not wholefome; but Timber is
more wholefome, and efpecially Brick; nay, it hath been ufed by fome
with great fuccefs, to make their Walls thick, aed to put a Lay of Chalk
between the Bricks to take away all dampifhnefs.
fa' ;.

91%. THefe Emiflions (as we faid before) are handled, and ought to be hand-,
Experiment led by themfelves, under their proper Titles 5 that is, Vifibles, and
Solitary,
touching the
Audibles, each apart In this place, it fhall fuffice to give fbme general Ob-
:

Eir.ifiions of fervations common to both. they feem to be Incorporeal. Secondly,

Firfl,
Spiritual Spe-
they work fwiftly. Thirdly, they work at large diftances. Fourthly, in
cies, which
ujfctJthe curious varieties. Fifthly, they are not effe&ive of any thing, nor leave any
SiHJCS, work behindethem,butare energies meerly ; for their working upon mir-
rors and places of Echo doth not alter any thing in thofe Bodies ; but it is
the fame Adion with the Original, onelyrepercufled.Andas for the fhaking
of Windows, or rarifying the Air by great noifes, and the Heat caufed by
Burning Glalfes, they are rather Concomitants of the Audible and VifibJe
Species, then the effects of them. Sixthly, they feem to be of fo tender and
weak a Nature, as they affect onely fuch a Rare and Attenuate Subftance
as is the Spirit of Living Creatures.
9i9-
Eapenments
in Conlott,
T mentioned in fome Stories, that where Children have been expofed
is

touching or taken away young from their Parents, and that afterward they have
Emifiion of approached to their Parents prefence, the Parents (though they have not
Imrnattriatt
Virtuei front known them) hare hadafecret Joy, or other Alteration thereupon.
the Afindet
and Spirits of
Alen^ithcr by
There was an Egyptian S'oothfayer that made t_/4ntoniu$ believe, that his
^rff'eclknslor genjus(which otherwise was brave and confidents was, in the prefence of
by Imaginati-
poor and cowardly and therefore, he advifed him toibfent
Ociavianus Cafar, ;
ons, or by other
Imprcfisons, himfclf (as much as he could) and remove far from him. The Soothfayer was
54O. thought to be fuborned by Cleopatra, to make him live in Egypt, and other
remote
 ;

Century A. loj
remote places from Rome. Howloever, the conceit ot a predominant or
mattering Spirit of one Man over another isancient, and received (till, even
in vulgar opinion.
There are conceit-;, that fomeMen that are of an illandmelancholly
94*
nature, do incline the company into which they come, to be fad and ill di(-

pofed; andcontrariwile, that others that are of a jovial nature do difpoG

the company to be merry and chearful And again; that lome Men arc lucky
:

to be kept company with, and employed, and others unlucky. Certainly it

is agreeable to reafon, that there are at theleaft fome light effluxions from

Spirit to Spirit when Men are in ptefence one with another, as well as from
-

Bsdy to Body.
It hath been obferved, that old Men have loved young company, and 94J.
beenconvetfwt continually with them, have been of long life ; their Spuits
fas it feemeth) being recreated by fuch company. Such were the Ancient
Sophiftsand Rhetoricians, which ever had young Auditors and Ditciplc.
asGorgias, Protagoras, Ifocrates, &c. who lived till they were an hundred years
old >and fo likewife did many of the Grammarians and School-mafteri : Such as
was Orbiliw, &c.
Audacity and confidence doth, in civil bufineffef, fo great effedVi as a 5>43
Man may (reafonably) doubr, that befides the very daring, and earneftncfs>
and perfifting, and importunity, there mould be fome feeret binding and
(looping of other Mens fpirits to fuch perlons.
Tne Affcdions ^no doubt; do make the Spirits more powerful and active^ 5>44-
and cfpecially thofe Affections which draw the Spirits into the Eyes ; which
are two, Love and Envy, which is called Oculus Malus. As for Love, the
P/ifMt/fr (fomeof them) go io far, of the Lover
as to hoid, Thaft the Spirit
doth pafs into the of the perfon loved, which caufeth the defireof
Spirits
return into the Body whence it was emitted, whereupon followeth that ap-
petite of contract and conjunction which is in Lovers. And this is obferved
likewife, that the Afpeds that procure Love, are not gazings, butfudden
glances and dartings of the Eye. As for Envy, that emittethfomc malign
and poifonous Spirit?, which take hold of the Spirit of another ; and is like-
wire of greateft force, when the Cad of the Eye is oblique. It hath been no

tedalfo, That it is mod dangerous, where the envious Eye is caft upon per-
fons in glory, and triumph, and joy. The reafon whereof if, for that at fuch
times the Spirits come forth mod into the outward parts, and fo meet the
percuflion of the envious eye more at hand ; and therefore it hath been no-
red, Thataftcr great triumphs, Men have been ill difpofed for fome days
following. We fee the opinion of Fafcination is ancient for both effect, of
procuring Love, andficknefs caufed by Envy; and Fafcinarion is ever by
theEye. Butyet if thereby any fuch infection from Spirit to Spirir, there
is no doubr, but that it worketh by ptefence, and not by the Eye alone, yet
molt, forcibly by the Eye.
Fear and Shame are likewife infective: For we fee that the flatting of one,
5H5
will make another ready to fbrr, and when one man is out of countenance
company, others do likewife blnfh in his behalf.
in a
Now we will fpeak of the Force of Imagination upon Other Bodies, and
of the means to exalt and ftrengthen it. Imagination, in this place, I under-
ftand tobe the reprefentation of an Individual Thought. Imagination is of
three fcindes 5 the 6r(i joyned with Belief of that which is to come; the fe-
cond, joyned with Memory of that which is paft; and the third is, of Things
prefent, or as if they were prcfent For I comprehend inthis, Imagination
:

. ,
feigned,
 - " - . r

204 ZSQttUrat fiiflory ;

feigned, and at As if one mould imagine fiich a

pleasure .*
to bein the Mm
Vefimen.ts of a pope, or to have Wings. I Tingle out for this time that wnich

is with Frith or Belief of that which is to come. The Inquifitionof this

Subject in our way (which
by Induction) iswondetful hard, for the things
is

that are reported are ; and new Experiments can hardly be

full of Fables
made but with extteam Caution, fortheReafon which we will after de-
clare.
The Fowr of Imagination is in three kindes. Tuefirft, upon the Body of
the imaginanr, including likewife the Childe in the Mothers Womb. The
fecondis,ihepower of it upondead bodies, as Plants Wood, Stone, Metal,
&c. The third is, the power of it upon the Spirits of Men and Living Crea-
tures. And with this laft we will onely meddle.
Tne Whether a Man conlantly and fhoogly be-
Probleme therefore
is,

lieving that iuchthing (hall be, (as that fuch an one will love him, or that
a

fuch an one will grant him his requeft, or that fuch an one (hall recover a
ficknefs, or the like) it doth help any thing to ihe effecting of the thing it

fe f. And here again we muft warily diftinguifti ; for it is not meant <as
hath been partly faid before) thatitfhould help by making a man more (lour,
or more induftrious } (in which kinde, conftant belief dorh much) but
mecriy by a fecret operation, or binding, or changing the Spirit of another.
And in this it is hard (as we began to fay) to make any neW experiment j for
I cannot command my to believe what I will, and lono tryalcan be
felf

made. Nay it is worfe, for whatfoeveraManimagineth doubringly, or with

tear, muft needs do Imagination have any power atalli for a Man
hurt, if

reprefenteth that oftner that he feareth, then the contrary.

Tne help therefore is, for a Man to work by another, in whom he
may create belief, and not by himfelf, until himfelf have found by experi-
ence, that Imagination doth prevail for then experience worketh in himfelf
;

Belief, if the Belief that fuch a thing mail be joyned with a Belief, that his
Imagination may procure it.
94^. For example, I related one time to a Man that was curious and vain
enough in thefe things, That I fa"b a kinde of Jugler that had a 'Pair of Cards, and
would tell a man what Card he thought. 1 his pretended Learned Man told me, it
W as a miftaking in me. For (faid he) it wot not the knowledge of the Mans thought
( for thai is proper to God) but it was the inforcing of a thought upon him, and bindihg his

Imagination by ajlronger, that he could think no other Card. And thereupon he asked
me aQoeftionor two, which I thought he did but,cunningly» knowing be-
fore what ufed to be the feats of the Jugler. Sir, ((aid he) da you remember whe-
ther he toldthe Card the Man thought himfelf, or bad another to tell it ? I an Avere'd,
(as was true) That he bad another tell it. Whereuntohe faid, Solthought: For
(faid he) himfelf could not have put on fojlrong an Imagination , but by telling the other
the Card (who believed, that the Jugler was fome fl range man, and could do fir ange things)

that other man caught a. fir ong imagination. I heaikned unto him, thinking for a

vanity he fpake prettily. Then he asked me another Queftion : S'aith he, bo

you remember whether he bad the Man think the Card firfi, and afterwards told the other
CMa n in hvs Eartehat he should think j orelfe, th it he did whifper firft in the Mans Ear
that-fimild tellthe Card, telling, That fucb a CManfhould think fuch a Card, and after
bad the Man think a Card ? I told him, (as was true) That hedidfirji Tt>bifj>et the
Man in the Ear, thatfuch a CMan Jhould think fuch a Card. Upon this, the Learned
Man did much exultand pleafe himfelf, faying, Lo, you may fee that my®pinion
U right For if the Man had thoughtfirfi, hit thought had been fixed"; but the other imagi-
:

nmgfirft, homdhts thought. Wnich though it did fomewhat fink with me* yec I

• made
 Century X 205
made it lighter then I thought, and faid, / though it Was confederacy between the
Jugler, and the wo Servant *i though (indeed) I had no reafon fo to
think, for

they were both my Fathers fervants, and he had never plaid in the Houfe
before. The Jugler alfo did caufe a Garter to be held up, and took upon
him to know that fueh an one fliould point in fuch a place of the Garter, as
it fliould be near fo many Inches to the longer
end, and fo many to the fliort-
'en*andftillhedid itbyflrft telling the imaginer, and after bidding the actor
think.
Having told this Relation, not for the weight thereof, but becaufe it
doth handfomly open the nature of the Quefhon, I return to that I faid,
That Experiments of Imagination muft bepractifed by others, and not by a Mans
felf. For there be three means to fortifie Belief the firft is Experience, the
;

feeond is Reafon, and the third is Authority. And that of thefe which is
far the moft potent, is Authority : For Belief upon Reafon or Experience
will ftagger.
For Authority, of two kindes
it is Belief in an Art, and Belief in a
:
9A7>
Mam And for things of Belief in an Art, a Man may exercife them by him-
felf; butforBelief inaMan, it muft be by another. Thereforeif aManbe-
iieveinAftrology, and finde a figure profperous; or believe in Natural Ma-
I £ick 3 and that a Ring with fueh a Stone, or fuch a piece of a Living Creature
carried, will do good, it may help his Imagination ; but the Belief in a Man
is far the more active. But howfoever all Authority muft be out of a Mans
ft If, turned (as was faid) either upon an Art, or upon a Man j and where
Authority is from one Man to another, there thefecond muft be Ignorant, v

and not learned, or full of thoughts : And iuch are (for themoftpart) all
Witches and fuperftitious perfons, whofebeliefs, tied to their; Teachers and
Traditions, are no whit controlled either by Reafon or Experience: And
upon the fame reafon in Magick they ufe (for the mod part) Boys and young
,

People, whotefpirits eaftlieft take Belief and Imagination.

Now to fortifie Imagination, there be three ways The Authority
:

whence the Belief is derived ; Means to quicken and corroborate the Imagi-
nation ; and Means to repeat it and refrefli ic. •
i

For the Authority we have already fpoken. As for thefecond, namely,

the Means to quicken and corroborate thelmaginatiomwe fee what hath been
ufed in Magick > (if there be in thofe practices any thing that is purely Na-
turalj Veftments, Characters, Words, Seals, fome pares of Plants, or Li-
as

ving Creatures, Stones, choice of the Hour, Geftures and Motions ; alfo In-
cenfes and Odors, choice of Society, which inCreafeth Imagination, Diets
and Preparations for fome time before- And for Words, there have been
ever ufed, either barbarous words of no fenfe, left they fliould difturb the
Imagination $ or words of fimilitudc, that mayfecond and feed the Imagi-
nation And this was ever as well in Heathen Charms, as in Charms o£ later
:

times. There are ufed alfo Scripture words,for chat the Belief that Religious
Texts and Words have power, may ftrengthen the Imagination. And for .the
feme rca(on Hebrew words (which amongft us is counted the holy Tongue,
and thewords more my ftical) are often ufed.
For the refreming of the Imagination (which was the third Means of 49.
Exalting it) we fee the practices of Magick j as in Images of Wax, and the
like, that mould melt by little and little, or fome other things buried in
Muck, that fliould putrefie by little and little, or the like: For" fo oft as the
Imaginantdoth think of thofe things, fooftdothhereprefenttohislrriagina-
ition the effect of that he defireth.

f ....9
 ;

io6 l
J\(atural Hiftory

95 0i If there be any power, in Imagination, it is lefs credible that it mould

be fo incorporeal and immateriate a Virtue, as to work at great diftances, or
through all Mediums, or upon all Bodies ; but that the diftance mull be com-
petent , the Medium not adveife , and the Body apt and proportionate.
Therefore vf thete be any operation upon Bodies inabfence by Nature, it'
is like to be conveyed from Man to Man, as JFame is: As if a Witch by In%ag"i>

nation fhould hurt any afar off, it cannot be naturally, but by workingupon
the Spirit of fome that cometh to the JVitcb, and from that parry upon the
Imagination of another, and fo upon another, till it come to one rhat hath
reibrt to the party intended 5 and fo by him, to the party intended himfelf.
And although they fpeak, that it fufficeth to take a Poinr, or a piece of the
Garment, or the Name of the party, or the like*, yet there is lefs credit to
be given to thofe things, except it be by working of evil fpirits.
The Experiments which may certainly demonftrate the power of Imagi-
nation upon other Bodies, are few or none-, for the Experiments of IVitchcrA
are no clear proofs, for that they may be by a tacice operation of malign
Spirits we fh all therefore be forced in this Inquiry, to refort tonew£#-
•»

perimems, wherein we can give onely Directions oi Tryals, and not any
pdfi.
tive Experiments. And if any man think that we ought to haveftaid till we

had made Experiment of fome of them our felves, (as we do commonly in

other Titles) the truth is, that thefe EfFecTs of Imagination upon other Bodies,
havefo little credit with us, as we mall try them at leifure : But in the mean
time we will lead others the way.
5>5i, When you work by the Imagination of another,it isneceffary that he by
whom you work have a precedent opinion of you that you can do ftrange
things, or that you are a Man of Arr, as they call it ; for elfe the fimple affir*
mation to another, that this or that mail be, can work but a weak impreffion
in his Imagination.
952. It were good, becaufe you caunot difcefn fully of rheftrengthof Ima-
gination in one Man, morethen another, that you did ufe the Imagination
of more then one, that fo you may light upon a ftrong one. As if aPhyfician
fhould tell three or four of his Patients fervants that their Matter mail farely
recover.

953 The Imagination of one that you mail ufe (men is the variety of Mens
mindes) cannot be always alike conftant and ftrong and if the fUccefs follow
,*

not fpeedily, it Will faint and lofe ftrength. Toremedy this, you muft pretend
to him whofe Imagination you ufe feveral degrees of Means by which to
operate As to prefcribe him, that every three days, if he finde not the fuc-
.*

cefs apparent, he do ufe another Roor,orpartofaBeaft, orRing,&c as be-

ing of more force ; and if that fail, another ; and if that, another, till feven
times* Alfo you muft prefcribe a good large time for the efft & you promife ,•

as if youfhouldtellafervantof afiekman, that his Mafter mail recover, but

it will be fourteen days ere hefindethit apparently, &c. AH this to entertain
the Imagination f that it waver lefs-.
S>54- It is certain, that potions or things taken into the Body, fncenfes and
1

Perfumes taken the Noftrils, and oyntmentsof fome parts, do (naturally)

at
work upon the Imagination of him that taketh them. And therefore it muft
needs greatly cooperate with the Imagination of him whom you ufe, if you
prefcribe him, before he do ufe theReceit for the Work which he defireth,
that he do take mch afpoonful of Liquor, or burn futhan Incenfe,
a Pill, or
or anoinr his Temples, or the Soles of hisFeet, with fuch an Oyntment or
Oyl : And you muft chufe for the Compofition of luch Pill, Perfume, or
Oynt-
•»«^*
 »

Century X 207
Oyntment, fuch Ingredients as do make the Spirits a little more grofs or
muddy, whereby the Imagination will fix the better.
The Body Paffive, and to be wrought upon, ([ mem not of the Ima- 9K*
ginanr) is better wrought upon (as hath been partly touched) at tome times
then at others As if you mould prefcribe a fcrvanr about a fickpctfon,
;

(whom you have pofTciFed that his Matter fliall recover) when his Maikr is
faftafleep, to ufe fuch a Root, or fuch a Root. For Imagination is like to
«
work better upon fleepingmen, then men awake; as wefhall (hew when we 1

handle Dreams.
We findeinthc^r* of Memory, that Images viable work better then other ?$f»
conceits ; As if you would remember the word philofophy, you (hill more
furely do it by imagining that fuch a Mm
(for Men are belt places) is read-

ing \ipot\jlrifletles Phyficks, then if you mould imagine him to fay, iltitl
go ftudj Philofophy. And therefore this obfervation would be translated to the
fubjettwe now fpeak of ; for the more luftrous.the Imagination is, itfilleth
and fixcth the better. And therefore I conceive, that you mail in that Expert*
tnent (whereof we fpake before) of binding of thoughts, left- fail, if you tell

one that fuch an one fhall name one of twenty men, then if it were one of
twenty Cards. The Experiment of binding of thoughts would be diverfified
I
and tned to the full: And you are to note, whether it hit for themoft parr,-,
though not always. ;. v
.;

lt isgooi toconfider upon what thingsilmagination hathmoft focce _: 957*

And the rule (as I conceive) is, that it hath rhoft force upon things that have
the lighteft and eafieft motions and therefore, above all upon the Spirits of
>

.Mm, and in them upon fuch affections as move lighten:: As upon procuring
of Love, binding of Luft, which is ever with Imagination upon Men in
fear, or Men in irrefolution, and the lrke Waarfoever is of this kinde
:

Would be throughly enquired. Tryals likewife would, be made upon Plants,

and that diligently As if you fhould tell a man that fuch a Tree would die
:

this year, and will him at thefe and thefe times to go unto it, to fee how it
thnvech. As for inanimate things, it is ttue, that the motions of muffling
of Cuds, or cafting of Dice, are very light motions; and there is a folly

very ufeful That Gamefters imagine, that fome that ftand by them bring
, ,

them ill luck. There would be tryal alfo made, of holding a BJngby a
thred in a Glafs, and tellinghim that holdeth it before, that it fhall ftrike (o
miny times againft the fide of the Glafs, and no more; or of holdings Key
between two Mens ringers without a charm ; and to cell thofethat hold ira
that at fu:h a name it (hill go off their fingers. For thefe two are extream
light motions. And howloever, I have no opinion of thefe things, yet fo
much I conceive to be true, That drong Imagination hath more force upon
things living, or that have been living, then things mecrly inanimate; and
more force like wife upon light and fubcil motions, then upon motions vehe-
''-
ment or ponderous* -;

It is an ufualobfervation,That if the Body of onemurthered be brought

?5 8.
Before the Murtherer, the wounds will bleed afrefti. Some do affirm. That
the dead Body, upon the prefenee of the Murtherer hath openeckhe' eyes
and that there have been fuch like motions as well where the party murthered
hath been ftrangledor drowned, as where they have been killed by wounds.
It may be that this participateth of a miracle, by Gods juft judgment, -who

ufually brings murthers to light. But if it be Natural, itmuft be referred to

Imagination. ;. ,

The tying of the point upon the day of Marriage, to make Men impo- 55^
T 2 .

mm*
tent
 ;

208 OSQitural Hi(lory

tenttowards their Wives, which (as we have formerly touched) is fo fre-
quent in Zant and Gafcony, if it be Natural, muft be referred to the lmagi-
nation of him that ticth the Point. 1 conceive it to have the Ids affinity

with Witchcrafc, becaufc not peculiar perfonsonely* ((uch as Witchesarc)

but any Body may do it.

that wbrk upon the Spirits of Men by Secret Sympa-

5»5o. THere be many things
Experiments and Antipathy. The Virtues of P redout Stones worn, have been an.
thy
i|n Con(ott
ciently and generally received, and eurioufly afligned to work leveral cfFccTs.
touching the
SecretVirtue So much is true, that Stones have in them fine Spirits, as appeareth by their
of Sympathy fplendor And ttoereforethey may work by conienr upon the Spirits oi Men,
:
and sfnti-
to comfort and exhilarate them. Tnofc that are the belt fcr that tffeel, are the
T^ianond, the Emerald, the Jacytitb Oriental, and the Gold-ftone, which is the
je\k*»Top*z,~ As for their particular Proprieties* there is no credit to be gi-
ven to them. Butitismanifefb, that Light above all things, excelleth in com-
forting the Spirits of Men ; audit is very probable, that Light varied doth the
fame cifccVwich morc^:«JoVclty."-And this is one of the catifes why Premtu
Swtes comfort. And therefore it were good to have Tintted Lantborns, or
TinttedSkreetdbi Glafi coloured into Green, Blue, Carnation, Crimfon, Turple,
ejre m&ta tefe them with Candles in the night. So like wife to hav e round
Glajfes, notonely of G/^/colourcd througn, but with Colours laid between
t
Cryjtais* with handles to hold in ones harad. 'Brifms are alfo comfortable
\c<
tnings. They have. of?a^w^,Xo^i/i^.G/<<i!r^ r bGirdered withbroad Borders
of frmllCV/jid, .andigreat counterfeit Precious Stsnes of all Colours, chat are
naoftiglorLpus and pleata-Jicfco behold ,• especially fo the night. The Ti&urei
jo£:Zntfi^fF0^rj'a.ce:J:|^cwIf&coixifocMble'an4'pleifaiit to behold. So alfo
liar aiold eldatiSWxdiargEbulf comfotof the Eyes spirits > especially
-

when the
i

J«iis4?6trglMing. bau:0^ctcaft^ or whtn the o^^ffiineth.

|

L!iJGV/ 3 T Sjil) ,..:;,<: U' l '.1..1 '^- i

'>
u v/Fftcoebic divers fious^ of Bracelets:&ztacomfottthc Spirits? and they be
'

9&1,
of thtfeeilntentions m Refrigerant, Girrehrm, andAp&ieni. Vot ^Refrigerant I
wifhlfoeniito be of Pearii :©c of Gd^i as is ufed. A»d if hath been noted :

th»c€M 4/;i£ the party- fthat wearethitbe-ili ditpofed, Will wax pale; which
,

JhbeH^YxLtio bctruc/'bccajife otherwife diftempet of heat- will make Coral

jofe'cdioilri. T conim end alfo Beads or little Plates ot Lapis Lazuli, and Beads
:

'-
b^^^^ifcitefafcfa
^6l. I ft
ii lfat1ltizafaratioHjznd>ComfortawiiH r tzkc (uch Bodies as are of Aftfingent
qijnalay>3«eitiioutmajiifid6ttai)Td # . 1 commend
Bead timber, which is full of A-
ftrijftiso^^tmtyet-isrimdktaous, and not cold, and is Conceived toimpingaate
ihofoth$&Wt&iiifaMBeAds . I commend alfo Beads, of Harts-Mitn' and Itoryi
wftkh jafieaaf the likejiatturc; alfo QttngeStads t AlfoBeadi of Lignum Aloes, '

^\3^^ttMT&i'mRtf^'^t er anddrierdi
l
• ..

963. For opening, I commend Beads, or pieces of the Root? of Cardum

tejttd^&ffi salffl :o£ ih&Rmts o£ Pe<mfith'c£JMate£ md'oi Orras, and of Calamus

964. .•
i-svT^djCarainp) (mcridcubr) cOmeth of contraction of Sinews > which is

rn&iaifeh m ?th#tr h come th eiiher by xwdd mr drinieifs, as aft ei? Cmfumptions and
tm%:4pws^> for ColdraodDrinefsidof (both, b^them) <conera& and cor-
iu%$w. <aWe r
fee aflifa/athat
;
chafing a littfe above the place* in f am, etitth
theOaJ»^J Whichiis wt<?tigbr*byiEheiiDikatation of the contracted Sinevfs
by heat. There are in ufe for the prevention of the Cramp, two things':
The oajsj^J^x of Se**Horfc Teeth worn upon the Fingers £h£OtberV Bands ;

of
\
Qeniury X,
of the ,Lcg or the
of Green Teritimkle (the Herb) tied about [he Calf ,

Cramp come. I do flndc this the more

uieth to
Thip-h &c. where the
rather the
ftranVe, becaufe neither of theie hive any Relaxing Virtue, but
contrary. I judge therefore that their working is rather upon the Spirits
Nrithin the Nerves to make them drive lefs, then upon
the Bodily fubftancc

of the Nerves.
I would havetryal made of two
other kindes of Bracelets for com- 96$.
forting the Heart and Spirits. The one of the Trochifch of Vipers made into
little pieces of Beads ; for fince they do great good inwards (efpecially for
PefliUnt Agues) it is like they will be effectual outVards, where they may be
applied in greater quantity. There would be lubifchs likewife made of
Snakes, whofe flefh dried is thought to have a very opening and Cordial
Virtue The other is of Beads made of theScarlet Powder, which they call
Kermes, which is the principal Ingredient in their Cortial-Confeclion Alkermen.
The Beads would be made up with Amber-Grieve, and fome Tomander.
It hath been long received, and confirmed by divers tryals, that the 966.
Root of the CHale-Ptony dried, tied to the Neck, doth help the Falling-
fichnefi; and likewife the
Incubu*, which we call the Mare. The caufeof both

thefe Tfifeafes, and efpecially of the Epilepfle from the Stomack, is thegrofs-
nefs of the Vapors which rife and enter into the Cells of the Brain And :

therefore the working is by extream and (ubtil Attenuation, which that

Simplehath. 1 judgethelikc to be in Cafloreum, CMusk, Ren-Seed, ^4$nm
Cafttu Feed, &c.
There is a Stone which they call the Blood* ?tone, which worn.is thought 9*7*
to be good for them that bleed at the Nofe which (no doubt) is by aftridi-
;

on and cooling of the Spirits. ^tf<tre, if the Stone taken out of ihe 1 oads
Head, be not of the like virtue, for the Toad loveth Shade and Coolnefs.
Light may be taken from the Experiment of the Horfe-tooth Ring, and the $6%.
Garland of PerVinckje, how that thofe things which afTwage the ftrire of the
Spirits, do help difeafes, contrary to the Intention defired for in the curing ;

or the Cramp, the Intention is to relax the Sinews -, butthe contraction of

the Spirits, that they ftrive lefs, is the befthelp: So to pfocure eafie Tra-
vails of Women, the intention is to bring down the Childe j but the help is,

to ftay thecoming down too faft ^hereunto they fay the Toad-Jt«nc like-
;

wife helpeth. So in Pe(tilent Fevers, the Intention is to expel the Infection by

Sweat and Evaporation but the beft means to doit, is by Nitre, Diafcordium,
;

and other cool things, which do for a time arreft theExpulfion, till Nature
can do it more quietly. For as one faith prettily, In the quenching of the flame
of a PefliUnt Ague, T^ature is like People that come to quench the Fire of an Houfe j

Tfhicharefobufte, as one of them letteth another. . Surely it is an excellent Axiome,

and of manifold ufe , that whatfoevcr appeafeth the contention of Spirits
furthereth their action. 969.
The Writers of Magick commend the wearing of the fpoil of
N/itural
a Snake, for preferving of Health. I doubt it is but a conceit j for that the
Snake is thought to renew her youth by calling her fpoil. They might as
well take the Beak of an Eagle, or a piece of a Harts-horn, becaufe thofe
renew.
It hath been anciently received, (for Pericles the K^ithenianw (edit) and 970.
it is yet in ufe, to Wear little Bladders of Quick-filvcr, or Tabletsof Arfe-

nick, as prefervatives againft the Plague Not, asthcy conceive, for any
:

comfort they yield to the Spirits,- but for that being poyfons themfelves,
thev draw the venome to them from the Spirits.
T3 Vide]
210 JSQitural Hiflory 5

97U tide the Experiments 95, 96, and 97. touching the levcral Sympathies and
^Antipathies for Medicinal ufe.
It is faid, that the Guts or Skin of a Woolf being applied to the Belly
do cure theGoliek. It is true, that the Woolfisa Beaft of great
Edacity and
Digefticn; and foitmay be the parts of him comfort the Bowels.
973 > We fee Scare-crofus are fet up to keep Birds from Corn and Fruit. It is \

reported by forne, that the Head of a Wool', whole, dried and hanged up in
ahove-koufe, will fcare away Vermin, fuch as are fPtafils, Po/e-cau, and the
like. It may be the Head of a Dog will do as much for thofe Vermin with
;

us, know Dogs better then Wolves.

m> The Brains of forne Creatures, (when their Heads are roiled) taken in
Wine, are faid to ftrengthen the Memory j as the Brains of Hares, Brains of
Hens, Brainsof Deer, &c. And itfeemeth to be incident to the Brains of
thofe Creatures that are fearful.

«& The Oyntment Witches ufe, is reported to be made of the Fat of

that
Children digged out of their Graves of the Juices of Small?ge, Woolf-
;

bane, and Cinqucfoil, mingled with the Meal of Fine Wheat. But Ifuppofe,
that the Soporiferous Medicines ate liked to do it which are Henbane, Hem-
j

lock, Mandrake, Moonfliade, Tobacco, Opium, Saffron, Poplar leaves, &c.

It is reported by fome, that thearfe&ions of Beafts when they are in

ftrengfh » do add fome unto inanimate things: As that the Skin of a

virtue
Srieep devoured by a Woolf moveth itching,* that a done bitten by a Dog in
anger, being thrown at him, drunk in Powder ptovoketh Choler.
It hath been obferved, that the diet of Women with Childe, doth work,
*7T-
much upon the Infant. As if the Mother eat Quinces much, and Coriander-
feed fthe nature of both which* is to rcprefs and ftay vapors thatafcendto
the Brain) it will make the Childe ingenious : And on the contrary fide, if
the Mother eat (much) Onions or Beans, or fuch vaporous food, or drink
Wine orftrong drink immoderately, or faft much, or be given to muth
mufing, (all which fend or draw vapors to the Head) it indangereth the
Childe to become Lunatick, or of imperfect memory And Imake*thefame :

judgment of Tobacco often taken by the Mother.

97s. The Writers of Natural Magick report, that the Heart of an Ape worn
near the Heart, eomforteth the Heart, and increafeth audacity. It is true^that
the Ape is a merry and bold Beaft. And that the fame Heart likewife of an Ape
applied to the Neck or Head, helpeth the Wit, and is good for the Falling
ficknefs. The Ape ajfo is a witty Beaft, and hath a dry Brain j which may
be fome caufe of attenuation of Vapors in the Head. Ifet it is faid to move
Dreams alfo. It may be the Heart of a Man would do more, but that it is
more againft Mens mindes to ufe it s except it be in fuch as Wear the Reliques
of Saints.
979* The Flefh of a Hedghog drefTed and eaten, is faid to be a great dryer.
It is true, that the Juice of a Hedghog muft needs be harfhanddry, becaufe
it putteth forth fo many Prickles: For Plants alfo that are full of Prickles are
generally dry j as Bryars, Thorns, Barberries. And therefore the aflies of a
Hedghog are be a great defiecative of Fiftula'5.
faid to

980. . Mummy hath great force inftanehing of Blood; which as it may be

afcribed to the mixture of Balms that are Glutenous , foit may alfo partake
of a fecret propriety, in that thfcBlood draweth Mans fleffi. And it is ap-
proved, that the Mofs which growerh upon the Scull of a Dead Man unburied
will ftanch Blood potently. And fb do the dregs or powder of Blood,fcvered
from the Water and dried.
I ----- It I
 1

Centuty X. 2 J I

hath been practifcd toniake JVhite STt>aUa"tos, by anointing of the Hggs

It 5>8 1.

with Oyl. "Which cflfeft may be produced by thellopping of the Pore« of

,
the Shell, and making the Juice thac putteth forth the Feathers afterwards
more penurious, Andirmaybc, theanbintingof the Eggs willbcascffeftu-
al as the anointingof the Body. Of which, Vide the Experiment 93 .

It is reported, that the White of an Egg or Blood mingled with Salt- 982,.
i water, doth gather thefaltnefs, and maketh the water tweeter. This may be I

j
by Adhefion > as in the Sixth Experiment oi Clarification. Itmaybealfo, that,
I
Blood, and the White of an Egg, (which is the matter of a Living Creature)
have fome Sympathy with Salt » for all Life, hath a Sympathy With Salt.
We
fee that Salt laid to a tut finger, heakt.i it ; fo, as it feemeth, Salt draw-
eth Blood, as well as Blood drawcth Salt.
It hath been aneieritly received, that the Sea-Hare hath an antipathy

with the Lungs, (if it cometh nearthe Body) and erodeth them. Whereof
A
the caufe is conceived to be a quality it kathof heating the Breath and Spi-
rits,- as Camharides have upon the watry parts of the Body, as Urine andHy.

dropical Water. And it is a good rule, Thatwhatfoever hath an operation

Upon certain kindes of Matters, that in Mans Body worketh moft upon
thofepartswhereinthatkindeof matter aboundeth.
Generally that which is Dead, or Corrupted, or Exeerned, hath antipa-
thy with the fame thing when it is alive, and When it is found, and with thofe
parts which do excern As a Carcafs of Man is moft infectious and odious to
:

Man, a Carrion of an Horfe to an Horfe, &c. Purulent matter of Wounds

and Ulcers, Carbuncles, Pox, Scabs, Leprofie, to found Flefli j and the Ex-
crements of every Species tb that Creature that exeetneth them. But the
Excrements are lefs pernicious then the corruptions.
It is a common experience, That Dogs know the Dog-killer^ when as 9*5?
in times of Infection Tome pety fellow isfen^ out to kill the Dogs ; and that
though they havenever feen him before, yitthey will all come forth, and
'*
bark, andflieathiri. -

The Relations touching the Force of Imagination.and the Secret Inftin&s

of Nature, are fo uncertain, as they require a great deal of Examination ere
Weconcludeuponthem. I^wouldhave it firft throughly inquired, whether
there be any fecret paffages of Sympathy between Perfons of near Blood ; as
'Parents, Children, Brothers, Sifters, Nurfe-children, Husbands, Wives, &c. There
be many reports in Hijiory, that upon the death of Perfons of fuch nearnefc,
Men have had an inward feeling of iti I my felf remember, thac being in
'Paris, and my Father dying in London, two or three days before my Fathers

death, I had a dream, which I told to divers Englifi Gentlemen, that my Fa-
thers Houfe in theCountrey WasPlaiftered all over with Black Mortar. There
is an opinion abroad, (whether idle, or no I cannot fay) That loving and

kinde Husbands have a fenfeof their Wives breeding Childe by fome acci-
dent in their own Body.
Next tothofe that are near in Blood* there may be the like 'pafTage and
inftincts of Nature between great Friends and Enemies. And fometimes the
revealing is unto another perfon, and not to the party himfelf. I remember
Philippics Comineus (a grave Writer) reporteth, That the Avehb\(hop oi Vienna

(a Reverend Prelat) (aid (one day) after Mafs to King Lewis the Eleventh of
c
France, Sir, Tour Mortal Enemy u dead; what time, Charles Duke of Burgundy

I
was (lain at the Battel of Granfon againftthe.TifMz^j'.f. Some tryalalfo would
I be made, whether Pad or Agreement do any thing ; as if two Friends mould
! agree, That fuch a day in every Week, they being in far diftant places,

I
- - —_ -^^-.. , „.„ .>_—».. mauld
 ; ;

%\1 [Statural Hiflory

fhould pray brie for another, or fhould puc on a Ring or Tablet one for an-
othersfikc; whether, if one of them fhould break their Vow and Promife,
the other fhould have any feeling of it in abfence.
,88. If mere be any force and Affections of finguhr Per-
in Imaginations
fons, it is probable the Force is much more in the Joynt- Imaginations and
AflPedions of Multitudes as if a victory fliouLt.be won or loft in remote
;

parts, Whether is there hot fome fenfe thereof in the people whom it con-
cerneth, becaule of the great joy orgrief that many men arc poffefTed with
at once ? Tint Jjhtintus, at the very time when that memorable viclory was
won by the Chriftians againfl the Turks, at the Naval Battel of Lepanto, being

then hearing of Caules in the Confiftory, brake off fuddenly, andfaid to

thofe about him, It it no-to more then time ive ftould give thanks to God for the great
Vtttory be hath granted ut aga'mjl the Turks.
It is true, that Vidtory had a Sympa-

thy with his Spirit, for meerly His work to conclude the League It
it was :

may be that Revelation was cDivine. But what (hail we fay then to a number
of Examples amongfl the Grecians and Romans, vrhere the People being in
Theatres at Plays, have had news of Victories and Overthrows fome few-
days, before any Metienger could come >
It is true, that that may hold in thefe things which is the general Root

of Supcrftition; namely, that men obferve when things hit, and not when
they mifs, and commit to Memory the one, and forget and pafs over the
other. But touching 'Div.ination and the mifgiving of Mindes* wefhall
fpeak more when we Jhandle in general the Nature of Mmdes, and Fouls , and
Spirits.
i

9*9* We having given formerly fbme Rules of Imagination and touching

,

the fortifying ot the fame ; wehavefet down alfo iome few Inftances and
Directions of the force of Imagination upon Beajls, Birds, &c. upon Plants,
and upon Inanimate Bodies : Wherein you muff ftill obferve, that your Tryals
be upon Subtil and; Light Motions, and not the contrary ; for you will
fooner by Imagination bind a Bird from Singing then from Eatingor Fly ing
and leave it to every man to chufe Experiments which himfelf thinketh
I

moft commodious,: giving now but a few Examples of every of the three
kindes. ,

99o. Vie fome Imaginant ( obferving the Rules formerly prefcribed ) for
binding of a Bird from finging, and the like of a Dog from barking. Try
alfo the magination of fome, whom you (hall accommodate with things to
J

Cock-fights, to make one Cock more hardy, and the other

fortifie it in
more cowardly. It would be tried alfo in flying of Hawks, or in courfing
of. a Deer or Hart wnh Grey hounds, orinHorfe-races, and the like com-
parative Motions; for you may fooner by Imagination, quicken or flack a
motion, then raifeorceafeit; as it is eafiertomake a Doggo flower, then
to make him fland (till, that he may not run.
991, In flams alfo you may try the force of Imagination upon the lighter
fort of Motions as upon the fudden fading or lively coming up of Herbs 5
>

or upon their bending one way or other, or upon their clofing and open-
ing, &c.
992*. For Inanimate things.youniay try the force of Imagination upon flay-
ing the working of Beer, when the Barm is put in or upon the coming of ;

Butter or Cheefe, after the Churning, or the Rennet be put in.

$9i. It is an ancient Tradition, every where alleaged, for example of fecret
Proprieties and Influxes, That the Torpedo M.rina, if it be touched w ith a
long flick, doth flupefie the hand ofhim thattouchethit. It is one degree of
,•
working
 ;

(^entury X. 213
working at diftance, to work by the continuance of a fit Medium as Sound >

will be conveyed to the E ir by (hiking upon a Bow-ftring, if rhe Horn of the

Bow be held to the Bar.
The Writers of Naturd CMtgick do attribute much to the Virtues that 9£?4-
come from the parts of Living Creatures, foas they betaken from them, the
Creatures remaining (till alive 5 as if the Creature ftill living did infufefome
immateriate Virtue and Vigor into the part fevered. So much may be true,
that any part taken from a Living Creature newly Chin, may be of greater
force, then if it were taken from the like Creature dying of itfelf; becauf:,
it is fuller of Spirit.
Tryal would be made of the like parts of Individuals in Plants and
595-
Living Creatures as to cut off a Stock of aTreci and to lay that which you
;

cut off to putrefie, to fee Whether it will decay the reft of the Stock; orif
you fhould cut off part of the Tail, or Leg of a Dog, or a Cat, and lay k to
putrefie, to fee whether it will fefter, ot keep from healing, the part which
remaineth.
It is received, that it helpeth to continue love, if one wear a Ring or 996*
Hair of the party beloved. But that may be by the exciting
a Bracelet of the
of the Imagination; and perhaps a Glove, or other like Favor, may as well
doit.
The Sympathy of Individuals that have been entire, or have touched,
997>
is of all others, the mod incredible ; yet according unto Our faithful manner
of Examination of Nature,we will make fonie little mention of it.The taking
iway of Warts, by rubbing them with fomewhat that afterwards is put to
wafte and confume, is a common Experiment ; and I do apprehend it flic
rather, becaufe of mine own experience. I had .from my Childhood a Wart
upon one of my Fingers j afterwards, when I was about fixteen years old,
being then at Tarit, there grew upon both my hands a number of Warts (at
leaft an hundred) in a moneths fpacc* Englifh Ambajjkdors Lady The
who ,

wa&aWoman far from Superltition, told me one day file would help me a*
way with my Warts. Whereupon file got a piece of Lard with the\skin on,
and rubbed the Warts all over with the fat tide, and amongft the reft that
Wart which I had from my Childhood ; then flie nailed the piece of Lard,
with the fit towards theSun, uponapoftof her Chamber- window, which
was to the South. The fuccefs was, that within five weeks fpace all the Warts
Went quite away, and that Wart which I had folong endured, for company.
But at the reft I did little marvel, becaufe they camein afhorttime.and might
goawayinafhort time again; but the going of that which had fUid folong
doth yet ftick with me. They fay the like isdone by rubbing of Warts with
a green Elddr-ltick, and then burying the ftick to rot in muck. It would be
tried with Corns and Wens, andfuch other Excrefcences I would have it :

alfo tried with fomeparts of Living Creatures that are tjeareft thenaturcof
Fxcrefcenc.es $ as theCombs of Cocks, the Spurs of Cocks, the Horns of
B?afts,&c. and I would have it tried both Ways; both by rubbing thofe parts
with Lard or Elder as before 5 and by cutting off tome piece of tfiofe parts,
and laying it to confume, to fee whether it will work any effect towards the
Confumption of that part which was once jOyiied With kr
It is conftantly received and avouched, that the anointing of the Wea- 958.
pon rhatmaketh the Wound, will heal the Wound it felfiln this Experiment,
upon the relation of men of credit, (though my felf, as yet, am not fully
inclined to believe it) you fhall note the Poinds following. Firft, the Oym-
ment wherewith this is done, ismadeof divers Ingredients j whereof the
__ ftranggft j
_
_
 >

114 3\Qitural hi/lory •

ftrangeft andhardtftto come by, are the Mofs upon the Skull of a dead Man
unburied, and the Fats of a Boar, anda Bear killed in the aft of generation.
ThefetwolaftI could eafily lufpecl to beprefcribed asaftartling hole, that
if the Experiment proved not; it might be pretended, that the Bealb were nor

killed in the due time; for as for the JMofs, it is certain there is great quan-
tity of it in IreUnd, upon (lain Bodies laid on heaps unburied. The other In-
gredients are the Blood-ftone in Powder, and fomc other things which feem
tohave avirtue to ftanch blood, as alio the Mofs hath. And thedefcripticn
of the whole Oyntmentis to be found in the Chemical Di/penfatoryofCrollius.
Secondly, The famekinde of Oynment applied to thehurtitleif, workcth
not the effect, butonely applied tothe weapon. Thirdly, (which I like well)
they do not obferve the confettingof the Oyntment under any certain Con-
ftellation ; which commonly is the excufe of Magical Medicines when they
fail, that t hey were not made under a fit figure of Heaven. Fourthly, it may
be applied to the Weapon, though the party hurt be at great diftance. Fifth-
ly, it feemeth the Imagination of the party to be cured is not needful to con-
cur, for it may be done without the knowledge of the party wounded:
And thus much hath been tried, that the Oyntment (for Experiments fake)
hath been wiped off the Weapon without the knowledge of the party hurt,
and prefently the party hurt hath been in great rage of pain, till the weapon-
was reanointed. Sixthly, it is affirmed, That if you cannot get the weapon,
yet if you put an Inftrument of Iron or Wood, refembling the weapon
into the Wound, whereby itbleedeth, the anointing of that Inltrument will
ferve and work the effect. This I doubt mould be a device to keep this
ftfange form of Cure in requeft and ufe, becaufe many times you cannot
comebythe Weapon it felf. Seventhly, the Wound muft beat firftwaflied
clean with White-wine, or the parties own Water, and then bound up clofe
in fine Linnen, and no more dreffing renewed till it be whole. Eighthly, the
Sword it felf muft be wrapped up clofc as far as the Oyntment goeth, that it
take no wind. Ninthly, the Oyntment, if you wipe it off from rhc Sword
and keep it, wil ferve again, and rather increafe in venue then diminifh.Tenth-
ly it will cure in far fhorter time, then Oyntments of Wounds commonly do.
,

Laftly, it will cure a Bead as well as a Man ; which I like beft of all the reft,
becaufe itfubjec*teththe matter to an cafietryal,
S99-
Expennaent Would have Men know, that though Ireprehend theeafie palling over of
Solitary,
touching
t
I the caufes of things, byafcribing them tofecret and hidden virtues and
SeiretFtepriC' proprieties (for this hath arretted and laid afleep all true Inquiry aed Indica-
ties*
tions ;; yetldonotunderftand, but that in the practical part of knowledge
much will be left to Experience and Probation, whereunto Indication cannot
fo fully reach ; and this is not onely inSpecie, but in hdividuo. So in Phyfick,
if you will cure the J/tundies, it is not chough to fay, that the Medicine muft
not be cooling, for that will hinder the opening which the difeafe requireth
that it mull not be nor, for that will exafperate Cholerj that it mult go to
the Gall, for there is the obftru&ion which caufeththe difeafe, &c. But you
muft receive from Experience, that Powder of Cham&pytis, or the like, drunk
in Beer, is good for the Jamdies. So again, a wife Phyfician doth not continue
ftill the fame Medicine to a Patient, but he will vary, if the firft Medicine
doth not apparently fuccecdj for of thofe Remedies that are good for the
Ja&ndies, Stone, i*/tgues &c. that will do good in one Body, which will not
t

dogood in another, according to the correspondence the Medicine hath to

the Individual Body.
The
 Century X. 215
'[ ---- 1 l" i

* .'"mm. "" '*— '

He delight which Men hiv cm Popularity, Fame, Honor, Submifion, and 1000.
T Subjeftiw of other Mens Mndes, Wits, otJtffeflions (although thefe things
may be defired for other ends) feemech to be a thing in it felfj without con-
Experiment
Solitary,
touching the
r

. templation of confequence, grateful, and agreeable to the Nature of Man. GetieralSymi.

pathy of Mem
This thing (furely) is not without fdme fignification, as if all Spirits and Spiriti.
Souls of Men came forth ouc of one 'Divine Limbm j elfe, why be Men fo
much affefted with that which others think or fay ? The beft temper of
Mindes, defireth good Name and true Honor > the lighter, Popularity and
Applaufe,* the mote depraved, Subjection and Tyranny ass is feen in great
j

Conquerors and Troublers of the World; and yet more in Arch-Hereticks,

for the introducing of new Doctrines, is like wife an affectation of Tyranny
over the tJnderftandings and Beliefs of Men.
 3 1,

A T A B L Of the chief Matters contained in the

E
CENTURIES
Air pent the catife of Sounds, 3 *» 3 3 34-. >

A. Eruptions thereof^ caufe Sounds,- ibid.

Air not always necejf.iry to Sounds

A
Cceleration of time in fVorkj

of Nature, 67. In Clarifi- %/iir excluded in fame Bodies, prohhbiteth

cation of liquor, 68, In fe- putrefaction, 75. In forns caufeth it,

veral Maturations, 69. As 76 . The caufes of each, ibid. Air com-

of Fruits, ibid. Of Dri^s, ibid. prejfed and blown, prohibiteth putre-

Impofthumes and Ulcers, ibid. Of faction 77

Metalsjib'id. Of Clarification in Wine, Airs wholefome, how found out, 1 64. The
Acceleration of Putrefaction, s putrefaction of air , to be difcerned a-
165.
73. Acceleration of Birth, 78. Of forehand,i 73. Airs good to recover Con-
Growth or Stature, ibid. Three means fumptlons, 204. Air healthful within
of it ibid. doors, how procured ibid.

^Acceleration of Germination, 89. By Air and Fire, forefhew winds 274

three means, viz. Mending the Nou~ Air\ 2 1 . The caufes of heat, and cold in »V,
rlfhmtnt, 90. Comforting the Spirits ibid. Hath fome degree of light in it,

of the Plant , ibid. Eajis coming to ibid.

the Nourishment, 91 . Several Instances Air poyfo ne d by art 202
thereof 89, 90, 91 Alchymifls 7
Aches in Mens Bodies for efhew ram, 1 75 Alexanders Body preferved till Cefars time,
£gypt fcarce hath any rain, 161. Egypti- 163
an conferring of bodies, 163. Their Aliments changed good 18
•Mummies it id. Alleys clofe gravelled', what they bring
Equinoctial more tolerable for heat, then forth 117
the Zones, 87. Three caufes thereof AH Night 83
ibid. Almond Sutter for nourifhing fic\ bodies
dichiopes 87 better then Culltces 1 3

.Sena 165 Alterations of bodies 37/9

Affectation of Tyranny over (JMens un- Altering the colours of Hairs and Feathers
der{landings and beliefs 21 183
Affections of Beafis imvreffed upon inani- Amber fmell 203
mate things 2x4 Ano\er, 150. The Imprefilon thereof, 151.
Agarick H6, 131 Caufeth the eyes to look^red, 189. The
tA"ir turned into water, 6. By four feve- caufe ibid.
ralwtys, ibid, lnjtances tending there- Animate and inanimate, wherein they differ,
to, 20, 21. Converted into a denfe
body, a rarity in?(ature, 7. Hath an Annihilation, not pofsible In Nature 28
antipathy with tangible bodies, 21. Anointing of the Weapon 213
Converted into water by repercufion Annual Herbs 1 2o
from hard bodies, ibid. Air turned into Antonius his genius wealt^btfore Auguftus,
water by the fame means that ice, ibid. 204
Congealing of air, 801 Air condenfed Antipathy and Sympathy , 25. Of Plants,
into weight I 5 6 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, Infiances of
V ^«r
-_
h
 11 1

V.

A Table of thechief Matters

Antipathy 'mother kjndes, 209, 2 10, k'wdes* l<IJer then Fijl.es, 1F4. Greater
2x1,212,213. Antipathy between ene- then Birds, the caufe ibi^.
mies in abfence ib. Beafts that yield the t«sle or virtue tf the
Appetite of continuation in liquid bodies the Herb they feed on 1 ca
*? B e efts for efhew Rain l-je
appetite in the ftomach, 176. what quali- Cfipon. Beer,how made, \~. A
verjnourifh-
ties provefa it. i 6id. Four caufes thereof ing drink ibid.
ibid. B'cs humming an uneqnal found
43
Apple inclofed n i Wax for ffeedy ripening, Birds have another manr.tr in their qui e\-
70,71. Hanged in fmtak., \b\d. Covered ning, then Men or Beafis. 25. Birds
in Lime and Afhes, ibid, fevered with communicating in fpec'ies with one an*
Crabs and Onions, ib. Apple in Hay and other, \ 38. Swifter in motion then Beafts,
Straw, ibid. In a clofe box, ibid. Apple ibid. The caufe, ibid. In their kjndest
rolled, ib. Apple inpart cut, bejmeared /(fjtr then Beafis or Fifkes, 184. The
"bid. c «ufe, ibid. Imitate Mans
withfack fpeech, which
Apple-cions grafted on the ftee\of a fele- Befits do not, 55. The caufe ibid.
wort 97 B.rth of living creatures
^g
Apple-trees , feme of them bring forth a Black the l> eft colour in Plumbs IC9
freest Mofs x 14 'Blear-eyes infetlious 202
Aqua-fortis dijfelving iron }$6 Bleeding of the body, at the approach
tf the
*Archbi(hop of Vienna his revelation to murtherer ion
Lewis the Eleventh 21 Blood, five means of fianching it \%
Arrows with wooden-heads fharpned, fierce Blood drawethfalt 21
woodfooner, then with iron heads 148 Bleed of the Cuttle-ffh 1 56

Artichokes made Itfs prickly p8 Blood- si one ^i

Art of memory . \ ,
a7 Blows and bruifes inducefwelli/fg, 1 87. The
f '

Afhes in avefjel, ml/ net admit equal quan- c

*»f* ibid.
tity of water,, at in the veffel empty 10 Blufling cattfeth rednefi in the ears, not in
Afhes an excellent compofi 1 23 k. the eyes, at anger deth, l8p. The caufe
As} eaufeth eaft death ,
- _ 132 of tach ibid.
Alimitation in bodies ip animate, 7 a. In Soaring an helt through a Tree helpeth
t it
vegetables 7?, 179 ib.

