Mineralogy for Petrologists Optics Chemistry and

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Mineralogy for Petrologists Optics Chemistry and
Occurrences of Rock Forming Minerals 1st Edition
Michel Andre Demange (Author) Digital Instant
Download
Author(s): Michel Andre Demange (Author)
ISBN(s): 9781466550063, 1466550066
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 4.44 MB
Year: 2012
Language: english
 Mineralogy for Petrologists

DEMANGE_Book.indb i 4/19/2012 1:43:36 PM

DEMANGE_Book.indb ii 4/19/2012 1:43:36 PM
 Mineralogy for
Petrologists

Optics, chemistry and

occurrence of rock-forming
minerals

Michel Demange
Centre de Geosciences, Ecole des Mines
Paris, France

Fluid and melt inclusions in rock-forming

minerals (pp. 44–49) by Jacques Touret,
Ecole de Mines Paris, France

DEMANGE_Book.indb iii 4/19/2012 1:43:36 PM

 CRC Press/Balkema is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an
informa business
© 2012 Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK
Typeset by V Publishing Solutions Pvt Ltd., Chennai, India
Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY
All rights reserved. No part of this publication or the information
contained herein may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission
in writing from the publisher. Innovations reported here may not be
used without the approval of the authors.
Although all care is taken to ensure integrity and the quality of this
publication and the information herein, no responsibility is assumed
by the publishers nor
the author for any damage to the property or persons as a result of
operation
or use of this publication and/or the information contained herein.
Published by: CRC Press/Balkema
P.O. Box 447, 2300 AK Leiden, The Netherlands
e-mail: [email protected]
www.crcpress.com – www.taylorandfrancis.com
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Demange, Michel (Michel Andre)
Mineralogy for petrologists : optics, chemistry, and occurrences
of rock-forming minerals / Michel Demange.
p. cm.
Summary: “This book provides a categorized and visualized
overview and presents microscopic observations, systematic
mineralogy, chemistry, geology, stability, paragenesis, occurrence
and use in petrology of 137 minerals. Structural formula
calculations are included in the appendix. Consists of a set
of book and CD-ROM for students and practically-oriented
researchers and professionals in geology, geological, mining,
and mineral resources engineering who need a reference
of mineralogy, applied to petrology.The CD-ROM contains
384 color plates with mineral microscopic visuals under
various circumstances”-- Provided by publisher.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-415-68421-7
1. Petrology. 2. Minerals. I. Title.
QE431.2.D46 2012
549--dc23
2012007518

ISBN: 978-0-415-68421-7 (Hbk)

DEMANGE_Book.indb iv 4/19/2012 1:43:36 PM

 Contents

Author biography xi

Introduction xiii
Why the microscope? Purpose of the book xiii
Use of the CD xv
Browsing the CD xv

1 Rocks and minerals 1

1.1 What is a mineral? 1
1.1.1 An ordered atomic structure 1
1.1.2 A given chemical composition 6
1.2 Classification of the minerals 8
1.3 Factors of occurrence of minerals 10
1.3.1 Physical factors 10
1.3.2 Chemical factors 12
1.3.2.1 Parameters linked to the fluid phase 14
1.3.2.2 Chemical composition of the rock 14
1.3.2.3 Silica saturation of igneous rocks 16
1.3.2.4 Alumina saturation of igneous rocks 16
1.4 Plan adopted in this guide 19

2 Observations with the petrographic microscope 21

2.1 Indicatrix (refractive index ellipsoid) 22
2.2 The petrographic microscope 25
2.3 Crystalline plate with parallel faces in crossed
polarized light 28
2.4 Observations in parallel polarized light (PPL) 33
2.4.1 Forms, fractures, cleavages 33

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 vi Contents

2.4.2 Index/refringence 33
2.4.3 Color – Pleochroism 34
2.4.4 Inclusions 35
2.4.5 Alterations 35
2.5 Observations in cross polarized light (CPL) 35
2.5.1 Interference colors – Birefringence 35
2.5.2 Anomalous interference colors 35
2.5.3 Position of the indicatrix – Angle of extinction 36
2.5.4 Sign of elongation 36
2.5.5 Twinning 37
2.6 Observations in convergent polarized light 38
2.6.1 Obtain an interference figure 39
2.6.2 Uniaxial mineral: section perpendicular
to the optic axis 39
2.6.2.1 Determining optic sign 40
2.6.3 Biaxial mineral: section perpendicular to
an optic axis 41
2.6.3.1 Determining optic sign 41
2.6.4 Biaxial mineral: section perpendicular to
the bisector of the acute angle of the optic axes 42
2.6.4.1 Determining optic sign 42
2.6.5 Dispersion 43
2.7 Fluid and melt inclusions in rock-forming minerals 44
2.7.1 Definitions 44
2.7.2 Identification of the fluid/melt content 45
2.7.3 Primary versus secondary inclusions 46
2.7.4 Potential interest of fluid/melt inclusion studies 47
3 Systematic mineralogy 51
3.1 Major tectosilicates: Quartz – feldspars – feldspathoids 51
3.1.1 Silica group 52
3.1.2 Feldspars 54
3.1.2.