AfiriEtion prch ibitet hput refa Hi on 75 Body brittle (Iruchjn, 3. Bodies natural
Attra&ion by f.militudt of fubfittnee I48, tntft of them htvean appetite of adn.it.
ting others into them, 169. Except fltme,
Audibles mingle medium, which vip.
in the ibid. Bodies tinperft Bly nttxt 1 78

blesdonot, 53. 7 he caufe thereof ibid. '. Bodies in nature that give to founds, and
Several Covfents of audibles and vifibles, that give founds 3 2 »33»34
58,59. Several Difcuts of thtm t 6Q,6i, Bodies, to which, wine is hurtful, etnd to
Audibles and Vifibles 204 vhich,good 152
Authorityfir engthneth Imagination 206 Bodies coKfetved a /erg time \ 62, 163
heldnefs axdir.dtfry, the porter of them in
B. civil bufnefs 19 o, 20 3
Boletus *3i
BAg growing in the fields
Barrel empty knocked, faid to
115
give a
Bolus Ai menus
Bones, 141 , 1 sj. The mtft fenfble of co/tb
147

Dtapafon to the fame Barrel full 45 141. in nhat Fifhes none, 157. One in
£irrennefs of Trees, the caufe 1 00 the Heart of a Stag ib,
Bafil turned into Wilde Thyme 11 tailing cauftth Grains to five/l in difference
Bafilisk 202
Bathing the body, .156. Would not be Bracelets worn -which cen.fort nhe fphits,
healthful for its, if it were in ufe, ibid. 219. 7 heir three fiver at vper at ions, ibid
tor the Tmks good ib. Brains of feme te ft strengthen the
y memory,
Bearing in the womb > tn fomt creatures 210
longer, infome fhorter 159 B rain increafed in the FuU Meon lyi
Bcajls do not imitate Mans fteech as 'Birds Brafs fanative of wout.is Zf6
«/.», 55. The caufe, \h'\6» feeafts commu- Brfif -plates tffw agefwelling 1
87
nicating in {pedes with one another,! 38. Breath held, helpeth hearing, 6?. The caufe
Likfwife fomt Birds,\b\d. Betfts in their ibid.
Bryer„
 1

contained in thefe Centuries.

BryerJufh 1 17 ibid. 69. Of IVme 13?
Bringing forth many at a birth, and but one, Clarification 16^
160. The caufe of each ibid. Cloves, attractive of water I 21
Mnrning-glaffcs rare 34 Coafting of Plants 99
Burning fome Vegttables upon the ground, Coffee, a Berry makjng Erring in Turky
enrichethit 122 1
155
J
Boragcleaf infufed 4 £<?/</, 19., Produtlion of it, a very noble
Vfor\, ibid. Seven means to produce it,

ibid, 20. primum Frigidum, the Earth,

19. Tranfitive into Bodies adjacent, as

f*4ke growing on the (ide tf a dead Tree well at Heat, ibid. All tangible bodies
139 of themftlves,cold, ibid. Denftty, cattfe
Calamitas ^7 of cold, ibid. Quick, jpiritin a c °ld body,
Candlet offederal mixtures, 82 . Of fevfral increafethcold, ibid- ie. £hafingaway
wick', 8 3. Laid in Bran for Lifting ibid. of the warm fflirits, increafe of cold,- ib.

Cantharides, wberefoever applied, affect the Exhaling of the warm jpirits, dottfthe
Bladder, 25,211. The Flies Cintha- like, ibid. Cold prohibiteth PmrefaclU
ridcs, 153. Of rr hat fubftance they are an, 7$. lrritateth Flame 83
bred ibid. CV<^ having mortified any part, how to help
Carrying of foreign Roots fafe * 128 it 166
'

CaOia . ibid. Coleworts furthered intheir growth by Sea~

Cafting of the skin or (hell, 1 54. The crea- weed, 96. 'By being watered with Salt-
tares that caft either ibid. water,^. Hurt Neighbor Plants 101
\
Catet pillars 153 Qolick. cured by -application of woolfs.guts
Cements that grow hard 183 210
Chalky a good compoft, 1 22, 1 2?. Good for folliquation 73
Ptfture, as well as for Arable ibid. Coloqumtida 202
Cbameletns, 80. Their nourifkment, ibid, Coloration of Flowers, 108. Colours of
A fond Tradition of them ibid. Flowers different from the fame Seed , |

Cbame lotted Paper 156 I09. Colours of Herbs ibid.

Change in Medicines and Aliments goody Colours vanifh not by degrees, as Sounds do,
18. The caufe why ibid. 5 1 The caufes thereof,
. ibid. Colours of
(fhar coal vapor in a clofe room, mortal 202 Metal Orient in their diffolutions, 64.
Charms 205 The caufes ibid.
cheap fuel 164 Comforting of the Spirits of Men by fever al
Children born in the fevent h moneth, vital, things 209
in the eighth, not, 78. 7/A* «•<*»/"<? wAy, Compofts to inrich ground, 122, 123, 124.
ibid. Over-much nourifkment, ill for The ordering of them for fever algrounds,
children, ibid. Dry nourifkment, hurt- 222. Sixkjnd.es of them ibid.
ful, ibid. Nourifkment of an opening Compound fruits, 100. Bow they may be
nature,goed for t hem,ibid. Sitting much, made ibid.
hurtful for them, ibid. Cold things, Compreffion in folid bodies, 2. Caufe of all

hurtful, ibid. Long fuck} »g> hurtful, violent motion, 3. \ot hitherto inquired,
ibid. ibid, workjth firft in round, then inpro-
Chinefes 7 gref, ibid. Eafily difcernable in Liquors,
Cions over-rule the Stock., 93. LMttft be in folid bodies not, ibid. Comtrejfion in a
fuperior to it,$f. Cions regrafted 97 brittle body, ibid. In Powder, in Shot,
Cinnamon, 128. T&tf Proprieties of that ibid. To a preternatural extent, 16, In
Tree , ibid. Sounds, ib. Compreffion of Liquors 1 87
Citron grafted on a Quince no Concoclion,\7j. The word lefs retrained
ClammyBodies 6^,6^ then formerly, ibid. Not the work^ of
Clarifying of Liquors by Adhefion, 2. Of Heat alone, ibid* The two periods of it
water running ibid. ibid.
Clarification of Liquors, 6j. Three caufes Concords in Mufic\ 3°
thereof, ibid. 8c. Clarification of them Concretion of Bodies, 1 3 1 . Z» 'Jfolved by the
by Separation, ibid. 2ty «/f « diflribution contrary ibid.
of the Spirits, ibid. Bj Refining the Spi- Condenfwg Medicines to relieve the Spirits
rit, ibid. Several instances of Clanfiea- 155
tion, ibid. d8. Clarification of Drir,k.i, Condenfing of Air into weight 156
V 2; Con.
 A Table of thechief Matters
Congealing of Air So Diapafon or number of Eight, rather a
Conferva ion of Bodies hug time, 1 6 2, 1 63. thing received, then a true computation,
I.The cattfes and helps thertof ibid. ibid, half T^otes of Necrfiity letween
Conservation of Bodies in £>ui<k:fi[ver 1 68 the Z/nifon atdDiapafon ibid.
Confijlence of Bodies I 80 Tiiet-dthkj, 19. Mofi troublefome at firft
Confumptionsin what Airs recovered 204 ibid.
Contiguous things their operations 201 Differences of Plants 121,122
Coppice-woods haftved 9 3 Difference of feveral pafsions in matter 182
Or*/- 126, 165 Digging of t he Ear h healthful
I 203
No fore in Fruits no Difcords in Mtfick^ 3 o, 3 1
Corn changed by [owing often in the fame Difeafes contrary to prcdifyofit'ton, 17. What
ground^ J 1 1 Changed into a bafer kjude
. the Phyfc'utn is to do in fuch cafes, ibid.
by the flerility of the year, ibid. The Difeafes infectious ,65. Difeafes epide-
Difeafes thereof\ 1 36. The remedy of mical 85
the D if aj es
t
y
ibid. 137. Choice of the Dijp/eafures and yleafttret of the fenfes I45
b;f} Corn ibid. Difpleafnre light, 151. The imprtfsions
Corruptions 73 thereof ibid.
Court of Vulcar, near Pureoli 165 Diffolution of Iron in Aq'ja-foitis 66
1

Cramp, i\i,zii. Two cures of it ibid. Divination Natural 172 |

Creatures moving after theftveringof the *Logs\now tie Dog-killer 211

head, 88. 1 he cattfes thereof ibid.' Double flowers 1 09, 110

Crudity 179 Down upon the leaves of Plants^ 117. The

Cryjtal in Caves, h. 'Def/gnationof atryal virtue of fttch leaves ibki.
for rutting of it ibid. Dteans pleafant and prophetical procured
Cucumbers made grow footer, p*. To
to by feme fme lis 204
bear two years, ibid. By Jieeping their Drinkj,6g. The maturation of them, ibid.
Seeds in Milk' prove more dai>.%y, 98. How it it wrought, ibid. Wheiein it

Made more delicate by throwing in chaff differ ethf rent clarification, ibid. Degrees
when they are fet, ibid . They exteedingly ofMaturation in feveral Liquors, ibid.
affttl moijfurejbld. Will grow towards Maturation by mfcrcing the motions of
a pot of water. ibid. the Spirit s,\\>\6.Quitk*>ir<g of drit\that
Cure by eufiom, 17. Caution to be ufed in it dead ibid.
difeefes counted incurable, ibid. Cure by Drowning of Metals 168,169
excefs, \b\d. The caufe of it, ibid. (fure Drunken men,\ 52. Their Sperm unfruitful,
by motion of confent , ibid. Phyf.ci«nsi 1
5 3 • f kf) Are *triapt for volunt* iy moti-
how to makf fife of thi* motion ibid. on, imagine falfe things
it id. to the m
Curiosities touching Plants^ icy, 108,109, eye, ibid. Disltmpered fooner with fmall

no draughts, then with great ibid.

Curled leaves in "plants 133 Dryino the adventitious moiffure, prohibi-
CuttingTrees often, caufeth their long lad- ts h putrefaction, 76. fixture of dry
ing 120 things prohibits it ibid.
Cuttles blood 156 Dublible Bodies 181,182
Dulcoration of things, 13?. Of Metals, 79.
D. Of lr hits by feveral waysf 186. The
ca fifes of them ibid.

DAmps from Mints and Minerals 2C2 Dungs

Which of
of Beafts to
them the befi
inrich grounds , 122.
Day fhowersj not fo good for Fruits as ibid.

night -fhowers I
35 Du$~l makethTrecs fruitful 136
"Death without pain 2.32 Dwarfing of Trees 113
DecoUionmahfth Liquors clearer, Infufon
thicker, 68. The caufe ibid. £.
'

T)eer ,159. Their generating ibid.

E-^r danger m yawning

Degenerating of Plants, lio, III. The fe- t to be picked in

veral caufes thereof ibid. 140

Demccritus 203 E at ly Flowers and Plants lip
Defecation 74 £arth and Sand differ, 1. "Earth piimi'm
DcKuponHills.better then uponValleysib^ Jrigidum, 19. lrfufions in Earth,?>^. The
D'amon-ds Cornifh 2 (ffttls thereof, it id. Cautions to be ufed

Diapafon, the fweeteji of Sounds, 30. The therein, ibid. Several irfunces thereof,
ibid.
 1

contained in thefe Centuries.

ioid. Earth t< ken out of the Faults will afe, ioid. Exerclfe tmpmguateth not f°
put forth Herbs, 117. The nature of much as frillions, 190. I he cuufe ibid.

thofc Herbs, ibid, what Earth ideju Eye of the Undcrflanding, like the Eye of
out of fhady and. watry woods will put Senfe 24
forth, ibid. Earth upon Earth , a good The Eyes, 1 88. Both move one way ibid.SV?
,

Compoft, 123. Earths good and bad, better one eye (hut, ibid. 'Thecanfe, ibid.
136. E-nths Medicinal, 147, Earth JpAy fo«f /Vi? 0#tf thmy double, ibid.
taleen near the %iver Ntlus, 1 56. Earth Pore-bimde men fee befl near-hand, ibid.
pnre, the healthfalleft fmell of all 203 :T/>* £•*«/<?, ibid. Old men at fome difiance
Ebbing ard Flowing of the Sea 2c o ibid.
Ecchoes, 56. Artificial E echoes not known, Fjes are offended by over-great Lghl<,i ?p.
By enterchange of Light and DarknefZ on
1

ibid. Natural Ecchoes where foundjlblc .

The dfferences between the Concurrent the fudden, ibid. By fmall Prints, ibid.
Sccho and Iterant, ibid. No Ecchofront Wax red in Anger, inBlufhlt.g not^ ibid.
aTrttnck^, (lopped at one end, ibid. The The caufe of each, ibid. Eye re-placed,
caufe, ibid. from within a Well,
E'ccho hath recovered fight 88
ibid, whether Ecchoes move In the fame
angle with the original Sounds, ibid- F.
^Plurality of Ecchoes in one place, ibid.
Back^-ecchoes, ibid. Ecchoes returning FAble of Hercules and Hylas 4 o
many words, 58. EcchouponEccho, 167, Falling"fickjiefs, how helped 210
168. The l<ke betwixt an Houfe, and an Fafcmation 203
Hill, 58. Eccho will not return the Let' F*f extracted out of fit [h 139
terS,ib\d. Difference of Ecehoes,{b\d* Ffar, 149, 2 of. rta Imprcfslons thereof
Mixture of Ecchoes ibid. 149,150
Edible flefh, and not Edible, 1 86. The caufes 1 Feathers of 'Birds, why of fuchfine colours,
of each ibid. 2. How the colour of themmay be chan-
£<rj7j, the yo'kj of them great nourlfhers,!^ ged, 24,25. Age change: h them I 83

How to be vjfed, ibid. 7o/£ conduceth Feathers burnt, fupprefs the Mother 204 _

mire to the nourifhment. white to the Female and Male m

Plants,li6. The differ-
generation of the Bird 25 ences of Female dnd Male in fever a I ll^
Sight, the [wet eft Concord In Mufic\ 30 ving creatures, 184. The caufes thereef
Elder fiu\ put to confume , talejth away ibid.
warts ,
- 213 Fetid fmells 177,178
Elearum 168 Fibrows Bodies . »!• 182
Eletlrlc\ Bodies - ibid. Fj^-j f*8 *^f Spring, 0. Indian Fig '
127
Elm grafted ICO Figurable, and not Flgurable 182
Enforcing a thought upon another',204. /»- Figures of Plants 121
flarce thereof, in a fuglers trlt\, ibid. Figures or 7 r^^j 6* Mufick^, have an agree-
Three means by which it muftbe wrought ment with the Figures of Rhetoric^ 3

204^205 Fire Tannetb not as the Sun doth 87,88

Englishman hurt in the Leg, hard to cure FiVf 4»</ Zwf water, heat differently, 140.
166 Fjff J fubterrany 80
Envy 203,204 F/W *#</ Air forefhew winds I
74
Epidemical Dlfeafes 85 F//& of the Sea, put into frefh water 147,148
Efcufent PLritj, 129. Efculentraw, ibid. F//&« forefhe wrain 175
Having p fed the fire, icid. ^ot £/>«- F</&« greater then any Beafts, 184. 77?*
lent at all ibid. «•<*«/* ibid.
Eunuchs 142 Fixation of Bodies 1 69
Excrements ef living creatures fmell III, 1 77. F//*?»/? <*W Air mix not, 8 . Except In the
7j&* cattfe, 178. Sow* /wf/7 »?//," ibid. Spirits of Fegetables,\b\d . And of living
TA« rrf«/>,ibid. H0/2 odious to a creature creatures, ibid. Their wonderful effects
of the jume hjnde mixed, 9. Form of Flame would be Glo-
Excrefcercesof T>lants,\\i, 114, &c. Two bular, and not Pyramidal, ibid. Would
Ujals for Excrefcences,! \6 .Excrefcences be a lofting Body, if not extingulfhed by
pyxed w'tth'Purrefaclton 117 Air, ibid. Mixeihnot with Flame,ib'id.
Exerclfe, 66. In what Bodies hurtful, ibid. Bums flronger on the fides, then in the
'blot to be ufed with a ffare diet 9 ibid. Be- midft, ibid. // irritated by the Air am-
nefits of exerclfe, ibid. Evils of exer- bient, ibid. Opinion of the Pcripatetic^s
r 3 "f\
 e 9

A Table of thechief Matters

of the Element of Fire, ibid. Preyeth ibid. Fruits compound, 1 00, 101. Fruits
upon Oil, as Air upon VVater,"^^ Taketh of divers kjndes upon one Tree,\ 07. Fruits
in no other body Into it, butconverteth it, if divers (hapes and figures , ibid. ic8.
169. Flame cau/ing water torife y 192. Fruits with infcriptions upon them, ibid.
Flame, 81. The continuance of it accord- Fruits that are red within, 109. Fruits
ing to feveral Bodies, ibid. Obfervation coining twice a year, it 9. Fuits made
about going out of Flame, ibid. 8,?. Lift- without core or flone, 1 1 o. Fruits that
ing thereof, in Candles of feveral mix- huve juyces fit for drink? 130. Unfit, \bid.
tures, ibid. Of feveral Fyickj, ibid. 8 ?. The caufe of each,\b'id. Fruits fweet before
In (Randies laid In Bran, ibid, in Lawps, they be ripe, I 32. which never fweet en, ioid.
ibid. VFherelt draweththe nourishment Fruit bl'ffo^iyigjfiurt by S'Hth-winds 1 ;5
far, ibid. In a 7 urretted Ltmp, ibid. Fuel not confuming, 163, 164. Fuel con.
Where it is. kjpt clofefrom Airfo . Ac- fumingfaft,\b\A, Fuel cheap ibid.
cording to the temper of the Air, ibid. 84. Full of the Moon, 193. Several effects of it,
Irritated by cold ibid. ibid. Tryals for further okfervatitns 194
Flejh difjolved into Fat, 1 39. Flefh edible and Fumes t aken in Pipes 2q 2
not edible^ 186. The caufes of each,\b'\&.
Horfes flefh fometlmes eaten, ibid. Mans
fl;fk likewife,\b. Eaten by Witches ib. G.
Flies Intxcef, fign of a Pestilential year,
15s, The caufe ibid. GAlilxus i&ftf opinion of the Ebbing and
'

Flight* of Birdsj the fwlftefl mot'ion, 129. Flowingof the Sea 167
The caufe thereof ibid. Gaping a motion of Imitation 65
Flint, laid at the bottem of a Tree, hath help. Garments, of what plants they maybe made
edthe growth, 91. The caufe ibid. 128
Flowers fmellbefi whofe Leaves fmell not,%6. Gathering of wind for frefhnef? 1
64
Flowers growing amongfl the Corn, and no Generat Ion, oppofed to corruption 73
wbe~e elfef io3. To have Flowers grow Generating of fome Creatures at fet times
upon Trees, 102. To Induce colour into onely,offome atalltlmes, 159. Thecaufe
Flowers, ibid. Flowert double, 109. To of each ibid. 160
make them fo in fruitful Trees, ibid. Genius over-mattering 204
Flowers, 121, All exqmfitely figured , Germination accelerated by feveral means,
ibid, ^{umbers of their Leaves ibid. 90,91,9?. Retarded bj feveral means 92'
Flying in the Air of a Body unequal, 1 67. G\xmx\y-P epper caufethf needing 202
Of a Bodyfupported with Feathers 191 Glafs,the materials thereof in Venice x6%
Firming of parts myoung Creatures 7 Glafs out of Sand, 1 6 4. G lafs, whether re-
Foreign Plants 1 1 8, 1 1 moulten, it \eepeth weight 169
Fowls, VVater-fowlsforefhew Rain 175 Globes at diflance appearing flat 190
Fragile Bodies^ 1 80. The caufe of their fra^ Gloworm 149
gility ibid. Gold,'] 1. 7 he making of it, ibid. A wor\
French-man hurt in the bead, hard to cure poffible but not rightly purfued, ibid.
,

166 Difcourfe of a Stranger, touching the

Fryer Ba cons Illufion \ 60 makjng of it,j 2. Directions for the making
Friction, a furtherer of nourlfhment, 16. of it, ibid. 73. Direction of aTryal, ibid.
Makjth the parts morefrefhly, 19c. The Several properties of Gold, ibid. Gold
caufe, ibid. Impinguateth more then hath in it the least: volatile of any Metal
E xer c if y
\b\d. The caufe ibid. 169
Frogs in excej?, a fign of apefillential year, Gout, order incur mg it 16
155. The caufe ibid. Grafting, 92. A late-coming fruit upon an
Fruits, their maturation, 70. The caufes early Fruit- tree, 9 3. Grafts In %reat plen-

thereof, ibid. Several infiances thereof, ty^-. Grafting meliorateth the Fruit,
ibid. 71^ The dulcoration thereof, by 9~f.Grafting of Trees that bear no Fruity
other means, 186. The feveral caufes ib* enlargeth the Leaves, ico. Grafting of
Fruit pricked as it growetb,ripensfooner, 96. feveral kjndes , mi\eth not Compound
Fruit-tree grafted upon a -wild tree, 97. fruits ibid.
Fruit dulcorated , by applying of Swlnes Graft Ing Vine upon Vine \ 36
dung, $2. The c aufe, ibid. Alfoby Ch*ff Grapes, how they maybe kept long, 129. Al-
and Swlnes dung mingle d,\b\d. Enlarged fo by prefervlng of thefts/I^ ibid.

by being covered with a Pot as itgroweth, Gravity, 10. Motion of Gr avity',lbid . 14 8.

Opinion
— « . „\
 15

contained in thefe Centuries.

Opinion of moving to the Centre, a vanity Sun, Fire, and Living Creatures, ibicf-
io Heat within the Earth, '91. Tryal of
Greatnefsj comparative of living Creatures drawing it forth by the Moon-beams 193
184 Heat sunder the ELcjulnottial, lefsthen under
Greennefs in fome Plants all ivinter, 1 21, the Turrid Zones, 87. Three caufes thereof
1 22. The caufe ibid. ibid.
Grief and pain, 1 5 c. The impreffions there- Heathen opinion touching the Generation of
of ibid. Creatures, perfell by Concretion, refell'd
Growing of certain Fruits and Herbs, after
they are gatherW, 7, 8. The caufe, ibid. Heavenly Bodies, true Fires 195
Tryal,whether they increafein weight ib. Hedg-hogsflefb, a good dryer , 113
Growing or multiplying of Metals 168 Heliorropia, 1 14. The caufes of their open-
Gum of Trees 2 ing and (hutting, or bending towards the
(jut-powder, 8 . The caufe of the great noife Sun ibir'.

it/ieldethj ibid, white giveth no found Hemlotk, caufeth ea/ie death I

, 132
I30
Herbs removed from Beds into Pots, proffer
better, 98. Grow fweeter by cutting of
a the fir/t Sprmt, 99- The caufe thereof 3
ibid." Inquiry, whether they be made Me-
HAirs of Leafs, not of fo frefh colours
as Eirdsfeathers,?, How the colour of
dicinable, and how, I s 5 ..

ons of it,\b\d. Their ordinary colours, 109.

Four defignati-

them may be changed, za, 25. Hair on Herbs growing out of the water without
K
t eHead of Children new born, 139. ^Roots^ 117. Growing out of the top of
Hair changing colour, 183. Hair of the the Seawithout Roots, ibid. 118. Grow,
party, 5. Beloved worn , exciteth love tng out of Sno)v± ibid. Growing out of
Scene, ibid. Growing in the bottoms of
Hands have a fympathy with the head and Mines y J^onegrowirg out
ibid.
$f Sea-
other parts 25, 26 fands,\bi'd. Herbs dying yearly, ibid. That
Hardfubflances in the Hi dies of living ere a- '
last many years, ibid. / he largefl lafl,hot
tures,i^j. Mofl about the head, ibid. longefl, at the largest Trees ^,ibid.. The
Sime of them fland fome con-
at aflay, caufe, ibid. Herb inlikenefs of a Lamb,
tinually grow, ibid. All of them without 127. The 'Fable of it, ibid. Herbs will
Senfe, but the Head 158 (hew the nature of the ground, 135, Herbs
Hard Bodies, 1 8 r . The caufe ibid, which like to be watered with Salt-water,
Heart of an Ape worn, increafeth audacity 1 37. Herbs for efhew rain ij6
210 Hiccough, 14c. The caufe of »7~ibid. Weans
Haws and Hips in floret portend cold Winters toceafeit , ibid.
Honey, 127, 183. Several ways how it is
Head cut of in fome creatures leaveth a ufed ibid.

ff ace of motion^, Thecaufes ibid. Honey-dews upon certain Leaves and Flowers
little

Healthful Airs oft times without fent igg^ 104

200 Horns, 1 57. dorn'd Beafls havens upper
Hearing hath more operation upon the Man- Teeth 158
ners and Spirits of Men,then other Senfe s, I Horfes flefh eaten, 186^ Horfe sTooth the mark,
31, 32. Hinder ances of Hearings 62. J of their age, 158. Horfe -tooth Ring,good
Hearing kindred by Tawning, ibid. The forth: Cramp in, 112
caufe, ibid. Helped by holding the breath, H n Bread nourifhing in the odors thereof
ibid. The caufe,\b\d. fnftruments to help 203
the Hearing, ibid. Ufed in Spain i6id. Humors ill lodged y very dangerous 18
Heat thee hiefesi power in Nature 27
How to malej tryalof the highest operation of
it,ib\d. Heat and time workjhe li\eeffeUs,
65. Their different operation in many
JAol, a mofl pernicious fmeH 20
things, ibid. Heat being qualified by Jews-ear 1 1

Afoiflure, the effetlt 140. Heat caufeth Image, whether it might befeen without fee-
the differences of (JMate andFemalc,\%&. ing the Glafs 16°
Alfo many other differences thereupon, imagination exalted, 198. Force of it, ib\6.
ibid. The fame tempered with moiflure, 199. Three Cautions about the fame;
ibid. The fever al effects of Heat, in the Worketh\mofl upon weak, perfons\ ibid.
Im- I
 . 9

A Table of the chief Matters

imagination, 206. the frindes of it, ibid. Inquination or Inconcocliou I79
The force of it upon another Sody, ibid. Inscriptions upon Fruits ic8
207. Stveral instances of it, ibid. & in Iofecta, 143. The nome commumcateito all
fcq. Aninfante thereof by a Pair of Creatures , bred of Pmrefaction , ibid.
Cards, ibid. Three means to wpofe a The difference of then* according to the
Thought^ 206,207, Defignation for tryal feveral matters they are bred of , 143,
of the operations in this kinde, ibid. 207. 144, 145. The enumeration of w.ny of
To wor\ by one that hath a good opinion them,\hid. Several properties in them,
of you , ibid. "To work^ by many, ibid. ibid. They ht.ve voluntary motion, ibid.
CMeans to preferve Imagination in the Other Senfes, befideTafie ibid.

firength, ibid. workjih more at fome

It invifibles in Bodies ought to be better inqui-

tines, then others, ibid. It hath mofi red 26

force upon the highefi motions,\b\6, 208, Joviriianus the emperor 202
•
209, 2 1 c. sffetls of the Senfe 168 3 }i
ri
) . The imprtjfions thereof ibid.
Imaginations imitating the imitation! of Jtynts in fome Plants, 1 2 1 the caufe there-
.

Nature, 1. Imitation in Men, and other of ibid.

Creatures, 55. ^A thing to be wondred Ippocrafs clarified 2
at, ibid. Several motions in Men ef Imi- Iron hflruments, hurtful (or wounds 166
tation 65 Iflanders Bodies 85
Imprejfible, and not impreffible 182 ivy growing out of a Stags Horn 1 15
Impulfiot andpsrcufsion of B idies,\ 6c, 161. Juices of Fruit fit for 7)rinkj, 1 'O. Vnfit
Impulfton of a Body unequal l6j for them, ibid. The caufe of each ibid.
Inanimate and Animate, wherein they differ
125 L.
incenfe, thought to difbofe to devotion by the
operation of -the fmell 104 LAdanum J28
Incubus, how helped 21© Lard put to wafle,taktth away Warts 213
Indian Earth brought over, hath produced Latitude 154
Indian Plants, 118. Indian Fig 1
27 La/ling Trees and Herbs, 120. Befig nation
Indian Tree with Leaves of great large nefs, to ma\e T Iants more lasting then ordina-
and Fruit without fialkj ibid. ry ibid.
Induration of Bodies, 22. Three means to Late Flowers and Plants 11
ejfeU it, ibid. Examples thereof, ibid. 23. Laughing, 151,152. The impreffions there-,
Indurations by Snow or Ice, ibid. By Me- of ibid.
talline wattis, ibid, in fome natural Leaning long upoK any part 1 54, 1 ^,5

Spring-waters, ibid. Of Metals by heat- Leaping, 145 Helped by weights in the

.

ing and q .etching, ibid. By fire, ibd. hands ibid.

By Decotlions within water, the water not Leaves nourifh not, 12. The caufe 130.
touching, ibid. 24. Induration by Sym- Leaves of Trees and Herbs, 127. Ptant
pathy 182 without Leaves' 192
Infant in the Womb ,fufferingfrom the Mo- Left- fide and &ght, T90. Senfes ali\e,ftrong
thers diet 113 on each fide, Limbsfir ongeft on the Right,
Infetliopa Difeafes 65 ibid. The caufe of each ibid.
Influences of the Moon, 191, 19 -, 194. In Lif e, by what courfes prolonged 64
number four ibid. L'ghts over- or eat (ffend the eyes 1 88, 1 89

Irfl'Axes of the heavenly Bodies. 200 Light comfotteth the Spirits, 2\\. Especi-
Infufion in Liquors, 4. A [hort flay be(l, ally Light varied ibid.
ibid. Infu/ions to be iterated, ib'd. ZJfe- Lincottis 132
ful for Medicinal operations, ibid. Tryal Liquefiable, and not Liquefiable,! 80. Bodies
which parts ijfue foonefl, which floivefl, 5 that Vquefie by Fire, ibid. Others that
Evaporations of the finer Spirits, fome- by water, ibid. Some that by both ibid.
times ufeful ibid. Liquors, their Clarification, 67. Three
Infufion maketh Liquors thicks, but DecoBi- caufe s thereof, ibid. 68. Prefervation of
on clearer, 68. The caufe ibid. Liquors in Wells or Vaults, 85. Vq'tors
Infufionsin Air,'), The fever al odors iffue eompreffed, 1 87. Their incorporation with
at fever al times ibid. Powders 6$
Infufion in Sarth, 83, 84. The e feels
of it, Living Creatures that generate at certain
ibid. Cautions tobe ufedintt$ ibid. Se- feafons onely, 159. Others that at all
veral infiances thereof ibid. feafons, ibid. The caufe of each, ibid.
Their
 3 1,

contained in thefe Centuries.

Their ftveral times of bearing in the tjfyletals and Plants wherein they dij]'er,\26.
Womb, iHd. 160. The caufes thereof, Growing of metals, 168. Drowning of
ibid. The fever al numbers which they metals, ibid. 169. Refining of metals
bring forth at a Bxrthen,ib\d. The caufes, 183. Metalline Vapors hurtful to the
ibid. Living creatures th.it will be tranf- Brain, 202. Metals give orient colours
mtited into another fpedes, III. Living in their dijjolutions , 64. The caufes
creatures fort/hew went her 175 ibid,
Love 203 Mtlle^ warm from the Cow,a great nourifh-
Lucciole in Italy J 49 tr, 14. How to be ufed y ibid. Cows Milk,
Lupines l $6 better then AJfcs Milk, or then w omens
Lnft, 152. The impnfsions thereof ibid. Milk., bid. Milk, »» Beaftsi how to be tit-
i

Lying, in what kinde of po(lure healthful er eafed, 1 64. Milkjufedfor Clarification

J
54 of Liquors ^69. Good to fteep divers Seeds
in, 9$. Treferving of MilkyZ'). Milk
M. in Plants 1 3
Mildew 104,136
MAgicd operations 128*200^04 Mmced meaty a great nourifher, 1 4. How to
Maiz, 1 be ufed ibid..

CMalc and Female, the difference of them Mifie toe H6

in ftveral living creatures, 84. The Mixture of Earth and water inPlants 79
caufes thereof, ib. 185. Male and Female MoifiAir, how difcovered IJ3
in Plants, 126. Male-peony, good for Moifture adventitious, caufe of putrefaction,
the Falling ficknefs and Incubus 209 68. Moifture qualifying he at, the effect,
tJMaltficiating, 192. Pratlifed in Gaf- 140. Moifture increafed by the Moon,
cony ibid. 193. Tryalof itinSeeds,\b\d. in men's
CMalt, 123. The [welling thereof, ibid. bodies, ibid. Force of it in Vegetables
The fweetnefs thereof ibid. 103, 104
Lflians-fiefh eaten, 6. Breedeth the French JHonflers 1 00
D ifeafe, ibid. Caufeth high imaginati- Moon attractive of heat out of 'Bodies 20
ons, ibid. Not in it felf edible, 186. Moones irfluences, 192,193,194. In num-
The caufe jh'id. How eaten by Cannibals, ber fW,ibid. it increafeth moifture ibid.
Wherefore
ibid. by Witches ibid. MorfusDiaboli,<*» Herb 134
Mandrake* 128 Mortified parts by cold, 166. Muft not ap-
Manna 165 proach the fire, ibid. Cured, by applying
March, towards the end, the befl difcoverer Snow, ibid. Orwarm water ibid.
of Summer fickn'ffis I73 Mof, 75, 113. where it grovttth mofi
Jiiarl,a goodCompoft 122, 123 ibid. The caufe of it, ibid, what it is,
Marrow '57> x 58 i6id. &iofsfweet,H4-. In Apple-trees
Maturation, 179. Of Dr 1^,69, 70. Of fweet, ibid. In fome other Trees 132
Fruits, ibid. Maturation of Digestion ,
Mother fupprejfed bj burning Feathers 2 04
Mtthers diet ajfetlctb the Infant in tie
Meats inducing fatiety 66 womb 210
Medicines changed helpful, I ?. Medicines Motion hin dret h putrefactions 75
which efftcl the Bladder, 25. Medicines Motion of Bodies, 161. Motion of Liberty 3
condenfing, which relieve the Spirits, 1 55. Motion of Nexe, 192. Motion of Confent in
Medicinal Herbs 1 04, 105. mans body, 10, 17. Motion ef AttraQion
Megrims come upon riftng, not during the would prevail if Motion of Gravity hun-
fitting 1 dred not 148
54
Melancholly perfons difptfe the company to Motions in men by Imitation 65
the likj 26 Moulding of Fruits I o8
Melioration of Fruits, Trees, and Plants, Moulds 75
91,94, 91, 96,97,9%, 9% 100 Mountains great forefhew Tempefis early
Melc-corones grow befl without grafting, 174
97. The caufe thereof ibid. Mouth out of tpfte, 141. what faftes it will
Memory the Art, 207. Men, better places not have ibid.
thcnwords,i\\$. Memory firengthnedby Mulberry-leaf 161
the Brains of fome creatures 210 Mummyflancheth Blood
Menftruosus women tcz Murthered body,' bleeding at the ctpproacchof\
Mercurial and Sulphurous 78 the murtherer 2
20-7
\
Mufcovia
 ,

A Table of the chief Matters

Mufcovia hath a late Spring, and early Har- forth wildc Vines. 11 J. Oa\-applts 117
ve/1,119. The caufe ibid. Oal^ bears the mofi fruit among 7 rees, 1 57,
Mushrooms, 115. Their proprieties, ibid. 15?. The caufe ibid.
Several productions of them, ibid, where O'bjetlsof the fght, caufe great delight in
they grow mod 131 the Spirits, but no great <ffer.ee, 189. The
Mufck,, 19. Mufical and Immuficalfounds, caufe . ibid.
ibid. Bodies producing Mufical founds Occhus, a Tree )>; Hyrcania 127
ibid. 30. Diapafon the fweeteft of founds , Odious djrtls, caufe the fpirits to file 167
ibid. Vail of Half-notes necejjary in Odors if. feme degree nourifh
y 204
Mt*{ic\) ibid.Confentof Notes to be a- Oyntment nfed by Wit ches 2Io
fcribed to the Ante. notes , not Entire Old Trees bearing better thenthefame new
T^otes, 30. Concords Perfect, and Semi- 131
peifeEl, which they are, ibid. The mofi Old men converfwg with young company,
odious 'Difcords of all other, ibid. Dif- livelong 203
cords of the Bafe , mofi difturbeth the Onions made to wax greater, 97. In grow,
Mufickj ibid. 31. No Quarter-notes in ing, carry the feeds to the top 193
Mufiek^,\bld. *Tleafing of Jingle Tones, Operations of fympathy 2 00
anfwereth to the pleaftng of Colour, and Opium 2o
of Harmony to thepleafixg of Order, ibid. Order incuritgof difeafes 16, 17
Figures or Tropes in Mufck have an agree- Orenge-flowers 4» Orenge-feeds
infnfed,
ment with the Figures in Rhetorick,ib\d. fown in April, will bring forth an excel-
Mtifich^ htith great upon the
operation lent Sahtherb 119
manners and f^irits of <Men,\\:\d. 31,32. Orris-root 187
Concords and Difcords in Mufick^, are Ox-horn bringeth forth ivy 115
Sympathies and Antipathies of Sounds, Oyly fubftances and watry,j6- Commix-
61. Inftruments that agree be(l in Con- ture of oyly fubftances ,
prohibiteth
fort, ibid, inftruments with a double putrefadtion, ibid. Turning of watry
Lay of Strings-, Wire , and Lute-firings fubftances into oyly, 79. great work A
62 in Nature, ibid. Some inftances thereof
ibid.

N. Oyl of Sweet- Almonds, a great nourifher,

14. How to he ufed ibid.

N Ature, 6 3.
quiftion thereof
Natural Divination
Advice for the true
ibid.

1 72
in-

64 P.

l^egroes . 88
Night. (howres better for Fruit, then Day Palliation in Difeafes 17
fbowres 35, 136
I Pain and grief, 150. The imprej sions
Nights Sar light , or Moon-fhine , colder thereof ibid.
then cloudy 188 Paintings of the Body, 1 55. 'Barbarous peo-
Nil' is, the virtues thereof, l<5i. How to cla- ple much given to it i$6, ibid.
rifie tht water of it ibid. Panicum 95
Nitre, good for men grown, ill for children, Pancomimi 56
78. Nitrov.s water, 8c. Scsureth of it Paper chamoletted * 6 5

felf, ibid. Nitre mingled with water, Paiacelfus'; Principles 7^>79

m \tth Vines tyrout, 96, Nitre upon the Parents finding an alteration upon the ap-
Sea-fands 16% proach of their children, though unknown
Nouri(hi*g Meats and Drinks 12, 13 to them 204
Nourifhing parts in Plants 14,130 Parts in living creatures eafily reparable,
Nouri(htyent,Jq. Five feveral Means to and parts hardly reparable, 16. Parts of
help it ibid. 15, 16 living creatures fevered, 216. Their vir-
Nonrifhment mended, a great help 95 tues in Natural Magick, ibid.
NWd'stwo Con/ins 163 P aftions of the minde, 1 50, 1 51, 1 5 2. Their
feveral imprej'sions ibid.
O. Reaches prove beft without grafting, 97.
The caufe thereof ibid, tio
A\ leaves gather Honey dews 104 'Pearl, faid to recover the colour by burial
Oak^boughs pat into the Earth, bring in the Earth 84
Tepper
 2
3. ,,

contained in theft Centuries.

202 Pntkjes of Tree<, 116. Plants proving
Pepper -Gwtntty, caufeth fneeding
1

Perception in alt bodies, 171. More fubtil wthoutfeed, 117, I 18. Growng out of ,]

works thatJo at It Jtone, ibid. Plants foreign, ibk.'.* Uy.

then the fenfe,\b\d. ,

di/lance, ibid. The beft means of prog- Removed out of hot Count rcys willb^ep
ibid. 172 their feafons, ibid. 5ff in the Summer
nofticating
Percolation, inward and outward I, feafons will prvjper in colder Conntreys^

Percuffton and impulfion of bodies 1 6 o, 1 61 ibid. Seafons of feveral Plants, jbid.

Perfume/ Dryers , and Perfumes Moiftners Plants bearing bluff\ms, and young fruit,
and ripe together, 119, 120.
of the Brain, 203. Perftimes procure fruits

plesfant and prophetical Dreams 204 'Plants with joyhts or knuckles m the

Perfons near in blood, or other Relations, flalks, 121. 7'J&* ctf^/Vf thereof, ibid.

have many fecret paffages of Sympathy Deferences of Plants, ibid. 122. &*«/£
fill putting forth bloffoms before leaves, 121.
Peftilcutial years, 85. Their prognoftk\s Others* leaves before bloffoms, ibid, r^
i55> 1
7 2 > 1 73 cvr»^ of each, ibid, Flints green all

Philofophy received 17 ? winter, 1 21, 122. rtf *##/>, ibid. /7<«*f.f i

JP//0J&7 //» A/m *»<* &'4&) x 39. *** &*/" not fupportingthemfelves, ib. The caufe
fifw/ ibid. of their flendemeft, ibid. Plants and in-

Piftaehees » animate bodies differ in four things, 125,

Pitttponthe Sea-fhore, 1. Filled with water 126. Plants and Metats in three, ibid.
potable, ibid. ^PraElifed in Alexandria, Plants and Moulds, or Putrefaction*
ibid. AnibyCdir, ibid. wA«? mi/loo^, wherein they differ, ibid. Plants and it- ;

the caufe, itid. /* time will become Salt v/«£ Creatures their differences, iz6 t
again *9 l 127. LMaleaHdFema/einPlants,ib\d.
Pity, 151 . 7^f imprefftons thereof ibid. Plants whereof Garments are made, 128.
Pius Quintus J&« revelation , touching the Plant fleeping, ibid. /*/<*»/* with bearded
tittory at Lepanto 212 Roots, ibid. /V^wf-f efculent, 129, 130.
Plague tranfmitted without fent, 2CO, 2 01 Efculent raw, ibid. Having ptffed the
7~£r fvppofed fent of it, ibid. Perfons firejbid. Tarts in Plants that are no trifh-
haft apt to t*\e it, and perfons mofl, ibid. ing, ibid. 5Vf</j i« Plants, more flrong
Plagues caufed by great putrefanions , then either Leaf or Rootjhid. The caufe,
202. *Prefervatives tfgaiufi it 209 ibid. In fome not, ibid; Plants with
Plane-tret watered with wine 1 28 Milk, in them, 131. P/«<»f,r w/ffc r^
^plants , why
of greater age then li- /*/<* , 132. iVo /Y<*Kf / j&tff<f 4 /«*& r «/? *
ving creatures, 15, 16. Dignity of ibid. Plants with curled Leaves, 133.
Plants, 89. deceleration of thiir Ger- Plants ma} be tranflated into other ftegL
mination, ibid. 90,91,92. Retarding ons, 135. 2?f they l;\; feme foils, more
of their Germination, ibid. Tfo Melio- then other 1 ibid. Several inflates there-
ration of thtm divers ways, 93, 94, 951 of, i bid. Plant without leaves, 162. Sin-
9^, 97, 98, 99, ioq. CW// why feme gularities in fever d Plants 13 8
die in Winter, $6. Sympathy and Anti- PIafter hard tied likj Marble 165
pathy of Plants, 101, 102, 103, 1C4. Plaftered room green, dangerous 202
'Plants drawing the fame juyces out of P laces of Metals affwage fwelling 187
the earthy thrive not together , 10 1. Pleafures and dijpleafures of the Senfes
Drawers of much xourifhmcnt , hurt 145
their neighbor-plants, ibid. Drawing Plough followed, healthful 103
feveral juyces, thrive well together,! 02, Plumofity in Birds, 1 39. The caufe thereof
f
Several inftances of each, ibid. D(fig- ibid.
uations of further tryals hereof, ibid. Plums of what colour the beft, 1 09. The
Tryals in Herbs, poyfonout or purgative, dryer, the better fort ibid,
1 03. ^A**r.r ritar <^ p/dcrj together, Pnetfmaticals in Bodies 181
ibid. 77/d/ whether Plants will attratl 'Pomanders 203
Water at fome diftar.ee, 104. Curiofities Pont-Charenton, ?fo Sccho there 57
touching Tlants> JCJ, 108, I09, HO. Pore-blinde men fee beft near hand, f 88.
Plants will degenerate, iio, 11 1. 7*fo 7 he canfe ibid.
feveral eanfes thereof, ibid. Tranfmu- {
?otado*roots potted, grow greater 90
tation of plants, ibid. 57* deftgnations Powder in Shot b
thereof, it id. 1 1 2j 115. Their feveral Powders and Liquors, their Incorporation I

txcrefcencis, n 3, 114^ 115,116,117. 65 J

Poyfoni r
g
 11

A Table of the chief Matters

Poyfoninp- of air 201
Poyjor.lng by {mitts, i6id. 202. Caution
to%ehing poyfomng ib.

Poyfonous Creatures love to lie under Odo- QVarriti that grow hard 18 3
r ate Herbs 138 £>ni(kr{ilvcr will eonferve Bodies
"Precious (tones comfort thefpirits 208 l6fl
Prefervation of bodies from corruption 2 8 Quicksfiver fixed to the hardnefs of Lead
cprefervation of Fruits in Sirrups, 129. 182
Alfo in powders, ibid, when to gather
fruits for prefervation, ibid. Alfo in R.
Bottles in a weU,ib. Preferving Grapes
.long, ib. Another way thereof 134 RAcking of Wine or Beer (,%
Trickles of 1 rees 116,117 Kain in Egypt fcarce, 1 6 1. T/&* <•
*,*/>
Procreations by copulation, and by putre* thereof, ibid. Several prognoftic\t of Kain
faft ion, 194. The caufe of each ibid. 175,176
195 Rainbow faid to bring fweetnefs of odor to
Prognoflickj for plenty orfear city, 138. Of Plants under it 176, 177
peJIUer.tial years,14T, 155,17?, 173. %ams skjns good to be applied to wounds
Of cold and long winters,\']/\. Bj Buds,
I'j'y.Ofanhotanddryfitmmer,^. By Red within fame few fruits \ 09
the Birds alfojh. Of winds, ib. Ofgreat Red jayce i n Plants \ 32

tempejfs,ib. rain, ib. From living

Of tfffr 1
34
creatures, ibid. From water fowls and Refining of Metals 185
land fowls, 176. Fromfifhes,\b\d. From "Refraction caufeth the Jpeeies vifible to
beafts, ib. From herbs, ibid. From aches appear bigger, 16c. Other ebfervations
in mens bodies, ibid. Ftom worms, ibid. about Refrailions ibid.
From the fweating of folid bodies ibid. Repletion hindreth Generation qa
^Proprieties fecret hi 1I 7, 214 Reft caufeth Putrefaction
[ 75
Purging Medicines, 5. Have their virtue j
Retardation of Germination 92
*» afine ffirit. Endure not boiling, ibid. iff w helpeth the Fig-tree 102
Takingaway their unpleafant tafte, ibid. 'Rheumes, how caufed 1
Several ways of the operations of purg- iC/fff * nourifhingmeat \3
ing Medicines, 10,11,12. Theywork^ Righufide and left, 190. Senfes alikeftrong
upon their proper Humors, 11. Medi- on both fides , Limbs ftrongeft on the
c ines that purge byfiool, and that purge Right, ibid. The caufe of eath ibid.
by urine, J 2. Their fever al caufes, ibid, Rooms built for health 20
tf'or^ t» *fo/i? frtf/J <# f/>«7 are given in Roots of fruit trees multiplied
, 93, 94.
quantity, ib. Preparations before purg. Jtwf made great, 95. */ applying Pani-
tng, 18. Want of preparatives , what cum <*£0#f i>, ibid. K?0fj potted, grow
hurt it doth, both in purging, ibid, and greater, 99, 100. Roots preferved all
after purging ibid. winter, ibid. Jtor/ 0/ 7>*« that defcend
'Putrefaction, 7 ;. Acceleration of
T/)? caufe of putrefaction, ibid. Putre-
it, ibid. iee
ibid.
h } 3 M
H* Of few *£** /Jwi «or*,
The caufe of each, ibid. Roots of
faction, whence, 74. JV» »>**»* 0/ in- Plants of three forts, Bulbous, Fibrous,
ducing putrefactions, ibid. Prohibiting Hirfute 128
of putrefaction, q 5 Ten means of pro-
. Rofa Solis fj&r Hw£ 1
04
hibiting it, ibid, 76. Inceptions of pu- Rofes Damask, how eonferved 81
trefaction, 79. P atrefactions for the Rubarb infufed, 4, 5. For* /&«* tiW £<f/?,
moft part fmell ill, 177. IC& £<*»/*» ibid. ibid. Repeated may be as ftrong atSeam-
Putref'action from what caufes it com- momy, ibid. A Benedict
Medicine, 5.
et h, 178. Putrefaction induced by the Caution in the taking thereof 1
Mooz-b earns 192 Ruft of Metals
74
Putrefactions of living creatures , have
caufed Plagues 102 S.
Putnfied bodies mofl odious to a creature of
the fame kjnde ibid. SAtiety in Meats 66
Pyjjthui had his Teeth undivided 158 Salamander, 1 85, 1 %j. The caufe that
Pythagoras %u Philofaphy 197 it endureth the fire ib.
Salt a good Compoft^ 3 3 . Salt in Plant /,!} 2 .
Salt
'— —---
 8, r

contained in thefe Centuries.

Shining wood ;>
Salt hath afympxthy with Blood,zi I . It
11->J
is an healer, ibid. It rifeth not in Diflil- Showres good for fruits,!^. For fomenot,
lations lpo, i9 ibid, \tght-fhowres better then Day-
Salt-petre, how it may be bred 123 fhowres 126
Salt-w4ter puffed through Earthy becomes Showres after along drought, caufe fickjnjfe;
fre(h,i Four differences between thepafs-
. if they be gentle, 172. If great y not
ing it in Veffels And in Pits, 2. Salt-wat'.r ibid.
good for waterfomt Herbs, 137, I 3 8.
to Sichjieffes of the Summer and the winter 84
Salt-water boiled, becometh more potable, Sight the objetl thereof, quicker then of
1 90, 191. Salt-water fooner dijfolving Hearing, 50,51. sight, 188, igr. Ob-
Salt, then Frefh-water, ibid. The caufe jects thereof, caufe great delight in the
ibid. Spirits, but no great offence, ibid. The
Sand turning Minerals into a Glaffy fab. caufe ibid.
fiance 1 64. Silver more eafily made then Gold 71, 72
Sanguis Draonis, the Tree that be/trs it simples fpecialfor Medicines, 141 ,142. Such
as have fubtile parts without Acrimony,
Sap of Trees, 134. The differing nature ibid. <JMany creatures bred of Putre-
thereof in fever al Trees ibid. faction, are [0, ibid. Alfo Putrefactions
Scarlet- dye 191, 1 92 of Plants ibid.
L
Scijfible, and not fciffible 182 singularities in fever al Plan s 138
Sea clearer the North-wind blowing, then Sinking of Bodies, 163. the caufe ibid.
the South, 139. Sea, by the bubbles fore* sit t ing healthful 154
fheweth wind, 175. Sea-water looketh Skull 157
<

blacky, moved; white, re sling, 139. The Sleep agreat nourifher, 15. sleep,\^6, 1 57.
caufe, ibid, seas (hallow and narrow Hindred by cold in the Feet, ibid. Fur-
break^niore then deep and large 1 90 thered by fome \inde of Hoifes,\b\&- Ncu-
Sea-fifh putinto Frefh-waters 147 rifheth in many Beasts aud Birds, ibid.
Sea-hare coming near the Body, hurteth the Sleeping creatures all winter 194
Lungs 211 Sleeping Plants 1 28
Sea-fand a good Compos!, 123, Sta-fands Smells andO dors, 26. Befi at fome di'fiance,
produce no Plant I 1 ibid. Best where the Body is cru(hed,\b\d.
Seafons of "Plants 119 Not fo in Flowers crufhed, ibid. Be ft in
Secret proprieties 214,215 Flowers, whofe Leaves fmell not, ibid.
Secundine 154 Smells fweet, 177. Hxve all a corporeal
Seeds in Plants, mo'eftrong then either Leaf fubftance, ibid. Smells fetide, ibid. 178.
or Root, i;o. The eaufe, ibid. In fame Smell of the Jaol mofl pernicious, 201.
Kot, it- id. Seeds, their choice, 137. Plants Smells that are rnofi dangerous ibid.
growing without Seeds 117, 118 Snakj-skjn worn 209
Senfe', their pleafures and dtfpleafures, 145. Snee\\ng ceafeththe Hiccough,^ 04. induced
Their instruments have a fimilitude with by looking againfl the Sun, ibid. The caufe
that which giveth the reflexion of the ob- thereof ibid.
ject 6z Snow-water, 87. Snows caufe frn'itfulnefs,
Separation of fever al Natures by fi r aining, ibid. Three caufes there of, ibid. Snow good
2 Of fever, il Liquors by weight, 3. And
. to be appli edtea mortified part, 1 66. The

tf the fame \indeof Liquors thu.\ncd, ^. caufe thereof, ibid. Snow bringing forth
Of Met ah 1
69 Herbs 118
Separation of the cruder parts prohibiteth Soals ef the Feet, hxve afympath)'with the
PutrefaSlion 76 Head 25
Servets ufed in Tutky 148 Soft Bodiest 181. The caufe, ibid. They are
Setting of wheat 95 , 96 of two forts ibid.
Setting of Trees, higher or lower 99 Solid Bodies fweating forefhew "Rain 176
Several Fruits upon oneTree 1
07 Soot a good Compoft 123
Shade helpeth fame Plants 95 Sorel, 137. The Root thereof ibid.
shadows feeming ever to tremble 190 Soul of the World 1 97, 198
shame, 151, 206. The impreffiont thereof Sounds Mufical and immufcal 29
151 Sounds more apt to procure fleep then tones,
shell-fi(h have no Boneswithin 157, 189,190 31. The caufe, ibid. Nature of Sounds,
Shifting for the better, helpeth Plants and not fuffciently inquired, 32. Motions
Living Creatures 95 great in Nature without Sounds, ibid.
X Nullity
 7

A Table of the chief Matters

Entity of Sounds, ibid. 33,
T^Jtllicy .and Communication of Sounds 4*
3-;. Swiftnefs of Motion, may make Inequality of Sounds, 47. Unequal Sounds
Sounds inaudible, ibid. Sounds not an E- tngrate, ibid. Grateful, ibid. f^iu/ical
lUlon of the Alr,\b\A. "the reafsns there- and burnt'fc al Smnis , at pleasure evely in
of, 35. Sound not produccdwithout (ome tken and Birds, ibid. Humming of Bees
local motion of the Medium, ibid. Yet an unequal Siund,^. Metals quenched
dlflixBion to be made betwixt the motion give an kiffmg Sound ibid.
of the Air, and the Sounds themfelves, Bifeand Treble Sounds, ibid. Two cavfes of
ibid. 36. Great Sounds, caufe great mo- Treble in Stringsfxb'xd. Pro/portion of the
tions in the Air, and other Bodies, ibid. Air percpfjed in Treble and Safe, 53.
Haver arefied the Air much, ibid. Have Tryal hereof to be made in the winding up

canfed Deafnefs,\b\d. Enclofure of Sounds of a String, ibid. 44. In the diflances of

conferveth them, ib\d» Sounds partly in- Frets, ibid. In the Bjres of wind-lnftru-
clofed, andpartly in open Air, ibid. "Bet- ruents ibid.
ter heard from wlthout,then fromwithm, Interior and Exterior Sounds, 4$. Their dif-
W\d. A Semi- cave will convey Sm'nd, ference,\b\d. Several k^mdes of each ibid.
tetter then open Air,\b\6. Any long Pole Articulation of Sounds, 46. Articulate
will do the AVi ibi'd. Tryal to be made in Sounds in every part of the Air, ibid.
a crookjd Concave, ibid. Sounds may be Vt^inds hinder not the Articulation,\b\d.
oeated without Air, 37. Difference of 'Difiance hmdreth, ibid. Spea'-.ing under
'
Sounds in different Veffels filled with water, water hindreth it not, ibid. Articulation
ibid.Sound within a Flame, ibid. Sound req'tireth a Mediocrity of Sound, ibid.
pipon aBarrel emptier or fuller, ibid. Confounded in a Room over an arched
Sound not created betwixt the Bow and Vault, ibid. Motions of the luilrttments
the String , but betwixt; the String and of Speech, towards the forming of the Let-
sAir
the „ ibid. ters,'^, trjlruments of Voice, which they
Magnitude of Sound, 45. In aTrunck^\b\d. 46,47. Inarticulate Voices and
^rr, ibid.
The caufe thereof, ibid. /* an Hunters lnaimaPe Sounds have a fimilitude with
Horn bigger at the lower end, 3 8. The divers Letters ibid.
caufe thereof, ibid. In a Vault under the CMotions of Sounds, 49. They move in
Earth, ibid. The caufe thereof', ibid, in round,\b\d. May move in an arched Line,
Hawkj rather then upon a piece of
Bells, ibid. Suppofed that Sounds move better
Brafs in the open esfir, ibid. In a Drum, downwards then upwards, ibid, 5 o. Tryal
ibid. Futtfrer heard by night, then by of it ibid.
day, ibid. The caufe thereof, ibid, /». Lofting of Sounds, ibid. Sounds continue not,
creafed by the concurrent reflexion, ibid. but renew, Ibid. Great Sounds heard at
Increafed by the Sound-board in Inflru- far difiance, ibid. ISJot in theinfiantof
ments,\b\d. in an Irifh Harp, ibid. The the Sound, but long after, ibid, objeil of
caufe of the loud found thereof, ibid. In Sight, quicker then Sound, 5 c, 5 I . Sounds
a Virginal the Lid (hut, ibir'. In a Con- vanifh by degrees , which the Objeils of
cave within a wall, ibid. 38, 39. In a fght d$ not, ibid. The caufe thereof ibid.
B >w -fining, the Horn of the Bow laid to Paffage of Sounds through other Bodies, 51.
the ear, ibid. 39. The like in a T{od of The Body intercepting , mufl not be very
iron or Brafs, ibid. The likjs conveyed hy a thicks, ibid. The Spirits of the Body inter-
Pillar of Wood, from an upper Chamber cepting whether they co-operate in the
,

to a lower, ibir'. The like from the bottom Sound, ibid. Sound net heard in a long
of a nell, ibid. Five ways of Major ation dowK-right Arch-, ibid, Peffeth eafilj
of Sounds ibid. through E oraminoHs Bodies, vbid. VVhe„
Exility of Sounds through any porom Bodies, ther diminifhed in the paffage through
ibid. 39. hroughwater,\b\d.^o. Strings fmall Crannies 52
ftoppedfhort ibid. OHedium of Sounds, ibid. Air the beft Me-
Damping of Sounds, ibid, with a foft Body, dium, ibid. Thin Air not fo good as thit\
ibid. Iron hot , not fo founding as cold, ib. Air, ibid, whether Flame bt a fit Me-
water warm, not fo founding in the fall as diumiibid. Whether other Liquors be.
cold ibid. fide water ibid,
Loudnefs andfoft nefr of Sounds, differ from Figures of the different s of Sounds, 52. Se-
Magnitude and Exility, 41. [Loudnefs of veral try a Is of them ibid.
Sounds, ibid. Quicknefs of <J>ercuJJ2on, Mixtures of Sounds, <;t,. Audibles mingle
caufe of the loudnefs 1 bid. in the Medium^which Fifibltsdo not,\bid.
 6 ,
. .

contained in thefe Centuries.

The cauft thereof ibid. Mixture without
', Spirits of Men /lie upon odious objctt>, 167- I

d ift inttion, maizes the be ft Hxrmony,\V\i, TheTranfmiffitn of Spirits, 198. & n }

JQtalities in the Air, have no operations fcijuencib. Trat.fmiffton of them from the
upon Sounds, ibid. Sounds in the %Air mindes ofMen,20^,2C4 io6, 2C7, 108, t

alter one another, $4. Tivo Sounds of like 209. Such things as comfort the Spirits
loudnsft, will not be heard is far again as by fympathy, 208, 209, The finfe of the
fwf.ibid. The cattfe thereof ibid. Spirits, befi helped by arirefiing them for a
(^Melioration of Sounds,^. Polifhed Bodies, time Ibid.
created Sounds meliorate them, ibid. Wet Sponges 147
0» the infide of a Pipe doth the likj, ibid. Springs of water made by art 6
Frosty weather caufeth the fame, ibid. Spring-water 87
Mingl'tng of open Air with pent Air, doth Sp routing of Plants with water onety 133
the fame, ibid. From a B>dy equal, found Squill, good tofet Kernels or Plumb-fionei
better, 55. inter(ion of the Stnfe of Hear- in 96
ing, meliorateth them ibid. Stags Hart with a Bene in it 157
Imitation of Sounds, ibid, the wonder there- Stanchers cf Blood 210
of in Children and Birds ibid. Stars leffer obfcured , a Jign of Tempefls
R-flexion of Sounds , 5^. The fever al bjndes
ibid.No refraction in Sounds obferved^S Sterility of the year , changeth Corn into an-
Sympathy and antipathy of Sounds, 61. other kjnde in
Concords and Difcords inMufc\,are fym- Stomach, the appetite thereof, 176. The
pat hies and antipathies of Sounds, ibid. qualities that provoke appetite j ibid. The
Strings that best agree in Confort, ibid. four caufes of appetite ityd.
Strings tuned to anllnifon or a Diapafon, Stone w anting in Plumbs 1 1o
(hew a Sympathy, : . Sympathy conceived, Stretching, a motion of imitation 65
to caufe no report, ibid. Experiment of Stub old, putting forth a Tree of a better
Sympathy to be transferred to fVind-lnftru* kjnde Hi
ments ibid. St sitting, 8 ? . 7 wo caufes thereof ibid
Ejfense of Sounds Spiritual, 63. Sounds not Subterrany Fires 78
Impreffiont in the Air ibid. Suck}ng4long, ill for Children ibid.
Caufes of the fudden Generation and Peril- Sugar, Hi, 183. The ufe of it, ibid.
ing of Sounds ibid. Uraweth Liquor, higher then the Liquor
Couctujion touching Sounds 63 cometh 2-1
Sour nefs in Fruits and Liquors, 1 87. The Sulphureous and Mercurial 78,79
caufe of each, ibid. Souring of Liquors Summer and winter ficknejfts,2q. The Prog,
in the Sun ibid. noflicks of a dry Summer 1 74
Sopith-windi difpofe Mens Bodies to heavi- Sun Tanneth, which Fire doth not, 87, 88.
nefs, 64. South-winds hurtfulto Fruit the caufe ibid.
bloffoming, 1 3 "J. South-winds without Superfetation, the caufe of it 116
Rain, breed Peftilence, with Rain not, Super-Plants befide Mifletoi 1 35
1 66. The caufes, ibid . On the Sea*coafts Supporting plants of themfelves, and not
not fo ibid. fupporters 112
South-Eaft, Sun better then the South-weft Swallows made white, by anointing the Eggs
for ripening Fruit ibid. withOyl in
Sparkjing -woods 133 Sweat, 148. Tarts under the water,J hough
Specks viable i<5o hotfweat not, ibid. Salt in tafte, Hid.
Spirits in Bodies, fcarceknown, 26. Seve- Cometh more from the upper parts then
ral opinions of them, ibid, they are Na- from the lower, ibid. More in fleep then
tural Bodies rar'ified , ibid. Caufes of waking, bid . Cold fweat commonly mor-
i

mofl of the effttts in Nature, ibid.They tal, ibid. 149. Sweat , in what difeafes
have five differing operations, 73. spirits good, in what bad, ibid. In fome men
in*odies,i 2 5 How they differ inanimate
. have beenfweet 2
and inanimate, ibid. How in 'PJavtr^tnd Sweet Mofs, 114, 131. Sweet nefs of odor
Living Creatures 12 (5 from the Rainbow, \-]6. Sweetnefs of
Again of Spirits in Bodies , 181. They are odor, whether not in fome water, ibid. In
cf two forts, ibid. Motion of the Spirits Earth found, ibid. Sweet fmells, 177.
excited by the Moon, 193, The (irengtb- Several properties of thefa, ibidc They
meg of them prohibiteth Putrefaction have a Corporeal fubftances. ibid.
7* Sweet nefs in Fruit sand Liquors, 187. The
X 2 caufe I
 ,,

A Table of the chief Matters

caufe of £4$, ibid. Swetf t hi vgs commix- Tones, 29. Lefs apt to procure flecp , then
ed, prohibit Putrefatlion 76 Sounds ,31. The caufe -why ibid.
Swelling, how caufed in the Body, 74. How Tongue fheweth readily inward Difeafes 141
it may be k eft down,
87 1 . "hy it follow- Torpedo Marina 212
eih upon Blows andBruifes ibid. Tough Bodies, t8c, 181. Theeaufe ibid.
Swelling of Grams upon Boiling, 1 8 5". The Tranfmiffion of Spirits, 198.& in feq. Eight
caufe of the different [welling them ibid. kjndes of tranfmifsion of fpirits, 1 99,
Swimming of Bodies, 1 6 3,166,167. The 200,201. As of the airy parts of bodies,
caufe 163 ibid. Of fpir it ual tfccies, ibid. Of fpi-
Swine s Dung- dulcorateth Fruit, 98. The rits caufng Att rail ion, ibid. Of fpir its
caufe ibid. wor{ingby thePrimitive Nature of Mat-
Swinging of Bottles,6?. Theufeof it ibid. ter, ibid. Of the fpirtts of the Minde of
S wounding s 203 Man, ibid. Of the Influxes of the Hea-
Sylva Sylvorum, the intention of it 24, -5 venly bodies, ibid. In operations cf Sym-
Sympathy and Antipathy, 25. Sympathy in pathy,\b'\d. By fympathy\of individuals
>
Plants, 98. Sympathy and Antipathy of ibid.
Plants 101,10^,103,104 Trees planted warm, 90.
Houfing of them,
Sympathy, ill. Inftances thereof,\'o\6.zo% 92. Heap of Flint laid at the bottom,
209. Sympathy, fecret between Perfons helpeththe growth^ 93. Shaking hurteth
near in blood,z\c. Between great friends the young Tree, a grownTree not, ibid.
in abfence, ibid. Sympathy betwixt Mul- Cutting away of Suckers, helpeth them,
titudes, ibid. Sympathy of Individuals ibid. How toplant a Tree thit may grow
213 fair in one year, 94. Helped by boring a
hole through the heart of the Stock,, ibid.
By flitting the Roots, ibid. By fpreding
T. upon a wall, ibid. By plucking iff fome
heaves, ibid. By digging yearly about the
J* £<w 0/" 7W tt 1 28 Root, 95. By applying new Moulds, ibid.
Teeth, 141, 157, Their tenderneQ, 128. Byremovingto better EarthAbid. Hyfli.
Teeth fet on edge by hirfh founaS, 145. cing their Bark.-, ibid.In fome kjndes by
. The c aufe, ibid. Sinews tn them, the caufe fhade, ibid. By fetting the Kernels er
of their pain, not the Marrow, 158, 159. Stones in a Sqml growing, ibid. 96. By
Their feveral kjndes, ibid. Difference in ,
pulling off fome Blcffoms, ibid. By ctttting
feveral Creatures, ibid. Horned Bea&s cff when they begin to bud, 97. By
the top,
have no upper ^<?/A,ibid. Tooth./hemark, boaring them through theTruncl^, and
of Horfes age, ibid. -<4f what age they putting m
wedges sf hot Woods, ibid. By
come forth in Men, ibid. things What feveral applications totheRoots,ib\d. By
hurt them, ibid, (fhiefest confiderations Terebration again, 9 8. The caufe thereof,
about the Teeth J > 8. Restitution of Teeth ibid. By letting them blood, ibid. Grow
in age, ibid . Whether it may be done or beft fenced from Sun andwind,gg. Caufes
no ibid. of their Barrennefs, ibid. Helps to make
Tempefis,their predictions 174 Trees fruitful, 1 00. Tree blown up by the
Ter.fde Bodies 181, 1 82 Roots, andreplaced, proved fruitful, 95.
Terra Lemnia 147 Tryal of watering a Tree with warm twa-
Terra Sigillaca oomnunis ibid. ter, 97. Trees that grow beft without graft-
Thales 138 ing, ibid. Fruit-tree grafted upon amoi-
Thi/tle- down flying in the Air, forefheweth fter flock,, w HIgrow larger, 97. Trees re-
wind 175 moved to be cosfted as before^ ibid. Lower \
Timber, 134, 7 he feveral natures thereof, Boughs bring the bigger Fruit ibid.
ibid. The feveral ufes according to the "trees apparelled with F lower s,ic%. Form-
nature of the Trees 135 ing of Trees into feveral [hapes ibid.
Time and heat work, the li\e effetts,6$. Their Tranfmutation of Trees find plants, no.
different operations in many things ibid. Six defignat ions thereof ibid. II2»II3
Tit illation, 161. The caufe of it, ibid. Iu~ Trees in Copice-woods grow more ftraight,
daceth laughing, ibid. Of the T^oftrils, 1 1 3. The caufe thereof ibid.
caufeth (needing ibid. Trees fullof heat, grow f*//,ibid. Thecaufe%
Torid-fiool 115 ibid. How to Dwarf Trees ibid.
Tobacco, 185, 203. English Tobacco, how Trees that are vyinders, 113. The caufe
it may be mended, 185 thereof ibid.
Trees
-X
 3

contained in thefc Centuries.

Trees moijhr yield lefs Mofs, 114. The caufe Vme gr ifted upon Vine
ibid. Vinegar ip+
Trees in Clay-grounds apt togather Mofs, Violet- Vinegar 4
ibid, the caufe i6id. Viftbles hitherto, the fubjetl -of faowfedge,
Trees Hide-bound bring forth Mofs ibid. 26. tJMingle not in the Medium as Au-
Trees that ripen late ft blojfom ear/left 1 \
9 The caufe thcreofibui. Se-
dibles do, 52.
Trees th a laft longed, 120. vi^. The largefl veral confents of Viftbles and Audible,
of body,ibid. Such as bring Mafl or ?{uts, 58. Several Dijfmti of Viftbles and Au-
ibid. Such as bring forth Leaves late, di bles, 6 o, 6I . Vifible Species , 6r
. Vi-
1

andfhed them late, ibid. Such as are oft en ftbles and Audibles, 204. T^o Lights of
cut ibid. the fame bignefs, will not make things be
Trees with fcattered bought , 1 2 1 . with tip- feen as far again as one, 54. The caufe
right boughs, ibid. The cattfe of each thereof ibid.
ibid. Vifual Spirits infe cling id, 303
Tree Indian with Leaves of great largenefs, Vitrial 1
27
and Fruit without flails 127 Vivification, 7 3, 74. The fever al things re~
Tree in Petfia nounfhed with Salt-water quired to Vivifica>,ion y 143. 7 he Procefs
ibid. 128 of it ibid. 194,195
Trees commonly fruitful , but each other Ulcers in the Leg, harder to cure then in the
year 130 Head, 166. The caufe, ib. Difference of
Trees bearing befi osa the lower boughs, 13 1. cubing them in a French-man , and an
others on the higher bough s, ibid. The Enghfh man ibid.
of each, ibid. Such as bear befl when
c-itife Unbarkt Branch of a Tree being fet, hath
they are old Hi. Others when they are
%
grown, 134. Barkj will not ib.
youvg, ibid. The caufe of each ibid. Unguencum Tcli 200
T~rembi:ngi,7 (hadows 190 Natural Bodies,
1Jnioni the force thereof in
Try -l> for whole fome Airs 164 24. Appetite of Vnion in Natural Bodies,
Tuft of Mofs on a Briar-bufh \ 17 64. Appejvreth in three kjndes of Bodies
Tu k< great fitters, 156.
9
!

>
To them, Bathing ibid -
.

g°ot ibid. Voice, the Jhri/neft thereof, 43. In whom

Twice a year Fruits lip ejpecially,ib'id. Why
changed at years of
Tying of the Point 9jf 1 9 3 1 Puberty, ibid. Labor and Intention, con-
Tyranny over Mens Underflaniings and Be- ducethmnch to imitate Voices,' 56. imi-
liefs muc h affe tied 215 tation of Voices } <as if they were at dtjlance
ibid.
V. Vrine in quantity, a great hinder er of Nou-
rishment 14
VApor of Chart- coal, or of Sea. coal, or of
a Room new plafired, mtrtal 202 W.
Vapors which taken outwardly, would con-
denfe the Spirits 203 Armth ,' a fyecial means to m^\e \

Vegetables rotting itpen the ground, a good ground fruitful 123,1-4:

Compojly 223. Several injlances thereof warts taken away by Lard or an Elder flic\
'

ibid. cor,fuming 21
Venous Bodies 180
Venus, 142. inexceft dimeth thefight ,ibid.
Water thickened in a C
ave i 2 °- Changed
fuddenly into Air, 24. Choice of waters, i

The Aii of it. t^Men'more inclined in 26. By weight, ibid. By boiling, ibid. By'
winter, women in Summer 14.3 longest lasting, imputrefted , ibid. By
Vermine frighted with the Head of a Woolf making Drmkj /I ranger, ibid. \y bearing
210 Soap, ibid. By the places where they are.
Vefavius , 16 5 congregated, 87. By the Soil, ibid, wa-
fines made fruitful by applying the t\,-rnels ters fweet, not to be trusted, ibid, well-
of Grapes to the Roots, 10. The caufe •water, ibid, water ptttteth forth Herbs
thereof, ibid. t^Made to fprout fudienly without Roots, 117. water done wilt
with Nitre, 96. Love not the Colewort, caufe Plants to fprout, ibid, well-water
\\o. Vive-Trees, 128,129. Anciently warmer in winter then in Summer, i<y\ .
'°f'
great bodies, ibid. tough wood dry, A water rifing inaBafon by means of Flames
ibid. Vines in fome places, not propped
192
125 water hot, and Fire, heat differently, 104.
w ater
 .3 " 1 1
.

A Table of the chief Matters

Water cooleth Air, and moifieneth it not it and when not, ibid. Spirit
will optr ate,
187,188 of wine burnt, 82. Mingled with wax,
water may be the Medium of Sounds, 167. the operation of it ibid.
Watry moiflure enduceth PutrefaBion,j^.. Winter and Summer Ji( knifes, 84. Signs of
Turning watryfnbflances into oily, 79. A a cold winter, 155,1 74. #7*r*r Sleepers
great work^ in Nature, ibid. Four injtan- 194
ces thereofJibid. 80. wrought by Digefii- Witches, 198,199. w or k^ntos~t by Imagi-
on, ibid, watering of G rounds, a great nation and F ancy, ibid. 203. Witches
help to fruitfulnefs,123,124. Cautions Ojntment 210
therein, ibid. Means to water them ibid. Woolf-guts applied to the belly, cure the
wMer-Creffes 78 Collic\, ibid. Hmi/ hanged up frighteth
weapon anointed 21 3 Vermin ibid
weight of the Dijjolution of iron in Aqua- wonder, 151. Tfo Impreffions thereof ibid.
fortis 661 #W fhining in the djirk. 77, 7 8
wheat fet 95\9 6 Wood'fear 104
white, a penurious colour, 24, 25. In Flow- Wool attractive of Water, to, 25. Through
ers, 108. Commonly mort inodorate then a Veftel ibid.
other colours, ibid. The caufe JiW. white world, fuppofed byfome to be a Living Crea-
more delicate in Berries, 109. the caufe ture 197, 198
there of, ibid. Not fo commonly in Fruits, Worms foretel%ain 1 76
ibid. The caufe thereof ibid. Wounds, fame applications to them* 139
white Gunpowder 4 2 i 43 wounds made with Brafs, eaper to cure
wholefome feats, 1 64. Tryal for them,\ 7 3 then thofemade with Iron 166
Moist Air, not good, ibid* inequality of #Y*/?i W*
a fympathy with the Head, and
t/iir, naught ibid. other parts 25
•wilde-firesy why water will not quench them
165
y:
Wilde Herbs (hew the nature pf the Ground
35
V
. J
winds Southerni dijpofe Mens bodies to kea-
<vinefs,%\. winds Southern without Rain
166
Y 65.
Awning hindereth Hearing, 6i1
caufe, ibid. /* is
In yawning, dangerous to fic\the
The
a motion of Imitation,

fevorijh
Winds gathered for Prog- Ear 140
frefhnejs, 164.
Tears fteril, caufe Corn to degenerate 11
noftickj of winds J
74
1 Tf A«» fo/**r i» H*r£* 1 09
Winding Trees m
1

Con- Totmg Trees, which bear befi 131

wine burnt, 5 . Wine how to be ufed in
sumptions, 14. Wine, for what Bodies
good, for what hurtful, 153. wine cor- Z.
rected, that it may not fume 165
wine new,prefently made potable 1 39 Tow<* left tolerable for Meat* then
?
W*'»* and water, feparated by weight, 3, 4. the v&quinottial, 87.
Trjal hereof in two Glajfcs,ibid. Whtn
Z0»*
thereof
Tbret cattfes
ibid.

m
L I
•
.
.' " T
| 1
,
u mn \

j
. j 1 . Uil
#&§ ii\2W

His Lordjhtfs ufual "Receipt for the Gout (to which, the
Sixtieth Experiment hath reference) Was this.

To be taken in this order.

I. The Poultice.

Ui. Of Manchet, about three Ounces, the Qrum one'ly, thin cut; let it be boiled
inMilk till it grow to a Pulp j add in the end, a Dram and a half of the Powder
of Red Rofes.
Of Saffron ten Grains.
Cf Oyl of Rofcs an Ounce.
Let it be fpred upon a Linnen Cloth, and applied luke- warm, and continued
for three hours Apace.

2. The 'Bath or Fomentation* '

5i. Of Sage-Leaves, half an handful.

Of the Root of Hemlock fliced, fix Drams. %
Or Briony Roots, half an Ounce.
Of the Leaves of Red Rofes, two Pugils.
Let them be boiled in a Pottle of Water wherein Steel hath been quenched,
till the Liquor come to a Quart ; after the ftraining,put in half
an handfui
of Bay- Salt.
Let it beufed with Scarlet- Cloth, or Scarlet- Wool, dipped in the Liquor
hot, and fo renewed kvex\ times ; all in the /pace of a quarter of an hour
or little more.

3. The TPlaifier.

&. Emplajfrttm Diacakitkeos , as much as is fufficient for the part you mean to
cover; let it be diffolved with Oyl of Rofes in fucha confiftence as
will
ftick,and fpred upon a piece of Holland, and applied.
 I .
S TORY
Natural and Experimental

o F

LIFE&DEATH :

OR,
Of the Prolongation of L I F E.

Written in Latin by the Right HonorabL

Francis Lord Verdant ,
Vifcount St.9jffans.

LONDON,
Printed for William Lee at the Turks-head
in Fleetfir eet. 1669.
 S
:

• • inii^I
 < I I •-

THE
HISTOR Y OF
Life and Death.

The "Preface.

T isan ancient faying and complaint, That Life is

fhort and Art long wherefore it behoveth us, who
;

make it our chiefeft aim to perfect Arts, to take up-

on us the confldcration or Prolonging Mans Life ,
GOT), the ^Author of all Truth and Life, profper-
ingour Endeavors. For though the Life of Man be
nothing elfe but a mafs and accumulation of fins and
forrows, and they that lookfor an Eternal Life fct but
light by a Temporary :Yetthecontinuation of Works of Charity ought
not to be contemned, even by us Christians. Bcfides, the beloved 'Difciplc
of our Lord furvived the other <Difciples and many of the Fathers of the
j

Church cfpecially of the holy Monks and Hermits were long-lived :

, ,

Which fhews, that this blefsing of long life, fo often promifed in the Old
Law, had lefs abatement after our S'aviours days then other earthly blefs-
ings had ; but to cfteem of this as the chiefeft good , we are but too
prone. Onely the enquiry is difficult how to attain the fame ; and fo
much the rather, becaufe it is corrupted with falle opinions and vain re-
ports ; For both thofc things which the vulgar 'Pfyfttiam talk of, Radical
Moifture and Natural Heat ,are but meer Fictions ; and the immoderate
B praifes
 ;

The ^Preface.

praifcs of Chymical UMeduines, firft puff up with vain hopes, and then fail

their admirers.
And as for which is caufed by Suffocation, Putrefaction, and
that Death
feveral Difcafcs, wefpeak not of it now, for that peftains to an Htjiory of
'Phyfick. but onely of that TDeath which comes By a total decay of the
J

Body and the Inconcodion of old Age. Nevertheless the laft ac> of
,

Death, and the very cxtinguifhing of Life it felf , \rhjch mar fo many
ways be wrought outwardly and inwardly (which notwithftanding have,
as it were, onecommon Porch before it comes to the point of death) will

be pertinent to be inquired of in this Treatife; but we referve that for the

lalt place.
That which may be repaired by degrees, without a total wafte of the
firft (lock, is potentially eternal, as the Vefial Fire. Therefore whenfty-
ficians and Tbilofopbers law that living Creatures wcrenourifhed and their

Bodies repaired, but that this did laft onely for a time and afterwards ,

came old age, and in the enddiflblution the y fought Death in fomewhat
,*

which could not properly be repaired, fuppofing a Radical tjfytoiflure'in-

capable of folid reparation, and which, from the firft infancy received ,

a fpurious addition, but no true reparation, v\ hereby it grew daily worfe

and worfe, and, in the end, brought the bad to none at all. This con-
ceit cf theirs was both ignorant and vain for all things in living Crea-
;

tures are in their youth repaired entirely nay, they are for a time in-
;

creafed in quantity , bettered in quality, fo as the Matter of reparation

might be eternal if the Manner of reparation did not fail.
, But this is
the truth of it, There is in the declining of age an unequal reparation ;

fome parts are repaired cafily, others with difficulty and to their lofi fo ;

as from that time the Bodies or Men begin to endure the torments of Me-
Mentha That the living die in the embraces of the dead ; and the parts eafily repair-
,

able, through their conjunction withtheparts hardly repairable, do de-

cay For the Spirits, Blood, Flesh, and Fat are, even after the decline of
:

years, eafily repaired but the drier and more porous parts (as the
j

CMembranes , all the Tunicles , the S'inetfs , Arteries, yeins, Bones, Cartilages.,
mod of the Bowels, in a word, almoft all the Orgamcui T^am) are hardly
repairable, and to their lofs. Now thefe hardly-repairable parts, when they
come to their office of repairing the other which arc eafily repairable,
finding themfelves deprived of their wonted ability and ftrcngth, ceafe
to perform any longer their proper Functions : By which means it comes
to paft, that in procefs of time the whole tends to diffblution ; and even
thofe very parts which in their own nature are with much eafe repair-
able, yet through the decay of the Organs of reparation can no more re-
ceive reparation, but decline, and in the end utterly fail. And the caufe of
the termination of Life is this , for that the Spirits, like a gentle flame,
continually preying upon Bodies, confpiring with the outward Air, which
is ever fucking and drying of them, do, in time, deftroy the whole Fa-

brick of the Body, as alfo the particular Engines and Organs thereof,
and make them unable for the work of Reparation. Thefe are the true
ways of Natural 'Death, well and faithfully to be revolved in our mindes
for he that knows not the ways of Nature, how can he fuccor her, or turn
her about? '
.

Therefore the Inquifition ought to be twofold 5 the one touching the

Confumption or Depredation of the Body of Man the other touching the j

Reparation and Renovation of the lame: To the end, that the former may, 1

as
 ;,

The Treface.

as much as is pothole, be forbidden and retrained, and the latter com-

forted. The former of thefe pertains, efpccially to the Spirits and outward
Air, by which the Depredation and Wafte committed the latter to the
is ;

whole race of t_/2limentation or Nourishment whereby the Renovation or

,

Reftitution is made. And as foe the former part touching Consumption

this hath many things common with Bodies Inanimate, or without life. For
fuch things as the Native Spirit ('which is in all tangible Bodies, whether
living or without life) and the ambient or external Air worketh upon
Bodies Inanimate, the fame it attemptcth upon AnimateorLiving Bodies
although the doth partly break and bridle thofe
Vital Spirit fupcradded,
operations, them wonderfully. For it is moft
partly exalt and advance
manifeft that Inanimate Bodies (moll of them) will endure along time
without any Reparation but Bodies Animate without Food and Repara-
;

tion fuddenly fall and are eKtinguifiied, as the Fire is. So then, our Inquifition
(hall be double. Firft, w
e will confidcr the Body of Man as Inanimate, and
not repaired by Nourishment Secondly, as Animate and repaired by Nourish-
:

ment. Thus having Prefaced thefe things* we come now to the Toftckphccs
of /nquifitien.

THE
 tf
ftl!L JB^StllL .J^SlBL JBJSftl.

mmm§m
TO THS %SAT>S%

Am to give Advertifement, that

there came forth of late a Tranjlation
of thisZJoo^by an unknown Terfon,
who though he wished well to the
propagating of his Lord/hips Wor^
yet he was altogether unacquainted with his
Lord/hipr ftile and manner of Expreflions and ,

fo published a Tranjlation lame and defective in

the whole. Whereupon I thought fit to re-
commend the lame to betranflated anew by a
more diligent and zealous Pen,which hath fince
travelled in it ;
and though it ftill comes short
of that lively and incomparable Spirit and Ex-
predion, wnich lived and died with the Author,
yet I dare avouch it to be much more warrant-
able and agreeable then the former. It is true,
this 2?oo\was not intended to have been pub-
lished in Englifh but feeing it hath been already
\

made free of that Language, whatfoever benefit

or delight may redound from it, I commend the
fame to the Courteous and Judicious Reader*

fr.%

A 2 To
 To the prefent Age and Pofterity,
Greeting.

Lthough 1 had ranked the Hiftory of

Life and Death as the laft amongft my
Six Monethly Defignations yet I ;

have thoughtfit, in refpeS of the prime ufe

thereof, [in which the leaf loft of time ouoht

to he efleemed precious) to invert that order, and tofend it

For I have hope, andwifh, that it

forth in the fecond place.
may conduce to a common good ; and that the 3\(j)blerfort of
Phy ficians will advance their thoughts, and not employ their
times wholly in the fordidnefi of C u re s , neither be honored

/orNeceffity onely , hut that theywill become Coadju-

tors andln&mments of the Divine Omnipotence
and Clemency in Prolonging WRenewing the

Life of Man; efyecially feeing I prefcribe it to be done by

Jafe, and convenient, and civil ways, though hitherto unaffayed.

For though we Chriftians dp continually hfyire and pant
after the Land of Promife > yet it will be a token of
Gods favor towards us y in our journey ings through this

Worlds Wildernefs, Shoes WGar-

tohave our
ments (/ meanthofe of our frail Bodies) little worn or
impaired.

Fr. St. Alb an s.

THE
 ;

THE
Particular Topick Places
OR.,

ARTICLES of INQUISITION
TOUCHING
LIFE and DEATH.
Irft,inquire of T^atufe durablefitid Not durable, in Bodies Inani- 1;

mate or without Life, asalfo in Vegetables ; but that not in a

large or juft Treatife, but as in a Brief or Summary onely.
Alfo inquire diligently of Defecation, Arefaclion, and Con- 2,

junction of Bodies Inanimate, and of Vegetables ; and of the

ways and procefles, by which they are done ; and further, of
Inhibiting and Delaying of Defecation , Arefatlion, and Con-
fumption, and of the Confervation of Bodies, in their proper ftate ;
and again, of the Integration, Emollition, and Recovery of Bodies to their former frelli-
nefs; after they be once dryed and withered.
Neither need the lnquiftion touching thefe things, tG be full or exacl, feeing they
pertain rather to their proper Title of Nature durable \ feeing alfo, they are not Princi-
pals in this lnquiftion, but ferve onely to give light to theTrotongation and tnfiauration
of Life in Living creatures. In which (as was faid before) the fame things come to pafs,
but in a particular manner. So from the lnquiftion touching Bodies Inanimate and Vege-
tables, let the lnquiftion pafs on to other Living features befides Man.
Inquire touching the length and Jhortnefs of Life in Living Creatures, with the due
circufflfrances which make molHor their long or ihiort lives.
But becaufe the Duration of Bodies is twofold , One in Identity, or the felf-fame 4-
fubftance, the other by a Renovation or Reparation whereof the former hath place onely
5

in Bodies inanimate, the latter in Vegetables and Living Creatures, and is perfected by
^Alimentation of Nourifhment ; therefore it will be fit to inquire of Alimentation, and
of the ways and progreffes thereof ;
yet this not exactly,- (becaufe it pertains properly
to the Titles of Affimilat ion and Alimentation) but, as the reft, in progrefs onely.
From the lnquiftion touching Living Creatures, and 'Bodies repaired by Nourijh-
'ment, pafs onto the lnquiftion touching Man. And now beingcome to the principal
fubject of lnquiftion, the Inquijition ought to be in all points more precife and accu-
rate.
Inquire touching the length and fbortnefs of Life in Men^ according to the Ages of
5-
the H orld, the feveral Regions, Qimates, and Places of their Nativity and Habitation.

Inquire touching the length and jhortnefs of Life in tJMen, according to their Races
and families, as if it were a thing hereditary ; alfo according to their Complexions, Cott-
flitutions, and Habits of Body, their Statures, the manner and time of their growth, and
the making and compoikion of their Members.
Inquire touching the length and Jhortnefs of Life in Men, according to the times of 7>
their Nativity but fo, as you omit for the prefent all lAftrological obfervations, and the
,

Figures of Heaven, under which they were born ; onely infill: upon the vulgar and
G manifeft
 -

The Hiftory of Life and "Death.

manifcftObfervations j as whether they were born in the Seventh, Eighth, Ninth,

or
Tenth Moneth ; alfo, whether by Night orby Day, arid in what Moneth of the Year.
8. Inquire touching the Length and Shortnefsof Life in Men, according to their Fare,
Diet, Government of their Life, Exercifes, and the like. For as for the Air, in which
Men live and make their abode, we account that proper to be inquired of in the above-
laid Article, touching the places of their Habitation,
Inquire touching the Length and shrtnefs of Life inMerii according to their Stu-
dies, their feveral Courfesof Life, the Affections oithzMmde, and divers Accidents
befal-
ling them.
io. Inquire apart touching thofe CMedicine} which arethought to prolong Life.
ii. Inquire touching the Signs and PrognoFticks of long and jho,t life y not thofe which
betoken Death at hand, (for they belong, to an History of Phyficl^ ) but thofe which arc
fcenandmay be obferved even in Health, whether they be Physiognomical fi<T ns> or any
other.
Hitherto have been propounded Inquifttions touching Length and Shortnefs of Life,
befides the Tattlesof >Art, and in a confufed manner ; now we think to add fomc, which
(hall be more Art-like, and tending to practice, under the name of Intentions. Thole
Intentions are generally three : As for the particular Diftributiohs of them, we will
pro-
pound them when we come to the Inquifition it fcif. The three general Intentions are
the Forbidding of Wafte and Qmfumption, the Perfecting of Reparation, «pjd che Renewing
of Oldnefs.
12, Inquire touching thofe things which conferve and exempt the Body of Man from
Arefatlion and Confumpion, at leaft which put off and protract the inclination thereunto.
13- Inquire touching thofe things which pertain to the whole procefs of Alinfiematittn,
fby which the Body of Man is repaired) that it may begood> and with the belt im-
provement.
Inquire touching thofe things which purge out th.6 old A4attcr,and{uppty withnew;
as alfo which do Intenerate and Moiften thofe parts which are already dried andhardned.
But becaufe it will be hard to know the Ways of Death; uiilefs we fearch out and
difcover tht Seat, or Hottfe, or rather Den of Death, it will be convenient to make In-
quisition of this thing ; yet not of every kinde of Death, but of thofe Deaths which
are caufed by want and indigence of Nourishment, not by violence ; for they are thofe
Deaths ondy which pertain to a decay of Nature, and meer old Age.
**• Inquire touching the Point of Death, and the Porches of Death, leading thereun-
to from all parts', lb as that Death be caufed by a decay of Nature, and not by Vio-
lence.
is behovefulto know the Character and Form of Old Age, which
Laitly, becaufe it
will then belt: be done, if you make a Collection of all the "Differences, both in the State
and Functions of the Body, betwixt Youth and Old Age, that by them you may obferve
what it is that produceth fuch manifold Effects-, let not this Inquifitionbe omitted.
16. Inquire diligently touching the Differences in the State of the Body and Faculties of
*7- the fuinde in Touth and Old Age-, and whether there beany that remain the fame with-
out alteration or abatement in Old Age.

J\(ature Durable, and not Durable.

The Hislory.

To the firfi
Article,
1.
2. M Etals are of that long lafting, that Men cannot trace the beginnings of
them and when they do decay, they decay through Ru$, not through per-
;

fpiration into Air ; yet Gold decays neither way.

Ouicksfiher, though it be an humid and fluid Body, and eafily
volatile by Fire ; yeT(as far as we have obferved^ by Age
wafteth norgathereth Ruft.
Stones, efpecially
1
the harder fort
alone, without

of them, and many other

Fire, it
made
neither

Fo/files, are oi long

lafting
 The Hi/lory of Life and Death.
ing, and that though "tiicy be expofed to the open air; much more if they he buried
in the earth. Notwithftandingtaww gather a kind of Nitre, which is to them inftcad
of Ruft. Precious Stones and Cryflals exceed Met alls in Ion" kilting.; but then they
grow dimmer and Icfs Oricnt,if they be very old.

obferved, that Stones lying towards the North do fooncr decay with age than
It is

thofe that lie toward the South and that appears manifeftly in Pyramids,zr\6 Churches,
;

and other ancient Buildings contrariwifc, : in Iron, that expofed to the South, gathers
Rufl fooner, and that to the North later j as may he feen in the iron-bars of windows.
And no marvel, feeing in putrefaction (as 7^//? is) Moifturchaftens Diffolutions;
all

in all fimple Arefaftion, Drinefs.

In Vegetables, (we fpeak of fuch as arefell'd, not growing) the Stocks or Bodies of
harder Trees, and the Timber made of them,
divers ages. But then there is diffe- laft

rence in the bodies of Trees: fome Trees are in a manner fpongy,as the E/d?r,'m which
the pith in themidft is foft, and the outward part harder ; but in Timber- trees, as he
Oak^, the inner part ( which they call Heart of Oakf) lalteth longer.
The Leaves, and Flowers, and Stalks of Plants are but of fhort laiting, but diffolvc into
duft, unlefs they putrefie : the Roots are more durable.
The Bones of living Creatures laft long, as we may fee it of mens bones in Charnel-
houfes : Horns d\fo laft very long; fo do Teeth, as it is feen in Ivory, and the S'ea.horfe
I Teeth.
{ Hides alfo and Skins endure very long, asis evident in old Parchment- boo{s Taper :

'
likewifc will laft many
notfolong zsTarchment.
ages, though
Such things as have pajfed the Fire laft long, as Glafs and Brickj', like wife Flefb and
;
Fruits that have pajfed the Fire laft longer than Kara and that not onely becaufe the :

i
BakingintheFireforbids putrefaction; but alfo becaufe the watry humour bein" drawn
'
forth, the oily humour fupports it felf the longer.
water of all Liquors is iooneft drunk up by Air, contrariwife
Gj'/lateft which we ; 10.
I mayfeenotonclyin the L/^wmhemfelvcs, but in the Liquors mixt with other Bodies:
j
for Paper wet with water, and fo getting fome degree of tranfparency, will foon after
r wax white, and lo'fe the tranfparency again, the watry vapour exhaling but oiled Paper ;

j
will keep the tranfparency long, the Oil not being apt to exhale ; And therefore they
! that counterfeit mens hands, will lay the oiled paper upon the writing they mean to
j
counterfeit, and then affay to draw the lines.
M Cjums all of them laft very long ; the like do wax and Honey. it.

But the equal or unequal ufe of things conduccth no lefs to long lading Or fhort lad-
ing, than the things thcmfelvcs ; for limber, and Stpnes,m<\ othev Bodies, ftanding con-
tinually in the water, laft longer than if they were fometimes
or continually in the air,
wet, fometimes dry and fo Stone* continue longer, if they be laid towards the fam'e
:

coaft of Heaven in the Building that they lay in the Mine. The famcis of Plants re-
movedjiftheybecoafted juft as they were before.

Obfer "cations.

Et wis be laid for a Foundation, which is mo (I fur e, That there is in every Tangible i.

L And body a Spirit , or body Pncumatical, cnclofed

that from this Spirit is the
and covered with the Tangible parts ;
beginning of all Dtjfolution and Confumptien, fo as
the Antidote againft them is the detaining of this Spirit.
T
This Spirit is detained two ways : either by a ftreight nclofure, as it were in a Pri-
fon or by alttnd of"free and. voluntary Detention
: Again, this voluntary ftay is
perfwadedtwo ways : either if the Spirit it felf be not too moveable or eager to depart ;
or if the external Air importune much to come forth' So then, two forts of
it not too
Subjlances are durable, Hard Subftances, and Oily Hard Subftance binds in the :

Spirits clofe Oily partly enticeth the Spirit to siny, partly is of that nature that it is
;

not importuned by Air; for Air is confubftantial to Water, and Flam e to Oil. And
touching Nature Durable and not Durable in Bodies Inanimate, thus much.

The Hiftory.
V

H j[_
Erbs of the colder fort die yearly both in Root and Stalk; zsLeitice, Turflane',
alfo Wheat and all kind of Corn • yet there are fome cold Herbs which will laft
C 2 three '
vy

J
 The History of Life and Death.

three or four years ; as the Violet, Straw-berry, Burnet, Prim-rofc, and Sorrel. But Borage
andBuglof, which feem fo alike when they are alive, differ in their deaths; for Borage
will lafi but on? year, Buolofs willlaft more.
14. But many hot Herbs hear their age and years better; Hyfop, Thyme, Savory, Pot-mar.
joram, halm, wormwood, Germander, Sage, and the like. Fennel dies yearly in the ftalk,
buds again from the root but tulfc and Sweet-marjoram can, better endure age than
.-

winter ; for being fet in a very warm place and wel-fcnccd, they will live more than
one year. It is known, that a knot of ujjfop twice a year shorn hath continued forty
years.
Eufbes and shrubs live threefcore years, and A Vine may at.
fome double as much.
tain to threefcore years, and continue fruitful in the old age.
Rofe-mary well placed
will comealfo to threefcore years but white Thorn and Ivy endure above an hundred
;

years. As for the Bramble, the age thereof is not certainly known, becaufe bowing
the head to the ground it gets new roots, fo as you cannot diftinguiih the' old from
the new.
i€. Amongfl: great Trees the longed: livers arc the <)a\, the Holm, Wildaf}, the Elm,
the Beech tree, the Chef-nut, the IHane.tree, Ficus Ruminklis, the Lote tree, the /.-
ild-
olive, the Palm-tree and the <Jfytulberry tree, Of thefe, fome have come to the a«cof
eight hundred years j but the lead livers of them do attain to two hundred.
J 7- But Trees odorate, orthat have fweet woods,and Trees Rozennie, lafr. longer in their
Woods or Timber than thofe above- faid, but they are not fo long-liv'd as the Crprefs- ;

tree,zJMaple,Pine,Box,Juniper. The Cedar being born out by the vaftnefs of his body,
lives well- near as long as the former.'
18. The ^fh, fertile and forward in bearing, reacheth to an hundred years and fomewhat
better ; which alfo the Birch, tSMaple, and Sirvice-tree fometimes do : but the
Poplar, Lime-tree, billow, and that which they call the Sycamore, and walnut-tree, live
not folong.
1$. The supple- tree , Pear-tree, Plum-tree, Pomegranate-tree, Citron-tree, Medlar-tree,
black^cherry. tree, Cherry-tree, may attain to fifty- or fixty years ; elpccially if they be
cleanfedfrom the Mofs wherewith fome of them are cloathed.
20. Generally, greatnefs of body in trees, if other things be equal, hath fome congruity
with length of life ; fo hath hardnefs of J ub'fiance : and trees bearing Mafl or Nuts are
commonly longer livers than trees Rearing Fruit or Berries: likewife trees putting forth
their leaves late, and Shedding them late again, live longer than thofe that are early
either in leaves or fruit; thclike is pf mid-trees incomparifon of Orchard-trees And
laftly, in the fame kind, trees that bear a fowr fruit out-live thofe that bear a fweet
fruit.

^yln Obfervation.

ARiftotle noted well the difference between Plants and living Creatures, in refbeel of
Nourishment *#dfRcparation : N^ame/y, that the bodies of living Creatures
f/w'r
are confined within certain bounds, and that after trey be come to their full growth they
are continued and preferved by Nourishment, but they put forth nothing new except Hair
and Nails, whitb are counted for no better than Excrements fo as the juice of living
;

creatures muff of neceffity fooner wax old: but in Trees, t^hich put for thy early new boughs,
new fhoots, new leaves, and new fruits, it comes to pafs that all thefe parts in Ireesare
once a year younq^ and renewed. Now it being fo, that whatfbever is fre(b and young
draws the Nourishment more lively and cheatfully to it than that which is decayed andoU,
it happens withall,, that the flock and body of the tree, through which the fap pajjeth to the

branches, is refrefhed and cheared with a more bountiful and vigorous nourishment in the
paffage than othermfe it would have been. And this appears manifefl ( though Ariftotlc
noted it not, neither hath he expreffed thefe things fo clearly and perfpicuoujly) in Hedges,
Copfes, and Pollards, when the plalliing, fhedding, or lopping comforteth the old Hem or
flock, andmaketh it more flourifl?ing and longer- Uv'd,

'Defecation,
 ;

The Hijlory of Lije and T)eath.

Defecation, Prohibiting of Defecation, and In-teneration of that "which

is defecated and dried.

The Hifiory.

Fire Limus ut zndflrong Heats dry fomc things, and melt others.
hie durefcit,csr h<ec ut Cera UquefcitfUno eodemque Jqne f
j
To the fe-
|
condAr ti-
How this Clay is hardned, and how this wax is melted, with one and the fame thing. lde.
Fire ? It dricth Earth, Stones, wood, Cloth, and Skins, and whatfocver is not liquefable I.
and it melteth Metalls, wax, Gums, *Buttcr, Tallow, and the like.
Notwithftanding, even in thofc thingswhichthe/remelteth, if it be very vehement z.
and continuetli, it doth at laft dry them. For metal in a ftrong fire, ( Gold oncly ex-
cepted) the volatile part being gone forth, will become lefs ponderous and more brit-
tle and thofe oily and fat fubfances in the like fire will burn up, and be dried and
,-

parched.
Air, efpecially open Air, doth manifeftly dry, but not melt : as High-ways, and the
upperpartof the Earth,moiftned with fhowers, are dried; linnenclothes wafhed, ifthey
be hang'dout in the air, are likewife dried ; herbs, and leaves, and flowers, laid forth in
the ihadc, are dried. But much more fuddenly doth the Air this, if it be either en
lightned with the Sun-beams, (fo that they caufe no putrefaction ) or if the air be ftir-
red as when the w*Wbloweth,or inroomsopen onall fides.
3

^nnoll of all, but yet flow eft of all, drieth; as in all bodies which(if they be not
prevented by putrefaction) are drie with Age. But aire is nothing of it felf, being
onely the mcafure of time that which caufeth the effeel is the native Spirit of bodies,
;

which fucketh up the moifture of the body, and then, together with it, ftieth forth ;

and the air ambient, vv hich multiplieth it felf upon the native Jpirits and juices of the bo-
dy, and preycth upon them.
Cold of all things moft properly drieth for drying is not caufed but by contratlion ;
:

now contraction is the proper work of cold. But becaufe we Men have heat in a high
degree, namely, that of Fire, but cold in a very low degree, no other than that of
Winter, or perhaps of Ice, or of Snow, or otTSTitre therefore the drying caufed by ;

cold is but weak, and Notwithftanding we fee xhe. furface of the earth
cafily rcfolvcd.

to be more dried by Frof, ox by March-winds, than by the Sun, feeing the fame wind both
lickcthup themoifiure and affecfeth withcoldnefi.
Smoak\ is a dner;as in Bacon and Neats tongues which are hanged up in t'ie chimneys:and
Perfumes of Olwanum, or Lignum Aloes, and the like, dry the Brain,zh<d cure Catarrhs. .

Salt, after fomereafonable continuance, drieth, not onely on the out-fide, but in the 7-
infide alfo ; as in Flefb and Fifh faked, which if they have continued any l®ng time have
a manifefthardnefs within.
Hot Gums applied to the skin dry and wrinkle it; andfome afringent waters alfo do
the fame.
Spirit of flrona waters imitateth they're in drying for it will both potch an Egg put -.

into it, and toaft Bread.

Powders dry like Sponges by drinking up the moifture, as it is in Sand thrown upon 10.
Lines new written alfo finoothnefs and. politencfs of bodies, ( which fuffer not the va-
:

pour of moifture to go in by the pores ) dry by accident, becaufe it expofcth it to the

air ; as it is feen in precious Stones, Looking gL-i([cs,and Blades otSaords, upon which if you
breath, you fhall fee at fii'ft a little mift, but foon after it vanifheth like a cloud. And thus
much for ^Defecation or Drying.
They ufe at this day in the SaB parts of Germany Garners in Vaults under gronnd, fl=

wherein they keep Wt:cat and other grains, laying a good quantity of ftraw both under
the grains and about them, to fave them from the dampnefs of the Vault by which
device they keep their grains 20 or 30 years. And this doth not onely preferve them
\ from fuftinefs, but ( that which pertains more to the prcfaninquijition) preferves them
j
alfo in thatgreennefs that they arc fit and ferviccable to make bread. The fame is reported

to have been in ufe in Cappadocia and Thracia,znd feme parts of Spain.

The windows towards the Eaft
placing of Garners on the tops of houfes, with 12.
and North, is very commodious. Some alfo make two Sollars, an upper and a lower ;
and the upper Sollar hath an hole it, through which the grain continually defcen-
deth, like fand in an hour-glafs , and after a few dayes they throw it up again
with fhovels, that fo it may be in continual motion. Now it is to be noted
C * that
 The Hiflory of Life and 'Death.

that this doth not only prevent the Fuflincfs, but conferveth the Greenefs, and flack-
eth thcDeficeation of it. The Caufe is that which we noted before, That the difchargc-
ing of the Watry humour, which is qujekned by the Motion and the Poinds, preferves

the Oily humour which otherwife would fly out together with the Watry
in his being,
humour. Alfo in fome Mountains, where the Air is very pure, dead Carkafes may be
keptfor a good while without any great decay.
Fruits, as Pomegranates, Citrons, apples, Fears, and the like; alfo Flowers, as Kofes and
Lilies, may be kept a long time in Earthen Vcffels dofc flopped howfoevcr, they are :

not free from the injuries of the outward Air, which will affccl them with his unequal
Temper through the fides of the VefTel, as it is manifefl in heat and cold. Therefore
it be good to flop the mouths of the VefTels carefully , and to bury «the'm within
will
the Forth', and it will be as good not to bury them in t\\tEarth,\>wi to fink them in the

vVdter, fo asthe place be fhady, as in Wells or Ctsle replaced within doors blit thofc :

that be funk in "Plater will do better than in Earthen.

in Glafsvcflels

14. Generally thofc things which are kept in the Earth, or in Vaults under ground, or
in tne bottom of a W/, will preferve their frefhnefs longer than thofc things that arc
kept above ground.
15- They fay it hath been obferved, that in Confervatories of snow ( whether they were
in Mountains, in natural Pits, orin Wells made by Art for that purpofe^ an Apple, or
( hej-nut or Nut , by chance falling in , after many months
, when the Snow hath ,

melted , hath been found in the Snow as freili and fair as if it had been gathered the day
before.
16. Country people keep Clufters of Grapes in Meal, which though it makes them Iefs

pleafant to the taflc, yet it preferves their moiftureand frefhnefs. Alfo the harder fort
of Fruits may be kept long, not oncly Meal, but alfo in Saw-duji,and in heaps of Corn.
in
l 7- There is an opinion held, that bodies may be prefcrved frefh in Liquors of their own
kind, as in their proper Menfirua as,to keep Grapes in Wtne, olives in Oil.
;

18. Pomegranates and Quinces are kept long, being lightly dipped in Sea- water or Salt-
water, and foon after taken out again, and then dried in the openwz>,fo it be in the Shade.

Bodies put in trine, Oil, or the Lees of'oil, keep long ; much more in Hony or Spirit
of Wine; butmoft of alf, a? fome fay, in Quich^filver.

20. Fruits inclo'fed in Wax, Titch, Plaiflcr, Pafie, or any the like Cafe or Covering,
keepgrcen very long.
21. It is manifefl that Flies, Spiders, Ants,ox the like fmaH Creatures,fa\\\no by chance into
Amber, or the Gums of Trees, and fo finding a burial in them, do never after corrupt or
rot, although they be foftand tender Bodies.
22. Grapes are kept long by being hanged up in Punches the fame is of other Fruits. For :

there is a two-fold Commodity of this thing the one, that they arc kept without pref-
:

fing or hfmfingt which they mufl needs fuffcr if they were laid upon any hardfubftance;
the other, that the Air dofh. encompafsthem on every fide alike.

23. obferved that Putrefaction, no lefs than Defecation in Vegetables, doth not begin
It is
in every part alike, but chiefly in that part where, being alive, it did attract nourifh-
ment. Therefore fome advife to cover the falks of Apples or other Fruits with Wax
or Pitch.
24. Great W
teles of Candles or / amps do fooner confume the Tallow or Oil
or
than lefler
Twigs and
Wteks alfo Wieks of Cotton fooner than thofc of Rufh, or
;
Straw, fmall :

in Staves of Torches, thofe of Juniper or Firre fooner than thofe of AJh hkewife :

Flame moved and fanned with the Wind fooner than that which is fit//: And therefore
Ca ndles fct in a Lanthorn will lafl longer than in the open Air. There is a Tradition, that
Lamps fet in Sepulchres will lafl an ncrediblc time.
25. The Nature alfo and Preparation of the TS^ounfment conduccth no lefs to the lafling
of Lamps and Candles, than the nature of the' Flame for Wax will lafl longer than
3

Tallow , and Tallow a little wet tongcr t! an Tallow day, and Wax candles old made
longer than Wax-candles new made.
i€. Trees, if you flir the Earth about their Root every year, will continue lefs time j
if once in four, or perhaps in ten years, much longer : alfo cutting
off the Suckers and

young Shoots ^\ make them live the longer: but Dunging them, or laying of Marl

about their Roots, or much Watering them, adds to their fertility, but cuts off from
And thus macti touching the Prohibiting ol Defecation or Con-
their lone lifting.
fumption.
J r s 11.
The
 The Hifl'ory of Life and 'Death. 7
The Inteneration or making tender of that which is dried (which is the chief Mat-
*7«
ter) affords but a fmall number of Experiments. And therefore fomc few Experiments
which are foundin Living Creatures, and alfo inMan fh all be joyned together.
Bands of willow, wherewith they ufe to bindc Trees, laid in Water, grow more
flexible likewifethey putBoughs of Birch (the ends of them) in Earthen Pots filled
;

with Water, to keep them from withering ; and Bowls cleft with drynefs, fteep'd in
Water, clofe again.
'Boots age, by greafing them before the Fire with
grown hard and obftinatewith
Tallow, wax foft, or being onely held bcforetheFire get fome foftnefs. 'Bladders and
Parchments hardned alfo become tender with warm Water, mixed with Tallow or any
Fat thing ; but much the better, if they be a little chafed.
Trees grown very old, that have flood long without any culture, by digging and 30.
opening the Earth about the Roots of them, feemtogrow young again, and put forth
young Branches.
Old Draught Oxen worn out with labor, being taken from the yoak, and put into
frefti Pafture, will get young and tender fletfi again, infomuch, that they will cat as frefh
and tender as a ^teer.
A ftrict Emaciating Diet of Guaiacum^Bishet, and the like, (wherewiththey ufe to 32.
cure the French-Pox, Old catarrhs, and fome kindeof Dropjies) doth firft bring men to
great poverty and leannefs , by wafting the Juices and Humors of the Body ; which
after they begin to be repaired again, feem manifeftly more vigorous and young. Nay,
and I am of opinion, that Emaciating Difeafes afterwards well cured, have advanced
many in the way of long life.

Obfervations.

MEn fee clearly, like

in the Day- light
Owls, own Notions j but in Experience, as
in the Night of their
and are but half fl^hted. They ipeak^ much of the Ele-
they winh^ .

mentary quality ofSiccity or Dime fi,and of things Deficcating, and of the Natural Periods
of Bodies, in which they are corrupted dndcpnfitmed : But meanwhile^ either in the begin-
nings, or middle paflages, or lafts a&s0/Deficcation«»^Confumption, they obferve no-
thing that is of moment.
Deficcation or Confumption in the procefs thereof, is finifbed by three Actions and -,

all th\fe (as was J'aid before) have their original from the Native Spirit of Bodies.

Tkefaft Actions, M? Attenuation of the Moifture int o Spirit the fecondis, the ;

Iflliing forth or flight of the Spirit ; the third is, the Contraction of theproffer parts of

the Body immediately after the Spirit tjfued forth. And this loft is, that Deficcation and
Induration which we chiefly handle ; the former two confume onely.
Touching Attenuation, the matter is manifest. For the Spirit which is inchfed in every
4*
Tangible Body forgets not its nature, but whatfoever it meets withal in the Mody (in vhich
it is andmafter, and turn into itfilf, thai it plainly alters and
tnclofed) that it can digeft
fubdues, and multiplies it felf upon it, and begets new Spirit. And this evicted bydneproof,
infie ad of many; for tfmt thofe things which are throughly dryed are lefieried in their weight,
and become hollow porousj and refoundingfrom withim Now it is mofi certain, thai the in-
,

ward. Spirit of'any thing, confers nothing to the weight, but rather lig' tens it ; and there-
fore it muft needs be, that the fame Spirit hath turned into itthemoijture andjuyce of the
Body which weighed before, by which means the weight is leffened. And this is the firft
Action, the Attenuation of the Moifture, and converting it into Spirit.
T^efecond Action, which is the lfluing forth or Flight of the Spirit, isasmdnifeft
a'fo. For that iflliing forth, w/j<?« it is in throngs, is apparent even to the fenfe ; in Vapors to
the fight, in Odors to the fmelling ; but if it ijfueth forth flowly, (as when a thing is decayed
by age) then it is not apparent to thefenfe, but the matter is the fame. Again; where the"

compefure of the Body is either fo fir eight or fo tenacious, that the Spirit can finde m pores or
palfages by which to depart, then, in theflriving to get out, it drives before it the orojjer parts
of the Body, and protrudes them beyond the fuperfcies or furface of the Body as it is in the \

ruft of Metals, and mouldof all Fat things, eslnd this is fj&efccond Action, rfo'Ifluing
forth or Flight of the Spirit.
The third Action is fomewhat more obfeure, but full as certain ; that is, the Con- 6;
traction of the grofTer parts after the Spirit iffued forth, tsind this appears, firfl,in thdt
Bodies after the Spirit iffued forth, do manifeftly fhrink, and fill a lefs room ; otitis in
the
 J

s The Hifiory of Life and Death.

the Kernels of Nuts, which, after they are dried, are too littlefor the Shells ; and in Beams
and Planchers of Houfes, which atfirfi lay cbfe together , but after they are dned,give ; and
likewifein Bowls, which through droughty grow full of cranies, the parts of the Bowl con.
trailing themfelves together, and after contraction muft needs be empty ffaces. Secondly*
It appears by the wrinkles of Bodies- dry ed : For the endeavor o/" contracting it felf is fuch*
that by the contraction it brings the parts nearer together, andfo lifts them up ; for what*
foever contracted on the fides, is lifted up inthemidft : tsind this is to be fieen
is in Papers
and Varchments,andin the Skins of Living Creatures, and in the Coatsoffoft Chcelcs,
old
all which,with age, gather wrinkles* Thirdly, This Contraction fhem it felf mofl iri thofe
things,which by heat are not onely wrinkled, but ruffled, and plighted, and,as it were, routed
together; as it is in Papers, and Parchments, and Leaves, brought near the fire: For Con-
•
traction by Age, which is more flow, commonly caufeth wrinkles ; but Contraction by the
Fire, which is more fpeedyt caufeth plighting. Now in mofi things where it comes not to
wrinkling or plighting, there is fimple Contraction, and angulation or ftreightning,
and induration or hardning, and dehecation, a* was foewed in the firfi place. Hut if the
iffuing forth of the Spirit , and abfumption or wafte of the Moifturc be fo great, that
I there is not left body fuffcient to unite and contrail it felfi, then of neceffuy Contraction
•
mufi ceafei and the Body becomepuirid, and nothing elfe but a little dufl cleavina together,
which with A light touch is differfed and falleth afunder j as it is in Bodies that art
rotten, andin Paper burnt, and Linnen made into Tinder, and CarJtafes embalmed after
many ages. And this is the third Action, the Contraction of the grofTer pans after the
Spirit iffueth forth.
It is to be noted, thatVire andHe&t dry onely by accident; for their proper workjs to
attenuate and dilate the Spirit and Moiflure j and then it follows by accident, that the other

parts fhottld contrail themfelves, either for theflying of Vacuum alone, or for fame other
motion withal* whereof we now ffeaknot.
a It is from /£<? Native Spirit, nolefs then
certain, that Putrefaction taheth its original
Arefaetion but itgoeth on afar different way
; For in Putrefaction, the Spirit is notfimply
.•

vaporedforth, but being detained in part, works ftrange garboils; and thegr offer parts are
notfo much locally contracted, as they congregate themfelves to parts of thefame nature*

Length andShortnefi of Life in Living Creatures.

The Hiftory.
/&? Length <a#^Shortncfs of Life in Living Creatures, the Information
To the fiffi TOuching
which may be had, but fender, Obfervation is negligent, and Traditionfabu-
is
^Article,
lous. In Tame Creatures, their degenerate life eorrupteth them-, in Wilde Crea-
tures, their expofing to all weathers, often intercepteth them ISfjither do thofe things
which may feem concomitants, give any furtherance to this information,, {the greatnefs of
their Bodies, their time of Bearing in the Womb, the number of their young ones, the
time of their growth, and the reft) inregard that thefe things are intermixed, andfometimet
they concur,fometimes theyfever.
\. vJWans age (as far as can be gathered by any certain Narration) doth exceed the age
of all other Living Creatures, except it be of a very few onely ; and the Concomitants in*
him are very equally difpofed, his filature and proportion large, his bearing in the womb'
nine moneths, his fruit commonly one at a birth, hispubertyzt the age of fourteen years,
his time of growing till twenty.-
The Elephanthy undoubted relation, exceeds the ordinary race of <JMans life'
but his bearing in the Womb the fpace of Ten years, is fabulous ; of two years, or at"
leaft above one, is certain. Now his bulk is great, his time of growth until the thirti-
eth year, his teeth exceeding hard; neither hath it been obferved, that his blood is the
coldeft of all Creatures : His age hath fometimes reached to Two hundred years.
Lions 2xz accounted long livers, becaufe many of them have been found Toothlefs*
a ftgrinot 16 certain, for that maybe caufed by their ftrong breath.i

4 ; The Bear is a great deeper, a dull beaft, and given to eafe ; and yet not noted
for
ii
mi MMMM ttmmm *»r*w*pmmm
n U II, M »l WU" l.»
, l "U " T
 The Hifiory of Life and Death.
for long lire : nay, he hath this fign of ihort life, that his bearing in the womb is but
fhort,fcarcc full forty days.
The Fox feems to be well difpofed in many things for long life ; he is well skinned,
feeds on fleih, lives in Dens and yet he is noted not to have that property.
; Certainly
<
he kind of Dog,av\ix that kind is but lhort-liv'd.
is a

The Camel is a long liver, a lean Creature, and fincwy, fo that he doth ordinarily 6.
attain to fifry,andfometimes to an hundred years.
The
Horfe lives but to a moderate age, fcarce to forty years, his ordinary period •
7.
is twenty years but perhaps he is beholden for this ihortnefs of life to Man ; for
:

we have now no Horfcs of the Sun, that live freely, and at pleafure, in good paftures.
Notwithftanding the Horfe grows' till he be fix years old, and is able for generation
in his old age. Bcfides, the tJMare goeth longer with her young one than zivoman,
and brings forth, two at a burthen more rarely. The slfs lives commonly to the Herfi's
age ; but the Mule out- lives them both.
The Hart is famous amongft men for long life, yet not upon any relation that §,
is undoubted. They tell of a certain Hart that was found with a Collar about his neck,
and that Collar hidden with Fat., The long life of the Hart is the lefs credible, be-
caufe he comes to his perfection at the fifth year ; and not long after his Morns
( which, he iheds and renews yearly ) grow more narrow at the Root, and lefs
branched.
The Dog is but a iliort liver, he exceeds not the age of twenty years, and for the
moft part lives not to fourteen years: a Creature of the hottcfl temper, and living in ex-
treams for he is commonly either in vehement motion, or fleeping : befides, the
;

Bitch bringeth forth many at a Burden,and goeth nine weeks.

The Ox like v.ife, for thegreatnefsof his body and ftrength,isbuta fhortliver,about
fome fixteen years, and the tJMales live longer than the Females ; notwithftanding they
bearufually but one at a burden, and go nine months : a Creature dull, fle{hy,andfoon
fatted.and living onely upon Herby fubftances, without Grain.
The Sheep fddom lives to ten years,though he be a creature of a moderate fize, and
excellently clad; and, that which may,fcem a wonder, being a creature with fo little
a Gail, yet he hath the mofl: curled Coat of any other, for the Hair of no Creature is fo
much curled as H ool is.. The Rams generate not before the third year, and continue
able for generation until the eighth. The .Eb^ bear young as long as they live. The
Sheep is a difeafedCreature,and rarely lives to his full age.
The is not much unlike in other
Cjoat lives to the fame age with the Sheep, and
things; though he be a Creature more nimble, and of fomewhat a firmer fleih, and '

fo lhould be longer-liv'dj but then he is much more lafciyious, and that ihortenshis
life.

The Sow lives to fifteen years, fometimes to twenty : and though it be a Creature j»
of the m^ifteft fleih, yet that feems to make nothing to Length of Life. Of the Wild
Boar or Sow we have nothing certain.
The Cat's age is betwixt fix and ten years : a creature nimble and full ofipirit,whofe
feed ( as JEhan reports) burncth the Female; whereupon it is faid, That the Cat con-
ceives with pain, and brings forth with eafe : A Creature ravenous in eating, rather
fwallowingdown his meat whole thanfeeding.
Hares and Comes attain fcarce to [even years, being both Creatures generative, and \ j,

with young ones of feveral conceptions in their bellies. In this they are unlike, that
the Coney lives under ground ; and the Hare above ground; and again, that the Hare
is of a more duskifh fleih.
Birds for the of their bodies are much leffer than Beafls\ for an 'Eagle of Swan
fize lS»
is but a fmall thing in comparifon of an Ox or Horfe, and fo is an Eflrich to an Sle-
phant.
Birds are excellently well-clad : for Feathers, for warmth and clofc fitting to the 17^
body, exceed Wooll and Hairs.
Birds, though they hatch many young ones together, yet they bear them not all in 18.
their bodies at once, but lay their Eggs by turns, whereby their Fruit hath the more
plentiful nouriihment whilftit is in their bodies.
'Birds chew little or nothing, but their meat is found whole in their crops, notwith- |

ftandingthey will break the lhells of Fruits, and pick out the Kernels : they are thought
to be of a very hot and ftrong conco&ion.
D The
io The Hijlory of Life and Death.

20. The motion of Birds in their flying is a.mixt motion, coniifting of a moving
of the limbs , and of a kind of carriage ; which is the molt wholfbmc kind of Ex-
ercife.

slriflotle noted well touching the generation of "Birds, (hut he transferred it ill to
other living Creatures} that the feed of the tJtyCale confers Icis to generation than the
Female, but that it rather affords Activity than Matter ; fo that fruitful Eggs and un-
fruitful Eggs are hardly diftinguifhed.
22. "Birds of them) come to their full growth the firfr year, or
(almoft all a little after.
It is true, fome kinds, and their Bills in others, iliew
that their Feathers in their years,
butfor the growth oftheir Bodies it is not io.
23. The Eagle is accounted a long liver,yet his years are not fet down ; and it is alledged
as a fign of his longlife, that he cafts his Bill, whereby he grows young again
from .-

whence comes The old age of an Eagle. Notwithstanding perchance

that old Proverb,
the matter may be thus, That the renewing of the Eagle doth not caft his bill, but the
calling of his bill is the renewing ofthe Eagle, for after that his bill is grown to.a great
erookednefs, the Eagle feeds with much difficulty.
24. Vultures are alfo affirmed to be long livers, infomuch that they extend their life

well near to an hundred years. Kites likewifc, and fo all Birds that feed upon flefh,
and Birds of prey live long. As for Hawks, becaufe they lead a degenerate and fervile 1

life for the delight of men, the term of their natural life is not certainly known : not-

v\ ithftanding amongft Mewed Hawks iome have been found to have lived thirty years, and
amongft « ild Hawk forty years.

25. The Raven likewife is reported to live long, fometimes to an hundred years: he
feeds on Carrion, and flies not often, but rather is a fedentry and malanchollick "Bird,
and hath very black flefh. But the Crow, like unto him in moft things, ( except in
grcatnefs and voice ) lives not altogether folong, and yet is reckoned amongft the long
]
liversj
16. The Swan is certainly found to be a long liver, and exceeds not unfreqiiently an
hundred years. He is a "Bird excellently plumed, a feeder upon fifh, and is always car-
ried, and that in running waters.
2?' The Goofe alfo may pafs amongft the long livers, though his food be commonly
graft, and fuch kind of nouriiliment ; elpecially the Wtld-Goofe; whereupon this
Proverb grew amongft the Germans, Magis fenex quam nyinfer nivalis, Older than a
Wild-Goofe.
28. _ storks muft needs be long livers, if that he true which was anciently obferved of
them, that they never came to Thebes, becaufe that City was often facked. Thisifit
were fo, then either they muft have the knowledge of more ages than one, or elfe
:
the old ones muft tell their youngthe Hiftory. But there is nothing more frequent than
Fables.
*?• For Fables do fo abound touching the Phoenix, that the truth is utteidy loft if

j
any fuch Bird there be. As for that which was fo much admired , That fhe was
ever feen abroad with a great troop of Birds about her, it is no fuch wonder ; for
the fame is ufually feen about an Owl flying in the day-time, or a Parrot let out of a
Cage. '

3*. The Parro' hath been certainly known to have lived threefcore years in England,
how old foever he was before he was brought over: a Bird eating almoft all kind of
meats, chewing his meat, and renewing his bill ; likewife curft and mifchievous, and of
a black flefh.
31. The TeacockXiv&s twenty years j but he comes not forth with h'xsArgus Ejes before
he be three years old ; a Birdiiow of pace, having whitifh flew.
32. The Dungiill-Cockis venerieus, martial, and but of a ftiort life; a crank Bird,
having alfo white flefh..

35- The Indian-Cock^, commonly called the Turkey- (he kj, lives not much longer than
the Dunghill- Qickj an angry B ird, and hath exceeding white flefh.
34- The Ring- Doves are or the longeft fort of infomuch that they attain fome-
livers,

times to fifty years of age an ai-ery Bird, and both builds and fits on high. But Doves
:

and Turtles are but th ort-liv*d, not exceeding eight years. ' *

35- But Pheafams and Partiges may live to fixteen years. They are great breeders, but
not io white of flefh as the ordinary Patten.

The
T™
 The Hi/lory of Life and Death.
The Blacky bird is reported to be, amongftthe lcffcr birds, one of the longefl livers ;
an unhappy bird.and a good finger. ,
i

The sparrow is noted to be of a very short life; and it is imputed in the Males to their
lafciviouihefs. But the Linnet,no bigger in body than the Sparrow,, hath been obferved
to have lived twenty years.
Of the Eftrich we have nothing certain : thofc that were kept here have been fo un-
fortunate, that no long life appeared by them. Or the bird Ibis we find oncly that he
liveth long, but his years are not recorded.
The age of Fifties is more uncertain than that of tcrrcftrial Creatures, becaufc v-
livingunder the water they are the lefs obferved : many of them breath not, by which
means their vital fpirit is more clofed in; and therefore though they receive fbmc re-
frigeration by their Gills, yet that refrigeration is not fo continual as when it is by
breathing. ; •

They are free from the Defecation Depredation of the Air ambient, becaufe they
arid 40.
live in the water: yet there is no doubt but the water ambient,zndpkrcing,and received
into the pores of the body, doth more hurt to long life than the Air doth.
It is affirmed too that their blood is not warm. Some of them are great devourcrs,
even of their own kind. Their fleih is fofter and more tender than that of terreftrial
creatures : they grow exceedingly fati infomuch that an incredible quantity of Oyl will
be extracted out ofone Whale.
Dolphins are reported to live about thirty years ; of which thing a trial was taken in 42.
fome of them by cutting off their tails they grow untill ten years of age.
:

That which they report of fome Fifties is ftrange, that after a certain age their bodies 43-
will wafte and grow very flender , onely their head and tail retaining their former
greatnefs. , , ,
. . , ,

There were found in Cefar's Fifli ponds Lampreys to have lived threefco re years: 44-
they were grown fo familiar with longufe, that craftus the Orator folemnly lamented
one of them.
The Pike amongft Fishes living in fresh water is found to laffc longeft, fometimesto 45-
is a Ravcnei ,of a flesh fomewhat dry and firm.
forty years : he
But the Carpi "Bream , Tench , Eel, and the like, are riot held to live above ten 46.
years. . ,

Salmons are quick of growth, short of life ; foarc Trouts : but the Search is flow of 47°
j

growth, long of life.

Touching thatmonftrous bulk of the & hale or Ork^, how long it is weiled by vital 48.
fpirit, we have received nothing certain; neither yet touching the Sea-calf, and Sea-hog,

and other innumerable Fifties.

Crocodiles are reported to be exceeding long- liv'd, arid are farhous for the time of their
4$
growth, for that they* amongft all other Creatures, are thought to grow during their
whole life. They are of thofe Creatures that lay Eggs, ravenous, cruel, and well- fenced
againft the waters, Touching the other kindsof shell-fifb, we find nothing certain how
long they live.

Obfervationi,

T cO find out
' a %ule touching Length arid Shortnefs of'Life in Living Creatures
difficult, by reafon of the negligence ofObfervations, and the intermixing of Caufis.
is very
A
. f

few things we will fet down.

There are more kinds c/"Birds found to be long litfdthan of Beafts ; as the Eagle, the
Vulture, the Kite, the Pelican, ;&« Raven, the Crow, the Swan, the Goofe, the Stork, the
Crane, the Birdcal/ed the Ibis, the Parrot j?/^ Ring dove, with the reft, though they come
to their full growth within a year, and are lefs of bodies: furely their cloathiny is excellent

good againft the diftemperaiures ofthe weather j andbeftdes, living for the moft part in the
open <is4ir, they are like the Inhabitants of pure Mountains, which are long-liv'd. Again,
their Motion, which (as lelfe-wrerefaid) isamixt Motion, compounded of a moving of
their Limbs and of a carriage in the ^iir, doth lefs weary and wear them, and 'tis more whol-
fome. Neither do they fuftfer any compreffion or want of nourifhment in their mother's bel-
lies, beCaufethe Eggs are laid by turns. *But the chiefeft caufe of all I take to be this, that
Birds are made more of the fubftance of the Mother than of the Father,whereby their Spirits
are not fo eager and hot.
b 2 a
<E—<-

12 T/te #//?0r> of Life and Death.

i. It may be a Pofition, that Creatures which partake more of the fubflance of their Mother
than of their Father are longer- liv'd, as Birds are; which was faid before Alfo that thofe
•which have a longer time of bearing in the womb, do partake more ofthe fubfiance of their
Mother, lefs ofthe Father, andfo are longer- liv'd : Infomuch that I am ofopinion, that even
amonafl tJfyCen, (which I have noted infome ) thofe that refemble their Mothers moft are
longeft-liv'd ; andfa art the Children of Oldmen begotten of young Vft vet, if the Fathers be
found, not difenfed.
The firft breeding bf Creatures is ever material, either to their hurt or benefit. And
therefore itflands with reafon, that the lefler Compreflion, and the more liberal Alimenta-
tion of the Youngone >» the womb, fhould confer much to Long Life. Now this happens
when either theyoung ones are brought forth fucceffively, as in Birds 3 or when they are jingle
Births, as in Creatures bearingbutoneata Burthen
But long Bearing in the Womb
makes for Length of Life three ways Firfi,for that the
young one partakes more of the fubfiance of the Mother, as hath beenfaid. 1 econdly, that
it comes forth moreftrong and able, thirdly\that it undergoes thepredatoryforce of the ssfir
later, Befides, it Nature intendeth tofimfb her periods by larger Circles. Now
fhews that
though Oxen andSheep,which are bornin the womb aboutfixmonths,are but jhort-liv'd,that
happens for other caufes.
Feeders upon Grafs and mere Herbs are but fuort livers and Creatures feeding upon
?

Flelh, or Seeds, or Fruits, longliverSyOsfomeBirdsare. tAs forHarts,which are lona-liv'd,

they take the one half of their meat (asmenufetofay) from above their heads and the ,

Goofc, befides Grafs, findethfomethingin the water, and stubble to feed upon.
6. h e fuppofe that a good Cloathingo/'//?? Body maketh much to long life foritfenceth ;

and armeth againfi the intemperances of the Air, which do wonderfully affail and decay the
body : which benefit Birds efpecially have. Now that Sheep, which have fo good Fleeces,
fiwuld be fo fhort-UVd, that is to be imputed to Difeafis, whereofthat Creature isfull, andto
the bare eating of Grafs.
ThefeatoftheSry'mts, without doubt, is principally the Head ; which though it be nfual-
ly A nimal Spirits onely, yet this is all in all. lAgainjt is not to be doubted
underflood of the
but the Spirits do mofief'all wafle and prey upon the Body,fo that when they are either in
greater plenty, or in greater lnfiamation and Acrimony, there the life is much fhortned.
And therefore 1 conceive a great caufe of long life in Birds to be thefmalnefs of their
heads in comparifon of their Bodies ; for even t^fen which have very great Heads [fuppofe

to be thefhorter livers.
8. am of opinion that Carriage it of all other motions the mofi helpful to long life
I ; which 1
alfo notedbefore. Now there are carried Water- fowls upon the water,as Swans"; alliMrds
tn their flying, but with a firong endeavour of their limbs ; and Fifties, of the length of
we have no certainty.
tv I. ofe live

Thofe Creatures which are long before thy come to their perfection ( not fp taking of
growth in flature onely, but of other fleps to maturity ; as Man puts forth, firfi, his Teeth,
next t hefigns of Puberty, then his beard, andfo forward) erelong liv'd, for it Jhews that
Nature "finifhedher Periods by larger Circles,
Milder Creatures are not long-liv'd, as the Sheep and Dove ; for Choler is as the whet-
fi one and Spur to many Functions in the Body.
ii. Creatures whofeVkfh is more duskifh are longer- liv'd than thofe that have white Flefh;
foritfheweththat the juice of the body is morefirm, andlefs apt to diffipate.
12. In every corruptible 'Body Quantity maketh much to the confervation of the whole : for
a great Fire is longer in quenching, a fmall portion of Water is fooner evaporated, the Body
of a Treewitherethnotfofa.fi as aTwig, Andtherefore generally ( Ifpeak^it ofSpecies, not.
of Individuals ) Creatures that are large in body are longer- liv'd than thoje that are fmall,
mlefs there befome other potent caufe to hinder it.

sAlimen-
 ;

The Hi/lory of Life and T>eatb. >3

ssflifttentation, or Nourtjhment : and the way of Nouriflnng.

'

The Bittory.

he of an inferiour nature, and more fimple fubftancc To ire

NOurifiment ought to Ar-
than thcthing nourished. Plants are nourished with the Earth and Water, fourth
Living Creatures with Plants, Man with living Creatures. There are alfo ticle.

certain Creatures feeding upon Flcih, and ej%«« himfelf takes Plants into I.

a partof his Nourifhment ,'

butManand (reatures feedingupon Flefh are fcarccly nou-
riihed with Plants alone : perhaps Fruit on Grains, baked or boiled, may, with long
ufe, nourifh them; but Leaves or Plants or Herb's will not doit, as the Order of the Fo
Hatanes fhewed by Experience.
Over-great Affinity or ConfubftJintialitj of the Nourifhment to the thing nourished 2.

proveth not well Creatures feeding Upon Herbs touch no Flefh

: and of Creatures ;

feeding upon Flefh, few of them eat their own kind As for Men, which arc Cannibals,
:

they feed not ordinarily upon tJHens flefh, but referve it as a Dainty , cither to fcrve
their reveng upon their enemies, or tofatisfic their appetite at fome times. So the
Ground is beft fown with Seed growing elfewhere,and Men do not ufe to Graft ox Ino
culate upon the fame Stock.
By how much the more the Nourifhment isbctter prepared, and approacheth nearer in
likenefsto the thing nourished, by fo much the more are Tlarits more fruitful,and living
Creatures in better liking and plight: for a young Slip or Cion is not fo well fliourifhecl
if it be pricked into the ground, as if it be grafted into a Stock agreeing with it in
Nature, and where it finds the nourishment already digefted and prepared neither (as :

is reported, will the Seedoi an Oniony or fome fuch like, fown in the bare earth, bring

forth fo large a fruit as if it be put into another Onion, which is a new kind of Grafting,
into the root, or under ground. Again, it hath been found out lately, that a Slip of a
fi ild Tree, as of an Elm, Oakj flfh, or fuch like, grafted into a Stock of the fame kind,

•willbring forth larger leaves then thofe that grow without grafting: Alfo Men are not
nourished fo well with raw flefh as with that which hath paffed the fire.
Living Creatures are nouriihed by the Mouth, Plants by the rR^oot, Toung ones in 4-
the womb by the Navel: Birds for a while are nourifh ed with theTb/^intheEggc,
whereof fome is found in their Crops after they are hatched.
All Nourishment mtJveth from the centre to the Circumference, or from the Inward
to the utward yet it is to be noted, that in Trees and ^Plants the Nourifhment paf-
•
:

feth rather by the Bark and Outward parts then by the Pith and Inward parts for if the ;

Bark be pilled off, though but for a fmall breadth, round, they live no more and the :

Bioudin the Veins of living Creatures doth no left nourifh the Flefh beneath it then the
Fleih above it.
In all ^Alimentation, or Nourifhment there is a two-fold Action; Extufion and <isft- 6.
tratlion ; whereof the former proceeds from the Inward Function, the latter from the
Outward.
Vegetables affimulate their Nourifhment (imply, without Excerning: For Gums and
Tears of Trees are rather Exuberances then Excrements,and Knots or knobs are nothing
but Difeafes. But the fubftance of living Creatures is more perceptible of the like;
and therefore it is conjoyned with akind of difdain, whereby it rejecteththe bad, and
affimulateth the good.
It is a ftrange thing ofthcfial^j of Fruits, that
all the Nourifhtrierit which pfoduceth

fometimes fuch great fhould be forced to pafs through fo narrow necks j for the
Fruits,
Fruit is never joyn'd to the Stock without fome ftalfc.
It is to be noted, that the Seeds of living Creatures will riot be fruitful but when they
are new fhed, but the Seeds of Plants will be fruitful a longtime after they are gathered
yet the Slips or Cions of Trees will not grow unlefs they be grafted green neither will j

the roots keep long frefh unlefs they be covered with earth.
In Uvingjsfeatures there are degrees of Nourifhment according to their Age: in' the id'.

womb, the young one is nourished with the Mother's blood ; when it is new-born,
with Milk ; afterwards with Meats and Drinks j and in old age the mbft nourishing and
favoury Meats plcafe beft.

r> Above
A
 Above makethto the preknt Inquijition, to inquire diligently and attentively whe-
all it

ther a man may not

receive ISLourifhtnent From without, at leaft fome other way befide
the Mouth, We know that Baths of Milk areufed in fome Heblivkjevers, and when
the body is brought extream low, zndT hy/iciahs do provide Nourishing chflers.
This
matter would be well ftudied ; for if Nourifhment may be made cither from without,
or fome other way than by the ftomach, then the weaknefs of Concoction, which is
incident to old men, might be recompensed by thefe helps, and Concoction reftorcd
to
them intirc.

Length and Shortnefs ofLife inzSWan;

The Hiflorj.

To the 5, 6, Efore the Floud, as the Sacrtd Scriptures relate, Men lived many hundred
7, 8, 9, ana years ; yet none of the Fathers attained to a full thoufand. Neither was this
il Articles. Length of Life peculiar onely to Grace, ox the Holy Line ; for there are reckon-
ed of the Fathers until the Floud eleven Generations ; but of the fbns of
^Addm by Cain onely eight Generations ; fo as the pofterity of fain may feem the lon-
ger-liv'd. But this Length of Life immediately after the Floud was reduced to a moiety,
but in the Pofl-nati ; for Noah, who was born before,equalled the age of his Anceftors,
and Sem faw the hx hundredth year of his life. Afterwards, three Generations beino
run from the Floud} the Life of <y\Aan was brought down to a fourth part ofthepri-
mative^, about two hundred years.
that was, to
^Abraham hundred feventy and five years: a man of an high courage, and
lived an
profperous in all things. Jfaac came to an hundred and eighty years of age : achafte
man, and enjoying more cjuietncls than his Father. Bat Jacob , after many croffes
and a numerous progeny, lafted to the hundred forty feventh year of his life : a pa-
tient, gentle, and wife man. Jfmael, a military man, lived aa hundred thirty and
feven years. Sarah ( whofe years onely amongft women are recorded ) died in the
hundred twenty feventh year of her age : a beautifull and magnanimous woman a ;

lingular good Mother and Wife ; and yet no lefs famous for her Liberty than Ob-
fequioufnefs towards her husband. Jofepb alfo, a prudent and politick man, pa/Ting
his youth in affliction, afterwards advanced to the height of honour and profperity,
lived an hundred and ten years. But his brother Levi, elder than himfelf, attained to
an hundred thirty feven years : a man impatient of contumely and revengeful. Near
unto the fame age attained the fin of Levi; alfo his grand- child, the father oi Aaron
and Mofes.
Mofes lived an hundred and twenty years : a flout man, and yet the meekefl upon
the earth, and of a very flow tongue. Howfoever t^Kofes in his Pfalm pronounceth
that the" life of man is but feventy years, and if a man have ftrength, then eighty;
I which term of man's life ftandeth firm in many particulars even at this day. Aarra,
who was three years the elder, died the fame year with bis Brother : a man of a
readier fpcech, of a more facile difpofition, and iefs conftant. But Phineas, grand-
child of Aaron, ( perhaps out of extraordinary grace ) may be collected to have
lived three hundred years j if fo be the War of the lfraelites againft the Tribe oEHen-
jamn (in which Expedition phineas was confulted with) were performed in the
fame order of time in which the Htflory hath ranked it : He was a man of a moft«#*'-
nent Zeal. fo(bua, a martial man, and an excellent Leader, and evermore victorious,
lived to the hundred and tenth year of his life. Caleb was his Contemporary, and
feemeth to have been of as great years. Ehud the Judge feems to have been no
lefs than an hundred years old, in regard that after the Victory over the CA oa-

bites the Holy Land had reft under his Government eighty years He was a man:

fierce and undaunted, and one that in. a fort neglected his life for the good of his
People.
fob lived, after the feftauration of hishappinefs , an hundred and forty years,
being before his afflictions of that age that he had fons at man's eftate : a man po-
1

litick,
 ,

The Hi [lory of Lije and Death.

litick,eloquent, charitable, and the Example of. Patience. Eli the Pricft lived ninety
eight years; aeorpuknt man, calmofdifpofition, and indulgent to his children. But j

Eltz.&us the Prophet may fecin to have died when he was above an hundred years old ; ;

for he is found to hare lived after the affumption of Elias fixty years ; and at the time j

of that affumption he 'was of thofe years, that the boys mocked him by the name of j

Bald-head a man
: vehement and fevcre, and of an auftere life, and a contemner or j

riches. Alfo fat ah the Prophet feemeth to have been an hundred years old
i
for-hc is ;

found to have exercifed the Function ofa Prophet feventy years together, the years both
of his beginning to pro phefie and of his death being uncertain; a man of ah admirable
eloquence, an Evangelical Prophet, full of the promifes of God of the New Teftament
as aBottle with fwect Wine.
Tobias the Elder lived an hundred fifty eight years, the Younger, an hundred twen-
ty feven merciful men, and great alms-givers.
: it feems, in the time of the (Cap-

tivity, many of the jews who returned out of Babylon were of great years, feeing they
could remember both Temples, (there being no lefs than feventy years betwixtthem)
and wept for the unlikenefs of them. Many ages after that, inthe time of our Saviour z
lived old Simeon, to the aige of ninety j a devout man, and full both of hope and expe-
ctation. Into the fame time alfo fell Anna the Prophetejs, who could not poffiblybe
lefs than an hundred "years old; for fhe had been feven years a wife, about eighty
four years a widow, befide s the years of her virginity,and the time ih.it {lie lived after
her Prophecy of our Saviour She was an holy woman, and paffed her days in fallings
:

and prayers.

The lon<r Lives of tjMen- mentioned in Heathen Authors have no great certainty In
them ; both for the intermixture of Fables, w hereunto thofe kind of relations were
very prone, and for their fal fe calculation of years. Certainly of the Egyptians we
find nothing of moment in thofe works that are extant as touching long Life, for their
Kings which reigned longeft did not exceed fifty or five and fifty years, which is no
many at: this day attain to Athpfe years.
great matter, feeing But the Arcadian Kings
are fabuloufly reported to have lived very long. Surely that Country was Mountainous,
full of flocks of Sheep, and brought forth moit wholfome food ; notwithftanding,

feeing Van was their god, we may conceive that all things about them were P ante kjxnd
vain, and fubject to fables.
Nttma King of the tomans lived to eighty years: a man peaceable, contemplative,
and much devoted to Religion. Marcus Valerias Corvinus faw .an hundred years
complete, there being betwixt his firft and fixth Confuljhip forty fix years: a man va-
lorous, afFable,popular,and always fortunate,
Solon of ^Athens, the haw giver, and one of the feven wife- men, lived above eighty
years: aman of an high courage, but popular, and affected to his Country ; alfoiearn-
ed, given to pleafures and a foft kind of
Epimenides the Cretian is reported to
life.

have lived an hundred fifty feven years: the matter is mix'd with a prodigious Relation-,
for fifty feven of thofe years he is faid to have flept in a Cpve. Half an age after Xetto.
phon the Qolophonian lived an hundred and two years, or rather more: for at the age of
twenty five years he left his Country, feventy feven complete years he travelled, and
after that returned ; but how long he lived after his return appears not ; a man no lefs
wandring in mind than in body, for hisname was changed for the madnels of his opi-
nions from Xenophanes to Xeuomanes a man no doubt of a vaft conceit,and that minded
:

nothing but Infinitum.

ssdnacreon the Poet lived eighty years and fomewhat better a manlafcivious, vo- :

luptuous, and given to drink. Tindarus rhe Theban lived to eighty years: a Poet of
an high fancy, Angular in his conceits, and a great adorer of the gods. Sophocles the
Athenian attained to the like age a lofty Tragick Poet, given over wholly to Writing,
:

and neglectful of his Family.

Artaxerxes King of Perjia lived ninety four years : a man ofa dull wit, avcrfe to the 10.
difpatch of bufinefs, defirous of glory, but rather of eafe. At the fame time lived Ags-
filaus King of Sparta to eighty four years of age a moderate Prince, as being a Phi-
:

lofopher among Kings-, but notwitl Handing ambitious, and a Warriour,and no lefs flout
in war than in bufinefs.
hundred and eight : ears old j a T^het'rician , and a
Cjorgiat the Sicilian was an II.
great boafter of his faculty, one that taught Youth for profit : he had feen many I

Countries,
 16 /
^he History of Life and "Death.

Countries, and a little before his death faid, That he had done nothing worthy of
blame fincc he was an old man. Protagoras of ^sbfiera la \ ninety years of a<*e this :

man waslikewifea Rhetorician, but profeffed not fo much to teach the Liberal Arts, as
the £rt eff Governing Common- wealths and States; notwithfhmding he was a great
wanderer in the world , no lefs than Gorgias. iocrates the Athenian lived ninety
eight jfears : he was a Rhetorician alfo , but an exceeding modeft man ; one that
fhunnedthe publick light, and opened his School onely in his own houfe. Democritus
©f Abdera reached to an hundred and nine years he was a great Philofopher, and, if
:

ever any man amongft the Grecians, a true Naturalist a Surveyor of many Coun- •

tries, but much more of Nature ; alfo a diligent fearcher into Experiments, and (as

Ariflotle objected againft him ) one that followed Similitude. more than the Laws of 1
;

Arguments. Diogenes the Sinopean lived ninety years : a man that ufed liberty to-
wards others, but tyranny over himfclf acourfediet, and of much patience. Teno
.•

of Citium lacked but two years of an hundred : a man of an high mind, and a
contemner of other mens opinions; alfo of a great acutenefs, but yet nottroublc-
fome,chufing rather to take mens minds than to enforce them' : The like whereof after-
ward was in Seneca. Plato the Athenian attained to eighty one years a man of a great :

courage, but yet a lover of eafe; in his Notions fublimed, and of a fancy, neat and
delicate in his life, rather calm than merry, and one that carried a kind of Majefty
in his countenance, 'rheophraftus the Sreffian arrived at eighty five years
of age ; a
man fweet fweet for the variety of his matters, and who fele&ed
for his eloquence,
the pleafant things of Philofophy, and let the bitter and harfh go. cameades of Cy-
.
rene many years after came to the like age of eighty five years : a man of a fluent
eloquence, and one who by the acceptable and pleafant variety of his
knowledge de-
lighted both himfelf and others. But Orbilius, v. ho lived in Cicero's time, no Philo-
fopher or Rhetorician, but a Grammarian, attained to an hundred years of age, he was
firftaSouldier, then aSchoolmafterj amanbynature tart both in his Tongue and Pen,
and fevere towards his Scholars.
12. Quintus Fabim Maximm was Augur fixty three years, which fhewed him to be
above eighty years of age at his death ; though it be true, that in the (tAugurfhiy No-
bility was more refpected then age : a wife man, and a great "Deliberator, and in all
his proceedings moderate, and not without affability fevere. Ma/inijfa King of Nu-
midia lived ninety years, and being more than eighty five got a fon a daring man, and :

truffing upon his fortune, who in his youth had tafted of the inconftancy of Fortune,
but in his Succeeding age was conftantly happy. But Marcus Tortius Cato lived above
ninety years of age: a man of an Iron body and mind; he had a bitter tongwe,and loved
tocherifh factions; he was given to Husbandry, a»nd was to himfelf and his Family a
Phyflcian.
1* : a woman afflicted with
Terentia Cicero's wife, lived an hundred and three years
many crofTes with the banifhment of her Husband; then with the difference
; firft,

betwixt them ; laiily, with his laft. fatal misfortune : She was alfo oftentimes vexed
with the Gout. Luceia muft needs exceed an hundred by many years ; for it is laid
that lhe a&ed an whole hundred years upon the Stage, at firft perhaps reprefenting
the perfon of Girl, at laft of fome decrepit old Woman.
fome young But Galeria
Dancer, was brought upon the Stage as a Novice, in what
Copiola, a Player alfo and a
year of her age is not known ; but ainety nine years after , at the Dedication
of the Theatre by Pompey the Great, ftie was Inewn upon the Stage, not now
for an Aclrefs, but for a Wonder : neither was this all, for after that, in the.fr-
lemnities for the health and life of lAugnftus , ftie was fhewn upon the Stage the
third time.
I
4 . There was another esittrefs, fomewhat inferiour in age, but much fuperiour in
dignity, which lived well-near ninety years, I mean Livia Julia lAtigufta, wife to
^iugujfus Cafar, and mother to Tiberius. For if isiuguftus his life were a Play, (a*
himfclf would hare it, whenas upon his death-bed he charged his friends they
fhould give him a T>laudite after he was dead) certainly this Lady was an excellent
Acirefs, who could carry it fo well with her husband by a diffembled obedience,
and with her fon by power and authority a woman affable, and yet of a Ma-
.•

tronal carriage, pragmatical, and upholding her power. But Junia, the wife of Cairn
Caffius , and (ifter of Marcus Brutut , was alfo ninety years old ; for lhe furvtrcd
•

the PhiUppick. "Battel fixty four years : a magnanimous woman, in her great wealth
-
J.aXFJO.
 The Biflory of Life and Death. 17 f

happy in the calamity of her husband and near kinsfolks, and in a long widow-hood
unhappy ; not A'ithftanding much honoured of all.
The year of our Lord fcvcnty fix, falling into the timcof Fefpafian, is memorable ; i?.

in which wethall find, as it were, a calendar of long-liv'd men: For that year there-
Was a Taxing, (now a Taxing is the moffc Authentical and trueft Informer touching
the a?es of men ;) and in that part of Italy which lieth betwixt the tsfpennine <JHoun-
tatns and the River Po, there were found an hundred and four and twenty- pcrlons that
either equalled or exceeded an hundred years of age.- namely, of an hundred years
juft, fifty four perfons ; of an hundred and ten, fifty {even perfons of an hundred
;

and five and twenty, two onely; of an hundred and thirty, four men ; of an hundred
and five and thirty, or feven and thirty, four more,; of an hundred and forty, three
men. Befidesthefe, Parma in particular afforded five whereof three fulfilled an hun-
;

dred and twenty years, and two an hundred and thirty : Bruxels afforded one of an hun-
dred and twenty five years old j Placentia one, aged an hundred thirty and one Va- ;

ventia one woman, aged one hundred thirty and two a certain Town, then called
:

Velletatium, fituate in the Hills about Placentia, afforded ten, whereof fix fulfilled an
hundred and ten years of age ; four, an hundred and twenty: Laftly, T^imim oneof an
hundred and fifty year^W-hoJename was Marcus Aponius.

That our Catalogue might not be extended too much in length , we have thought fit,
as well in thofe whom we have rehearfed, as in thofe whom we fhall rehearfe, to offer
none under eighty years of age. T^ow we have affixed to every one d true and fhort
Character or Elogy ; but of that fort whereunto, in our judgment , Length of Life
(which is not a little fubjetl to the Manners and Fortunes of men) hath fome relation,
andthut in a twofold refpeci : either that fuch kind of men are for the moU fart long-
liv'd i or that fuch men may fometimes be of long life, though otherwife not welldifpofed

for it.

Amongft Roman and Grecian Emperors, alfo the Erenchmd zAlmain, tothefe
the itf.

bur |dayes which make up the number of well-near two hundred Princes, there
,

are onely four found that lived to eighty years of age unto whom we may adde the
:

two firft Emperors, lAuguftut and Tiberius ; whereof the latter fulfilled the feventy

and eighth year, the former the feventy ibid fixth year of his age, and might both per-
haps have lived to fourfbore, if Livia and Caius had been pleafed. duguftus fas was
laid,) lived feventy and fix years a man of: moderate difpofition ; in accomplishing
his defigns vehement, but otherwise calm and ferene ; in meat and drink fober,
in Venery intemperate, through all his life-time happy ; and who about the thir-
tieth year of his life had a great and dangerous ficknefs , iufomuch as they de-
fpaired of life in him whom ^intonius Mufa the Phyfician, when other Phyficians
;

had applied hot Medicines, as moft agreeable to his difeafe, on the contrar/ cured
with cold Medicines, which perchance might be fome help to the prolonging of his
life. Tiberius be two years older:
lived to A
man with lean chaps, as Augustus
was wont to fpecch ftuck within his jaws, but was weighty
fay, for his He was
bloudy, a drinker, and one that took Luft into a part of his diet notwithstanding s

a great obferver of his health, infomuch that he ufed to fay , That he was a fool
that i'feer thirty years of) age took advice of a fhyficia*. Gordian the elder lived
eighty years, and yet died a violent death when he was fcarce warm in his Empire.
a man of an high fpirit and renowned, learned, and a Poet, and conftantly hap-

py throughout the whole courfe of his life, fave onely that he ended his dayes by a
violent death. Valerian the Emperour was feventy fix years of age before he was
taken prifoner by Sapor King oi I'er/ia , after his Captivity he lived feven years in
reproaches, and then died a violent death alfo a man of a poor mind, and not va-
:

liant ; notvvithftanding lilted up in his o*n and the opinion of men^ but falling
l'hort in the performance. AnAftafim, furnamed Dicorus, lived eighty eight years : he
was of a fetled mind, but too abject, and fuperftitious, and fearful. Aniciusjufii-
nianus lived to eighty three years a man greedy of glory, performing nothing in his
:

own pcrfon, but in the valour of his Captains happy and renowned ; uxorious, and not
his own man, but fuffering others to lead him. Helena of Britain, mother of Con-
Jlantinethe Great, was fourfcore years old : a woman that intermedlcd not in matters of
State neither in her Husband's nor fons Reign, but devoted her felf wholly to Religion;
magnanimous, and perpetually flouriihing. Theodora the Emprefs(who was fifterto Zoes,
_ E wife
 :

T^he History of Life and "Death.

wife of tSM.onoma.chut, and reigned alone after her deceafe) lived above ei«hty"years
a pragmatical woman, and one that took delight in Governing j fortunate in thchioheft
degree, and through her good fortunes credulous,
17. We proceed now from thefe Secular Princei to the Princes in the Church,
will
St.fohn, an Apoftle of our Saviour, and the Beloved Dtfctple, lived ninety three years.
He was. rightly denoted under the Emblem of the Eagle, for his picrcin« il»ht into
the Divinity; and was a Seraph amongft the ^poftles'm refpecc of his burning Love.
St Lu^e the Evangeltfl fulfilled fourfcore and four years
an eloquent man, and a :

Traveller, Taul's infeparable Companion, and a vhyfcian,

St. Simeon the fon
of Qeophat, called the brother of our Lord, and Bifhop of -jerufalem, lived an hun-
dred and twenty years though he was cut ftiort by Martyrdom: a ftout man, and
conftant , and full of good works. Polycarpus, Difctple unto the sipoftks , and
Birhop of Smyrna, feemeth to have extended his age to an hundred years and more-
though he were alfocutoff by Martyrdom : a man of an high mind, of an beroi-
cal patience, and unwearied with labours. Dyonifitis <ty4reopaaita Contemporary -,

to the Apoftle St. Paul , lived ninety years : he was called°the Bird of Heaven
for his high flying Divinity , and was famous as weM for his holy life as for his
Meditations. .zAquilla and Prifcilla,
Raul the Apoftle's Hofts, Afterward
firft St.

his Fellow- helpers, happy and famous Wedlock at leaft to an

lived together in a
hundred years of age a piece ; for they were both alive under Pope Xift»$ the frrft:
a noble Pair, and prone to all kind of charity, wh© amongft other their com-
forts (which no doubt were great unto the firft Founders of the Church) had this
added, to enjoy each other fo long in an happy marriage. St. Taul the Hermite
lived an hundred and thirteen years now he lived in a Cave ; his diet was'fo flender
:

and fine!, that it was thought almoft impo/Tible to fupport humane nature there-
withal: he pafl'ed his years onely in Meditations and Soliloquies j yet he was notilli-
terate or an Idiot, but learned. St. Anthony, the firft Founder of Monks , or (as
fome will have it) the Reftorer onely, attained to an hundred and five years of a<*c:
a man devout and- contemplative , though not unfit for Civil affairs 1 his life
was auftere and mortifying, notwithstanding he lived in a kind of glorious foli-
tude; and exercifed a command, for he had his tSMonkl under him. And befides,
many Qhriflians and Philofiphers came to vifit him as a livingTmage , From which
they parted not without fome adoration. St. tAthanafim exceeded the term of eighty

years: a man of an invincible conftancy, commanding fame, and not yielding

to Fortune: he was free towards the Great ones, with the People gracious and
acceptable, beaten and prac'tifed to oppositions, and in delivering himfclf from them
ftoutand wife. St. Hierom, by the confent of moft Writers, exceeded ninety years of

age : a man powerful in his Pen, and of a manly Eloquence, varioufly learned both
in the Tongues and Sciences, alfo a Traveller, and that lived ftrictly towards his old
age, in an eftate private, and not dignified ; he bore high Spirits, and lhincd far out of
obfeurity.
iS. The Popes of Rome are in number to this day two hundred forty and one. Of fo great
anumber five onely have attained to the age of fourfcore years, or upwards. But in
many of the firft Popes their full age was intercepted by the Prerogative and Crown
of Martyrdom. John the twenty third, Pope of Rome, fulfilled the ninetieth year of his
age a man of an unquiet difpofition, and one that ftudied novelty
•• he altered ma- :

ny things, fome to ^he better, others onely tb the new, a great accumulator of Riches
and Treafures. Gregoryt called the twelfth, created in Schifin, and not fully acknow-
ledged P»pe, .died at ninety years: of him, inrefpect of his fbort Papacy, we find no-
thing to make a judgment upon. Paul the third lived eighty years and one: a tempe-
rate man, and of a profound wifdom he was Learned, an A ftrologer, and one that
:

tended his health carefully but, after tfie example of old Eli the Prieft, over-indul-
;

gent to his Family. Paul the fourth attained to the age of eighty three years : a man of
an harlh nature and fevere, of an haughty mind and imperious, prone to anger his ;

fpeech was eloquent and ready. Gregory the thirteenth fulfilled the like age of eighty
three years : anabfolutegoodman, found in mind and body, politick, tempevatc,fullpf
good works, and an alms- giver.

\$. Tfeofe that follow are to be morepromifecious in their order, more doubtful in their
faith, and more barren of obfervation. King ArgmthenitiS) who reigned at cadiz.'m
Tain,
 ;

The hiflory of Life and Death. *9

Spam lived anhundred and thirty, or (as Tome would have it ) an hundred and for-
ty years, ofwhich he reigned eighty. Concerning his Manners, Institution of his
Life, and the time wherein he reigned, there is a general filence. Cyntras King of
Cyprus, living in the //land then termed the Happy and Pleafant l/land> is .affirmed
I to have attained to an hundred and fifty or fixty years. Two Latin Kings in Italy,
I
the'Father and the Son, are reported to have lived, the oiie eight hundred, the other
j
fix hundred years: but this is delivered unto us by certain Vhilologifts, who though
otherwife credulous enough, yet themfelves have fufpe&ed the truth of this matter,
or rather condemned it. Others record fome Arcadian Kings to have lived three hun-
dred years : the Country, no doubt, is a place apt for long life ; but the Relation
I fufped: to be fabulous. They tell of one Dando in IUyrium, that lived without the
inconveniences of old age to five hundred years. They tell alfo of the Epians, a part
of Aito/ia, that the whole Nation or them were exceeding long liv'd, infomuch
that many of them were two hundred years, old and that one principal man amongft
;

them, named I itorius, a man of a Giant-like ftature, could have told three hundred
years. It is recorded, that on the top of the Mountain Timotus, anciently called
Temp/is, many of the Inhabitants lived to an hundred and fifty years. We read that
"the Sell of the £^4/w amongft the Jews did ufually extend their life to an hundred
years : Now that Sett ufed a fingle or abftcmious diet, after the rule of Pythagoras.
Apollomtts Tyaneus exceeded an hundred years, his face .bewraying no fuch age;
he was an admirable man, of the Heathens reputed to have fomethisg Divine in him,
of the chri/lians held for a Sorcerer ; in his diet Pythagorical , a great traveller,
much renowned, and by Tome adored asag^ notwithstanding, towards the end
:

of his life he was fubjed: to many complaints againfthim, and reproaches, all which
he made lhift to efcape. But left, his long life fhould be imputed to his Pythagorical
diet, and hot rather that it was hereditary , his grandfather before him lived an
hundred and thirty years. It is undoubted that Quinttts JMetellus lived above an
hundred years, and that after fevcral Confulfhips happily adminiftred, in his old age
he wis made Vontifex Maximus, and exercifed thole holy duties full two and twenty
years ; in the performance of which Rites his voice never failed, nor his hand trem-
bled. It is molt certain that Appiu* c&cus was very old, but his years are not extant,*

the moft part iyHcrcof he pafl'ed after he was blind; yet this misfortune no whit
foftned him , but that he was able to govern a numerous Family, a great Retinue
and Dependance, yea, even the Commonwealth it felf, with great ftoutnefs In .

his extream old ape he was brought in a Litter into the Senate-houfe , and vehe-
mently diflwaded the Peace with Pyrrhus : the beginning of his Oration was very
memorable, (hewing an invincible fpirit and ftrcngth of mind ; l have with great
grief of mind ( Fathers Confcript) thefe many years born my blindnefs t but now I could
wijh that I were deaf alfo, when I hear you /peak to fuch difnonourable Treaties. Afar cut
Perpenna lived ninety eight years, furviving all tho:e whofe Suffrages he had gather-
ed in the senate-houfe, being ( onful, I mean, all the Senators at that time ; as al-
fo all thofe whom a little after, being Cwfefh ne chofc into the Senate, fevenonely
being excepted, hiero King of Sicily, in the time of the fecond Punicl^fVar, liyed
almoft an hundred years; a man moderate both in his Government and in his Life
a worth ijier of the gods, aiid a religious conferver of Friendship : liberal, and con-
stantly fortunate. Statilia , defcended of a noble Family in the days of Claudius,
lived ninety nine years, clod/a, the daughter of Ofilius, an hundred and fifteen. Xe-
ncp'-Hw, an ancient Philofophcr, of the Seel; of 'Pythagoras , attained to an hunc'ted
and fix years, remaining healthful and vigorous in his old age, and famous amongft
the vulgar for his learning. The //landers of Corcyra were anciently accounted
long liv'd, but now they live after the rate of other men, Hipocrates Cow, the fa-
mous fhyfician, lived an hundred and four years, and approved and credited bis own.
Art by fo long a life : a man that coupled Learning and Wifdom together, very
converfant in Experience and C»bfervation ; one that haunted not after Words or
Methods, but fevered the very Nerves of Science, and fo propounded them, tiemo-
nax a Philofoper, not oneiy in Profeffion but Practice, lived in the dayes ofAdrian al-
moft to an hundred years : a man of an high mind, and a vanquisher of his own
mind, and that truly and without affectation ; a contemner of the world, and yet
civil and courteous* When his 'friends fpake to him about his Burial, he faid,
TAke no care for my Burial, for Stench will bury a Carcafe. They replied, Js it your
E % ,
mind
U 1S - .
<M"^t^ s
 —
•

—
ao *The Hiftory of Life and Death.

mind than to be cafi out to "Birds and Dogs ? He laid again, Seeing in my life -time 1
endeavoured to my uttermoft to benefit tjMcn, what hurt is it tf when I am dead J
benefit Beafis ? Certain Indian People called ^Pandora are exceedingly long liv'd,
even to no lefsthan two hundred years. They adde a thing more marvellous, That
having, when they are boys, an hair fomewhat whitiflh, in their old age, before their
gray hairs, they grow coal black, though indeed this be every where to be feen, that
they which have white hair whiUt they are boys, in their man's eftate change
their hairs into a darker colour. The Seres, another people of India, with their
Wine of Palms are accounted long livers, even to an hundred and thirty years.
Euphranor the Grammarian grew old in his School, and taught Scholars when
he was above an hundred years old. The elder Ovid, father to the Poet, lived nine-
ty years , differing much from the difpofition of his fon , for he contemned the
Mufes and difTWaded his fon from Poetry,
, jifmim "Pollto , iritimate with «^-
guflus exceeded the age of art hundred years r a man of an unreafonabie Profufe-
,

nefs, Eloquent, and a lover of Learning ; but vehement, proud, cruel, and one
that made his private ends the centre of his thoughts. There was an opinion, that
Seneca was an extream old mart no' kfs than an hundred and fourteen years of
,•

age : which; could not poflibly be , it being as improbable that a decrepit old man
fhoiild be fet over T^jro's Youth, as, on the contrary, it was true, that he was
able to manage with great dexterity the affairs of State :. bcudes , a little before,

in the midft of Qaudius his Reign, he was baniihed %*me for Adulteries com-
mitted with fonie Noble Ladies , which was a Crime no way conipetible with fo

extreme old age. Johannes de Temporibus, among all the men of our later Ages, out
r
of a common fame and vulgar opinion, was reputed long-liv'd, even to a mira-
cle, or rather, even to a fable; his age hath been counted above three hundred
years : He was by Nation a French-man , and followed the Wars under Charts
the Great. Garcius Aretine, Great Grand-father to Petrarch , arrived at the age of
an hundred and four years : he had ever enjoyed the benefit of good healthy be-
sides, at the laft, he felt. rather a decay of his ftrength, than any ficknefs* or malady,
which is the true rclblution by old age. Amongft the Venetians there have been
f6und not a few long livers, and thofc of the more eminent fort : trancifcus Do-
natttt, Duke ; Thomas Contarenm, Procurator of St. ^SM-ark^ j Francifcus Molinus,
Procurator aUo of St. Mar^, and others. But moft memorable is that of Cornarus
the Venetian, who being in his youth of a fickly body, began firft to eat and drink by
meafure to a certain weight, thereby to recover his health : this Cure turned by ufe
into a Diet, that Diet to an extraordinary long Life, even of an hundred years and bet-
ter, withoatan, decay in his fenfes, and with a conftant enjoying of his health. In
our age William Pofiel, a French-man, lived to an hundred and well-nigh twenty years,
the top of his beard on the upper-lip being black, and not gray at all: a man crazed in
his brain, and of a fancy not altogether found j a great Traveller, Mathematician, and
fomewhat ftained with Herefie.
19, I fuppofe there is fcarcea Village with us in England, if it beany whit populous, but

it affords fome Man or Woman of fourfcore years of age ; nay, a few years fince there
was in the County of Herefqrdz May- game or Morrice dance, confuting of eight men,
whofe age computed together made up eight hundred years, infomuch that what (bine
of them wanted of an hundred, others exceeded as much.
SI. In the Hofpitalot Bethlehem, corruptly called 'Bedlam, in the Suburbs aiLondon, t'nerc
are found from time to time many mad perfons that live to a great age.
21. The ages of Nymphs* Fauns, and Satyrs, vhom they make to be indeed mortal,
but yet exceedingly long-liv'd , ( a thing which ancient Superftition and the
late Credulity of fome have admitted ) we account but for Fables and Dreams ;
efpecially being that which hath neither confent with Philofophy nor with Divi
nity. And as touching the Hiflory of Long Life in Man by Individuals, or next
unto Individuals, thus much. Now we will pafs on to Obfervations by certain
Heads.
**• The Running on of Ages, and Succeffion of Generation.i, fecm to have no whit
abated from the length of Life ; for we fee that from the time of Mofes unto thefe
our dayes, the term of man's life hath flood about fourfcore- years of age,
oeither hath it declined (as a man would have thought) by little and little. No
doubt there arc times in every Country wherein men are longer or fhorter liv'd

Longer*
I pi.. " ^-ii
I
 The tit/lory of Life and "Death. %\
Longer, for the moft part when the times are barbarous , and men fare left delici-
oufly, and 3re more given to bodily exercifes : Shorter, when the times are more
civil, and men abandon themfelves to luxury and eafc. But thefe things pafs on by
their turns, the fucceflion of Generations alters is not. The fame, no doubt, is in
other living Creatures % for neither Oxen, nor Horfes, nor Sheep, nor any the
like, arc abridged of their wonted ages at this day. And therefore the Great
Abridger of Age was the Floud ; and perhaps fomc fuch notable accidents ( as
particular Inundations, long Droughts, Earthquakes, or the like ) may do the fame
again. And the like reafon is in the dimenfion and ftaturc of Bodies ; for neither
are they leffened by fuccen*iOn of Generations, howfoever Virgil ( following the
vulgar opinion ) divined, that after Ages would bring forth lefler Bodies than the
then prefent : whereupon fpeaking of ploughing up the zAimathian and lALmonen-
fian Fields, he faith, Grandiacp, effojfis mirabitur ojfa Sepulchris, That after- ages /ball
admire the great bones digged upin ancient Sepulchres. For whereas it is manifefted that
there were heretofore men of Gigantine Statures, (fuch as for certain have been found
in Sicily, and elfe-where , in ancient Sepulchres and Caves) yet within thefe laft
three thoufand years, a time whereof we have fure memory, thofe very places have
produced none fuch : although this thing alfo hath certain turns and changes, by the
Civilizing of a Nation, no lefs than the former. And this is the rather to be noted,
becaufe men are wholly carried away with an opinion, that there is a continual
decay by Succeffion of Ages, as well in the term of man's Life as in the
ftature and ftrength of his Body j and that all things decline and change to the
r
worle.
In Cold and Northern Countries men live longer commonly than in Hot which : H-
muft needs be in refpect the skin is more compact and clofe, and the juices of
the body lefs diffipable, and the Spirits themfelves left eager to confume , and in
better difpolition to repair, and the Air (as being little heated by the Sun-beams)
lefs predatory: And yet under the *AZquinollial Line, where the Sun pafleth to and

fro, and caufeth a double Summer and double Winter, and where the Days and
Nights are more equal, (if other things be concurring) they live alfo very long;
as in Tern and Taprobane*

1[landers are, for the moft part, longer-liv'd than thofe that live in Continents: for *J-
they live not fo long in Ruffia as in the Orcades ; nor fo long in Africa, though
under the fame Parallel , as in the Canaries and Tercera's ; and the 'japonians are
longer-liv'd than the Chinefes, though the Chinsfes are madeupen long life. And this
thing is no marvel, feeing the Air of the Sea doth heat and cherifl) in cooler Regi-
ons, and cool in hotter.
Hicrh Situations do rather afford long-livers than Low, especially if they be not Tops %S.
of Mountains, but Riling Grounds, as to their general Situations ; fuch as was^Sfr"-
<cadia in Greece, and that part of Mtolia where we related them to have lived fo long.
Now there would be the fame reafon for Mountains themfelvesjbecaufe of thepurenefs
and clearnefs of the Air, but that they are corrupted by accident, namely, by the
Vapours rifing thither out of the Valleys, and refting there ; and therefore in Snowy
tMiountains there is not found any notable long life, not in the Alps, not in the Pyre,
nean ^Mountains, not in the tsipennine : yet in the tops of the Mountains running
along to wards Aibiopia and the tAbyffines, where by reafon of the Sands beneath little
or no Vapour rilcth to the Mountains, they live long, even at this Very day,attaining ma-
ny times to an hundred and fifty years.
<?4a'fhes and Fens are propitious to the Natives, and malignant to Strangers, as touch- *7*
ing theJengthning and lhortning of their lives and that which may feemmore mar-
:

vellous, salt- Mar jhes, where the Sea Ebbs and Flows, are lefs wholfomc than thofe of
Frefh n cter>
The Countries which have been obferved to produce long-livers are thefe | zArcadia, fe&
JEto'ia, India on this fide Ganges, Brajil, Tdprobane, Britain, Ireland, with the Iflands of
the Orcaaes and Hebrides : for as for Athiopia, which by one of the Ancients is re-
ported to bring forth Iong-Livers.'tisbutatoy,
It is a Secret The healthfulnefs of Air, efpecially in ariy perfection, is better
; 29.
found by Experiment than by Difsourfe Or Cofije ttt*re. You may make a trial by
a lock of Wool expofed for a few dayes in the open Air, if the weight be not much
. E a increafeds 1
 22 The History of Life and Death.

increafed ; another by a piece of flefh expofed like wife, if it corrupt not over-foon •

another by a Weather- glafs, if the Water interchange not too fuddeniy. Of thefe and
the like enquire further.
*•• i
Not
onely thtCjoodnefs or Purenefs of the *Air, but alfo the Equality of the vfir,
Is material to long
life. Intermixture of Hills a^d Dales is pleafant to the fioht, but
fufpe&ed for long life, a Plain, moderately dric, but yet not over- barren or ian-
dy, nor altogether without Trees and Shade , is very convenient for length of
life.

Inequality of ^iir (as was even now faid ) in f he place of our dwelling is naught;
but Change of Air by travelling, after one be ufed unto it, is good; and therefore
great Travellers have been long liv'd. Alfo thofe that have lived perpetually in a little
Cottage, in the fame place, have been long-livers : for air accuftomedconftimethfefs;
but air changed nourifheth and repaireth more.
3 2. As the continuation and number of Succeflions (which we faid before) makes no-
hing to the Length and Shortnefs of Life j fo the immediate condition of the ^Parents
(as well the Father as the Mother) without doubt availethmuch. For fome are be
gotten of old men, fome of young men, fome of men of middle age again, fome ;

are begotten of fathers healthful and well-difpofed, others of difeafed and languifia.
ing ; again, fome of fathers immediately after repletion, or when they are
drunk, others after flccping, or in the morning j again, fome after a long inter-
upon the act: repeated ; again, fome in the fervency of the
mi/Iion of Venus, others
fas
father's love, commonly
it in Baftardsj others after the cooling of it, as in
is

long-married couples. The fame things may be confideredon thepart of the Mother :

unto which muft be .added the condition of the Mother whiifl: ilic is with child,
as touching her health, as touching her diet, the time of her bearing in the. womb,
to the tenth month, or earlier. To
reduce thefe things to a Rule, how far they
may concern Long Life , is and fo much the harder, for that thofe things
hard ;

which a man would conceive to be the heft, will fall out to the contrary : For that
alacrity in the Generation which begets lufty and lively children , will be lefs
profitable to long life, becaufe of the Acrimony and inflaming of the Spirits. We
faid before , That to partake more of the mother's bloud conduceth to long life :

alfo we fuppofe all things in moderation to be beft ; rather Conjugal love than
Meretricious j the hour for Generation to be the morning; aftateof body not too
lufty or full, and fuch like. It ought to be well obferved, that a ftrong Conflitu-

tion in the Parents is rather good for them then for the Child, cfpecially in the Mother:
And thought, ignorantly enough, that the virtue of Generations
therefore 'Plato
halted, becaufe the Woman ufed not the fame exercife, both of mind and body
with the Men. The contrary is rather true; for the difference of virtue betwixt
the Male and the Female is moft profitable for the Ch\ld ; and the thinner Wo-
men yield more towards the nouriihment of the Child ; which alfo holds ia
Nurfes. Neither did the Spartan Women, which married nor before twenty two, or,
as fome fay, twenty five, (and therefore were called Adan- like women ) bring forth a
more generous or long-liv'd Progeny than the Roman or Athenian, or Theban
ifomen did, which were ripe for Marriage at twelve or fourteen years ; and if there
were any thing eminent in the Spartans, that was rather to be imputed to the Par-
fimony of their Diet than to the late Marriages of their Women. But thiswearc
taught by experience, that there are fome Races which are long liv'd for a few
Defcents ; fo that Life is like fome Difeafes, a thing hereditary within certain
bounds.
33-
Fair in Face, or Skin, or Hair, are fhorter livers ; Blaek^, or Red, or Freckled,
longer. Alfo too frefh a colour in Youth doth lels promife long life than palcncfs.
A hard skin is a fign of long life rather tliat zfoft ; but weunderftand not this of a rug-
ged skin, fuch as they call the Goofe skint which is as it were fpongy, but of that which
is hard and clofe. A Fore-head with deep furrows and wrinkles is a better fign than a
fmooth and plain Forehead.

34- The h<w>j ofthe Head hard and like briftles,do"betoken longer life than thofe that arc
foft Curled Hairs betoken the fame thing, if they be hard withal ; buc the
and delicate.
contrary if they befofcand ihining: the like if the curling be rather thick than in large;
bunches.
Early or late Botdnefe is an indifferent thing, feeing many which have been
35-

OH
 The hiftory of Life and Death. 13
Bald betimes have lived long. Alfo early gray hairs (howfocver they may A.em fore-
runners of old age approaching) are no furefigns; formany thathave grown <rr by be-
times have lived to grcatyears: nay, hafty gray hairs without ft aldxejsisatokcn of long
life; contrarily, if they be accompanied with BaldneJs\

Hainnefs of the upper parts is a fign of fhort life, and they that have extraordinary 3
<5.

much hair on their breads live not long: but / ainnefs of the lower parts ,asof thcThighes

and Legs, is a fign of long life.

Talnefs of Stature (if it be not immoderate) with convenient making, and not too 37-
fLnder, efpecially if the body be active withal, is a fign of long life: Alio on the con-
trary, men of low benottoo active and ftirring.
ftature live long, if they
body they which axe Jhort tothcwajles, withlong Leggs,axe
In the proportion of the 38.
longer- liv'd than they which are long to the afies, and have Jhort Leggs: alfo they which
11

are large in the wfvtfW^rm, and (height in the upper, (the making of their body riling,
as it were, into a fh arp figure; are longer-liv'd than they that have broadfhoulders, and
are fender downwards.
Leannefs, where theaffections arefetlcd, calm, and peaceable; alfo a move fat ha-
joyned with Choler, and a difpofition ftirring and peremptory, fignifie
&
bit of body,
long life : but Corpulency in Youth forelhews fhort life, in Age it is a thing more
indifferent.
To be longandjlow'm growingis a fign of longlife; if to a greater ftature,the greater 40.
fign, if to a IciTer ftature, yet a fign thought contrarily, to grow quickly to a great
ftature is an evil fign; if to a fmall ftature,the lefs evil.

Firm Flejh, a raw-bone body, and veins lying higher than the flefh, betoken long 4r.
life ; the contrary to thefe, fhort life.

A Headtomew hat lefi'er than to the proportion of the body ; a moderate Neckj not 42^
long,norflender,norf]at,nor tooihort; wideA/(7/?r/7^,whatfoever the form of the Nofe
be ;
a large Mouth-, and Ear griftly,not flefhy ; Teeth ftrong and contiguous, fmall,or
thin-fet, fore-token long life ; andmuchmore iffomenew Teeth put forth in our elder
years.
a broad Breaft, yet not bearing out, but father bending inwards ; Shoulders fome- 43-
what crooked, and (as they call fuchperfons) round-back'd ; aflat 'Belly ; a JteWlarge,
and with few lines in the Palm j a fhortand round Foot, Thighs not flefhy, mdOahes
of the (-eggs not hanging over, but neat, are figns of long life.

Eyes fomewhat large, and the (trcles of them inclined to greennefs Senfes not too ; 44*
quick; the Tulfe in youth flower, towards old age quicker; Facility of holding the
ire*th, and longer than ufual; the body in youth inclined to be bound, in the decline
of years more laxative, are alfo figns of long life.
Concerning the Times of Nativity, as they refer to long life, nothing hath been ob- 45-
ferved worthy the fating down, fave onely ^firological Obfervations, which we reje-
cted in our opicks. A Birth at the eighth month is notoncly long-liv'd, but not likely
to live. Alfo H inter births are accounted the longer- liv'd.
A TJythagoncal or Monajiical Diet, according to ftricl: rules, and always exactly e- 46;
qtul, ( as that off ornartu was ) fecmeth to be Very effectual for long life. Yet on the
contrary, amongft thofe that live freely and after the common fort, fuch as have good
Jtomachs, and fted more plentifully, are often the Iongcft liv'd. The middle dieti which
wc account the temperate, is commended, and conduceth to good health, but not to
long life: £ox ihe ffare diet begets few Spirits, and dull, and fo wafteth the body left;
and the Iiberaldict yieldcth more ample nourilhment, and fo repaireth more but the :

middle diet doth neither of both, for where the Extreamsare hurtful, there the Mean is
belt but where the Extreamsare helpful,thcrc the Mean is nothingwortk
;

Now to that if are diet there are rcquifite Watching, left the Spirits being few
Inould be oppreffed with much flecp little Exercife, left they fhould exhale
; ab- ;

ftmence from Veneryu left they fhould be exhaufted : but to the liberal diet, an the
other fide, are requifite much Sleep, frequent Exercifes, and a feafonablc ufe of Veneri.
Bath and anointings ( fuch as were anciently in ufe ) did rather tend to delici-
otifnefs than to prolonging of life. But of all thefe things wc ihall fpeak more ex-
actly when we come to the In?utJition according to Intentions. Mean while that of
ceipfs, who was not onely a learned Phyfician, but a wife man, is not to be omitted,

who advifeth interchanging and alternation of the diet, but ftill with an inclina-
tion to the more benign as that a man fliould fometimes accuftom him felt to
:

Watching,
m n mmmm^m w mrmt
•m *
 ^he Hiftory of Life and "Death.

watching, fometimes to fleep ; buttoflecp oftneft: again, that he fhould fometimes

give himfelf to falling, fometirnes to feafting ; but tofeafting oftneft that he fhould
.-

fometimes inure himfelf to great labours of the miiud , fometimes to relaxations of

the fame; butto relaxations oftaeft. Certainly this is withont all cjueftion, that Diet
well ordered bears thegreateft part in the prolongation of life : neither did 1 ever meet
an extream long liv'd man, but beingasked of his courfe, he obferved fdme'thifW pe-
culiar ; fome one thing, fome another. I remember an old man, above an
hundred
years of age, who was produced as witnefs touching an ancient Prefdiptron". When
he had finiihed his teftiraony the fugde familiarly asked him ho- v he came to live fo lorjo:
He anfvvered , befide expectation, and not without the laughter of the hearers, ny
eating before 1 wai hungry', and drinking before I was dry. But of the fj things wefhull
fpeak hereafter.

47- A and in Holy Exercifei fcerrieth to conduce to forfa life.

Life fed in %eligiott There
are in this kind of life tbefe things, Leifure, Admiration and Contemplation of hea-
verily things, Joyes not fenfual, noble hopes,' wholfomc Fear*, fvyeet Sorrows iaftly,
continual Renovations by Ohfervances, Penances, Expiations : all which are very povv-
erful to the prolongation of life. Unto which if you add that aulcere diet which hard-
neth the mafs of the Body, and humbleth the Spirits, no marvel if an extraordinary
length of life do follow ;fuch was that of Paul the Hermite^inieon Stelita the (folumnar
Anchorite, and of many other Hey .mites artd Anchorites,
Next unto this is the life led in good Letters, fuch as wasthatofPhilofophers, Rhe-
4 s,
toricians, Grammarians. This life is alfo led in leifure, and in thofe thoughts, which,
feeing they are fevered from the affairs of the world, bite not, but rather dalipht
through their Variety andlmpertinency : They live alfo at their pleafure,fpendina t }fcir
time in fuch things as like them beft, arid for the moft part in the company of young
men, which is ever the moft chearful. But in Philofophies there is great difference
betwixt the Sects as touching long life r For thofe Philofophies which have in theuva
touch of Supcrftition, and are converfant trr high Contemplations, are the beft; as the
Tjtbagorical and Platonic^: alfo thofe which did inftitate a perambulation of the
worldy and confidercd the variety of natural things;' and had reachjefs, and high, and
'/ magnanimous thoughts, (as of Infinitum, of the Stars, of the Heroical Vertues, and
fuchlike ) were good for lengthning of life; fuch were thofe of Democritus Philo'law,
Xenophanes, the Aftrologians and Stoicks : alfo thofe which had no profound Specu-
lation in them, but difcourfect calmly on both fides, out of common Senfe, and the re-
ceived Opinions, without any fharp Incjuifitions, were likewifc good ; fuch were "thofe
of Cariteddes and the *s4cademick,s, alfo of the Rhetoricians and Grammarians. But
contrary, Philofophies converfant in perplexing Subtilties, and which pronounced pe-
remptorily, and which examined and wrefted all things to the Scale of Principles, laftly,
which were thorny and narrow, were evil .- fuch were thofe commonly of the Periva-
teticks, and of the School-men.

4^ The Country life alfo is well fitted for long life : it is much abroad, and in the open
air, it is not flothful, but ever in employment ; it feedeth upon frefh Cates, and un-

bought ; it is without Cares and Envy.

50. For the Military life, we have a good opinion of that whilfta man is young. Certain-
ly many excellent Warriors have been long- liv'd ; Corvinw, Camillm, Xenophon, Aaefi-
Iam, with others both ancient and modern. No doubt it furthereth long life to i,ave
all thingsfrom our youth to our elder age mend, and grow to the better, that a Youth

full of croffesmay minifter fweetnefstoour Old age. We conceive alfo that Military
affeBions, inflamed with a defere of Fighting, and hope of Victory, do infufe fuch a
heat into the SpirrtSiZsmay be profitable for long lifev

iJMedicines f

EWtaraD^
 The tiiflory of Life and Death. 25

*5\£edicines for Long Life.

CfHe Art of'Phyfick, which we now have, looks no further commonly than to Conferva- To the
tion of Health and Cure of Difeafes
. *sfs for thofe things which tend properly to
••
tenth Ar-
Long Life, there is but fight mention, and by the way inch. "N^otwithflandind we will ticle.
propound Medicines which are notable in this kind, 1 mean, thofe which are Cordials.
thofe
For it is consonant to reafon, that thofe things which being taken in Cures do defend and
fortifie the Heart, or, more truly, the Spirits, againft Voyfons and Difeafes, being tranf

ferred with judgment and choice into Diet, fhould have a good effect, in fome fort, towards
the Prolonging of Life. This we will do, not heaping them promifcuoufly together, (as
the manner is ) but felecting the beft.
Gold is given in three forms.; either in that which they call Aurum potabile , or in
Wine wherein Gold hath been quenched, or in Gold in the Subflance, fuch as arc Leaf
gold, and the Filings of Gold. As for Aurum potabile, it is ufed to be given in defpe-
rate or dangerous difeafes, and that not without good fuccefs. But we fuppofe that
the Spirits of the Salt, by which the Gold is diffolved, do rather miniftcr that vertue
which isr found in it, than the Gold it felf though this fecret be wholly fuppreffed.
-,

Now if the body of Gold could be opened with thefe Corrofive waters, or by thefe
Corrofive waters ( fo the venomous quality were wanting ) well wafhed, we conceive
it would be no unprofitable Medicine.

Tearls are taken either in a fine Powder, or in a certain Mafs, orDiflblution by the i.
juice of four and new Limons and.they are given fometimes in Aromatical Confecti-
;

ons, fometimes in Liquor. The Pearl, no doubt, hath fome affinity with the Shell in
which it groweth, and may be of the fame quality with the Shels of Cra-fijhes*
Amor.gft the transparent precious Stones, twoonely are accounted Cordial, the £me-
rauld and the Jacinth, which are given under the fame forms that the Hearts are; fave
only that the diffolutions of them, as far as we know, are not in ufe. But we fufpeft
thek Glaffie Jewels, left they fhoald be cutting.
Of thefe whehwe have mentioned^ how far and in what manner they Are helpful, fhall
be fpbken hereafter.
Bez.oar-Stone is of approved vertue for refreshing the Spirits, and procuring a gen-

tle Sweat. As for the Vnicom's Horn, it hath loll the credit with us ; yet fo, as it
may keep rank with Hart's Horn, and the Bene in the heart of a Hart, and Ivory,
and fuch like.
Amber-griece is one of the beft to appcafe and comfort the Spirits.
Hereafter follow the names only or the simple Cordials, fceiag-their Vertues are fuf-
ficiently known.

Hot. Hot. Cold Cold.

Saffron. ,
Clove-Gitly -flowers. Nitre. Juice of fweet
Folium Indum. Or enge -flowers* Refes. Violets. Orenges.
Lignum Aloes. Rofemary. (Strawberry- Juice of Pearmains.
Citron Till or eJUint. Leaves. Borage.
Rind. Beteny. Straw-berries. Buglofs.
Balm. \ Carduns Benedi- Juice of fweet Burnet. Sanders,
Hafil. I
Bus. i Limons. Camphirt.

Seeing our fpeech now is of thofe things which may be transferred into Diet, all hot
Waters and Chymical Oiles, (which, as a certain Trifler faith, are under the Planet
Mars , and have a furious and deftruttive force) as alfo all hot and biting Spices are
to be rejected, and a Confideration to be had, how Haters and Liquors may be made of
the former Simples : not thofe phlegmatic^ diftiUed waters, nor again thofe burning Waters
of spirits of ^ine ; but fuch as may be mere temperate, and yet lively', andfending forth
a benign Vapour.
I make fome queftion touching the frequent letting of Blond, whether it eonduceth
to long life nor no j and 1 am rather in the opinion that it doth, if it be turned into a

habit, and other things be well difpofed ; for it letteth out the old Juice of the body,
and bringeth in new.
FM
—M U_.
 .

26 / The Hiflory of Life md Death.

I fuppofe alfo, that fome Emaciating Difeafes well cured, do profit to lon° life,
for
they yield new Juice, the old being confumed ; and, as fas he faith; To recover
a
fickycfsis to renew youth : Therefore it were good to make fome Artificial Difeafes,
which is done by ftri<5t and Enunciating Diets, of which I fti all fpeak hereafter;

The tntenfims.

To the 12, HAvingfinifhed the Inquifitibn according to the Siibje&s, as namely, c/ Inanimate
,

13, and 14 Bodies , Vegetables, Living Creatures , Man I will now come nearer to ike'
;

Articles. matter, and order mine Inquifitions by certain Intentions, (uch as are true and Proper,
(as I am wholly per/waded ) and which are the very paths to Mortal Lif>\ For i»
this' part, nothing that is of worth hath hitherto been inquired, but the contemplations

of men have been but Jimple, and non-proficients. For when I hear men on the orh
fide [peak of comforting Natural heat* and the Hadical moifture, and of Meats which
breed good Blood , fuch as may rfeithcr be burnt nor phlegmatic^; and of the c leering
and recreating the Spirits ; / fuppbfe them to be no bad men which fpea^ thefe things :
but none of thefe wdrketh effectually Howards the end. But when on the other fide 1 hear
feveral difcourfes touching Medic'me$ (made of Gold> becaufe Gold is not fubjefl to cor-
ruption', and touching Precious fi6nes to refrifh the fpirits by their hidden properties
and luflre, and that if they could be taken and retained in Veffels, the Balfoms and ,

QuintefTences of living Creatures? bbkld-make men conceive a proud hope of Immopa.

litj : <&Andtha£'ttie Flefh of Serpents and Harts, by a certain confent, are powerful to

the Renovation of Life , becaufe the one cafleth his S{in , the other his Horns : (tl.ey
Jhould have added the Flefh of Eagles , becaufe the Eagle changes his Bill) And
aljo

that a certain Man , when he had found an Oyntment hidden under the ground, and
had anointed himfelf therewith from head to foot, ( excepting onely the fobs of his feet)
did, by his anointing ,' live three- hundred years , without any dtfeafe, fave onely fome
Tumors in the files of his feet : and of Artefius,' who when he found his Spirit ready to
depart, drew into his body the ffirit of a certain young man-, and thereby made him
many years by another mans Spirit : And of Fortunate
breathlefi, but himfelf lived .

Hours according to the Figures of Heaven, in which Medicines are to be gathered and
compounded for the pi olongation of Life : And of the Seales of Planets, by which -ver>-
tues*may be drawn andfetched down from Heaven and fuch li\e fabulous
to prolong Life •

and fuperfiitious vanities : I wonder exceedingly that men (houldfo much doatj, as to
fuffer themfelves to be deludedwith thefe things. And again, I do pity Mankind thnt.t ey '.

fhduidhave the hardfortune to be- befieged with fuch frivolous andfence'lefs apprehenfions
But mine Intentions do both come home to the Matter, and are far from vain and.cje-
dulous lmaginatio.us y' being alfo fuch, as I conceive, pofierity may adde much to the

matters which fatisfie ihefe Intention^ ; but to ftalntentions themfilves, but a little.

Notwithfianding there are a few things, and thefe of very great moment, of which 1
<

would have men to be forewarned

Firfi, we tire of thai' opinion', that -we efleem the Offices of Life to be more worthy
than Ltfe it felf. Therefore if there be any thing of that \ind that -may indeed cxatlly
anfwer our Intentions, yet fo, that the Offices and -Duties of Life be thereby kin-
dred ; whtitfoeveY it be of this ^ind, we rejeEl it. Perhaps we may ma\e fome'light men-
tion of fome things/but we infifi not upon them. Forwe-ma\e no fcrious nor diligent dip
fotfxfe, either of leading the life in Caves, where the Sunbeams and feveral changes of the
Air. pierce not, li\e Epimenides his Cave ; orbffeffethabBaths,made of Liquors pre-
pared-, or of shirts, and Sear-cloths fo applied, that the Body)fhmsld'-be always as it were
^tnallox ; or of thicks paintings of the body, after the manner of fome Barbarous" Na-
.tiohs; or of an exatl ordering of our Life and Diet, which ainieth onely at this, arfd
mindeth nothing itfe but that a man live, (as wdt that of Hcrodieus amongfi the ssfh-
tlents, and ofOdthztusthe Venetian in our days , but "with greater -moderation ,) vr

.^ of'any [uch Prodigy, Tedioufnefs, or Inconvenience but we propound fuch Remedies and
;_

Precepts, by which 'the Offices of Life may neither }h defer ted , not receive any great
'""'""
interruptions or moleftations, .
1
WlU^blO .,.:.,:;
•

Secondly
I

r. a
v.. J ?--- J>-*JV -
y
 ;

The hiflory of Life and 'Death. 27

Secondly on the other we denounce unto men that they will give over triflings and
fide

and turning baik. the powerful courfe pfna-

not imagine that fo great a work as the flopping
1 ture, can he brought to pafs by fome <JMorning- draught, or the taking of fame precious
I Drug, but that they would be ajfuredthatit mufi needs be, that this is awor{ of labour,
and confifreth of many Remedies, and a fit connexion of them among/} themfelves ; for no
man can be fo ftupid as to imagine, that what wot never yet done, can be done, but by fuch
ways as were never yet attempted.
1 hirdly, we ingenioujly profefs, that fome of thofe things which we (hall propound have
not been tried by us by way of Experiment, (for our courfe of life doth not permit that j
but are derived ( as we fuppofe ) upon good reafon , out of our Principles and Grounds ,
(ef which fome we fit. down, others we refer ve in our mind) and are, as it were, cut and
digged out o//A<r|Rock andMine a/Nature her (elf. Neverthelefs we have been careful,
, and that with all providence and cirCumjfeElion, (feeing the Scripture faith of the Body
'
a/Man, that it is more worth than Raiment) to propound fuch Remedies, as may at

leafibe fafe, if per adventure they be not fruitful.

Fourthly, we would have men rightly to obferve and difiingui/h , that thofe things which
are good for an Healthful Life, are not always good for a Long Life ; for there are fame
f things which do further the alacrity of the Spirits, and- the firength and vigour of the
I Funttions,which,notwithftanding,do cut offromthe fum of life jf and there are other things
i
which are profitable to prolongation of Life, which are not without fome peril of health,
{ miffs this matter be falved by fit Remedies; of which, notwithfianding, as occafionfhallbe
I offered, we will not omit to give fome Cautions and Monitions.
Laftly we have thought good to propound fundry Remedies, according
to the fever al

Intentions ; but the choice of thofe Remedies , and

the order of them, to leave to
Difi
cretion : for to fit down exattly which of them agree th beft, with which Confiitution of
Body, which with the feveral courfes of Life, which with each Mans particular Jive, and
how they are to be taken one after another, and how the whole Pratlique of thefe things is to
be admmiftred and troverncd, would be too long, neither is it fit to be publifi;ed.

In the Topicks we propunded three Intentions, : The Prohibiting of Confumption,

Tie Perf jeling of Reparation, and the Renewing of Oldnefs. But feeing thofe things
which /hall be faid are nothinglefs than words, we will deduce thefe three Intentions to ten
Operations.
The firfi is, the Operation upon the Spirits that they may renew their vigour
The fecond Operation is upon the Exclufion of Air.
The third Operation is upon the Bloud, and the Sanguifying Heat. 3-
The fourth Operation is upon the Juices of jfoBody. 4-
The fifth Operation is upon the Bowels, for their Extrufion of Aliment? 5-
The fxth Operation is upon ;&e Outward Parts, for their Attraction of Aliment. o."
The jeventh Operation is upon the Aliment it felf, for the Infinuation thereof. 7-
The eighth Operation is upon the laft Act o/Affimilatiou. g.
The ninth Operation is upon the Inteneration of the Parts, after they begin to be dried. 9-
The tenth Operation** upon the Purging away of Old Juice, and Supplying of New 10.
ice.
J
Of thefe Operations, the four frft belong to the Firfi Intention, the four next to the Se-
cond Intention, and the two lafi to the Third Intention.
But becaufe thu part touching the Intentions doth tend to Prailice, under the name
cfHiftory, wewill not onely comprife Experiments and Obfervations, but alfo CovfnfeiSi
Remedies, Explications of Caufes, Affumptions, and whatfoever hath reference here-
unto.

F i The
28 *The Hiftory of Life and Death.

Ti&e Operation upon the Spirits thai they may remain

Youthful^ and renew their Figour.

TheHtflorjt.

THE nifcft
5/nW/j are the Matter- workmen of
by Confent
and by infinite inftances.
,
all

If any man could procure that a young man's Spirit could be conveyed into
effects in the 'Body. This is ma-

an old man's Body, it is not unlikely but this great Wheel of the Spirits might
turn about the leffer Wheel of the Parts, and fo the courfc of Nature become recro-
gade.
In every Confumption, whether it be by Fire or by Age, the more the Spirit of the
$
Body, or the Heat, preyeth upon the Moifture, the lefTer is the duration of that thing.
This occurs every where, and is manifeft.
4-
The Spirits are to be put into fuch a temperament and degree of activity , th.it
they fhould not ( as he faith) drinks and guz.z.le the juices of the Body, but ftp them
onely. - .

5-
There two
kinds of Flames/: the one eager and weak, which connames flight
are
fubftaiices but hath little power over the harder ; as the flame of ftraw, or /mail Sticks :
the other ftrong ancLconftant, which converts hard and obftinate fubftances; as the
flame of hardwood, and fuch like.
6. The eager flames, and yet lefs robuft, do dry Bodies, and render themexhauft and
faplefs ; but theftronger flames do intenerate and melt them.
'Alfp in Difppating Medicines, fome vapour forth the thin part of the tumors
7-
cr fwcllings, and thefe harden the tumour j others potently difcufs, andthefefof-
tcn it.

8. Alfp in V urging and Abfterging Medicines, fome carry away the fluid humors vio-
lently, others draw the more obftinate and vifcous.

9- The Spirits ought to be inverted and armed with fuch a heat, that they may chufe ra-
ther to and undermine hard and obftinate matters, than to difcharge and carry away
ftir

the thin and prepared for by that means the Body becomes green and folid.
;

id. The Spirits are fa to-be wrought and tempered, that they may be in Subftance Denfe, not
Rare; in Heat Strong, not Eager; in, QuantitySufficient for the offices of Life, not Kz-
dundant or Turgid ; in Motion A ppeafed, not Dancing or Unequal.
tu That Vapours work powerfully upon the Spirits, it is manifeft by Sleep, by Drunken-
hefs, by Melancholick Paffions, by letificant Medicines, by Odours, calling the Spirits
back again in Swounings and Faintings.
'

12. 1
The spirits are condenfed four ways ; either by putting them to flight, or by refri-
gerating and cooling them, or by ftroakjng them, or by quieting them. And firft of their
Condensation by putting them to flight.

I}. r
Whatfoevcr putteth to flight on all parts, driveth the body into his Centre, aud fo
Condenfeth.
To.tjie Condenjafion of the spirits by flight, the mod powerful and effectual is Opi-
um, aqd next Opiates, and generally all Soporiferous things.

15-
Thc„force of opium to the condenfatien of the spirits is exceeding ftrong, whenas
perhaps three grains thereof will in a fhort time fo coagulate the Spirits, that they re
turn no more, but are extinguifhed, and become immoveable.
16. Opium, and the like, put not the Spirits to flight by their coldnefs, for they
have parts manifeftly hot j but, on the contrary, cool by their putting the Spirits
to flight.

*7«
The Flight of the Spirits by Opium and Opiate Medicines is beftieen by applying the
fame outwardly; for the Spirits ftraight with-drawthemfelves,and will return no more,
but the part is mortified, and turns to a gangrene.
v

18. Opiates, in grievous pains, as in the Stone, or the cutting off" of a Limb, mitigate pains
moft of all, by putting the spirits to .flight.
Opiates obtain a good effect from a bad caufe ; for the Flight of the Spirits is evil, but
the fitidenfation of them through their flight is good.
The_
 The Hi/lory of Life and 'Death. 29
The much, both for health and for prolongation of life, as O-
Cjrecians attributed 20.
piates : but the Arabians their grand Medicines (which they
much more, infomuch that
called thegods Hands)- had Opium for their Bafts and principal Ingredient, other things
being mixed to abate and correct the noxious qualities thereof ; fuch were Treacle,
Methrtdate, and the reft.
Whatsoever is given with good fuccefs in the curing of Pefiilential and Malignant tu
Difeafes, to flop and bridle the Spirits, left they grow turbulent and tumultuatc, may
very happily be transferred to the prolongation of life ; for one thing is effectual unto

both, namely, the condenfation of the spirits : now there is nothing better for that
than Opiates.
The !
urkj find Opiun+,evcnin a reafonable good quantity,harmlefs and comfortable, it.
infomuch that they take it before their Battel to excite courage : but to us, unlefs it be
in a very fmall quantity, and with good Correctives, it is mortal.
Opium and Opiates arc manifeftly found to excite Venus ; which fhevvs them to have Zj.
force to corroborate the Spirits.
Hater of mlde Poppy is given with good fuccefs in Surfeits, Agues,and divers
Diftilled 2 4-
difeafes ; which no doubt is a temperate kind of Opiate. Neither let any man wonder
at the various ufe of it ; for that is familiar to Opiates, in regard that the Spirits, cor-
roborated and condenfed, will rife up againft any difeafe.
The Turks ufe a kind of Herb which they call Caphe, which they dry and powder,
and then drink in warm water ; which, they fay, doth not a little fharpen them, both
in their Courage, and in their Wits j notwithstanding, if it be taken in a large quantity,
it affects and difturbs the mind: whereby it is manifeft, that it is of the fame nature

with Opiates.
There is a Root much renowned in all the Eaflern parts, which they call Betel, which i4.
the Indians and others life to carry in their mouths, and to champ it, and by that
champing they are wonderfully enabled both to endure labours, and to overcome
ficknefles,and to the act of carnal copulation: It feemsto be a kind of SttipefacUve,
becaufc it exceedingly blacks the Teeth.
Tobacco in our age is immoderately grown into ufe, and it affects men with a fe-
-7-
cret kind of delight, infomuch that they who have once inured themfelves unto it can
hardly afterwards leave it and no doubt it hath power to lighten the body, and to
:

fhake off wearinefs. Now the vertue of it is commonly thought to be, becaufe it
opens the parages, and voids humors but it may more rightly be referred to the con-:

denfation of the Spirits j for it is a kind of Henbane , and manifeftly troubles the
Head, as Opiates do.
There are fometimes Humors engendred in the body, which are, as it were, Opiate z8.
themfelves ; as it is in fome kind of Melancholies, with which if a man be affected, it
is a iign of very long life.

The fmple which arc alio called Stupe/actives) are thefe Opium
opiates ( -.
it felf*

which is the juice of Poppy ; both the Poppies.as well in the Herb as in the Seed $ Hen-
bane, Mandrake, Hemleck^, Tobacco, Ni^ht-Jbadei ,

The compound opi.ntes are, Treacle, Methrtdate, Trifera, Ladanum, Paracelfi, Diaco*
mttm,Diafcordium,Philontum,T'ills of Hounds- tongue.
From this which hath been faid, certain Designations or Couafels may be deduced $1;
for the prolongation of life, according to the prefent intenfion; namely, of condenfing
the Spintsby Opiates.
L et there be therefore every year, from Adult years of Youth, an Optate diet ; let it 3z.
be taken about the end of May, becaufe the Spirits in the Summer arc more loofe and
attenuated , and there are lefs dangers from cold humours let it be fome Aia'gi^ral j

opiate, weaker than thofe that are commonly in ufe, both in refpect of a fmaller quan-
tity of opium), and of a more fparing mixture of extreme hot things ; let it be taken in

the morning betwixt fleeps. The fare for that time would be more fimple and fpa-
ring than ordinary, without Wine, or Spices, or Vapourous things. This Medicine to'
be taken onely each other day,and to be continued for a fortnight. This Designation ia
our judgment comes home to the intenfion.
opiates alfo may be taken,- not onely by the mouth, but alfo' by Fumes-, but the 3J«
Fumes muff, be fuch as may not move the cxpulfive Faculty too ftrongly, not force
down humours, but onely taken in a Weft, may work upon the Spirits within the
brain* And therefore a Suffumigateon of Tobacco , Lignum- Aloes t \oJemarj-leaves
—* —— —- .. F— 3 —
dried,
'
, r i . .. . — -. i . w-^- - -««» Jh i^mi-i
j i
 — ' » »

3o 77^ Htjlory of Life and Death.

.
dried, andalittle Afyrr/tf fnuffcd up in the morning at the mouth and noftrils, wouid be
very good.
34- In (fraud Opiates, fuch as are Treacle , t^tethridatc , and the reft, it would not be
amifs fefpecially in youths to take rather the difiilled Waters of them than themfclves
in their bodies ; for the vapour in diftilling doth rife, but the heat of the Medicine com-
monly fetleth. Now difiilled waters zre good in thofe venues which are conveyed by
Vapours, in other things but weak.
35- There are Medicines which have a certain weak and hidden degree, and therefore
fafe to an Opiate vertue ; thefe fend forth a flow and copious vapour, but not malig-
nant as Opiates do, therefore they put not the Spirits to flight; notwithftandinc they
congregate them, and fomewhat thicken them.
,<J. Medicines in order to Opiates are principally Saffron, next Folium Indum, tim-
ber--greefe , Corutnder~feed prepared , >Amomum, Pfevda-momum , Lienum-Rkodiuw,
Orenge-flower water, and much more the lnfufion of the fame Flowers new gathered
in the Oil of <tAlmonds 5 H^utmegs pricked full of holes, and macerated in Rofc-
water. ,

37-
As Opiates are to be taken very fparingly, and at certain times, as was faid, fo thefe fe-
condaries may be taken familiarly, and in our daily diet, and they will be very effectual
to prolongation of life. Certainly an Apothecary of fcalecute, by theufe of ssfmber,
is faid to have lived an hundred and fixty years ; and the Noble-men of Barbar^,thvou^h

the ufe thereof, are certifi'd to be very long- liv'd, whereas the mean people are but
of fhort life. And our Anceflors, who were Iqnger-hVd than we, did ufe Saffron
much in their Cakes, Broths, and the like. And touching the firft way of condenfing
the Spirits of Opiates and the Subordinates thereto,thus much.
38. Now we will enquire of the fecond way of condenfingthe Spirits by Cold. For the
proper work of Cold is Condensation^ and it is done without any, malignity, or adverfe
quality ;and therefore it is a fafer operation than by opiates, though fomewhat lcC$
powerful, if it be done by turns onely, as Opiates' are. But then again, becaufe it may
be ufed familiarly, and in our daily diet with moderation, it is much more powerful for
the prolongation of life than by Opiates.

39- The Refrigeration of the Spirits is effected three ways , either by Respiration,
or by Vapours, or by yiliment. The firft is the beft, bur, in a fort, out of our
power ; the fecond is potent , but yet ready , and at hand ; the third is weak, and
fomewhat about.
4c. Air clear and pure, and which hath no fogginefs in it, before it be received into the
Lungs, and which is leaft expofed to the Sun-beams, condenfetn the Spirits beft. Such
is found either o;i the tops or dry Mountains, or in Champagnes open to the wind,pnd

yet not without feme fhade.

4 T. As for the Refrigeration and Condenfation of the Spirits by Vapours, the Root of this
operation we place in Nitre, as a Creature purpofely made and chofen for this end, be-
ing thereunto Ied,and perfwaded by thefe- rt rguments.
Nitre is a kind of cool Spice: this is apparent to the fenfe it felf , for it bites the
Tongue and Palate with cold, as Spices do with heat, and it is the onely thing, as far as
we know, that hath this property.
43-' Almoft all cold things (which are cold properly, and not by accident, as Opium is)
are poor and jejune of Spirit contrarily, things full of Spirit zxz almoft all hot, onely
;

Nitre is found amongft Vegetables, which aboundeth with Spirit, and yet is cold. As
for Camphire, which is full of Spirit, and yet performeth the actions of cold, it coolcth
by accident onely ; as namely, for that by the thinnefs thereof, without Jftrimony,
it helpcth per/pirationin inflammations.

44. In congealing and freezing of liquors, f which is lately grown into ufe; by laying
Snow and Ice on the out- fide of theVeflel, Nitre is alfo added, and no doubt it ex-
citcth and fortifieth the Congelation- It is true, that tfiey ufe alfo for this work ordinary
Bay-Salt, which doth rather give activity to the coldnefs of the Snow, than cool by it
felf: But, as I have heard, in the hotter Regions, where Snow faljs not, the congeal-

ing is wrought by Nitre alone; but this I cannot certainly affirm.

It is affirmed that Gunpowder, which confifteth principally of Nitre, being taken in
4W
drfrik, doth conduce to valour, and that it is ufed oftentimes by Marinersand Souldicrs
before they begin their Battels, as the Turks do Opium*

Nitre
i ! _~-« . -.» ' 11
1
'-» . ' '
— "- „.-,i ... - , t« n— . 1
1^ — I
 ;;

The hiflory of Life and Death. 3»

Nitre is given with good fuccefs in burning Agues,, and Peftileritial Fevers, to miti- 46.
gate and bridle their pernicious heats.
It is manifeft, that Njtre in gun-powder doth mightily abhor the Flame, from 47-
I
whence is caufed that horrible Crack and puffing.
'N^itreis found to be, as it were, the Spirit of the Earth for this is moft cer- : 4»-
tain, thatany Earth, though pure and unmixt with Nitrous matter, if it be fo laid Up
and covered, that it be free from the Sun- beams, and putteth'forth no Vegetable, j

will gather Nitre, evtn in good abundance. By which it is clear, that the Spirit of
Nnre is not onely inferiour to the spirit o£ living Creatures, but alfo to the Spirit
of Vegetables.
fettle which drink of Nitrous water do manifeftly grow fat, which is afign of the 49.
'

cold in Nitre.
The manuring of the Soil is chiefly by Nitrous' fnbtyances • for all Dung is Nitrous, ;o.

and this is a fign of the Spirit in Nitre.

From hence it appears * that the Spirits of Man may be cooled and condenfed

by the of 2^Jtre, and be made more crude, and lefs eager. And therefore,
Spirit
as firong Wines, and Spices, and the like, do burn the Spirits, and fhorten life
fo on the contrary fide, Nitr'e doth compofe and reprefs them, and further eth to
life.

Nitre may be ufed with meat, mixed with our Salt, to the tenth part of the Salt 5a -

f
in Broths taken in the morning, for three grains to ten, alfo in Beer but howfoever :

it be ufed, with moderation, it is of prime force to long life.

As Opium holds the preheminence in condenfing the Spirits by putting them to -,
5i-
flight, and hath withal his Subordinates, lefs potent, but more fafe, which may be
taken both in greater quantity, and in more frequent ufe , of which we haye for-
merly fpoken : fo alfo Nitre, which condenfeth the Spirits by cold, and by a kind of
Frcfcour, ( as we now a-days fpeak ) hath alfo his Subordinates.
Subordinates to Nitre are, alfthofe things which yield an Odour fomewhat Ear- 54-
thy, like the fmell of Earth, pure and good, newly digged or turned up ; of this fort
the chief are, 'Borage, Bugtofs , Langue de "JBceuf, Burnet , Strawberry leaves and
Strawberries, Frambois or Ra[pu,X2.ii facunters,rzvi Pearmains, Vine-leaves, and'Buds ;
'alfo Violets.

'The next order are thofe which have a certain ftefhnefs of fmell, but fomewhat
in 55
more inclined to heat; yet not altogether void of that rertue of refreshing by
eooi-
n'efs '; fuch as are Balm, green Citrons, green Orenges ,Rofe-water diftilkd,roas~led Warden*',
alfo the 'Damask^, Red, and Musk^ Rjfes.
This is to be noted, that Subordinates to Nitre do commonly- confer more to 56.
: this Intenfion,. %aw, then having pafl'ed the Fire, becaufe that Cooling
the Spirit of .O
j
is diffipated by the Fire ; therefore they arc be'ft taken, either infufed In lome liquor*
! or raw.
As the condenfation of the Spirits by Subordinates to Opium is, in fome fort, per- 57-
formed by Odours, fo alfo that which is by Subordinates to Nitre therefore'the finell \

of he A/and pure Earth, taken either by following the Plough, bt by digging; or by

weeding, excellently refrelhcth the Spirits. Alfo the Leaves of Trees in Woods, or
Hedges, failing towards the middle of Autumn, yield a good refrefhing to the Spi-
rits, but none fo good as Strawberry -leaves dying; Likcwife the fmell of Violets, or
Wall- flowers, or Ttean-flowers, or Sweet-briar, or Rony-fucl>les, taken as they grow, in.
parting- by them onely, is of the fame nature.
Nay, and we know a certain great ord v/ho lived long , that had every morning 58.
that

5*
as are Endive* Succory, LiVer wort , Purflain , and the like, do alio by consequent
cool the Spirits but this is about, whereas vaponrs cool immediately.
;

•
A nd-as touching the condenfing of the Spirits by ( old, thus much: The third way 6o.
of condenfing the Spirits , we faid to be by that which we callfirvabjng the Spirits :
The fourth, by quieting the alacrity and unrulinefs of them.
Such things firoke the Spirits as are pleafing and friendly to them, yet they al-
lure them not to go abroad but ratherprevail, that the Spirits contented, as it were,
•

in
 tfbe Hijiory of Life and Death.

in their own fociety , do enjoy themfelves , and betake themfelves into their proper
Centre.
For. thefe, if you recollect thofe things
which were formerly fet down, as Subor- '

to.
dinates to Opium and T^jtre, there will need no other Inquifition.

6z.
As for the quieting of the unmlinefs of the Spirits, we ihallprefently /peak of that,
when we enquire touching their Motiort. Now then, feeing we have fpokenofthat
Condensation of the Spirits which pcrtaineth to their fubftance, we will come to the
temper of Heat in them. *
The Heat or the Spirits, as we {aid, ought
it may be robuft,
to be of that kind that
not eager, and may delight rather to mafter the tough and obftinatc, than to carry away
the thin and light humors.
V/e muft beware of Spices, wine, and ftrong 'Drinks, that our ufe of them be very
temperate, and fometimes difcontinued ; alfo of savory, wild marjoram, Penny -royal,
and all fuch as bite and heat the tongue; for they yield unto the Spirits an heat not 0-
perative, but Predatory.

*5« Thefe yield a robu.fi heat , efpecially Elecampane , Garlicky, Carduut Ttenedittui,
Water-crepts while they are young, Germander, Angelica, ^edoary, Vervin, Valerian,
Myrrke, 'Tepper-mrt, Elder flowers , Garden-Chervile ; The ufe of thefe things with
choice and judgement, fometimes in Sallads, fometimes in Medicines, will fatisne this
Operation.
66. out well that the Grand Opiates will alfo ferve excellently for this operation,
It falls
inrefpecT: that they yield fiichan beat by composition, which is wiilied, but not to be
found, in Simples. For the mixing of thole exceffive hot things (fueh as arc Euphor-
bium, Vellitory of Spain, Stavis-acre, Dragon^vfort, Anafordi, Caftoreum, Arifiolochium,
opponax,<iy4mmoniachum,Galbanum^x\A thelike, which of themfelves cannot be taken
inwardly) to qualifie and abate the Stupefablive virtue of the Opium, they do make
fuch a conftitution of a Medicament as we now require; which is excellently feenin
this, That Treacle and Methridate, and the reft, are not fharp, nor bite the tongue'i

but are onely fomewbat bitter, and of ftrong fcent, and at laft rnanifeft their heat when
they come into the ftomach, and in their fubfequent operations.
€?. There conduce alfo to the robuft heat of the Spirits 'Venus often ejfeited, rarely
performed ; and no lels fome of the affections, of which {hall be fpoken hereafter*
So touching the heat of the Spirits, Analogical to the prolongation of Life, thus,
much.
6%. Touching the Quantity of the Spirits, that they be not exuberant and boiling, but
rather ffaring, and within a mean, ( feeing a fmall flame doth not devour fo much as a
great flame; the Inquifition will be fliort.
69. It feems to be approved by experience, that a fpare Diet t and almoft a Pythagori-
cal, fuch as is either prefcribed by theftrift Rules of a Monaslical life, or pra&ifcd

by Hermites, which have Neceflity and Poverty for their Rule, rendreth a man longi
Iiv'd.
76. . Hitherto appertain drinking of water, a bard Ted, abfiinence from Eire, a /lender
Diets, (as tiamelyi of Herhs, Fruits, Flejh, and Fijh, rather powdred and faked than
Flea.
frefy and hot ) an Hair^fhirt , frequent Fafiings, frequent Watchxngs , fevs fenfual
fureSi. and fuch like; for all thefe diminilh the Spirits, and reduce them to fuch a yuan.
rity as may be fufBcient onely for the Fun&ionsof Life, whereby the depredation is the
kk* ,. , ^ . n i • • 1

But Diet (hzH not be altogether fo rigorous and mortifying, yet notwnhttand-
if the
V- We
ing Hi all be always -equal and conftant t j it felf, it worketh the'famc effect. fee
it be always alike and quiet ) confu-
it m.'jlames, that a Flame fomewhat bigger (fo

meth lefs of the fuel than a lefler Flame blown with Bellows, and by Gulls ftronger
or weaker: ThatjW hich the Regiment and Diet of Cornarus the Venetian (hewed
;

plainly, who did eat and drink fo many years together by a juft weight, where-
by He exceeded an hundred years of age , ftrong in limbs, and intire in his
fenfes. \ .

p.- Care alfo muft be taken, that a body plentifully nounflied, and not emaciated by
any of thefe aforefaid Diets, omitteth not a feafonable ufe of Venus,
left the Spirits in-

body, so then, touching a moderate quafi-

creafe too faft, and foften and deftroy the
tity of Spirits, and (as we may fay; Frugal, thus much.
The Inquifition touching bridling the motions of the Spirits followeth next. 1

Motion 1

1m '
•
'
-
'I
-
» ^»
.
M il—.
 The Hi/lory of Life and Death, 33
/

Motion doth manifeftly attenuate and inflame them. This bridling is done by three
means : by Sleep , by avoiding of vehement Labour s,imn%oder ate Exercife, and* in a word,
aliLaffitude; and by refraining irkfome Affcttions. And firft, touching Sleep.
The Fabie tells us, that Epimenrdes flept many years together in a Cave, and all that 74-
time needed no meat, beeaufe the Spirits wafte not much \n fleep.
Experience teachcth us that certain Creatures, as Dormice and Hats, fleep in fome 75-
clofe places an whole Winter together ; fuch is the force of fleep to reftrain all vital
Confumption. That which Bees and "Drones are alio thought to do, though fometimes
deftitutcofZ/ow^} and Iikewife R utter-flies, and other Flies.
Sleep after Dinner ( the ftomach fending up no unpleafing Vapours to the head, as 7<>
being the firft Dews of our Meat) is good for the [pints, but derogatory and hurtful
to all other points of health. Notwithftanding in extrearri old age there is the fame
reafon of Meat and Sleep, for both our meals and our Jleeps fhould be then frequent,
but ihort and little ; nay, and towards the laft period of old age, a mere 7(eft, and, as
it were, a perpetual T^epofing doth beft, efpecially in Winter-time. :

But as moderate fleep conferreth to long life, fo much more if it be quiet and not 77-
*.-:.
difiurbed. .

Thefe procure quiet fleep,Violets, Lettuce* efpecially boiled* Sirrup of dried Rofes, 7?.
Saffron, Balm* Apples our going to bed ; * fop of Bread in Malmfey, efpecially
, at
where Musk^Rofes have been firft infufed:*, therefore it Would not be amifs to make
fome Tilly or a fmall Draught of thefe things, and to ufe it familiarly. Alfo thofe
things which fhut the mouth of the ftomach clofe, as Coriander-feed prepared,. Quinc es
and Wardens roafted, do induce found fleep ; but above all things in youth, and for
thofe thathave fufficient ftrong ftomacks, it will bebeft to take a good draught of clear
sola "Water when they go to bed.

Torching voluntary and procured Trances, as alfo fixed and profound Thoughts, jo
I have nothing certain : no doubt they make to this lntenfion,
at tkey be without irksomnefs,
and condenfe the Spirits, and that more potently than Sleep, feeing they lay afleep , and
I * !

fufpend the fenfesas much or more. Touching them, let further inquiry be made* So far
''

touching Sleep. "

. -r : . ;

i
. .

As for Motion andExercife, Latitude hurteth, and fo doth all Motion and Exer- 79-
cife whichtoo nimble and fwrftj as Running, Tennis, Fencing, and the like and
is ;

again, when our ftrength is extended and ftrainedto the uttcrmoft, as. Dancing, Wreft-
ling, and fuch like for it is certain,that the fpirits being driven into ftreights, either by
•

the fwiftnefs of the motion, or by the ftrain'ing of the forces, do afterward become
.more eager and predatory. On the other Ciiu, Exercifes which ftir up a good ftrong
motion, but not over- fwift,or to our utmoft ftrength, ( fuch as are Leaping, Shooting, I
v.

Riding, Bowling, and the like ) do not hurt, but rather benefit.
We
muft come now to the Affe&hns and Paffions ohhc Mind,- And fee which of them
are hurtful to long life, which profitable.
Qreat foys attenuate and'diffufe the fpirits, and fhorten life j familiar Chearfulnefs
.ftrengthens the fpirits, by calling them forth, and yet not refolving them.
lmprejfions of
fry
in the fenfe are naught ; ruminations of Joy the memory,, or w
apprehenfions of them in hope or fancy, are good* . I

foy fupprefedy or communicated fparingly, doth more comfort the fpirits than J*y
poured forth and publifhed. V- .

Grief and Sadnefs, if it be void of Fear, and afflict not too much,, doth father pro-
'

long life ; for itcontra&eththeypWtt,and is a kind o£condenfation. d ,

- '

Great Fears fhorten thelife : for though Grief and Fear do both ftreighten the fpirit,
yet in Cjrief there is a fimple contraction j but in Fear, by reafon of the cares taken
for the remedy, and hopes intermixed, thereis a turmoil and vexing of the Jpirits. ., :

zyinger fuppreffed is alfo a kind of vexation, and caufcth the fpirit to feed upon the
juices of thebody; but let loofe and breaking forth, it helpeth: as thofe tflcdicinis do
which induce a robuft heat.
Snvj is the worft of all Paffions , and fecdeth upon the fpirits, and they again,
upon the body and fo much the more beeaufe it is perpetual, and,* as it is faid, keepetb
;

no holidays.
Pity of anotker man's misfortune, which is not likely to befall our felves, is good,:
j

G but
'
 —

. '— P \
|

H The Hiflory of Life and T>eatb.

but Pity, which may reflect with fome fimilitude upon the party pitying, is naught, be-
catrfe it excitcth Fear.
Light shame hurteth not, feeing it contracteth the fpirits a little, and then ftraight

diffufeth infomuch that Jhamefac'd perfons commonly live long but Shame Tor
them : :

fome great ignominy, and which affli&eth the mind long, contracteth the sfirits even
.

to fuffocation, and is pernicious.

Love,, if it be not unfortunate, and too deeply wounding, is a kind of Joy, and is
fubjedtto the fame. Laws. which we have fet down touching foy.
Hope is the moft beneficial of all the Affellions, and doth much to the prolongs
tiori of life, if it be not too often fruftrated, but entertaineth the Fancy with an ex-
pectation of good therefore they which fix and propound to themfelves fome cni,
.•

as' the mark and fcope' of their life ,; and continually and by degrees go forward in

the fame, are, for the mbft part, long-liv'd; in fo much that when they are come to
the top of their hope, and can go no higher therein, they commonly droop, and live
not long after So that Hope is zLeafpyn which may be beaten out to a great execn-
;

fion, like Gold. .. jiom .1 .!

5>T. Admiration and light Contemplation arc very powerful to the prolonging of life; for
they hold the jpirits in fuch things as delight them, arid fuffer them not to tumultuarc,
or to carry themfelves unquietly and 'waywardly. And therefore all the Contemplators
of T^atural things, whkh had fo many- and eminent Objects to admire, (as Demo-
critus, Plato, Parmedides, lApollonitts/) were longhVd: alfo Rhetoricians, which ta-
fted but lightly©f 'things* and ftudied rather Exornation of ipeech than profundity of
matters, were alfo kmgdiv'd; as Gorgias^ Protagoras, Jfoirates, Seneca. And certain-
Jyy.'as old men are for the moft part talkative, fo talkative men do often grow very old ;

for it fhews a light contemplation, and fuch as doth not much Gain the spirits, or vex
then : but fubtil, and acute, and eager inquifion fhortens life; for it tireth the (pirn,
andwaftethit, •
I
'[-*... , .•

Aud.as 'touching the wd?w» of the spirits by the AffeBions of the Mind, thus much.
Now we will adde certain other general Observations touching the Spirits, befide the
forfner, which fail noir-intro the pnecedentdiftribution.
£2. Efpecial care muft be taken that the Spirits be not too often refolved; for attenua-
tion goeth before refolution, and the spirit once attenuated doth not very eafily retire,
or\scokdenfed. Now Refolution is cauied by over- great labours, over- vehement affe-
ctions of the mind,, over great fweats, over great evacuations, hot Baths, and an un
temperate and unfeafonable ufe of Venus, j alfo by over- great cares and carpings, and
anxious expectations ; laftly, by malignant difeafes, and intolerable pains and torments
of the body all which, as much as mav be,
.-
( which our vulgar Phyjiaans alfo advife )
muft be avoided. a ^
S>3-
The fpints arc delighted both with wonted things, and with ne». Now it maketh
wonderfully to the confervation of the Jpirits in vigour, that we neither ufe wonted
things to a fatiety and, glutting ; not new things, before a quick and ftrong appetite.
And therfore both cufioms are to be broken off with judgment and care, before they
breed a.fulnefs ; and the appetite after new things to be reftrained for a time until
it grow more fharp and jbcond : and moreover, the life, as much as may be, fo to

Ji be ordered, that it irriay have many renovations, and the Jpirits by perpetual converting
in the fame actions may not wax dull. For though it were no i\{ fkymg of Seneca's,
The fid'doth ever-begifcto live ; yet this folly, arid-many more faelv are good for
long life.
ft lis to be ofefer^ed'touchingther/^/Ww; (though .the contrary ufe-d to be done)
J^ That when men perceive their fpints to be in good, placid, and healthful Hate,
( that "which \viil be ieen by the tranquility of their Mind , and chearfuL difpofi-
H©ri ) 'that' they cheri/h them, and not change thenv: but when, in a turbulent
:

and untoward ftatei( which will alfo appear by their fadnefs, Iutnpiihnefs, and
other irtdifpofitrbn of their mind) that then they ftraight overwhelm them, and
alter them. Now the Jpirits are contained in the fame ftate, by a refiraining of the
affections , temperatenefs of diet, abftinence from Venus, moderation in labour,
irfdffiere^H reft and re^ofe : and the contrary to thefe do alter and overwhelm
the Jpirits j as namely, vehement affections, profufe feaftings, immoderate Venus,
difficult labours, earneft ftudies, and profecution of bufmefs. Yet men are wont,
when they are rrierrieft and beft difibofed, then to apply themfelves to feaftings,
Venut,
I
The Hifiory of Life and Death. ,i
n
Venus, Labours, Endeavours, BufinefTes, whereas if they have a regard to long life,
( which may feem ftrange ) they fhould
rather pia&ife the contrary. For we ought
to cherilh and prefer ve good (pints, and for the evil-difpofcd$/Ww to difchargc and
alter them.
Ficinut faith not unwifely, That old men, for the comforting of their fpirits, ought S>5-

often to remember and ruminate upon the AUs of their Childhood and Youth. Cer-
tainly fuch a remembrance is a kind of peculiar Recreation to every old man :
and thetefore it is a delight to men to enjoy the focicty of them which have been
brought up together with them, and to vifit the places of their education. Vefpafian
did attribute fo much to this matter, that when he Was Emperour he would by no

means be perfwaded to leave his Father's houfe , though but mean, left he fhould
lofe the wonted object of his eyes, arid the memory of his childhood; and befides,
he would drink in a wooden Cup, tipped with filyer, which was his Grandmother's^

upon tefiival dayes.

One thin" above all is grateful to the Spirits, that there be a continual progrefs to 96
the more benim-, therefore we fhould lead fuch a Youth and Manhood, that our
Old fhould find new Solaces , whereof the chief is mc>derate eafe And there-
a<*e :

fore old men in honourable places lay violent hands upoh themfelves, who retire not
to their eafe whereof may be found an eminent Example in caffiodorus, who was
••

of that reputation amongft the Gothijh Kings of Italy, that he was as the Soul of their
affairs ; afterwards, being near eighty years of age, he betook himfelfto a Monafteryj

where he ended not his day es before he was an hundred years old. But this thing doth
requite two Cautions ; one , thac they drive not off till their bodies be utterly
worn out and difeafed , mutation, though to the more benign^
for in fuch bodies all

haftencth death : the other, that they furrender not themfelves to zfluggij~h eafe, but
that they embrace fomething which may entertain their thoughts and mind with con-

tentation which kind the chief delights are Reading and Contemplation j and
; in
then the defires of Building and Planting.
Laftly, the fame Action, Endeavour and Labour undertaken cheerfully and with zgood
P7.
mil dothrefrefh the Spirits ; but with an averfation and unwillingnefs, doth fret and

dejc&them. And therefore it conferreth to long life, either that a man hath the art
to inftitute his life fo as it may be free and fuitable to his own humour ; or clfc to lay
fuch a command upon his mind, that whatfoever is impofed by Fortune* it may rather
leadhim than drag him.
Neither is that to be omitted towards the government x>f the Affections, that efpecial 5 8*
care be taken of the mouth of the Stomach, efpecially that it be not too much relaxed j
forrhat part hath a greater dominion over the affections, efpecially the daily affections,
than either the Heart or Brain -, onelythofe things excepted which are wrought by po-
tent vapours, as in Drunkennefs and Melancholly.
Touching the Operation upon the Spirits j that they may remain youthful, and re- 99-
new their vigour, thus much which we have done the more accurately, for that
:

there is, for the moft part, amongft Phyficians and other Authors touching thefe Ope-
rations a deep filence; but efpecially, becaufe the Operation upon the Spirtts, and the-r
waxing green again, is the moft ready and compendious way to long life ; and that for a
two-told compendioufnefs : one, becaufe the Spirits work compendioufly upon the
body j the other, becaufe Vapours and the zslffeBions work compendioufly upon the
Spirtts ; fo as thefe attain the end, as it were, in a right line, other things rather in
lines circular.

The Operation upon the Sxclujion of the <iAit* 2*

The Hifiory,

TH E Firft for
ambient tendeth to length of life two WayeS
Exclujion of the >Air
External Air , next unto the Native Spirit, ( how-
that the
:

foever the *s€ir may be faid to animate the Spirit of Man , and con-
ferreth not a little to health ) doth moft of all prey upon the juices of the body*
2 G
and
 36 The Hifiory of Life and Death. \

and haften the Deficcation thereof ; and therefore the Exclufion of it is effectual to
length of life.

Another effect which followeth the Exclufion of Air is much mor* fubtil and pro-
found, namely, that the Body clofed up, and not perfpiring by the pores, dctaineththe
spirits within, and turncth it upon the harder parts of the body, whereby the ipirit
mollifies and inteneratcs them.
Of this thing the reafon is explained in the Deficcdtion of inanimate Bodies ; and
it an
is Axiom almoft infallible, That the Spirit difcharged and ifliiing forth, drieth
Bodies; detained, melteth and intenerateth them. And it's further to be aflumed,
That all Heat doth properly attenuate and moiften, and contracteth and drieth onely by
Accident.
Leading the Life in Dens and caves, where the Air receives not the Sun-beams, may
be effectual to long life. For the tAir of it felf doth not much towards the depreda-
tion of the body, unlefs itbeftirredupbyhcat. Certainly, if a man lhall recal things
paft to his memory, it will appear that the ftatures of men have been anciently much
greater than thofe that fucceeded, as in Sicily, and fome other places : but this kind of
men led their lives, for the moft part, in Caves. Now length of life and largcnefs of
limbs have fome affinity. The cave alfo of Epimenides walks among the Fables. I
fuppofe likewife, that the life of Columnar Anchorites was a thing refembling the life
in Caves, in refpecl: the Sun-beams could not much pierce thither, nor the Air receive
any great changes or inequalities. This is certain, both the Simeon Stelita's, as well
Daniel is Saba, and other Columnar Anchorites^zsz been exceedinglong-liv'd. Like-
wife the Anchorites in our dayes, clofed up and immured either within Willi or Pillars,
are oftenfoundtobelong-liv'd.
Next unto the life in Caves is the life on ^iountains : for as the beams of the
Sun do not penetrate into Caves ; fo on the tops of Mountains, being deftitute of
Reflexion, they arc of fmall force. But this istobeunderftood of Mountains where
the Air is clear and pure ; namely,whether by reafon of the drinefs of the Vallies>Clouds
and Vapours do not afcend ; as it is in the Mountains which encompafs Barbary, where,
even at this day, they live many times to anhundred and fifty years, as hath been noted
before.
A nd this kind of Air of Caves and Mountains, of its own proper nature, is little or
nothing predatory ; but which is predatory through the heat of
e-^ir, fuch as ours is,

thcSun,ought,as much as is poffible,to be excluded from the body.

7- But the Air is prohibited and excluded two ways : firft, by clojing the Pores fe- •

condly, by filling them up.

S. To the clojing of the Pores help coldnefs of the air, going naked, whereby the skin
is made hard, wafhing in cold water, Aftringents applied to the skin, fuch as are Ma-

fiickj,Myrrhe, Myrtle.
But much more may we fatisfie this Operation by Baths, yet thofe rarely ufed, (efpe-
cially in Summer) which are made of Aflringent Mineral waters, fuch as may fafely be

ufed, as Waters participating of Steel and Coperas; for thefe do potently contracithe
skin.
xo. As for filltng up the Pores, 'Paintings and fuch like ZJnttuoiu daubings, and ( which
may moft commodioufly be ufed^ Oil and fat things, do nolefs confervethc fubftance
of the body, than Oil-colours and Varnifh do prelerve Wood.
ir. The ancient Britains painted their bodies with no ad, and were exceeding long liv'd;
the Pitts alfo ufed paintings, and are thought by fome to have derived their name from
thence.
12. The Brafilians and Virginians paint themfelves at this day, who are (efpecially the
former ) very long ^iv'd ; infomuch that five years ago the French Jefuites had fpeech
with fome who remembrcd the building of Fernambuck^, which was done an hundred
and twenty years fince; and they were then at Man's eftate.
Joannes de temporibus, who is reported to have extended his life to three hundred
IS.
years, being asked how he preferved himfelf fo long, is faid to have anfwered, Ry Ojl
without, and by Honey within.
The Irifi?, efpecially the nild-Iri(h, even at this day live very long : certainly they
*4-
report, that within thefe few years the countefs of Defmond lived to an hundred and
forty years of age, and bred Teeth three times. Now the Irifh h sve a fafhion to chafe,
and, as it were, to bafte themfelves with old Salt-butter againft the fire.
The
I-
 The Hi/lory of Life and Death. 37
I
j \ —
The fame Irijb ufe to wear Saffroned Linen and Shirts : which though it were at *s-
firft devifed to prevent Vermin, yet howfoever I take it to be very ufeful forlcngth-
ning of life ; for Saffron, of all things that I know, is the beft thing for the ^kin,
and the comforting of the fleih, feeing it is both notably Aftringent, and hath befi es (

anOleofityandfubtleheat, without any Acrimony. I remember a certain Engli,hman,

who when he went to Sea carried a bagg of Saffron next his ftomack, that he might
conceal it, and fo efcape Cuftom j and whereas he was wont to be always exceed-
ing Sea-fick, at that time he continued very well, and felt no provocation to
vomit.
Hippocrates advifeth in Winter to wear clean Linen, and in Summer foulLinen and i*.
befmeared with Oil. The may feem to be, becaufe in Summer the
rcafon Spirits ex-
hale moft, therefore the pores of the skin would be filled up.
Hereupon we are Oil, either of Olives or fweet Al-
of opinion, that the ufe of 17.
monds, would principally conduce to long life : The
to anoint the skin therewith,
anointing would be done every morning when we rife out of bed, with Oil in which a
little bay-falt and Saffron is mixed. But this anointing muft be lightly done with
Wool, or fome foft fponge, not laying it on thick, but gently touching and wet-
ting the skin.
It is certain that Liquors, even the Oily thernfelves, in great quantities draw fbme-
it
what from the body but contrarily,infmall quantities are drunk in by the body: there-
;

fore the anointing would be but light, as we faid, or rather the ihirt it felf would be be-
fmeared with Oil.
It may happily be objected , that this anointing with Oil, which we commend,
though it were never in ufe with us , and amongft the Italians is caft off again )
(
was anciently very familiar amongft the Grecians and Romans, and a part of their Diet;
and yet men werenotlonger-liv'd in thofe dayes than now. But it may rightly be an-
swered, Oil was in ufe onely after Baths, unlefs it were perhaps amongft Champi-
ons : now hot Baths are as much contrary to our Operation, as ^Anointings are
congruous, feeing the one opens the paffages, the other flops them up : therefore
the Bath, without the anointing following, is utterly bad j the anointing without the
Bath is beft of all. Befides, the anointing amongft them was ufed pnely for delicacy,
or ( if you take krar the beft) for health, but by no means in order to long life; and
therefore they ufed them with all precious Ointments, which were good for deliciouf^
nefs, but hurtful to our intention, in regard of their heat: So that /^r^/ feem eth not to
have faid amifs, f

ft(jc Cajta liquidi corrumpitur ufus Olivi,

That odoriferous Cajia hath not Supplanted the ufe of neat Oil-Olive. ,

Anointing with Oil conduceth to health, both in Winter, by the exclufion of the 20.
told Air, and in Summer, by detaining the f^irits within, and prohibiting the Re-
folution of them, and keeping off the force of the air which is then moft pre-
datory.
Seeing the artointingwith Oil is one of the moft potent operations to long life, we £l.
have thought good to add fome cautions, left the health fhould be endangered." They
are four, according to the four Inconveniences which may follow thereupon.
The firft Inconvenience is t that by may ingender difcafes from
reprejfing fiveats, it 22.
thofe excrementitious humours. To this
remedy muft be given by Purges and Cljr-
a
fters, that evacuation may be duly performed. This is certain, that evacuation by
fweats commonly advanceth health, and derogateth from long lite j but gentle Purgeri
work upon the humours,riot upon the fpirits,as fweat doth.
The fecond Inconvenience is, that it may heat the body, and in time inflame it; for
the fpirits ihut in, and not breathing forth,acquire heat. This inconvenience may be
prevented, if the t>iet moft ufually incline to the colder part, and that at times fome
proper cooling Medicines be taken, of which we fhall ftraight (peak in the operation
upon the Rloud.
The third is, that it may annoy the head % for all Oppletion from without ftrikes back 24.
the vapours, and fends them up unto the head. This inconvenience is remedied by
Turgers, efpecially Clyfiers, and by /hutting the mouth of the ftomach ftrongly with
Stipticks, and by combing ancfrubbing-the head, and by Wafhing it with convenient
Lies, that fomcthingmay exhale, and by not omitting competent and good ex ercifes,
that fomethingalfo may perfpireby the skin.
5
The
 ;

1 M— ' ' - .

38 ^he Hijlory of Life and Death. \

t$. The fourth Inconvenience is a more fubtii Evil , namely , that the Spirit being
detained by the clofing up of the Tores, is likely to multiply it fclf too much; for when
little iffueth forth, and new Spirit is continually ingendred, the Spirit incrcafeth too
faft,and fo preyeth tipon the body more plentifully. But this is not altogether fo
for Spirit clofed up is dull, ( for it is blown and excited with motion as. Flame is)
all

and therefore it is lefs active, and lels generative of it felf : Indeed it is thereby in-
creafed in Heat, (as Flame is) but flow in Motion. And therefore the remedy to
this inconvenience muft be by cold things, being fometimes mixed with Oil, liich
as are Rojes and tJMjrtles^ for we muft altogether difclaim hot things, as wefaidof
Cafjia.
16. Neither will it be unprofitable to wear next the body Garments that have in
them fome Vntluofity or Oleofitj, not Aquofity, for they will exhanft the body
lefs ; fuch as are thofe of ^"oollen rather than thofe of Linen. Certainly it is
manifeft in the Spirits of Odours, that if you lay fwect powders amongft Li-
nen* they will much fooncr lofe their fmell than amongft Woollen. And there-
fore Linen is to be preferred for delicacy and neatnefs, but to be fufpectcd for our
Operation.
*7- The M foon as they fall fick,the firft thing they de is to take the iheets
ild Irijb, as

off their beds, and to wrap themfelves in the woollen cloaths.

2.Z. Some report, that they have found great benefit in the confervation of their health
by wearing scarlet Wafcoats next their skin, and under their lhirts, as well down to
the neather parts as on the upper.
It is alfo to be obferved, that Air accuftomed to the body doth lefs prey upon it
than new Air and often changed ; and therefore poor people, in fmall Cottages, who
live always within the fmell of the fame chimney, and change not their feats, are
commonly notwithstanding, to other operations ( efpecially for them
longeft liv'd :

whofe Spirits arc not altogether dull ) we judge change of air to be very profitable;
but a mean muft be ufed, which may fatisfieon both fides. This may be done by re-
moving our habitation four times a year, at conftant and fet times, unto convenient
feats, that fo the body may neither be in too much peregrination, nor in too much
ftation. And touching the Operation upon the Exclttfton of Air, and avoiding the
predatory force thereof, thus much.

*Tbe Operation upon the ^Bloud, and the

Sanguifying Heat. 3.

Tie Bifkorj.

I.

TH E
lation
following Operations anfwer to the
of 'Pa/fives and eyiSives :

the Spirits and ssiir in their actions may be the lefs depredatory ; and the
two latter, that the Blond and Juice of the body may be the lefs depfedable.
for the
two precedent, and are
two precedent intend
in
this,
the re-
that

But becaufe theBloud is an irrigation or watering of the Juices and Members, and a
r
preparation to them, therefore we will put the operation upon the BlouA in the firft
place. Concerning this Operation we will propound certain Counfeis, few in number,
but very powerful in virtue. They are three.
Firft, there is to a eold temper, it
no doubt, but that if the bioud be brought
will be fo much the But becaufe the cold things which are taken
lels di/Tipable.
by the mouth agree but ill with many other Intentions, therefore it will be beft
to find out fome fuch things' as may be free from thefe inconveniences. They
are two.
The firft is this Let there be brought into uk, efpecially in youth, Q)fters> not
.-

purging at all, or abfergtng, but onely cooling, and fomewhat opening : hofe are i

approved which are made of the Juices of Lettuce,'Pttr(l0ne, Ltver-wort, Hou[esleekj®&&

the <J\Utcilage of the feed of Flea-wort, with fome temperate opening decoction, and a
little
 ;

The Hi/lory of Life and Death. y-j

little Camp hire : but in the declining age Ice the Rottsleek^an<\ Purslane- be left out, and
the juices of Borrage and Endive, and the like, be put in their rooms. And let thefc

Clyfiers be retained, if it may be, for an hour or more.

The other is this, Let there be in ufe, cfpecially in Summer, Baths of frefh water,
and but luke-warm, altogether without Emollients, as Mallows, Mercury, tjtyidk^, and
the like; rather take new whey in fomc good quantity, and Rofes.
But ( that which is the principal in this intention, and ne w ) we advife that before
the bathing of thebody be anointed with Oil, with fome r^/c^/i, whereby the quality
of the cooling may be received, and the water excluded; yet let not the pores of the
body be fhut too clofe ; for when the out ward cold clofeth up the body too ftroncdy, it

is fo far from furthering coolncfs, that it rather forbids, and

up heat. ftirs

Like unto this is the ufe of Bladders, with fome decoctions and cooling juices, ap •

plied to the inferiour region of the body, namely, from the ribbs to the privy parts;
For this alfo is a kind of bathing, where the body of the liquor is for the moft part ex-
cluded, and the cooling quality admitted.
The third counfel remaineth, which belongeth not to the quality of the blood, but 7'
to the fubftance thereof, that it may be made more firm and lefs difilpable, and fuch,
as the heat of the fpirit may have the lefs power over it.
And as for the ufe of Filings of Gold, Leaf-gold, Tovsder of Pearl, Trecioits ftones, 8.
Coral, and the like, we have no opinion of them at this day, unlelsit be onely as-they
may fatisfie this prcfent Operation. Certainly, feeing the Arabians, Grecians, and mo-
dern Phyficians have attributed fuch virtues to thefe things, it cannot be altogether
Nothing which fo great men have obferved of them. And therefore omitting all fan-
taftical opinions about them, we do verily believe, that if there could be fome fuch

thing conveyed into the whole mafs of the blond in minute and fine portions, over
which the fpirits and heat fhould have little or no power, abfolutely it would not only
refill Putrefaction, but tyfrefatlion alfo, and be a moft effectual means to the prolonga-

tion of life. Neverthelek in this thing feveral cautions are to be given. Fiift, that
there be meft exact comminution.
a Secondly, thatfuch hard and folid things be void
of all malignant qualities, left while they be difpejfed and lurk in the veins, they breed
fome ill convenience Thirdly, that they be never taken together with meats, nor
in any fuch manner as they may fhek long, left they beget dangerous obftructions about
ths Mefentery. Laftly, that they be taken very rarely, that they may not congregate
and knot together in the veins.
Therefore let the manner of taking them be fasting, in nhite nine, a little Oil of 9-
, ustfmonds mingled therewith, Exercife ufed immediately upon the taking of them.
he Simples which may fatisfie this Operation are , in fteadofall , Gold, Tearls, and
! IQ.
Cora! : for all Met alls, except Gold, are not without fome malignant quality in the
of them, neither will they be beaten to that exquifite finenefs that Leaf-
ciflu'urions
gold hath.As for all glaffie and tranfparem Jewels, we like them not, fas we faid be-
forej for fear of Corrofion.
But, in our judgment, the fafer and more effectual way would be by the ufe of ii.
Woods in Infufions and Decoctions ; for there is in them fiifficientto caufe firmnefs of
blond, and not the like danger for breeding obftructions ; butefpecially, becaufethey
may betaken in mcatand drink, whereby they will find themore eafie entrance into the
veip'sj and not be avoided in excrements.

The h oods fit for this purpofe are Sanders, the Oa^ and Vine. As for all hot woods 12,
or fomething Rofennie, we reject them notwithstanding you may adde the woody
:

ftalkj of Rofemary dried, for Rofemiry is a Shrub, and exceedeth in age many Trees
alfo the tvoody flalks of Ivy, but in fuch quantity as they may not yield an unpleafing
itafte.

Let the h oods be taken either boiled in 'Broths, or infufed in &iufi or tsfte before
they leave working: but in Broths ( as the cuftom is for Guaiacum and the like) they
would be infufed a good while before the boiling, that the firmer part of thewood, and
not that onely which lieth loofely, may be drawn forth. As for <is4fh, though it be ufed
for Cups,yet we like it not. And touching the Operation upon the Blottdthus much.

The
 4-o T&e Hiftory of Life and Death.

*The Operation upon the jFuices of the "Body. 4.

The Hifiory.

i.
THcre are two kinds of 'Bodies (zs was faid before in the lnquifition touching /»-
animates ) which are hardly confumed , Hard things and Fat things ; as is
fee 11 in Met alls and Stones, and in Oil and #"<*.*:.
It rnuft be ordered therefore, that the juice of the body befomewhat hard, and that it
be fatty or fubrofcid.
5. As for hardnefs, it is caufed three ways; by Aliment of a firm nature, bycoldcon-
denfingthe skin and fle/h, and by Exercife, binding and compacting the juices of the
body, that they be not foft and frothy.
4- As for the Nature of'the Aliment, it ought to befuch as is not eafily dtffipable ; fuch
as are Beef, Swine's fieJh, Dear, Goat, Kid, Swan, Goofi, Ring-dove, efpecially if they be a
powdred ; Pz/Mikewife faked and dried, OldCheefe, and the like.
little

As for the Bread j Oaten-bread, or bread with fome mixture of Peafe in it, or Rye-
bread, or Early-bread, are more folid than wheat-bread, and in w heat-bread, the
courfe w heat- bread is more folid than the pure Manchet.
6. The Inhabitants of the Orcades, which live upon fattedfifb,znd generally all Fijh-eaters,
are long liv'd.
7- The Monks and Hertnites which fed fparingly, and upon dry Aliment, attained com-
monly to a great age.
Alio pure u ater ufually drunk makes the juices of the body lefsfrothy ? unto which
if, for the dulnefs of the fpirits, (which no doubt in VVaterixz but a little penetrative;
you fhall adde a we conceive it would be very good. And touching the
little Nitre,
firmnefs o£ the Aliment thus much.
As for the Condenfation of the skin and flefh by cold : They are longer- liv'd for the
moft part that live abroad in the open air, than they that live in Houfes ; and the Inha-
bitants of the cold Countries, than the Inhabitants of the hot.
10. Great ftore of clothes, either upon the bed or back, do refolve the body.
11. Wafhing the body in cold 'rater is good for lcrtgthof life; ufeof/?etf ,5,^ isaaught*
Touching Edths of Aftrinpent Mineral i-Vaters we have fpoken before.
12. As for-Exercife-, an idle life doth manifeftly make the flefh foft and dhTipablc robufi .<

exercife ( fo it be without over-muchfweating or wearinefs) maketh it hard and com-

pact. Alfo exercife within cold Water, as fwimming, is very good ; and generally
exercife abroad is better than that within houfes.
Touching Frications, kind o£ exercife) becaufe they do rather call forth
(which are a
the Aliment than harden the flefh, we will inquire hereafter in the due place.
i
14. Having now fpoken oihardnino the juices of the body, we are to come next to the
Oleofty and Fatttnefs of them, which is a more perfect and potent Intention than indu-
ration, becaufe it hath no inconvenience or evil annexed. For all thofe things which
pertain to the hardning of the juices are of that nature, that while they prohibit the
abfumption of the Aliment, they alfo hinder the operation of the fame ; whereby it
happens,that the fame things are both propitious andadverfe to length of life: but thofe
things which pertain to making the Juices Oily and %ofcid, help on both fides, for they
render the Aliment both lefs difTipabIe 3 and more reparable
*5- . But whereas we fay that the Juice of the body ought to-be Zofeidznd Fat, it is to be
"noted that we mean it not of avifible Fat, but of aDemnefs difperfed, or (if you will
J Radical in the very fubitance of the body.
call it
16. Neither againlet any man think, that Oil or the Fat of Meats or Marrow do engen-
der the like, and fat sfie our intention
; for thofe things which are once perfect are
:

not brought back again ; but the Aliments ought to be fucb, which after digeftion
and maturation do then in the end engender Qleofity'm the juices.
Oil or Fat by it felf and fimple is hard of diffi-
"7-
fe Neither again let any man think, that
>
pation, but in mixture it doth not retain the fame' nature for as OH by it felf is much
:

more longer in confuming then Water; fo in Paper or Linnen it ftickcth longer, and
is later dried, as we noted before.
To
\
 The Hijlory of Life and \Death,
11
To the Irrorationof the body, roafted meats or baked meats are more effectual than it.
boiled meats, and all preparation of meat with water
inconvenient: befides, Oilis
is

more plentifully extracted out of drie bodies than out of moift bodies.
Generally, to the lrroration of the body much u(e of fweet things is profitable, as of
Sugart Honey, fweet Almonds, Pine-Apples, Pijlachio's, Dates, Raifins of the Sun, C orans,
Figs, and the like. Contrarily, all four, and very fait, and very biting things are oppo-
site to the generation of 'T{ofcid Juice.

Neither would we be thought to favaur the Manichees, or their dict,though we com-

mend the frequent ufe of all kinds of Seeds, Kernels, and Roots, in Meats or Sauces,
confidering all Bread ( and Bread is that which maketh the Meat firing is made either
of Seeds or Roots.
But there is nothing makes fo much to the lrroration of the body, as the quality of 21.
the Drink, which is the convoy of the Meat; therefore let there be in ufe fuch Drinks as
without all acrimony or fowrnefs are notwithstanding fubtil : fuch are thofe Wines
which arc (as the old woman faid in P latitat) vetuflate edentula, toothlefs with age,
and Ale of the fame kind.
Mead ( as we fuppofe ) would not be ill if it were ftrong and old but becaufe : 22.
all Honey hath in it fome (harp parts, ( as appears by that ftiarp water which the Chy-

rniUs extract out of it, which will diffolve metals) it were better to take the fame por-
tion of Sugar.no t lightly infufed in it, but fo incorporated as Honey ufeth to be in Mead,
and to keep it to the age of a year, or at leaft fix months, whereby the Water may lofc
the crudity, and the Sugar acquire fubtilty.
Now ancientnefs in Wine or Beer hath this in it, that it ingenders fubtilty in the I*
parts of the Liquor, and acrimony in the Spirits, whereof the firft is profitable, and the
fecond hurtful. Now to rcctifie this evil commixture, let therebe put into the veffel,
before the Wine be feparated from the Muft, Swinesflefo or T>eers-flejh well boiled,
that the Spirits of the Wine may have whereupon to ruminate and feed, and fo lay afide
their mordacity.
In like manner, if Ale Should be made not only with the grains of Wheat, Barly, %4
Oates, Pcafe, and the like ; but alfo Should admit a part ( fuppofe a third part tothefe
grains ) of fome fat roots, fuch as are Totado-roots, Pith of Artichokes, Burre-roots,
or fome other fweet and efculent roots ; we fuppofe it would be a more ufeful drink
for long life than Ale made of grains onely.
Alfo fuch things as have very thin parts , yet notwithstanding are without all acri- i$.
mony or mordacity, are very good Sallets : which vertue we find to be in fome few
of the Flowers namely, Flowers of Ivy, which infufed in Vinegar are pleafant even
;

to thetafte ; Marigold leaves, which are ufed in Broths ; and Flowers oiBetony. And
touching the operation upon the faces of the 'Body thus much.

The Operation upon the Bowels for their Extrufion

of Aliment. 5.

the Hifiory.

WHat t^ofe things are

tains
which comfort the ^principal "Btwels, whicharcthe foun-
of Concoctions, namely, the stomack^, Liver, Heart and 'Bruin, to
perform their functions well, (whereby dliment is distributed into the parts,
and the Reparation of the whole body is accomplished ) may be
Spirits are difperfed,
\ derived from Thyfttians, and from their Prefcripts and Advices.
Touching the Spleen* Gall, Sidneys, Mefenteries, Guts and Lungs, we (peak not, for
a."
(
thefe are members miniftring to the principal ; and whereas Speech is made touching
health, they require fomctime a moft fpecial confidcration, becaufe each of thefc
have their difeafes, which unlefs they be cured, will have influence upon the Prin-
cipal tJMembers. But as touching the prolongation of life , and reparation by ali-
ments , and retardation of the inco&ion of old age ; if the Concoctions and
H thofe l
 — ;

The Hiflory of Life and t>eath. \

thofe principal Bowels be wclldifpofcd,the reft will commonly follow according to ones
wifh.
And as for thofe things which, according to the different ftatc of every man's body
may be transferred into his Diet and the regiment of his life, he may collect them out
of the Books of Phyfkians, which have written of the comforting and preferring the
four Principal Members : For confervation of health hath commonly need of no more
thanfomeihortcourfes of Phyfick ; but length of life cannot be hoped without an or-
derly diet,and a confantxzceotfiver aign Medicines. But we will propound fome few,
and thofe the molt fele<5h and prime directions.
The Stomach ( which, as they fay, is the Mafter of the hbufe, and who/c ftrength
and goodnefs is fundamental to the other concoctions,; ought fo to be guarded and
confirmed, that it may be without intemperatenefs hot ;• next aflritled or bound,
not loofe ; furthermore clean , not iurcharged with foul Humours and ,

yet ( in regard it is nourished from it felf , not from the veins ) not alrogetber
empty or hungry laftly, it is to be kept ever in appetite, becaufe appetite fharpens
:

digeftion.
I wonder much how that fame (falidum bibere, to drink warm drink, (which was in
ufe amongft the Ancients J is laid down again. I knew a Phyfician that was very fa
mous, who in the beginning of dinner and fupper, would ufually eat a few fpoonfulls
of very warm broth with much greedinefs, and then would prefently wifh that it were
out again, faying, He had no need of the broth, but only of the warmth.
6. I do verily conceive it good, that the firft draught either of wine, or Ale, or any

other drtr\, ( to which a man is molt accuftomed ) be taken at fupper warm.

7- nine in which Gold hath been quenched, I conceive, would be very good once in a
meal; not that i believe the Gold conferreth any vertue thereunto, but that I know
that the quenching of all Metals in any kind of liquor doth leave a molt potent Aftri-
ction Now I chufe Gold, becaufe befides that Aftriction which I defire, it leaveth
:

nothing elfe behind it of a metalline impreffion.

1 am of opinion, that the fops of bread dipped in wine, taken at the midft of the

meal, arc better than wine it felf ; efpecially if there were infufed into the wine in
which the fops were dipped %ofemary and Citren-pill, and that with Sugar, that it

may not flip too faft.

to fhengthen the ftomach; but we

x
It is certain that the ufe of Quinces is good
take them to be better if they be ufed in that which they call Quiddenj of Quinces,
than in the bodies of the Quinces themfelves, becaufe they lie heavy in the ftomach.
But thofe Quiddenies are beft taken after meals, alone ; before meals, dipped in Vi-
negar.
io. Such things as are for the ftomach above other Simples are thefe, \ofemary,
good
Elecampane, Maflickj, wormwood, Sage, CMint.
ii. I allow Pills of Aloes , Maflick^ and Saffron in Winter- time, taken before dinner
but fo, as the Aloes be not only oftentimes walhed in Rofe. water, but alfo in Vinegar in
which Tragacanth hath been infufed, and after that be macerated for a few hours in
Oil of. fweet Almonds new drawn, before it be made into Pills.
Wine or ^le wherein Wormwood hath been infufed, with a little Elecampane and
yellow Sanders, will do well, taken at times, and that efpecially in Winter.
But in Summer, a draught of nhite-wtne allayed with Strawberry- water, in which
Wine Powder of Pearls and of the /hells of cra-fjhes exquifitely beaten and (which
may perhaps feem ftrange ) a little Qt*l\ have been infufed, doth excellently refrelh'
and ftrengthen the ftomach.
14 But generally,' all Draughts in the morning (which are but too frequently ufed) of
cooling things, as of Juices, Decoctions, Whey, Barly-watcrs, and the like J aretobe
avoided, and nothing is to be put into tlfe ftomach fafting which is purely cold.
Thefe things are better given, if need require, either at five in the afternoon, or elfe an
hour after alight breakfaft.
i5« -Often faftingsare bad for long life ; befides, all thirft is to be avoided, and the fto-
mach is to be kept clean, butalways moift.
16. Oil of Olives new and good, in which a little CMethridate hath been diffolved,
anointed upon the baek-bone, juft againftthe mouth of the ftomach, doth wonderfully
comfort the ftomach. .

'7- A fmall bag° filled with locks of Scarlet-wool fteeped in Red-wine, in which
lini i wi — iiinnii~
Mntle,
— ——
wr^~r~^' '
 The hiftorj of Life and Death. 43 }

Myrtle, and Cttron-pill, and a little saffron have been infufed, may be always worn
upon the ftomach. And touching thole things with comfort the ftomach thus much,
feeing many of thofe things alfo which fcrve for other operations are helpful to
this.
The Liver y if it be preferved from Torrefallion, or Defecation, and fromobftruclion, 17.
it needcth no more j, for that loofencfs of it which begets uAcjuofities is plainly a tiif-

eafe, but the other two old age approaching induced).

Hereunto appertainmoft efpecially thofe things which arc fet down in the Operation
upon the IBloud: we will adde a very few things morc,but thofe fclected.
Principally let there lie in ufe the Wine of fweet Pome'gran'Hts, or, if that cannot be/ 20.
had, them newly expreffed ; let it be taken in the morning with a little
the juice of
Sugar, and into the glafs into which the Expreifion is made put a fmall piece of Citron-
pill green, and three or four whole Cloves : let this be taken from Februarjtili the end
of April.
Bring alfo into ufc above all other Herbs Water crepes-, but young, not old they ; 21.

may be ufed either raw in Sallets, or in Broths, or in Drinks and after that take :

Spoon-wort.
Aloes, however wafhed or corrected, is hurtful for the Liver, and therefore it is 22.

never to be taken ordinarily. Contrariwife, Rhubarb \% fovereign for the Liver, fo

that thefe three cautions be intcrpofed. be taken before meat, left it dry
Firft,that it

the body too much, or leave fome imprerfions of the Stipiaty thereof. Secondly, that
it be macerated an hour or two in Oil of fweet Almonds new drawn, with Rofe-voater,

before it be infilled in Liquor, or given in the proper fubftance. Thirdly, that it be

taken by turns, one while limplc, another while wnhTartar, or a little Bay-falt, that
it carry not away the lighter parts onely, and make the mafs of the Humours more ob-

ftinate.
I allow Wine, or fome decoction with Steel, to be taken three or four times in the 23

year, to open the more ftrong obftruftions ;

yet fo, that a draught of two or three
ipoonfuls or Oil of fweet Almonds new drawn
c/er go before, and the motion of the
Body, of the arms and (ides, conftantly follow.
efpecially
Srveetned Liquors, and that with fome fatnefs, are principally, and not a little effe- 24.
ctual to prevent the %Arefa£lien, and Saltnefs, and TorrefaElion, and in a' word, the
Oldnefs of the Liver, efpecially if they be well incorporated with age. They are made
of f-veet Fruits and Roots, as namely, the Wines and Julipsof Raifins of the Sun new,
Jujubxes, dried Figs, Dates, Tarfnips, Potatoes, and the like, with the mixture of Li-
ctris fometimes alfo a Julip of the Indian grain , (which they call MaizS) with the
:

mixture of fome fweet things, doth much to the fame end. But it is to be noted,
that the intention of preferving the Liver in a kind of foftnefs and fatnefs,
is much more powerful than that other which pertains to the opening of the
Liver, which rather tendeth to health than to length of life , frying that that
cbflruclion which induceth Torrefaclion is as oppofite, to long life as thofe other
Arcfaclions.
I commend Roots of succory , Spinage and Beets cleared of their piths , and
the *5>
boiled till they be tender in Water, with a third part ok white-wine, for ordinary Sal-
lets, to be eaten with Oil'and Vinegar : alfo pith of Artichokes , and
.-.fparagtu,
Burre-rovts boiled and ferved in after the fame manner , Broths in the Spring-time
alfo
of Vine, buds, and the green blades of wheat. And touching the preferving of the Li.
ver thus much.
The Heart receiveth benefit or harm moftft'om the Air which we breath, from i&
Vapours, and from the Affections. Now many of thofe things which have been for-
merly fpoken touching the Spirits may be transferred hither; but that indigefted mafs
ofCorHials collected by byficians avails little to our intention notwithstanding *.

thole things which are found to be good againft Poyfons may with good judgment
be given to ftrengthen and fortifie the Heart, efpecially if they be of that kind, that
they do not fo much refift the particular poyfons as arm the heart and fpirits againftpoy-
fon in general. And touching the leveral Cordials, you may repair to the Table already
letdown.
Ths goodnefs of the Air is better known by experience than by figns. hold We n-
that Air to be heft where the Country is level and plain, and that lieth open
on all fides, fo that the foil be dry, and yet not barren or fandyj which puts forth
H 2
— f * -»
fVild
 44- 'Re Hiflory of Life and Death.

Wild Thyme, and Eye- bright, and a kind of Marjoram, and here and there ftalks of C*-
lamint; which not altogether void of wood, but conveniently fet with fome Trees
is

for fhade ; where the Sweet-briar -refe fmcllethfomething Musky and Aromatically. if
there be %ivers, wc fuppofe them rather hurtful than good, unlefs they be very (mail,
and clear,and gravelly.
28. It is certain that the morning air is more lively and rcfrefhing than the evening air,

though the latter be preferr'd out of delicacy.

2p. Wc conceive alfo, that the airflirred with a gentle windis more wholcfome than
the air oiaferene and calm skie but the belt is, the wind blowing from the H eft in the
•

morning, and from the North in the afternoon.

odours are efpec^illy profitable for the comforting of the heart, yet not fo as thoug'i
30.
ag ood odour were the prerogative of a good air : for it is certain ,that as there are fomc
Peflilential airs which fmell not fo ill as others that are lefs hurtful 5 fo, on the contra-
ry, there are fome airs moft wholfome and friendly to the fpirits, w! ich either fmell
not at all, or are lefs pleafing and fragrant to the fenfe. And generally, where the air is
good, odours fhould be taken but now and then ; for a continual odour, though never
fo good, is burthenfome to the fpirits.

3
r- We commend above all others (as we have touched before ) odour of Plants, grow-
ing, and not plucked, taken in the open air : the principal of that kind are Piolets,
Cjilliflowers, Pinks, Bean-flowers, Lime-tree-blojfoms, Fine- buds, Honey-fuckjes, yellow IVall-
flowers, Aius\-Rofes, (for other Rofes growing are faft of their finells ) Strawberry-leaves,
efpecially dying, Sweet-briar, principally in the early Sprino,wild&tint, Lavender flowered;
and in the hotter Countries, Srenge-tree, Citron-tree,&iynle,Laurel : Therefore to walk
or fit near the breath of thefe7>/^»^ would not be neglected.
32. For the comforting of the Heart, we prefer cool fmels before hot fmells ; therefore
the beft perfume is, either in the morning, or about the heatoftheday, to take an equal
portion of Vinegar, Rofe-water, and claret-wine, and to pour them upon a Fire-pan fome-
what heated.
33- Neither let as be thought to facrrfice to our Mother the Sarth, though we advife,
that in digging or ploughing the Earth for health, a quantity offlaret-wme be poured
thereon.
34. Orenge-flower-water, pure and good, with a fmall portion of Rofe-water and £ra£ wine,
fh lifted up into the nofbils, or put into the noftrills with a Syringe, after the manner of an
Errhine, (but not too frequently) is very good.
35- But champing ( though we have no or holding in the mouth onely of fuch
'Betel')
things as cheer the Spirits, (even daily done ) is exceeding comfortable. Therefore
for that purpofe make Grains or little ca\es of Amber-griece, Musk^, Lignum- Aloes,
Lignum Rhodium>Qrra* Powder,znd Rofes ; and let thofe Grains or Cakes be made up with
Rofe-waterwhich hath pafTed through a little Indian Balfam.
3*. The Vapours which arifing from things inwardly taken do fortifieand cherifh the
heart ought to have thefe three properties, that they be Friendly, Clear, and Coaling;
for hot vapours are naught, and » inext felf, ^diich is thought to have onely an heating
vapour, is not altogether void of an Opiate Quality, Now we call thofe vapours Clear
which have more of the vapour than of the exhalation, and which are noHmoaky. or
"
fuliginous, or unctuous, but moift and equal. /
37- Out
of that unprofitable rabble of cordials, a few ougfyf to betaken into daily diet :
inftead of all, Amber. griece, Saffron, and the grain of Keymts, of the hotter fort ; Roots
ofBuglop and Borrage, Citrons, Sweet Limnns,zx\d Pearmdins, of the colder fort. Alfo that
way which we faid, both Gold and Pearls work a good effect, not onely within the
veins, but in their paffagc, and about the parts ncalr the heart ; namely, by cooling, with-
out any malignant quality.
jt. i
Of we believe welf, i>ecaufe of many trials but then the manner of
Bez,oar-flone :

taking ought to be fuch, as the vertue thereof may more eafily be communicated to
it

the fpirits: therefore we approve not the taking of it in Rretks or Syrups, or in Rofe-
water, or any fuch like ; but onely in wine, Cinnamon-water, or the like diftilled water,
but that weak or fmall, not burning or ftrong.
5* Of the Affections we have fpoken befofe ; we onely adde this, That every Noble, and
%efolutet and (as they call it) HeroicalDefire, ftrengthneth and inlargeth the powers of
the Heart. And touching the Heart thus much.

J A«
 \

The Hiflory of Life and Death. +5

As for the Brain, w here the Seat and Court of the Animal Ffiir its is kept, thofcthings 40.
which were inquired before touching Opium, and Nitre, and the Subordinates to them
both, alfb touching the procuring of placid Jleep, may likewife be referred hither. This
aifo is moft certain, that the Brain is in fomc fort in thecuftody of the stomachy and
therefore thofe things which comfort and ftrengthen the stomach do help the 'Brain
by confent,and may no lefs be transferred hither. We will adde a few Obfcrvations;
three Outward, one Inward.
We would have bathing of the Feet to be often ufed, at lead once in a week and :

the Bath to be made of Lye with Bay fait, and a little Sage, c hamomik, Fennel) Sweet-
marjoram, and Pepper-wort, with the leaves of Angellica green.
We commendalfo aFume or Suffumigation every morning of dried Kofemary, Bay- 42.
leaves dried, and Lignum- Aloes : for all lweet Gums opprefs the head.
Efpecially care muft be taken that no hot things be applied to the Head outwardly; 43-
fuch are all kind of Spices, the very Nutmeg not excepted : for thofe hot things wc
debafe them to the foles of the Feet, and would have them applied there onely ; but a
light anointing of the Head with Oil, mixed with Rofes, Myrtle, and a little Salt and Saf-
fron, we much commend.
Not forgetting thofe things which we have before delivered touching Opiates, Nitre, 44.
and the like, which fo much condenfe the spirits we think it not impertinent to that
;

effect, thatonce in fourteen days broth be taken in the morning with three or four grains
of faflorcum, and a little Angelica-feed, and Calamus, which bothfortifie the Brain, and
in that afbrefaid denfity of the fubftance of the fpirits, ( fo neceffary to long life,) adde
aifo a vivacity of motion and vigour to them.
In handling the Comforters of the four principal Bowels, we have propounded thofe 45-
things which are both proper and choice , and may fafely and conveniently be tranf-
ferred into Diets and Regiment of i-ife for variety of tSMedicines is the Daughter of
:

Ignorance ; and it is not more true, that many Difbes have caufed many Difiafes, as the
Proverb is, than this is true, that many CMediCines havecaufidfew Cures. And touch*
ing the Operation upon the principal Bowels for their Extrufion of ^iliment , thus
much.

The Operation upon the Outward Tarts for their

^AttraUion of Aliment. 6.

'The Hiflory.

ALthough a good Concoction performed by the Inward Parts be the principal to- x*

wards a perfect Alimentation ;

yet the Actions of the Outward Parts ought
aifo to concur ; that like as the Inward F'acuity fendeth forth and extrudeth the
Aliment, fo the Faculty of the Outward Parts may call forth and attract the fame: and
the more weak the Faculty ofCmoclion fhall be, the more need is there of a concurring
help of the Attrallive I'acuity
kftrong Attraction of the outward parts is chiefly caufed by the motion of the Body,
by which the parts being heated and comforted, do more chearfully call forth and attratl
the Aliment unto themfelves*
But moft of all to beforefeenand avoided,that the fame motion and heat which
this is
f
calls the new
juice to the members, doth not again defpoil the member of that juiee
wherewith it had been before refrefhed*
YricAtions ufed in the morning ferve efpecially to this /ntention : but this muft 4*
evermore accompany them, that after the Yrtcation the part be lightly anointed with
Oil, left the Attrition of the outward parts make them by Perforation dry and
juicelefs.
The next is Exercifc> (by which the parts confrkate and chafe themfelves) fo it

Hj be
 .

46 The Hiflory of Life and 'Death.

I

be moderate, and which (as was noted before) is not fwift, nor to the utmoftftrength,
nor unto wearinefs. But in Exercife and Frication there is the fame reafon and caution,
that the body ma}' not perfpire or exhale too much : Therefore Exercife is better in
the open air than in the houi'e, and better in Winter than in Summer ; and again, £xer-
cije is not onely to be concluded withlln&ion, as Frication is , but in vehement- £x-

ercifes Unction is to be ufed both in the beginning and in the end, as it was anciently
to Champions.
That Exercife may refolve either the fpirits or the juices as little a$ may be, it is

neceffary that it be ufed when the ftomach

not altogether empty
is and therefore that
:

it may not be ufed upon a full ftomach, ( which doth much concern healcbj nor yet

upon an empty ftomach , (which doth no lefs concern long life) it is beft to take a
breakfaft in the morning, not of any Fhyfical Drugs, or of any Liquors' or of Rai<ius ;

or of Figs, or the like; but of plain Meat andDrink.yet that very light,and in module
quantity.
Exercifes ufed for the irrigation of themembers, ought to be equal to all tlie mem
bers ; not (as Socrates faid) that the Legs fhould move, and the Arms fl?onld refl, oi
on the contrary; but that all the parts may participate of the motion. Audit is alto
getherrequifite to long life, that the Body fhould never abide long in one pofturc, but
that every half hour, atleaff, it change the pofture, faving onely in flecp.
Thofe whith are ufed to Mortification may be transferred to Vilification for
things ;

both Hair and Scdurgings, and all vexations of the outward parts,- do fortifie the
lhirts,
Attractive force of them.
Cardan commends Nettling, even to let out Melancholly but of this we have no ex-
:

perience ; and befides, we have no good opinion of it, left, through the venemous
quality of the 2\(jttle, it may with often ufe breed Itches and otlierdifeafes of the skin.
And touching the Operation upon the Outward Parts for their Attratlien of Aliment,
thus much.

The Operation upon the ^Aliment itjelffor^

the Infinuation thereof. 7

TheHfion

fevcre Re-
"ervation of
urc of
Aliments, andfomewhatheterogeneous, finds a paffage into the veins and juices of the
body more lively and chearfully than a fimple and homogeneous diet doth befides, it ;

j
ismore forcible to ftir up appetite, which is the fpur of Digeftion. Therefore wc
allow both a full Table, and a continual changing ofjDiJbes, according to the Seafons of
the year, orupon other occafions.
2. Alfo that opinion of the Simplicity oftJHeats without Sawces is but a fimplicity of
judgment ; for good and well-chofcn Sawces are the molt wholefome preparation of,

tJMeats, and conduce both to health and to long life.

It muft be ordered, that wirh Meats hard of digeftion be conjoynedftrong Liquors
and Sawces that may penetrate and inakc way ; but with Meats more eafie of digefti-
on, fmaller Liquors and fat Sawces.

4- Whereas we advifed before, that the firft Draughts Supper fhould be taken warm ;
now we adde, that for the preparation of the ftomach, a good draught of that Liquor
( to which every man is moft accuftomed) be taken warm half an hour before meat
alfo, but a
little fpiced, to plcafe the tafte.

Thepreparation of Meats, and Bread, and Drinks, that they may be rightly hand-
led, and. in order to: this Intention, is of exceeding great moment howfoeveritmay
feem a Mechanical thing, and favouring of the Kitchin and Buttery; yet it is of more
confequence than thofe Fables of Gold and precious Stbncs>and the like.
The
 :

The Hi{lory of Life and Death 47

The moiftning of the juices of the body by a moift preparation of the aliment, is a 6.
childi/h thing j it may be fomewhat available againft the fervours of difeafes, but it is

altogether averfe to rofcid alimentation. Therefore boiling of meats> as concerning

our Intention, is farinferiour to roafting, and baking, and the like.
Roafting ought to be with a quick fire, and foon difpatched ; not w ith a dull fire, and 7:
•in long time.

All folid fieffies ought to be ferved in, not altogether frefh, but fomewhat pow- ?.

dered or corned ; the lefs Salt may be fpent at the table with them, or none at all
for Salt incorporated with the meat before is better diftributed in the body, then eaten
with it at the table.
There would be brought into ufe feveral and good Macerations, and Jnfujions of 9-
Meats in convenient Liquors, before the roafting of them: the like whereof are fome-
time in ufe before they bake them, and in the Pickles of fomeFifhes.
But beatings, and as it were fcourgings, of fleih-meats before they be boiled, would io.
work no fmall matter. We fee it is confefTed that Partridges and Pheafantt killed with
an Hartley alfo Bucks and Stags killed in Hunting, ("i£ they ftand not out too long, eat
better even to the tafte and fome Fifhes fcourged and beaten, become more tender
;

and wholfomc alfo hard and four Pears, and fome other Fruits, grow fweet with row-
-,

ling them. It were good to practife fome fuch beating and bruiting of the harder kinds
of Flelhes before they be brought to the fire ; and this would be one of the beft prepa-
rations of all.
Bread a little levened, and very little falted, is beft, and which is baked in an Oven XI.

throughly heated,and not with a faint heat.

The preparation of Drinks in order to long life ih all not exceed one Precept. And 12.

j
as touching water- drinkers we have nothing to fay ; fuch a diet (as we faid before) may
i
prolong hie to an indifferent term,but to no eminent length : but in other Drinks, that
; are full of fpirit, (fuch as are nine, Ale, Mead-, and the like) this one thing is to be ob-
ferved and purfucd, as the fum of all, That the parts of the Liquor may- be exceeding
thin and fubtil, and the Spirit exceeding mild. This is hard to be done by Age alone,
;
for that makes the pares a little more fubtil, but the fpirits much more lharp and eager:
therefore of the Infufions in the Veflels of fome fat fubftance, which may reftrainthe
I
acrimony of the fpirits, counfel hath been given before. There is alfo another way
I without lnfufion or tJMixture : this is, that the Liquor might be continually agitated,
either by carriage upon the Water, or by carriage by Land, or by hanging the vcf-
fds upon lines, and daily ftirring them, .or fome fuch other way for iris certain that
:

this local motion doth both fubtilizc the parts, and doth fo incorporate and compact the
fpirits with the parts, that they have no leifure to turn to fowrriefs, which is a kind of
• putrefatlion.
\
But extream old age fuch a preparation of meats is to be made as may be almoft in
in J 3.
c
the middle way to chlus. And touching the DiflilUtions of A4eats,\.\\zy are mere toys ;
for the Nutritive part, at leaft the beft of it, doth notafcend in Vapours.
The incorporating of meat and drink before they meet in the ftomach is a degree
if!
1
to chy lus : therefore let Chickens, or Partridges, or Pheafants, or the like, betaken
and boiled in water with a little fait, then let them be deanfed and dried, after-
ward let them be infufed in Mufl or Ale before it hath done working, with a little
Sugar.
Alfo Gravies of meat, and the mincings of them fmall well feafbn'd, are good for
J 5-
old perfons
; and the rather, for that they are deftituted of the office of their Teeth mi
chewing, which is a principal kind of preparation.
And as for the helps of that defect, ( namely, of the ftrength olTecth to grind the if.
meat ) there are three things which may conduce thereunto. Firft, that new Teeth may
put forth that which fcems altogether difficult, and cannot be accomplifhed without
5

an inward and powerful rcftauration of the body. Secondly, that the ?am be fo con-
finnedby due ^firtngents,t\ut they may in fome fort fupply theoffice of the Teeth; which
may poflibly be effected. Thirdly, that the meat be io prepared, that there ihall be no
need of chewing which remedy is ready at hand.
:

-We have fome thought alfo touching the Quantity of the meat and drink, that the
fame taken in a larger quantity at fome times is good for the irrigation of the body ;

therefore both great Feaftings and free Drinkings are not altogether to be inhibited.
And touching the operation upon the Aliments and the Treparation of them, thus much. .

. . . _ The]
 48 The History of Life and Death.

The Operation upon the la(l aAct ofdfsimilation. 8,

TOucbing the laft A dc. of Affimilation (unto which the three Operations immediately
preceeding chiefly tend ) our advicefh all be brief and (ingle : and the thing itfelf ra-
ther needs Explication, than any various Rules.

is certain, that all bodies are endued with fomedefire of ^//imilating thofc things
ITwhich are next them. This the rare and pneumatical bodies, as Flame, Spirit, Air,
perform generoufly and with alacrity : on the contrary, thofe that carry a grofs and
tangible bulk about them, do but weakly, in regard that the defire of affimilatwg other
things is bound in by a ftronger defire ofReft,and containing themfclves from Motion.
2. /igain, it is certain that the defire of affimiUting being bound, as wefaid, in a Grofs
body, and made uneffeftual, is fomewhat freed and ftirredup by the heat and neighbour-
ing fpirit, fo that it is then actuated : which is theonely caufe why Inanimates affimi-
late not, and Animates ajjimilate.
This alfo is certain, that the harder the Confiflence of the body is, the more doth
thatbody ftand in need of a greater heat to prick forward the affimilation : which falls
out ill for old men, becaufe in them the parts are more obftinate, and the heat weaker ;
and therefore cither the obftinacy of their parts is to be foftned, or their heatincreafed.
And as touching the Malaciffation or mollifying of the members, we ihall fpeak afterward,
having alfo formerly propounded many things which pertain to the prohibiting and
preventing of this kind ofhardnefs. For the other, touching the increafing of the
heat, we will now deliver a fingle precept, after we have
affumed this Axiom. firft

4> The At~l of affimilation ( which, as we by the heat circumfufed) is

faid, is excited
a motion exceeding accurate, fubtile, and in little; now all fuch motions do then
come to their vigour, when the local Motion wholly ceafeth which difturbeth it. For
the Motion oi Separationmtohomogeneal parts, which is in Milk, that the Cream fhould
fwim above, and the Whey fink to the bottom, will never work, if the Milk be never
fo little agitated ; neither will any Putrefaction proceed in Water or mixt Bodies, if
the fame be in continual Local Motion. So then, from this Ajfumptionwe will conclude
this for the prefent Inquifition.
The Act felf of AJfimilation is chiefly accomplished in Sleep and Reft, efpecially
it

towards the morning, the diftribution being finilhed. Therefore we have nothing
elfeto advife, but that men keepthemfelves hot in their fleep and further.that towards ;

the morning there be ufed fome Anointing, orfhirttin&ed with Oil, fuch as may gently
ftir up heat, and after that to fall afleep again. And touching the laft Act of AJfimilation
thus much.

The Operation upon the Inteneration of that which begins to

c
beArefied, orthez^U[alaciJ/ationofthe Body. 9.

T/J/E have inquired formerly touching the Inteneration from within, which is done by
many windings and Circuits, as well of Alimentation as of Detaining fta Spirit
from ijfuing forth, and therefore is accomplijhed flowly. 2\^ow we are to inquire touching
that Inteneration which is from without, and is effected, as it were, fuddenly j or touching
the Malaciffation and Suppling of the Body.

The Kiftory.
I

I. the Fable of reftoring Pelias to youth again, Medea, when (he feigned to do it
INpropounded this way of accomplishing the fame, 1 hat the Old man's body fhould
be cut into feveral pieces, and then boiled in a Cauldron with certain Medicaments.
There may, perhaps,fome boiling be required to thismatter,but the cutting intopieces
is not needful.
Not-
 The hijiory of Life and 'Death.
49
Notwithftanding, this cutting into pieces feems, in fotnc fort, to be ufeful ; no*
with a knife, but with judgment;. For whereas the Confidence of" the Vowels and.
Parts \svc:y diverfe, it isncedfull that the inteneration of them both be not effected the
lame way, but that there be a Cure defigned of each in particular, befides thofe things
which pertain to the Inteneration of the whole mafs of the Body; of which, notwith-
flanding, in the fir ft place.
This Operation (if perhaps itbe within our power) is moft likely to be done by
Baths, Un&ions, and the like 5 concerning which thefe things that follow arc to be
obferved.
We mud not be too forward in hoping to accomplish, this matter from the Exam-
ples of thole things which we fee done in the Imbibitions and Macerations of inani-
mates, by which they are intenerated, whereof we introduced fomc inftances before:
For this kind of operation is more eafie upon Inanimates , becaufe they attract
I and fuck in the Liquor ; but upon the bodies of Living creatures it is har-
) der, becaufe in them the motion rather tendeth outward and to the Circum-
ference.
Therefore the Emollient Baths which are in ufe do little good, but on the contrary
( hurt, becaufe they ratherdraw forth than make entrance, and refolvc the ftructurc of
I
the body rather than confolidate it.
The Baths and Vntliens which may fcrve to the prefent Operation (namely, oilnte-
{ neratmg the body truly and really) ought to have three properties.
The firft and principal is, That they conuft of thofe t lings which in their whole
fubftancc are like unto the body and flefh or man, and which have a feeding and nurfing
virtue from without.
The fecond is, That they be -mixed with fuch things as through the fubtilty of their
parts may make entrance, and fo infinuate and conveigh their nounjhing virtue into the
body.
The third is, That they receive fome mixture (though much inferiour to the reft)
of fuch things as are dftrtngent I mean not four or tart things , but unctuous and
•

comforting ; that while the other two do operate, the exhaling out of the body, which
deftroyeth the virtue of the -things integrating, may (as much as is poflible) be pro-
hibited ; and the motion to the inward parts, by the Aflritlion of the skin and doling
I of the paffages, may be promoted and furthered.
r
That which is moft con[tibfta.ntial to the body of man is warm Bloud, cither of man, 10.
j
or of feme other living creature but the device of Ficinw, touching the fucking of
:

blond out of the arm of a wholefome young man, for the reftauration of ftrength in
I

j
old men, is very frivolous for that which nourifheth from within ought no way to
;

1 be equal or homogeneal to the body nourifhed, but in fome fort inferiour and fubor-
j
dinace, that it may be converted but in things applied outwardly, by how much the
:

; fubftance is /%r, by fo much the confent is better.

It hath been anciently received, that a bath made of the bloud of Infants will cure the 11.

Leprtfie, and heal the flefh already putreft'd; infomuch that this thing hath begot envy

I
towards fome Kings from the common people.
It .is reported that Heraclitm, for cure of the Dropjie, was put into the warm belly of an 12.

j
Qx newly flain.
They ufe the bloud of Kitlins warm to cure the difeafe called St. ssfnthonfs Fire t and n-
'

to rcftore the flefh and skin.

An Arm or other Member newly cutoff, or that upon fome, other occafion will not
leave bleeding, is with good fuccefs put into the belly of fome creatures newly ripped up,
for it worketh potently to ftanch the blond ; the bloudof the member cut off by con-
fent fucking in, and vehemently drawing to it fclf, the warm bloud of the creature flain,
whereby it felf is flopped and retireth.
It is much ufed in extreme and effefperate difeafis to cut in two young Pigeons, yet 15-
living , and apply them to the foles of the feet, and to fhift them one after another,
whereby fometime there followeth a wonderful eafe. This is imputed vulgarly as if
they fhould draw down the malignity of the difeafe ; but howfoever, this application
goethto the Head, andcomforteththe Animal Spirits.
But thefe bloudy 'Baths and Mnttions feem to us fluttifh and odious: let us fearch 16.
out fome others, which perhaps have lefs loathfomenefs in them, and yet no lefs
benefit.
I Next
 )

jo Tfe Hijlory of Life and Death.

if. Next unto »#r/» Blond, things alike in fubflance to the Body of a man are nutritives :

/4« /?*/&« of Oxen, Swine, Dear ; Oifters amongfl: Fijhes ; Mil/^, "Butter, Yolks of
Eggs, Flower oi Wheat, ftveet wine, either Sugred, or before it be fined.
18. Such things as we would have mixed to make imprcflion are, inftead of all, Salts,
efpccially Ray fait; alfo Wine (when it is full of Spirit ) maketh entrance, and is an
excellent Convoy.
19- Ajlringents of that kind which we defcribed, namely, unctuous and comfortable
thing?, are Sajfren, i&iaflick^, tJHyrrhe, and *JMyrtle berries.
20. Of thefe parts, in our judgment, may very well be made fuch a Bath as wedefi°n :

Phyficians and Pofierity will find out better things hereafter.

ai. But the Operation will be much better and more powerful, if fuch a Bath as we have
propounded (which we hold to be the principal matter ) be attended with a fourfold
Courfe and Order.
22. Firft, that there go before the Bath zFrication of the body, and an Anointing with
Oil, with fome thickning fubftance, that the virtue and moiftning heat of the Bath may

pierce the body, andnotthe watry part of the Liquor. Then let the Bath follow, for
the fpace of fome two hours. After the Bath, let the body be Emplaiflered with t^$a-
(iick^, Myrrhe, Tragacanth, Diapalma, and Saffron ; that the perfpiration of the body

may ( as much as is pofTible) be inhibited, till the fupple matter be by degrees turned
mtofolid This to be continued for the fpace of twenty four hours or more. Laftly,
:

the Emplatfiering being removed, let there be an anointing with Oil mixed with Salt and
Saffron. And let this Bath, together with the EmplaiUering and Vntlion, (as before)
be renewed every fifth day. This Malaciffation otfuppling of the body be continued
for one whole month.

23.
Alfo during the time of this Malaciffation, we hold it ufeful and propcr,and accord-
ing to our intention, that men nouriih their bodies well, and keep out of the cold air,
and drink nothing but warm drink.
24- Now this is one of thofe things ( as we warned in general in the beginning
whereof we have made no trial by Experiment , but onely fet it down out of our
aiming and levelling at the end : For having fet up the Mark, we deliver the Light to
others.

15.
Neither ought the warmths and cherifhings of living bodies to be neglected. Ficinus
faith,and that ferioufly enough, That the laying of the young Maid in David's bofom
wot wholfome for htm, but it came too late. He fhould alio hare added, That the young
Maid, after the manner of the Yerfian Virginnought to have been anointed with Myrrhe,
and fuch like, not for delieioufnefs, but to increafe the virtue of this cherifhing by a
living body.

16. iarbaroffa, in his extream old age, by the advice of a Phypcian, a few, did con-
tinually apply young Boys to his ftomach and belly, for warmth and cherifhing: alio
|
fome old men lay Whelps (creatures of the hotteft kind) clofe to their ftomachs every
night.

27. There hath gone undoubted, and that under feveral names, of cer-
a report, almoft
tain men that had great Nofes, who
being weary of the derifion of people, have cut
off the bunches or hillocks of their Nofes, and then making a wide gafli in their arms,
have held their Nofes in the place for a certain time, and fo brought forth fair and come-
ly 7\Tofes : Which if it be true, it (hews plainly the confent of fief? unto /*/&, efpecially

in livefejhes.

28. Touching the particular Integration ofthe principal Bowels, the Stomach, Lmgs,Ltver,
Heart, Brain, Marrow of the Back-bone, Guts, Reins, Gall, Feins, Arteries, Nerves, Carti-
lages,Bones,the Inqftifition and Direction would be too long feeing we now fet not forth
a Prabiick. , but certain Indications to the PrAiiick.

The
 .

The Hi/lory of Life and \Death. ?!

The Operation upon the Turgingarpay of oldJuice >and Sup-

plying of new Juice or of %enoK>ation by Turns, i o
;

The Hiflory.

all here fet down have been, for the moft part,
ALthough thofe things which we fh
fpoken of before; jet becaufe this Operation is one of the principal, we will
handle them over again more at large.
It is certain that Draught-Oxen which have been worn out with working, being put I„

into freih and rich paftures, will gather tender and young flc/h again and this will ap- -•

pear even to the tafte and palat ; fo that the inteneration of flefh is no hard matter.
Now it is likely that this Inteneration of thefiefhbeing often repeated, will in time reach
to the Inteneration of the Bones and Membranes, zndi like parts of the body.
Diets which are now much in ufe, principally of Guaiacum,and of
It is certain that z.

Sarfaperilla, China,and Saffafras, if they be continued for any time, and according to
ftrict rules, do firft attenuate the whole juice of the body, and after confume it arid
drink it up. Which is moft manifeft, becaufe that by thefe Diets the French-Pdx,
when it is grown even to anhardnefs, and hath eaten up and corrupted the very niar-
row cf the body, may be effectually cured. And further, becaufe it is manifeft that
men who by brought to be extream lean, pale, and as it were ghofts,
thefe diets are
will foon after become fat, well-coloured, and apparently young again. Wherefore
we are abfolutely of opinion, that fuch kind of diets in the decline of age, being ufed
every year, would be very ufeful to our Intention ; like the old skin or fpoil of Ser-
pents.
We do confidently affirm, ( neither let any man reckon us among thofe Heretickj
which were called Cathari ) that often Purees, and made even familiar to the body,are
more available to long life than Exercifes and Sweats and this muft needs be fo, if that
:

be held, which is already laid for aground, ThatUndlions ofthe body, and Oppletion
of the paiTages from without, and Excluflonof air, and Detaining ofthe (pirit within
the mais ofthe body, do much conduce to long life. For it is moft certain, that by
Sweats and outward Perfpirations not only the Humours and excrementitious vapours
are exhaled and confumed, but together with them the juices alfo and good fpirits,
which are not fo eafily repaired: but in Purges (unlefs they be very immoderate) it is
not fo, feeing they work principally upon the Humors. But the beft Purges for this
1

Intention are thofe which are taken immediately beforemeat, becaufe they dry the body
lefs ; and therefore they muft be of thofe Purgers which do leaf): trouble the belly.

Thefe Intentions of the Operations which we have propounded [aswe conceive) are
I
moft true, the Kennedies faithful to the Intentions. Neither is it credible to be told (_aL
\
may feem but vulgar ) with what care and choice they
though not a few of thefe Remedies
\
have been examined by its, that they might be {the Intention not at all impeached) both
i
fafe and effectual Experience, no doubt, will both verifie and promote thefe matters*
And fuck, in all things, are the works of every prudent counfel, that they are Admi-
rable in their Effects , Excellent alfo in their Order , but feeming Vulgar in the Way
and Means.

The Torches of Death.

j^/E are now to enquire touching the Porches of Death, that is, touching thofe things
w'^ichhappen unto men at the point of Death, both a little before and after \ that
\ feeing there are many Paths which lead to Death, it may be underflood in what Common
I a way
 52 The Hiftory of Life and "Death.

way they all end, efpecially in thofe Deaths which are caufed by Indigence of Nature
rather than by Violence : although fomething of this latter alfo mufi be tnferted, becaufe
of the connexion of things.

The Hiftory,

THe living Spirit fhnds in need of three things that it may fubfift ; Convenient
tJKotion, Temperate T^frigeration^ni. Fit tAliment. Flame feems to ftand in
need but of two of thefe , namely , Motion and Aliment j becaufc Fhmc is a
Simple fubftance, the Spirit a compounded, infomuch that if itapproachfomewbat too
near to a flamy nature, it ovcrthroweth it felf.
2. Alfo Flame.by a greater and ftronger Flame is extinguished and flain, as Ariftotle well
noted, much more the Spirit. •
Flame, if it be much comprefled and ftreightned, is extinguished : as we may fee in.
i-
a Candle having a Glafs caff, over it; for the Air being dilated by the heat, doth con-
trudeand thruft together the Flame, andfo le^cneth it, and in the end extinguish eth it;
and fires on hearths will not flame if the fuel be thruft clofe together without any fpace
for the flame to break forth.

4- Alfo things fired are extinguished with compreffion ; as if you prefs a burning coal
hard with the Tongs or the foot, it is {freight extinguish ed.
5- But to come to the Spirit : if Bloud or Phlegm get into the Ventricles of the
Brain , it caufeth fudden death , becaufe the Spirit hath no room to move it
fclf.

AKo a great blow on the head induccth fudden death, the Spirits being ftreightned
within the Ventricles oftheBrain.
7- Opium and other ftrong Stupefaftives do coagulate the Spirit, and deprive it of the
motion.
A venemous Vapour, totally abhorred by the fpirit,caufeth fudden death : as in deadly
poifons, which work ( as they call it; by a fpecifical malignity j for they ftrikc a loath-
ing into the Spirit, that the fpirit will no more move it felf, nor rife againft a thing fo
much detcftcd.
Alfo extreme Drunkennefs or extreme Feeding fometime caufe fudden death,
is not oncly oppreSfed with over, much condenfmg, or the malignity
feeing the fpirit
of the vapour, ( as in Opium and malignant poifons ) but alfo with the abundance of
the Vapours.
10. Extreme Grief or Fear, efpccially if they be fudden, (as it is in a fad and unexpected
meffagc) caufe fudden death.
II. Notonely over-much ComprcflTion, but alfo over-much Dilatation of the fpirit, i*
deadly.
12. Joys exceflivc and fudden have bereft many of their lives.
*3 In greater Evacuations, as when men for the Dropfie, the waters flow forth
they cut
abundantly ; much more in fudden
great and fluxes of bloud oftentimes prefent

death followeth : and this happens by the mere flight of Vacuum within the body,
all the parts moving to fill the empty places , and amongft the reft the fpirits
themfclves. For as for flow fluxes of blood, this matter pertains to the indigence
of nourishment, not to the diffufion of the fpirits. And touching the motion
of the fpirit fo far, either compreSfed or diffufed, that it bringcth death, thus
much.
14. We mwft come next to the want of Refrigeration. Stopping of the breath caufeth
fudden death, as in all Suffocation or flrangling. Now it Seems this matter is not fo
much to be referred to the impediment of Motion , as to the impediment of Refri-
geration ; for air over-hot, though attracted freely, doth no lefs fuffocatc than if
breathing were hindred; as it is in them who have been fometime fuffocated with
burning coals, or with char- coal, or with walls newly plaiftered in clofe chambers
where a fire is made: which kind of death is reported to have been the end of the
Emperor j ovinia*. The like happeneth from dry Baths over heated, which was pra-
ctised in the killing of Faufta^xhto Conftantine the Great.
It is a very Small time which Nature taketh to repeat the breathing, and in
'
^ which j.
 The Hiflory of Life and "Death. 53
which fhe drawn into the Lungs, and to take in new,
defircth to expel the foggy air
fcarce the third part of a minute.
Again, the beating of the Pulfe, and the motion of the Syflole and Diajiole of the 16.

heart, are three times quicker than that of breathing infomuch that if it were pofli-
\

ble that that motion of the heart could be flopped without flopping the breath, death
would follow more fpedily thereupon than by flrangling.
Notwithftanding, ufe and cuftom prevail much in this natural action of breathing ;
I?-

as it is in the Delian Divers and Filhers for Pcarl,who by long ufe can hold their breaths
at leaft ten times longer than other men can do.
Amongft living Creaturcs,cven of thofe that have Lungs, there arc fomc that areJble iS.

to hold their breaths a long time, and others that cannot hold them fo long, according
as they need more or lefs refrigeration.
Fifhes need lefs refrigeration than Terreflrial (freatures, yet fome they need, and I*'
take it by their Gills. And as Terreflrial Creaturescannot bear the air that is too
hot or too clofe s fo Fijhes are fuffocated in waters if they be totally and long
frozen.
be affaulted by another heat greater than it fclf, it is di/Iiparcd and de-
If the Spirit zo.
ftroyed for it cannot bear the proper beat without refrigeration, much lefs can it
;

bear another heat which is far ftronger. This is to be fcefl in burning- Fevers, where
the heat of the putrefied humours doth exceed the native heat, even to extinction or
diffipation.
The want and ufe of Sleep is referred to Refrigeration. For Motion doth atte-
alfo 21.

nuate and rarifie fpirit, and doth ffiarpcn and increafe the heat thereof;
the contra-
rily, sleep fetleth and reftraincth the motion and gadding of the fame : for though
Sleep doth ftrengthen and advance the actions of the parts and of the livelcfs Spi-

rits, and all that motion which is to the circumference of the body yet it doth in j

great part quiet and ftill the proper motion of the living Spirit. Now fleep regu-
larly is due unto humane nature once within four and twenty hours, and that for Qx
or fire hours at the leaft : though there are, even in this kind, fometimes miracle % of
Nature; as it is recorded of Mec&nat , that he flcpt not for a long time before his
death. And as touching the want of Refrigeration for cbnferving of the Spirit thus
much.
As concerning the third Indigence, namely of Aliment, it feems to pertain rather to 22.
the farts than to the living Spirit ; for a man may eafily believe that the living spirit
fubfifttth in Identity, not by fucceflion or renovation- And as for the reasonable Soul
in man, above all queftionthatit is not engendred of the Soul of the Parents, nor is
it is

repaired, nor can die. They fpeak of the Natural Spirit of living Creatures, and alfo
of Vegetables, which differs from that other Soul cfientially and formally. For out of
the conhihon of thefe thatfame tranfmi"ration of Souls, and innumerable other devices
of Heathens and Hereticks have proceeded.
The Body of man doth regularly require Renovation by Aliment every day, and a **-
body in health can fcarce endure foiling three days together; notwithftanding ufe and
cuftome will do much even in this caie but in ficknefs faftin« is lefs grievous to the
:

body. A!fo sleep doth fupply fomewhn to nourishment ; and on the other fide
Extrcife doth require it more abundantly. Likcwife there have fome been found
who fuftained themfelvcs (almoft to a miracle in nature) a very long time without
meat or drink.
Dead todies if they be not intercepted by putrefaction, will fubfift a long time with- 24.
out any notable tyibfumption ; but Living bodies not above three days, (as we faid) un-
lefs they be repaired by nourishment which lhcweth that quick Abfumption to be
:

the work of the living Spirit, which either repairs it felf , or puts the parts into a ne-
ceffity of being repaired, or both. This is tcitified by that alfo which was noted a little
before, namely, that living creatures tiiay, fubfift fomewhat the longer without Aliment
if they fleep: now fleep is nothing clie but a reception and retirement of the living

Spirit into it felf.

Anabundant and continual effluxion of blood, which fometimes happeneth in *5-

the Httmorrhoides , fometimes in vomitting of blood the inward Veins being ,

unlocked or broken, fometimes by wounds, caufcth fudden death, in regard that

the bloud of the Veins miniftrcch to the Arteries , and the bloud of the ^Arteries
to the Spirit.
-V „ I. 1 The \
 54 T^he History of Life and T>eath.

16. The quantity of meat and drink whicb a man, eating two meals a day, rccciveth into
his body is not Small much more than he voidcth again either by Stool, or by urine,
;

or by fweating. You will fay, No marvel, feeing the remainder goeth into the juices
andfubftanceof the body. It is true ; but confider then that this addition is made twice
a day, and yet the body aboundethnot much. Jn like manner, though the Spirit be re.
paired, yet it grows not exceSfively in the quantity.
2 7-
It doth no good to have the Aliment ready, in a degree removed, but to have it of that

kind, and fo prepared and fupplied that thefpiritmay work upon it : for the Staff of
a Torch alone will not maintain the flame, unleSs it be fed with wax, neither can men
live*upon herbs alone. And from thence comes the Inconcotlten of old age, that though
there be flefh and bloud, yet the fpirit is become fo penurious and thin, and the
juices and bloud fo heartlefs and obSiinatc that they hold no proportion to Ali-
,

mentation.
it (Let us now caft up the accounts of the Needs and Indigences, according to the ordi-
nary and ufual courSe of nature. The Spirit hath need of opening and moving it Self
in the Ventricles of the Brain and Nerves even continually, of the motion of the Heart
every third part of a moment, of breathing every moment, of fleep and nourishment
once within three days, of the power of nourishment commonly till eighty years be
paft ; And if any of thefe Indigences benegle&ed, jD*<«j/;enfueth. So there areplainly
three Porches of 'Death; Destitution of the Spirit in the Motion, in the Refrigeration,
in the Aliment.
it is an error to thin\ that the Living Spirit is perpetually generated and extingmfhed,

as Flame is, and ahideth not any notable time : for even Flame it felf is not thus out of
its own proper nature, but becaufe it liveth amongst enemies, for Flame within Flame
endureth. Now the Living Spirit liveth amongfi friends, andalldueobfecjuioufnefs. S»
then, as Flame is a momentany fubfiance, Air is a fixed fubftance, the Living Spirit is

betwixt both. ,

Touching the extinguishing of the Spirit^ the deftru<5Hon of the Organs (which is
canfed by Difeafes and Violence') ne enquire not now, as we foretold in the beginning, al-
though that alfo endeth in the {ame three Porches. And touching the Form of Death it
felf thus much.
25). There are two great forerunners of Death, the one fent from the Head, the other j

from the Heart ; Convulsion, and the extreme labour of the Pulfe; for,asfor the deadly
Hiccough, it is a kind of Convulfion, But the deadly labour of the Pulfe hath that
unufual fwiftnefs , becaufe the Heart at the point of death doth fo tremble , that
the Syftole and Diaftole thereof are almoft confounded. There is alfo conjoyned
in the Pulfe a weaknefs and lownefs, and oftentimes a great intcrmiffion , becaufe
the motion of the Heart faileth, and is not able to rife againSt the affault ftoutly or
constantly.
3°- The immediate proceeding figns of Death are , great unquietnefs and toffing in the
bed, fumbling with the hands, catching and grafping hard, gnaShing with the teeth,
fpeaking hollow, trembling or the neather lip, palenefs of the face, the memory con-
futed, fpeechlefs, cold fweats, the in length, lifting up the white of
body (hooting
the eye, changing of the whole vifage, nofe Sharp, eyes hollow, cheeks fallen)
(as the
contraction and doubling of the coldnefs in the extreme fwrts of the body; in fomc,
fhedding of bloud or Sperm, fhrieking, breathing thick and Short, falling of the nea-
th er chap, and fuch like.
5
1-
There follow Death a privation of all of the Heart and
fenfe and motion, as well
Arteries as of the Nerves and Joynts, an inability of the body to fupport it felf upright,
Stiffnefs of the Nerves and parts, extream coldnefs of the whole body ; after a little
while, putrefaction and Stinking.
IZ. '

Eeles, Serpents and the Infecla will move a longtime in every part after they are cut
afunder, inlbmuch that Country people think that joyn together
.the parts Strive to
again. Alfo Birds will heads are pulled off; and the
flutter a great while after their
hearts of living creatures will pant a long time after they are plucked out. I remem-
ber I have fecn the heart of one that was bowellcd, as Suffering for HighTreafon, that
being call: into the fire, leaped at the firSt at leaft a foot and half in height, and after
by degrees lower and lower, for the fpace, as I remember, of feven or eight minutes.
There is alfo an ancient and credible Tradition ofanOx lowing after his bowels were
plucked out. But there is a more certain tradition of a man, who being under the
Execu-
 The hiftory of Life and "Death. 55
Executioner's hand for high Treafon, after his Heart was plucked out and in the Exe-
cutioner's hand, was heard to utter three or four words of prayer : which therefore
wc laid to be more credible than that of the Ox in Sacrifice, becaufe the friends of the
party fuffering do ufually give a reward to the Executioner to difpatch his office with
the more fpced, that they may but in Sacrifices wc
the fooner be rid of their pain
;

fee no caufe why the be fo fpcedy in his office.

Pricft ihould
33-
For reviving thofe again which fall into fudden Swooning and Cdtalepfes of afionifh-
ments, (in which Fits many, without prefenthelp, would utterly expire) thefe things
arc ufed ; Putting into their mouths Water diftilled of Wine , which they call Hot-
waters, and Cordial- waters, bending the body forwards, flopping the mouth andnoftnls
hard, bending or wringing the fingers, pulling the hairs of the beard or head, rubbing
of the efpecially the face and legs, fudden carting of cold water upon the face,
parts,
ihrieking out aloud and fuddenly ; putting Rofe-water to the noftrills with Vinegar in
faintings ; burning of Feathers or Cloth in the fuffocation of the Mother: but efpe-
cially a Frying-pan heated red hot is good in apoplexies ; alfo a clofe embracing ©f the
body hath helped fomc.
"I here have beenmany examples of mqn in fhew dead, cither laid out upon the 34-
cold floor, or earned forth to burial; nay, of fome buried in the earth, which not-
withftanding have lived again, which hath been found in thofc that were buried (the
earth being afterwards opened ) by the bruiting and wounding of their head, through
the ftruglin'g of the body within the Coffin ; whereof the moft recent and memo-
rable example was that of Joannes scotus, called the Subtil, and a School- man, who
being digged up again by his Servant, ( unfortunately abfent at his burial, and who
knew his Matters manner in fuch fits ) was found in that ftate And the like happened
:

in our days in the perfon of a Player, buried at Cambridge. I remember to have heard

of a certain Gentleman, that would needs make trial in curiofity what men did feel that
were hanged ; fo he fattened the Cord about his neck, railing himfelf upon a ftool, and
then letting himfelf fall, thinking it ftiould be in his power to recover the ftool at
his pleafure, which he failed in, but was helped by a friend then prefent. He was
asked afterward what he felt. He faid he felt no pain,but firft he thought he faw before
his eyes a great fire and burning ; then he thought he faw all black and dark ; laftly
it turned to a pale blew, or Sea-water green ; which colour is alio often ken by them
which fall into Swoonings. I have heard alfo of a Phyfician, yet living, who reco-
vered a man to life which had hanged himfelf, and had hanged half an hour, by Fri-
cations and hot 'Baths: And the fame Phyfician did profefs, that he made no doubt to
recover any man that had hanged fo long, fb his Neck were not broken with the firft
fwing.

*The Differences of Youth and OldtAge.

T adder of Man's Body is this, To be conceived,to be quickned in the womb,

THe to be born, to fuck, to be weaned, to feed upon Pap, to put forth Teeth the
To the \6
Article.
firft time about the fecond year of age, to begin to go, to begin to fpeak, to
u
put forth Teeth the fecond time about feven years of age, to come to 'Puberty about
twelve or fourteen years of age, to be able for generation and the flowing of the Men-
fir ua, to hare hairs about the legs and arm-holes, to put forth a Beard ; and thus long,
and fometimes later, to grow inftaturc, to come to full years of ftrength and agility, to
grow gray and bald j the Menpruaccafmg, and ability to generation, to grow decrepit

The differences
.
-V
and a monfter with three legs, to die. Mean- while the Mind alfo hath certain periods,
but they cannot be defcribed by years, as to decay in the %^iemoryt and the like ; of
which hereafter.
of Youth and old <>sfge are thefe : A youfig man's skin is fmooth
and plain, an old man's dry and wrinkled, efpecially about the forehead and eyes ; a
$.

young man's flefh is tender and foft, an old man's hard ; a young man hath ftrength
and agility, an old man feels decay in his ftrength and is flow of motion ; a young man
hath
 ;
:

56 ^be Hifiory of Life and Death.

hath gooddigeftion, an old man bad; a young man's bowels arc (oft and fucculcnt, an
old man's fait and parched a young man's body is creel and ftrcight, an old man's
;

bowing and crooked a young man's limbs are fteady, an old man's weak and trem-
;

bling; the humours in ayoung man are cholcrick, and his blond inclined to heat, in an
old man phlcgmatick and melancholick, and his blond inclined to coldnefs ; ayoung
man ready for the act oz V exits', an old "man flow unto it : in a youn<? man the juices
of his body arc more rofcid, in ah old man more crude and wateriih ; the fpirit in a
young man plentiful and boiling, in an old man fcarce and jejune a young man's fpi-
.-

rit is denfe and vigorous, an old man's eager and rare ; a young man hath his fenfes

quick and intire, an old man dull and decayed ; a ycung nan's teeth are ftron<* and

entire, an old man's weak, worn, and fain out; a young man's hair is coloured, an
old man's (of what colour foever it were) gray a young man hath hair, an old man
;

baldnefs ; a young man's pulfe is ftronger and quicker, an old man's more confufed
and flower; the difeafes of young men are more acute and curable, of old men longer
and bard to cure; ayoungman's wounds foon clofe, an old man's later ; a young man's
checks are of a frefh colour, an old man's pale, or with a black bloud a young man
;

is lefs troubled with rheums, an old man more. Neither do we know in what things
.

old men do improve as touching their body, fave onely fometime in fatnefs; whereof
the reafon is foon given, Becaufe old men's bodies do neither perfpire well, nor Dflimi-
late well : now Fatncfs is nothing elfe but an exuberance of nourishment above that
which is voided by excrement, or which is perfectly aflimilated. Alfo fome old men
improve in the appetite of feeding by reafon of the acid humors, though old men digeft
worft. And all thefc things which we have faid, Phjicians negligently enough will
refer to the diminution of the Natural heat and Radical moiflure, v. hich are things of no
worth for ufe. This is certain Drinefs in the coming on of years doth forego fold
nefs ; and bodies when they come to the top and ftrength of heat do decline in Drinefs,
and after that follows Coldnefs.
Now we arc to confider the <tsfffec7:ions of the zJMind. I remember when I was a
young man, at Poitliers in France I converfed familiarly with a certain French man, a
witty young man, but fomething talkative, who afterwards grew to be a very eminent
man he was wont to inveigh againft the manners of old men, and would fay, That if
:

their Minds could befeen as their Bodies are, they would appear no lefs deformed. Be-
fides, being in love with his own wit, he would maintain, That the vices of old men's
Minds have fome correfpondence and were parallel to the putrefactions of their Bo-
dies : For the drinefs of their skin he would bring in Impudence j for the hardnefs of
their bowels, vnmercifulnefs for the lippitude of their eyes, an evil Eye zndSnvy
:

for the calling down of their eyes, and bowing their body towards the earth,
zs4theifm ; f for, faith he, they loo{ no more up to Heaven as they are vtont ) for the
trembling of their members, Irrefolution of their decrees and light inconjlancy ; fof the
Bending of their fingers, as it were to catch, "Rjtpacity and covetoufneffh for the buck-
ling of their knees, Fearfulnefs; for their wrinkles, [raftinefs and Obliquity: and other
things which I have forgotten But to be ferious, a young man is modeft and fhame-
fae'd,' an old man's fore-head is hardned ; a young man is full of bounty and mercy, an

old man's heirt is brawny ayoung man is affected with a laudable emulation, an old
;

man with a malignant envy ; a young man is inclined to Religion and Devotion, by
reafon of his fervency and inexperience of evil 3 an old man coolcth in piety
through the coldnefs of his charity, and long convention in evil, and'likewifc
through the difficulty of his belief; a young man's defires are vehement, an old man's*
il moderate ; a young man is light and moveable, an old man more grave and conftant
a young man is «?iven to liberality, and beneficence, and humanity, an old man to co-
veronfnefs, wifdom for his own feif, and feeking his own ends ; a young man is
confident and full of hope, an old man diffident and given to fufpect moft things ; a
I young man is gentle and obfequious, an old man froward and difdainful; ayoung man
!
is fincere and open hearted, an old man cautclous and clofe ; a young man is given
|
to defire great things, an old man to regard things nccefTary ; a young man thinks
|
well of the prefent times, an old man preferreth times paft before them ; ayourtgman
i
reverenceth his Superiours, an old man is more forward to tax them : And many other
I
things, which pertain rather to Manners than to the prefentlriquifition. Notwithftand-
;
ing old men, as in fome things they improve in their Bodies, fo alfo in their Minds,
j
unlcfs they be altogether out of date : namely, that as they are lefs apt for inven-
j
tion, (
 ; '

The Hi/lory of Life and Deaths 57

tion, fo they excel in judgment , and prefer fafc things and found things before fpc-
cious ; alfo they improve in Garrulity and Oftentation,for they feck the fruit of fpeech,
'

while they arc lefsable for a&ion : So as it was not abfurd that the Poets feigned old
Tithon to be turned into a Grajbopper.

zJlfoveab/e Qanons of the Duration ofLife and

Form of Death.
Canon I.

COnfumption is not cunfed, unlefsthat which is departed with by one bodj pajfetk into
another.
The Explication.
HT Here is Nature no Annihilating, or Reducing to Nothing: therefore that which
in
is confumed is cither refolved into Air, or turned into fome Body adjacent. So
we or Fly, or Ant in Amber, entombed in a more (lately Monument than
fee a Spider,
to be laid up for Eternity, although they be but tender things, and foon
Kinffs arc,

diflipat^d : But the matter is this, that there is no air by, into which they fhould be
refclved; and the fubflance of the Amber is fo heterogeneous, that it receives nothing
of them. The like we conceive would be if a Stick,orRoot,or fome fuch thing were
buried in Qmcl^-filver : alfo Wax, and Honey, and Gums have the fame Operation, but in
partoncly.
Canon II.
CT'ffere is in every Tangible body a Spirit, covered and encompajfed with the groffer
parts of the body , and from it all Confumption and Diffolution hath the begin-
ning.
The Explication.
"\JO Body known unto us here in the upper part of the Earth is without a Spirit,
either by Attenuation and Concotlion from the heat of the Heavenly Bodies, or
by fome other way for the Concavities of Tangible things receive not Vacuum, but
:

either Air, or the proper Spirit ©£ the thing. And this Spirit whereof we fpeakis not
fome Virtue, or Energie, or Aft, or a Trifle, but plainly a Body, rare and invifible
notwuhftanding circumfcrihed by Place, Quantitative, Real. Neither again is that
Spirit Air, fno more than Wine is Water) but abody rarefied, of kin to Air, though
much different from it. Now the groffer parts of bodies (being dull things, and not
apt for motion) would laft a long time ; but the Spirit is that which troubleth, and
pliicketh, and undermineth them, and convertcth the moiftureof the body, andwhat-
foever it isable to digeft,into new Spirit ; and then as well the pre-exifting Spirit of the
body as that newly made flieaway together by degrees This is beft feen by the Di-
minution of the weight in bodies dried through Perfpiration : for neither all that which
is iffued forth was Spirit when the body was ponderous, neither was it not Spirit when

it iflued forth.
C anon III.
CT'iie Spirit iffuing forth Drietb ; Detained and working within either Mdtcih, orV\x-
trefieth, or Vivifieth.
The Explication.
T Here of the Spirit, to ArefaElion, to Colliquation , Tutre-
are four ProcefTes
fallien, to Generation of bodies. ArefaElion is not the proper work of the Spirit,
but of the groffer parts after the Spirit iffued forth t for then they contract them-
\ felves partly by their flight of Vacuum, partly by the union of the Homogeneals : as
appears in all things which are arched by age, and in the drier fort of bodies which
I

\
have paffed the fire, as 'Bricks, par coal, "Bread. Co/liquationisihc mere workof the
Spirit : neither is it done but when they are excited by heat : for when the Spirits
. dilating themfelves , yet not getting forth , do infmuate and difperfe themfclves
among the groffer parts, and fo make them foft and apt to run, as it is in Metalls and
wax ; for Metalls and all tenacious things arc apt to inhibit the Spirit, that being
K excited
 ;
: 1

5& tfbe Hiftory of Life and Death.

excited it iflfueth not forth. PutrefaEHon is a mixed work of the Spirits and of the
groflef parts : for the Spirit ( which before reftrained and bridled the parts of the
thing) being partly ifTued forth and partly infeebled, all things in the body do diflblve
and return to their Homogeneities, or (if you will) to their
Elements that which was :

Spirit in it is congregated to it fe If, whereby things putrefied begin to have an ill fa-
vour : the Oily parts to themfelves, whereby things putrefied have that flipperinefs
and un<5fcuofity ; the watry parts alfo to themfelves the Dregs to themfelves
: whence :

followcth that confufion in bodies putrefied. But Generation or Vivifcation is a work

alfo mixed of the Spirit and groffer parts, but in a far different manner : for the Spirit
is totally detained, but it fwelleth and moveth locally and the groffer parts are not
:

diflolved, but follow the motion of the fpirit, and are, as it were, blown out by it,
and extruded into divers figures, from whence cometh that Generation and Oraamz,a-
tton : and therefore Vivifcation is always done in a matter tenacious and clammy, and
again, yielding and (oft, that there may be both a detention of the fpirit, and alfo a
gentle ceffion of the parts, according as the fpirit forms them. And this is fcen in'thc
matter as well of all Vegetables as of living Creatures, whether they be engehdred ol
Putrefaction or of Sperm ; for in all thefc things there is manifeftly feen a matter
hard to break through, eafic to yield.

v
Canon IV.
IN all living Creatures there are two hinds ©/Spirits : Livelefs Spirits, fitch at are in bo-
dies Inanimate j and a Vital Spirit fuperadded.
The Explication.
IT was faid before, that to life the Body of man muft be confidcred,
procure long
firft, and not repaired by nourifhment : fecondly , as Animate, and
as Inanimate,
repaired by nourifhment: for the former confederation gives Laws touching Confttmp-
tion, the latter touching Reparation. Therefore we muft know that there- are in feu-
matie flc/h. bones, Membranes, Organs : finally, in all the parts fuch fpirits diffufed
in the fubftance of them while they are alive, as there are in the fame things (Ffefh, I

Bones, Membranes, and the reft ) feparated and dead fuch as alfo remain in a Car-
:

kafs : but the Vital Spirit, although it ruleth them, and hath fome confent with them,
yet it is far differing from them> being integral, and fubfifting by it felf. Nov/ there
are two fpecial differences betwixt the Livelefs Spirits and the Vital Spirits. The one,
that the Livelefs spirits are not continued to themfelves , but are, as it were, cut off,

and encompafTed with a grofs body which intercepts them j as Atr is mixed with
Snow or Froth: but the Vital .Spirit is all continued to it felf by certain Conduit-pipes
through which it paffeth, and is not totally intercepted. And this Spirit is tvvo-fofd
alfo : the one branched, onely palling through fmall pipes, and, as it were, firings
the other hath a Cell alfo, fo as it is not onely continued to it felf, but alfo congre-
gated in an hollow fpace in reafonable good quantity, according to the Analogy of
the body, and in that Cell is the fountain of the Rivulets which branch from thence.
That Cell is chiefly in the Ventricles of the Brain, which in the ignoblcr fort of crea-
tures are but narrow, infbmuch that the fpirits in them feem fcattered over their whole
body rather than Celled ; as may be feen in Serpents, Eels and Flies, whereof every of
their parts move long after they are cut affunder. "Birds- alfo leap a good while after

their heads are pulled ofEbecaufe they have little heads and little Cells. But the nobler
fort of creatures have thofe Ventricles larger, and Man the largeft of all. The other
difference betwixt the Spirits is, that the Vital Spirit hath a kind of enkindling, and
is like a Wind or Breath compounded of Flame and Air , as the Juices of living

!
creatures have both Oil and Water. And this enkindling miniftreth peculiar motions
and faculties : forthefinoke which is inflamable, even before the flame conceived, is

hot, thin and movable, and yet it is quite another thing after it is become flame
but the enkindling of the vital fpirits is by many degrees gentler than the fofteft flame,
as of Spirit oi~tVtne, or otherwife ; and befides, it is in great part mixed with an Aerial
fubftance, that it fhould be a tJfyCyftery or ^iiracle, both of a Flammeous and tsiere- i

ohs nature.
Canon V.
CT'He Natural Actions are proper to the feveral Parts, bat it is the Vital Spirit that excites

andfharpens them.
The
 The Hi/lory of Lije and Death, 59
The Explication.
THe millions or Funllions which arc in the fcvcral Members follow the nature of
r
the Members themfdves, ^AttraBion,\etention,' DigejlioK,AffimiUtitin,Separ(ition,
Excretion, Ter'sfiiration, even Scnfe it (elf ) according to the propriety of the fcvcral
Orqam, ( the Stomachy Liver, Heart , Spleen, Cjall, Brian', Eye t Ear, and the reft :)
vet none of rhefc Actions would ever have been actuated but by the vigour and pre-
sence of the V
and heat thereof ; as one Iron would not have drawn another
it til spirit

iron, by the Load fione, nor an Egge would ever have brought
unlefsit had been excited
forth a Bird, unlefs the fubftance of the Htn had been actuated by the treading of the
Cock.
Canon VI-

CfHe livelefs Spirits are next Confubftantial to Air ; the vital Spirits Approach more to the

fubftance o/Fiame.
"The Explication.

TTHe Explication of the precedent fourth Qanon

is alfo a declaration of this prefent

"^ Canon but yet further, from heace it is that all fat and oily things Continue
:

lone in their Being For neither doth the Air much pluck them , neither do they
;

much defire to jof n themfclves with Air. As for that conceit it is altogether vain,
That Flame fbouid be Air fet on fire, feeing Flame and arc no lefs heteroaeneal Mr
than Oil and water. But whereas it is faid in the Canon, that the vital (pirits approach

more to the fubftance of Flame ; it muft be underftood, that they do this more than
the livelefs fpirits, not that they arc more Flamy than Airy.
Canon Vll
ffae Spirit hath two Defires ; one of multiplying it [elf, the other of flying forth and
*" congregating itfelf with the Connaturals.
The Explication.
'TPHe Canon underftood of the livelefs ffirits; for as for the fecond Defire , the
is

moft of all abhor flying forth of the body, for it finds no Con-
vital ffrrit doth
natural here below to joyn withal : Perhaps it may fometimes flie to the outward
parts of the body, to meet that which it lovetb; but the flying forth, as I faid, it ab-
horreth. But in rbe livelefs fpirits each of thefe two Defires holdeth. For to the for-
mer this belongeth, Every fpirit feated'amongft thegrojfer parts dsvelkth unhappily ; and
therefore when it finds not a like unto it felt, it doth fo much the more labour to cre-
ate and make a like, as being in a great folitude, and endeavour earneftly to multiply it
ielf, arid to prey upon the volatile of the grofier parts, that it may be encreafed in quan-
tity. As for the fecendDefre of flying forth,and betaking it felf to the astir, it is cer-
tain that all light things ( which are ever movable) do willingly go unto their likes near
unto them, as a Drip of water is carried to a Drop, Flame to tlame: but much more
this i* done in the flying forth offpirit into the tsiir ambient, becaufe
it is not carried

to a particle like unco unto the Globe of the cannatnrals. Mean- while
it felf,but alfo as
this is to be noted, That the going forth and flight of the fpirit into air is a redoubled
actios, partly out of the appetite otths fpirit, partly out of the appetite of thefittr; for
the common air is a needy tning,andreceiveth all things fpecdily,asSpirits,QdoMrs} eeams,
Sounds, and the like. ;
Canon VIII.
CPirit detained, if it have no pojfibility of begetting rtex fpirits, itcnerateth thegrojfer
parts.
The Explicates.
r^Eneration of new Spirit is not accomplished but upon thofe things which are in
fome degree near to fpirit, fuch as are humid bodies. And therefore if the groffer
parts ( amongft which the Spirit converfeth) be in a remote degree, although the fpirit
cannot convert them, yet ( as much as it can; it weakneth, and foftneth, andfubdueth
them, that feeing it cannot increafe in quantity, yet it willdwell more at large, and live
amongft ^ood neighbours and friends. Now this Aphorifm is moft ufeful to our
Ead,becaafeittcndethto the Integration of the obftinate parts by the detention of the
fpirit.
Canon IX.

<p'H* Intcneration of the harder parts cometh to good ejfeft, when the Spirit neither fiy-
eth for:h, nor begctteth new Spiriu-
K 1 The
I
 ; :

60 The Hi[lory of Life and Death.

The Explication.
HTHis £anon folveth the knot and
difficulty in the Operation of Intenerating by the

Detention of the Spirit for if the spirit not flying forth waftcth all within,therc
:

is nothing gotten to the inteneration of the parts in their fubfiftence, but rather they are

diffolved and corrupted- Therefore together with the Detention the Spirits ought to
be cooled and reftrained, that they may not be too active.
Canon X.
CT*He heat of the Spirit to keep the body frejh and green-, ought to be Robuft, not
Eager.
The Explication. \

A Lfo Canon pertaineth to the folving of the knot aforefaid , but it is of a

this
much larger extent, for it fetteth down of what temperament the heat in the
body ought to be for the obtaining of Long life. Now this is ufeful, whether the
Spirits be detained, or whether they be not. For howfoevcr the heat of the sjirits
muft be fuch, as it may rather turn it felf upon the hard parts than wafte the foft j
for the one Deficcateth, the other Intenerateth. Befides, the fame thing is available
to the well perfecting of ^ffimilation ; for fuch an heat doth excellently excite the/*-
culty of Aflimilation, and withall doth excellently prepare the matter to be jJfftmi-
lated. Now the properties of this kind of leat ought to be thefe. Firft, that it be
flow, and heat not fuddenly : Secondly, that it be not very intenfe, but moderate
Thirdly, that it be equal, not incompofed, namely, intending and remitting it felf:
Fourthly, that if this heat meet any thing to refift it, it be not eafily fuffocated or lan-
guid?. This Operation is exceeding iubtil,but feeing it is one of themofl:ufeful,it is not
tobedeferted. Now in thofe Remedies which we propounded to inveft the fpirits with
a Kohusiheat, or that which we call Operative, not Tredatory, we have in fomefort fatif-
fied this matter.
Canon XL
The Condenfing of the Spirits in their Subftance is available to Long life.

The Explication.
HP His Canon is fubordinate to the next precedent : for the Spirit condenfed receiveth
all thofe four properties of heat whereof we fpeak ; but the ways of Cwdenfing
them are fetdown in the firfh of the Ten Operations.
Canon XII.
CJ~He Spirit in great quantity kaftneth more to flying forth, and prey eth upon the body
more, than in fmall quantity.
The Explication.
•TTHis Canonxs clear of it felf, feeing mere Quantity doth regularly increafe virtue.
* And it is to be feen in flames, that the bigger they are, the ftronger they break forth,
and the more fpeedily they confume. And therefore over- great plenty or exuberance
of the fpirits is altogether hurtful to Long life ; neither need one willi a greater ftore
of fpirits than what is fufficicnt for the function of life, and the office of a good Re-
paration.
Canon XIII.
CT*He Spirit equally difperfed ma\eth lefs hafie to flie forth, and prey eth lefs upon the body,
than unequally placed.
The Explication.
"VTOt onely abundance of refped of the whole is hurtful to the Duration
fpirits in
of things, but fame abundance unevenly placed is in like manner hurtful
alfo the
and therefore the more the fpirit is fhred and inferted by fmall portions,thelefsitprey-
eth for Diffolution ever beginneth at that part where the fpirit is loofer.
; And there-
fore both Exercife and Frications conduce much to long life , for Agitation doth finc-
lieft diffufe and commix things by fmall portions.

Canon XIV.
Hf He inordinate and fubfultory motion of the fipiritsdoth more hafien to going forth, and
doth prey upon the body more, than the conftant and equal.
The Explication.
TN Inanimates this Canon holds for certain ; for Inequality is the Mother of Diflo-
lution : hxxt'm ^Animates (becaufe not onely the Confumption is confldere&but the
Repara-
 The Hiflory of Life and Death. 6\
Reparation and Reparation procccdcth by the Appetites of things, and Appetite is
/harpnedby variety) it holdeth notrigoroufly j but it is fo far forth to be received, that
this variety be rather an alternation or cnterchangc than aconfuu*on,and as it wcrecon-
ftant in inconftancy.
Canon XV.
The Spirit in <«Body of a folidcompofure is detained, though unwillingly.
The Explication.
ALl things do abhor a Solution of their Continuity, but yet in proportion to their
Denfity or %jirity : for the more rare the bodies be, the more do they fuflfer
themfelves to be thruft into fmall and narrow paflages ; for water will go into a paflagc
which dufi will not go into, and air which water will not go into, nay, flame and
fpirit which air will not go into. Notwithstanding of this thing there are fome
bounds for
: the fpirit is not fomuch tranfported with the defire of going forth, that
it will fuffer felf to be too much difcontinued, or be driven into over-ftreight pores
it

and paflages ; and therefore if the fpirit be encompaffed with an hard body, or elfe
with an untluoui and tenacious, ( which is not eafily divided) it is plainly bound, and,

as I may fay, imprifoncd, andlayeth down the appetite of going out : wherefore we
fee that tJAtetalls and "tones require a longtime for their fpirit to go forth, unlefs either
the fpirit be excited by the fire, or the grofTer parts be diffevered with corroding and
ftrong waters. The like reafon is there of tenacious bodies, fuch as are Counts, fave onely
that they are melted by a more gentle heat and therefore the juices of the body hard,
:

zclofe and compatl skin, and the like, (which are procured by the drinefs of the aliment,

and by Exercife, and by the coldnefs of the air ) are good for long life, becaufe they

detain the fpirit in clofc prifon that itgoeth not forth.

Canon XVI. '

In Oily and Fat things the Spirit is detained willingly, though they be not tenacious,
The Explication.
T^He fpirit, if it be not irritated by the antipathy of the body enclofingit, nor fed by,
the over- much likenefs of that body, nor follicitcd nor invited by the external body,
it makes no great ftir to get out : all which are wanting to Oily bodies ; for they are
neither fo preffingupon the fpirits as hard bodies, nor fo near as watry bodies, neither
have they any good agreement with the air ambient.
Canon XVII.
CTHe fpeedy flying forth of the Watry humor conferv.es the Oily the longer in his
being. ,

The Explication.
\X/E faid before that the Watry humors, as being confubftantial to the Air, flie
*" forth fooneft ; the Oily later, as having fmall agreement with the Air. Now
whereas thefe two humors are inmoft bodies, it comes to pais that the natry doth in a
fort betray the Oily, for that iffuing forth infenfibly carrieth this together with it. There-
fore there nothing more furthereth the confervation of bodies than a gentle drying of
is

them, which caufeth the watry humour to expire, and invitcth not the Oily; for then
the oily enjoyeth the proper nature. And this tendeth not onely to the inhibiting of
Putrefaction, (though that alfo followeth) but to the confervation of Greennefs.
Hence it is, that gentle Fricatiom and moderate Exercifes, eaufing rather Perfpiration than
Sweating,con&ucz much to long life.

Canon XVIIL
JLir excluded conferreth to Long life, if other inconveniences be avoided.
The Explication.
x xrE faid a little before , is a redoubled action,
that the fiytng forth of the fpirit
* from the appetite of the and therefore if either of thefe be
fpirit and of the air,

taken out of the way , there is not a little gained. Notwithstanding divers Inconve-
niences follow hereupon , which how they may be prevented we have ihewed in the
fecond of our Operations.
Canon XIX.
j

i VOuthful Spirits inferted into an old Body might fiott turn Nature's courfe back.
ageun.
K3 The
6i The Hi/lory of Life and 'Death.

The Explication.
T He nature of the Spirits is uppcrrnoft » h c-el, which turneth about
as the
body of man, and therefore in the Intention of Long life, that ou^ht
the other
wheels in the
to be firfl placed. Hereunto may be added, that there is an eafier and more expedite
way to alter the jpnts, than to other Operations. For the Operation upon the ifirits is
two-fold: thcoueby^/«w«tfj,whichisilow, and, as it were, about; the other, fand '

that two fold ) which is fudden, and goeth dire&ly to the fpirits, namely, by Vapours,
or by the Affcclions.
Canon XX.
Juices cftheYtody hard and tofcid are good for Long life.
The Explication.
•"THc rcafon is plain, fceiag we {hewed before,
that tan/things, and oily or rofciditc
hardly dhTipated notwithstanding there is difference, fas we alfo noted in the
:

tenth Operation ) That juice fomewhat hard is indeed hkdiffipable, but then it is withal
lefsreparable \ therefore a convenience is interlaced with an Inconvenience, and
for this
caufc no wonderful matter be atchicved by this. But rofcid juice will admit both
will
operations ; therefore this would be principally endeavoured.
Canon XXI.
ZflfHatfoever is of thin parts to penetrate, and yet hath no Acrimony to bite, begtttetb
Rofcid Juices*
The Explication.
HP His Canon is more hard to pra&ife than to underftand. For it \i manifeft, what-
foever penetrateth well, but yet with a ftin£ or tooth, (as do alliharp and four
things) it leaveth behind it wherefoever it goeth fome mark or print of drinefs and
cleaving, fothat hardncth the juices, andchappcth tbep<*m: contrarily, whatfoever
it

things penetrate through their thinnefi merely, asit were by ftcalth, and by way of in-

finuation, withoat violence, they bedew and water in their pafiagc. Of which fort we
have recounted many in the fourth and feventh Operations,
Canon XXII.
A/Timilation is befi done whttt aM Local Motion ie expended.
Tht Explication.
THis Canon we have fuffidently explained in our Difcourfe upon the eighth Ope-
ration.
Canon XXIII.
A Limentation from without, at leafl foms other way than by the Stomach, is moil pro-
fitable for Long life, if it can be done.
The Explication.
\17E fee that all things which are done
by 2^utrition,zsk a Jang time, but thofe which
done by embracing of the like {as it is in Jnfu/ions) require no long time. And
are
therefore Alimentation from without would be of principal ufe, and fo much the more,
hecaufc the Faculties of C oncotlion decay in old age.- fo that if there could be fome auxi-
liary TS^utritions, by Bathings, Vntlions, or elfc by Clyfiers, thefe things in conjunction
might do much, which fingle are lefs available.
Canon XxlV.
If/Here the Conco&ion is weak, to thruft forth the Aliment, there the Outward parts
fhouldbe ilrengthned to Cull forth the Aliment.
The Explication.
TTHat which is propounded Canon is not the fame thing with the former ; for
in this
it is one thing for the outward Aliment to be attracted inward, another for the in-

ward ^Aliment to be attracted outward : yet herein they concur, that they both help
the weaknefs of the inward Concotlions, though by divers ways.
Canon XXV.
JLL fudden Renovation of the "Body u wrought either by the Spirit, or by Malaciffa-
tions.
-
The Explication.
Here are two to both thefe the way by Nu-
things in the body. Spirits and Parts
:
'J"
trition long and about ; but it is a ihort way to the -Spirits by Vapours and by
is

the Affeftions, and to the Tarts by <JMalaciJfations. But this is diligently to be noted,
that by no means we confound Alimentation from without with Malaciffation ; for the
intention of Malacijfation is not to nouri/h the parts, but onely to make them more fit
to be nourilhed. Canon
 The hiftory of Life and Death. 63
Canon XXVI.
A/f AlacilTation is wrought by Confubftantials , by Imprinters, and by Clofers
up.
The Explication.
'"THe manifeft, for that Confubftantials do properly fupple the body, Im-
reafon is

printers do carry in, Clofers up do retain and bridle the Perfpiration, which is a
motion oppofite to Malacijfation. And therefore fas We defcribed in the ninth Ope-
ration ) Malaciffation cannot well be done atonce, but in a courfe or order. Firft, by
excluding the Liquor by Thicltncrs : for an outward and grofslnfufion doth not well
compact the body.- that which entreth mutt be fubtil, and a kind of vapour. Second-
ly, by lntenerating by the confent of Confubsiantials for bodies upon the touch of :

thofe things which have good agreement with them, open themfelves, and relax their
pores. Thirdly, Imprinters are Convoys, and infinuate into the parts the Confubftan-
tials,and the mixture of gentle Aftringents doth fomewhat reftrain the Perspiration. But
then, in the fourth place, follows that great ^ffinclion and Clofure up of the body by
Smplaiftration, and then afterward by Inuntlion, until the Supple be turned into Solid,
as we faid in the proper place.
Canon XxVII.
JpReqnent Renovation of the Parts Repairable watereth andreheweth thelefs Reparable
alfo.
The Explication.
\\fE Preface to this Hiftory, that the way of Death was this , That the
faid in the
Parts Reparable died in the fellow fhip of the Parts lefs Reparable : fo that in the
Reparation of thefe fame lefs Reparable Parts all our forces would be employed. And
therefore being admonifhed by zA'nftotle's obfervation touching Tlants, namely, That
the putting forth of new /hoots and branches refrefheth the body of the Tree in thepajfage •
we conceive the like reafon might be, if the fiejh and blond in the body of man were
often renewed , that thereby the bones themfelves, and membranes, and other parts
which in their own nature are lefs Reparable, partly by the chearful paffage of the
juices, partly by that new cloathing of the youngflejh and blotid, might be watered and
renewed. Canon XXVIII.
F? Efrigeration or Cooling of the bodj, which pajfeth fome other ways than by the Sto-
mach, is ufefulfor Long life.

The Explication.
|~ He reafon is at hand : for feeing a \efngeration not temperate, but powerful, (efpe-
cially of the bloud) is above all things ncceflary to Long life ; this can by no means
be effeded from within as much as is recjiufite, without the deftruction of the Sto-
mach and Bowels.
Canon XX iX.
CTHat Intermixing or Intangling, that at well Confumption as Reparation are the work*
of Heat, it tbegreateft obft^cle to Long life.
The Explication.
A Lmoft great works are deftroyed by the T^aturetoE things Intermixed, whenas
all

that which helpeth in one refpe£t hurtcth in another : therefore men muft proceed
herein by a found judgement, and a difcreet practice. For our part, we have done to
as far as the matter will bear, and our memory feryeth us , by feparatjng benign heats

from hurtful, and the Remedies which tend to both.

Canon XXX.
/^Uring of Difeafes is ejfebled by Temporary Medicines ; but Lengthning<?/Life re-
quireth Obfervation of Diets.
The Explication.
'T'Hofe things which come by accident , ns foon as the caufes are removed ceafe
again ; but the continued courfe of nature, like a running River, requires a con-
tinual rowing and failing againfl the ftream therefore we muft work regularly by Di-
•

ets. Now Diets are oftwo kinds : Set Diets,vjn\c\\ are to be obferved at certain times;
and Familiar Diet, which is But the Set 'Diets are
to be admitted into our daily repaft,
the more potent, that of Medicines for a time : for thofe things which are
is, a courfe
of fo great virtue that they are able to turn Nature back again, are, for the moft part,
more ftrong, and more fpeedily altering, than thofe which may without danger be re-
ceived into a continual ufe. Now in the Remedies fet down in our Intentions you
fliall
 — ;

64 Tita History of Life and Death.

i
- — 1 ——5 '
—
findonely three SttTHets, theOpiate Diet y the Diet <JMalaciJfant or Supfling, and
ill all

the Diet Emaciant and Renewing. Butamongft thofe which we prefcribed for Familiar
Diet, and to beufed daily, the rtioft efficacious are thefe that follows which alfo come
not far fhort of the vertue of Set Diets : Nitre and the fubordinates to 7\(jtre- the "Re- }

giment of the AffeUions and Courfe of our Life ; Refrigeratours which pafs not by the
Stomach ; Drinks Rofcidating,ox ingendring Oily ftiices ; befprinkling of the bloud with
fomc firmer Matter, asTearls, certain ff oods, competent VnUtons to keep out the Air,
and to keep in the Spirit ; Heaters from without, during the Ailunilation after fleep ;
avoiding of thofe things which inflame the Spirit, and put it into an eager heat, zswine
and Spices ; laftly, a moderate and feafonablc ufe of thofe things which endue the Spi-
rits with a robufi Heat, as saffron, Crojfes, Garlic^, £lecampane,\inc\compomid Opiates.

Canon XXXI.
CT'He Living Spirit is instantly extinguifhed if it be deprived either of Motion,-^ ofKe-
frigeration,<?r of Aliment.
The Explication.
"NJAmely, thefe arc thofe three which before we called the Porches of T>eath, and
they are the proper and immediate paffions of the Spirit. For all the Organs of
the principal parts ferve hereunto, that thefe three offices be performed ; and again,
all destruction of the Organs which deadly brings the matterto this point, that one or
is

more of thefe three fail. Therefore all other things are the divers ways to Death, but
they end in thefe three. Now
the whole Fabric^of \\\zParts is the Organ of the Spirit,
as the spirit is the Organ of the Reafonable Soal, which isincorporeous and Divine.

Ganon XXXII.
T} Lame is a Momentany Subftancc, Air a Fixed ; the Living Spirit in Creatures is of
a middle Nature.
The Explication.
'"THis matter flands in need both of an higher Indagation and of a longer Explica-
tion than is pertinent to the prefent Inquifition. Mean-while we muft know
this,that Flame is almoft every moment generated and extinguished ; fo that it is con-
tinued only by fucceffion : but Mr
is a fixed body, and is not diflolved ; for though Air

begets new Air out of watery moifture, yet notwithstanding the old Air lti!I remains
whence cometh that Super- oneration of the Air whereof we have fpoken in the Title
De Ventis. But Spirit is participant of both Natures, both of Flame and Air, even as
the nourishments thereof are , as well Oil, which is homogeneous to Flame , as
Watert which is homogeneous not nourifhed either of oily
to sslir ; for the Spirit is

alone, or of xatry alone, but of both together ; and though Air doth not agree well
with Flame, nor Oil with water , yet in a mix'd body they agree well enough. Alfo
the Spirit hath from the Air his eafie and delicate impreffions and yieldings, and from
the Flame his noble and potent motions and activities. In like manner the Duration
of Spirit is a mixed thing, being neither fo momentany as that of Flame, nor fo fixed as
that of Air : And fo much the rather it followeth not the condition of Flame, for
that Flame it felf is extinguished by accident, namely, by Contraries and Enemies envi-
roning it ; but Spirit is not fubjeel: to the like conditions and ncceflities. Now the
Spirit is repaired from the lively and florid bloud of the fmall Arteries which are in-
ferted into the Brainy but this Reparation is done by a peculiar manner, of which we
fpeak not now.

F I 3^1 S.

- ". .. i,
...
. *'
ARTICLES O F

E N QU TOUCHING
I R Y
METALS & MINERALS.
Written by the Right Honorable,

FRANCIS BACON
BARON of Ve%VLANi,
Vifcouixt St.dAlban.

Thought fit to be added, to this Work

Newly put Forth in the Year , 1 66 1.

By the former Publisher.

l ondon ,

Printed for FFilliam Lee at the Turks-head

in Fleet(Ireet. 1669.
- i
l » m 1 m ni t i- 11 fin
 ."

\
 221
—
.
.

si!

ARTICLES O F

E N CLU I R Y
TOUCHING

METALS & MINERALS.

He firftLetter of the Alphabet is , the Compounding,
Incorporating, or Union, of Metals or Minerals.
With what Metals, Gold will incorporate, by Sim-
ple Colliqucfaclions, and with what not ? Andin what
quantity it will incorporate *8 and what kindeof Body
the Compound makes ?

Gold with Silver, which was the ancient Elettrum.

Gold with Quick-filver.
Gold with Lead.
Gold with Copper.
Gold with Brafs.
. Gold with Iron.
Gold with Tin. , /

$9 Ukevifc of fiber.

Silver with Quick-fllver.

Silver with Lead.
Silver with Copper.
Silver with Brafs.
Sivcr with Iron.
Silver with Tin.
S*
mm 'Hi " »«1
 "

222 Articles of Enquiry,

So likftoife of Qu'tckrfilver.
Quick-filver with Lead.
Quick-fil ver with Copper.
Quick-nT ver with Brafs.
Quick-filvcrwith Iron.
Quick-filver with Tin.

\?oofLeid.
Lead with Copper.
Lead with Brafs.
Lead with Iron.
Lead with Tin.
So of Copper.
'
Copper with Brafs. J

Y Copper with Iron-

Copper with Tin.
SoofBrafi
Brafs with Iron.
Brafs with Tin.

So of Iron.
Iron with Tin.

What are the Compound Metals, which are common, and known ?

And what are the Proportions of their mixtures ? As

Lattin of Brafs, and the Calaminar-ftone.
Bell-metal of, &c.
The counterfeit Plate, which they oil Alchumy. X
The Decompofitcs of three Metals, or more, arc too long to enquire,
except there be fomc Compositions of them already obferved.
It is alio to be obferved , Whether any two Metals which will not
mingle of themfelves, will mingle with the help of another j and
what ?

What Compounds will be made of Metal, with Stone, and other

Fofliles ? As Lattin is made w ith Brafs , and the Calaminar-ftone. As
all the Mettals with Vitriol : All with Iron poudered. All with Flint,
dec.

Somefet* of thefe tvould be enquired of, to difdofe the Nature

of the reft.

WHether Metals, or other Fofliles, will incorporate with Molten

Ghfs? And what Body it makes ? -

Thequantity in the mixture would wc well considered For fome :

fmall quantity, perhaps, would incorporate ; as in the Allays of Gold,

and Silver Coyn. *
Upon the Compound Body, three things are chiefly to be obferved.
The Colour, the Fragility or Pliaritnefs, the Volatility or Faxation, com-
pared with the Simple Bodies.
Forprefent ufc orproflt, this is the Rule. Confider the price of the
two Simple Bodies j confider again the Dignity of the one above the
•
other
*»_<&
 :

Touch in? Mi'tals arid Minerah. 223

other, in ufe. Then fee, if you can make a compound that will fave more
in the price, then it will lofe in the dignity of the
Asforexample, ufe.
Confider the price of Brafs Ordnance confider again the price of Iron
;

Ordnance; andconfider, wherein the Brafs Ordnance doth excel the Iron
Ordnance in ufe. Then if you can make a Compound of Brafs and Iron
Ordnance, that will be near as good in ufe, and much cheaper in price,
there is profit both to the private and to the Commonwealth.
So of Gold and Silver, the price is double of Twelve. Thcdignit7
of Gold above Silver is not much the fplendor isalike, andmoreplca-
;

fing to fume eye As in Cloth of Silver, Silver Lace, filvercd Rapiers,

,

dec. The main dignity is, thatGold bears the Fire, which Silver doth not;
but that is an excellency in Nature, but it is nothing at all in ufe. For any
dignity in ufe, I know none, but that Silvering will fully and canker more
then Gilding j which, if it may be corre&ed, with a little mixture of Gold,
there is profit: And I do fome what marvel, that the later ages have loft
the ancient Fleclrum, which was a mixture of Silver with Gold whereof, ;

I conceive, there may be much ufe both in Coyn, Plate, and Gilding.

be noted, that there is in the Vr erfion of Metals, impoffibility,

It is to
or at leait, great difficulty; as in making of Gold, Silver, Copper On the :

other fide, in the adulterating or counterfeiting of Metals there is de-

ceit and villainy,- but it fhould feem there is a middle way, and that is,
by new compounds if the ways of incorporating were well known,.
,

What Incorporation orlmbibitior, Metals will receive from Veget-

ables, without being diflblved might be inquired. As when the Armorers
make their Steel more tough and plyant, by the afperflon of Water, or
Juyce of Herbs When Gold being grown fome what churlifh by recover-
:

ing, is made more plyant by throwing in ihreds of Tanned Leather, or

by Leather oyled.
Note, thatinthefe, andthelike (hews of Imbibition, itwerc good to
try by the weight, whether the weight be increafed, or no ? For if it be not,
it is to be doubted, that there is no Imbibition of Subftance; but onely,
that the Application of the other Body, doth difpofe and invite the Metal
to another pofturc of parts then of itfelf, it would have taken.
After the Incorporation of Metals, by fimplc Colliquefa&ion, for the
better difcovery of the Nature And Confents and Diffents of Metals by
:

incorporating of their Diflolutionj, it would be enquired.

WhatMetals being diflolvad by Strong-waters, will incorporate well
together, and what not? which is to be inquired particularly, as it was in
Colliqucfacrions.
There is to be oblerved inthofe Diffolutions, which will not incor-
poratejwhat the effecis arc : As the Ebullition, the Precipitation to the
bottom, the Ejaculation towards the top, the Sufpeniion in the midlt, and
the like.
Note that the Diflents of the Menftrua , or Strong-waters may
, ,

hinder the Incorporation, as well as the Diflents of the Metals themfelves

Therefore where the Menftrua are the fame, and yet. the Incorporation
followeth not, you may conclude, the Diflent is in the Metals, but where
the Menftrua are fe veral, not fo c ertain.

B The
224- Articles of Enquiry,

Second Letter of the Crofs Row,

THe
and Minerals. Separation of three is forts
is

;
the Separation of Metals,
the firft is, The feparating
of the pure Metal from the Ure or Drofs, which we call Refining. The
fecond is, The drawing one Metal or Mineral out of another, which we
may call Extracting. The third , The feparating of any Metal into his
Originator Elements, or call them vrhat you will) which work we call
Precipitation. ®
For Refining, we are to enquire of it according to the fevcral Metals ;

As Gold, Silver, Sec, Incidcntly, we are to enquire of the firft Stone, or

tire , or Spar , or Marcafite of Metals feverally and what kinde of
i

Bodies they are ;and of the degrees of Richnefs.

Alfo, we are to enquire of the Means of feparating, whether by Fire,
parting Waters, or otherwife.
Alfo, for the manner of Refining, you are to fee how you can multi-
ply the Heat, or haften the Opening ; and to lave charge, in the
Refining.
The means of manners ; that is to fay, In the BUft
this is in three
oftheFire: Inthemanncrof the Furnace to multiply Heat, byUnionand
Reflexion And by fome Additament or Medicines, which will help the
:

Bodies to open them the fooner:

Note, thequickningof theBIaft, and the multiplying of the Heat in
the Furnace, may be the fame forallMetals but the Additaments muftbe
j

feveral according to the natures of the Metals.

Note again, Ihatif you think the multiplying of the Additament in
the fame Proportion that you multiply the Ure, the work will follow,
you may be deceived For quantity in the Pafljve will add more refiftancc,
:

then the fame quantity in the A dive will add force.

For Extracting, you are to enquire what Metals contain others, and
likewife whatnot ? As Lead Silver, Copper Silver, &c.
Note, although the charge of Extraction fhould exceed the worth,
yet that is not the matter ; For, atleaft, it will difcover Nature and Poffi-
bility, the other may be thought on afrerwards.
We are likewiie to enquire, what the differences are of thofe Metals,
which contain more or lefs, other Metals ; and how that agrees vriththe
poornefs or richnefs of the Metals, or Ure, in thcmfclves: As the Lead,
that contains moil Silver, is accounted to be more brittle ; and yet other-
wife poorer in itfelf.
For Principiation, I cannot affirm, whether there be any fuch thing,
or no. And, I think; the Chymifts make too much ado about it. But how-
foever it be, whether Solution or Extraction, or a kinde of Converfion
by the Fire, it is diligently to be enquired , What Salts, Sulphur, Vitriol,
Mercury, or the like Simple Bodies are to be found in the fevcral Metals >

arid ip what quantity.

The
I

n=f- «V_J««»«"1*«*
 Touching Metals and Minerals. X2J

He third Letter of the Crofs-Row, is the variation of Metals into

fcvcral Shapes, Bodies, or Natures j the particulars whereof fol-
low.

Tincture.
Turning to Ruft.
Calcination.
Sublimation.
Precipitation.
Amalgamatizing, or turning into afoft Body,
Vitrification.
Opening or Diflblving into Liquor.
Sprouting, or Branching, or Arborefccncc.
Induration and Mollification.
Making tough or brittle.
Volatility and Fixation.
Tranfmutation or Verfion.

For Tinclure, it is to be enquired how Metals may be tincted, through

and through; and with what, and into what colours: As Tin&ing- Silver
yellow. Tincling-Coppcr white, andTincting red, green, blew, cfpecial-
ly with keeping the luftre.

Item, TindureofGIafs.
Bern, Tincture of Marble, Flint, or other Stone.

For turning to Raft, two things are chiefly to ^be enquired By what :

Corrofives it isdone, and into what colours it turns As Lead into white,
\

which they call Serus Iron

5 into yellow, which they call Crecw Martis:
Quick-filver into Vermilion, Brafs into green, which they call Verdegufi,

For Calcination, to enquire /how every Metal is calcined ? And

into what kindcofBody ? And w nat is the exquifiteft way of Calcina-
tion ?

For Sublimation, manner of Subliming 5 and what

to enquire the
Metals endure Subliming; and what Body the Sublimate makes ?

For Precipitation likewife, By what ftrong Waters every Metal will

precipitate ? or with what Additaments? and in what time J and into what

Body?

SoforAmalgama, what Metals will endure it ? What are the means

to do it? And what is the manner of the Body?

For Vitrification likewife, what Metals will endure it i what arc

the means to do it ? into what colour it turns ? and further, where the whole
Metal J
 " :

Articles of Enquiry,

Metal is turned into Glafs ? and when the Metal doth but hang in the Glaf-
fie part? alfo what weight the vitrified Body bears, compared with tkc

crude Body ? Alfo becaufe Vitrificaticn isaccounted, a kinde of death of

Metals, what Vitrification will admit , of turning back again, and what
not ?

For Diflblution into Liquor, we are to enquire, what is the prop er

Cfrlcnftruum tocjiflolve any Metal? And in the Negative, what will tou<
uch
upon the one, and not upon the other And what fevcral 'JMenftrua will
?

diflolve any Metal? And which moft exactly ? item, theprocefs cr motion
of the Diflblution ? The manner of Rifing, Boiling, Vaporing ? More
violent or more gentle ? Caufing much heat, or lefs? item, the quan-
tity orxharge the Strong- Water will bear, and then give over ? item,
the colour into which the Liquor will turn Above all, it is to be enquired, ?

whether there be any Menjlruttm.to diflolve any Metal that is not fretting and
corroding; but opencth the Body by fympathy, and not by mordacity or
violentpenetration ?

For Sprouting or Branching, though it be a thing but tranfitory, and

a kindeof tovorpleafure ; yet there is a more feriousufeofit: Forthatit
difcovers the delicate motions of fpirits, when they put forth, and cannot
get forth, like unto that which is in vegetables.

For Induration or Mollification, it is to be enquired, what will make

Metals harder and harder, and what will make them fofter and fofter ? And
this Enquiry tendeth to two ends ;

Firft, forUfe : As to make Jrpn foft by the Fire, makes it malle-

able.

Secondly, Becaufe Induration is a degree towards Fixation; and

Mollification towards Volatility: jfLnd therefore the Inquiry of them, will
give light towards the other.

For tough and brittle they are much of the fame kinde with the
,

two former, but yet worthy of an Inquiry apart : Efpecially to joyn

Hardnefs to Toughnefs ; as making Glafs malleable, &c. And
making Blades , ftrong to reiift; and pierce, and yet not eafie to
break.

•
»

For Volatility and Fixation- , it is a principal Branch to be en-

quired. The
utmofl degree of Fixation is, That whereupon no Fire
will work, nor Strong-water joyned with Fire, if there be any fuch
Fixation poflible 1 he next is, when Fire limply will not work with-
:

out Strong-waters The next is, when it will endure Fire not blow;,
:

or fuch a ftrength of Fire : The next is, when it will not endure Fire,
but yet ismalleable The next is, when it is not malleable, but yet it
:

is not fluent, but flupified. §0 of Volatility, the utmofl degree is,

when it will flee away without returning : The next is, when it will
flee up but with cafic return
j- The next, when it will flee upwards, :

over the Helm, by a kinde of Exufflation, without Vaporing

L
.

— The
"S"nrT~ 1
111 a //> < .1 » 1
..!—..- ,4,. . . — .
. «w ™
 Articles of £}iquiry,&c. 227
The ncKtis, when it will melt, though not rife ; And the next, when it will
foftcn, though not melt. Of all
thefe, diligent inquiry is to be made, in
feveral Metals ; of the more extream degrees.
efpecially
For Tranfmutation or Verfion, if ic be real and true, it is the furtheft
point of Art and would be well diftinguifliedfrom Extraction, from Rc-
j

ftitution, and from Adulteration. I hear much of turning Iron into Cop-

per; I hear alfo of the growth of Lead in weight, which cannot be with-
out aConveriionof fomeBody into Lead: But whacfoever is of this kindc,
and well approved, is diligently to be inquired, and fee down.

fourth Letter of the Crofs Row,

THe
itistobe enquired the Negative
in ;
is Reftitution. Firft therefore,
what Bodies will never return,
either by reafon of their extream fixing, as in (ome Vitrifications, or by
extrcam Volatility.
It is alfo to be enquired of the two Means of Reduction ; and firft by
the Fire, which is but by Congregation of Homogcneal parts.
The fecondis, by drawing them down, byfomcBody, that hath con-
fent with them: As Iron drawetbidown Copper in Water Gold draweth >

Quick- hlver in vapor 5 whatfoevcr is of this kindc, is very diligently to be

enquired.
Alfo it is to be enquired, what Time or Age will reduce without the
help of Fire or Body ?
Alfo it is to be enquired, what gives Impediment to Union or Refli-
tution, which is fometimes called Mortification as when Quick-filver is
;

mortified with Turpentine, Spittle, or Butter.

Laftly, it is to be enquired how the Metal reftored, diifcreth in any
thing from the Metal raw or crude? As whether it becometh not more dbur-
lifli, altered in colour, or the like ?

if

THE
 '

L'

THE
•

BOOKSELLER UNTO THE

READER.
,
..'>: •
-,•

Received fome LMoneths fince theje Articles of Enquiry, touching

Metals and Minerals, from the hands of the Reverend Dr. Rawl^y>
veho hath published federal of the Lord Verulams Works Jlnce his
Death (he having been his Lordships Chaplain) and^ho hath been careful to
€
CorrecJ at the Pre/? this little Piece (an Addition to the Natural Hiftory)
according to the Original Copy, remaining amongi his Lordships Manufcripts j

Amongfl y»hich there is nothing mote of that fabjetl to be found, fo as no more

Additions can be expected.
-.;', .. : \

'

'

W. Lee.

FINIS.

.
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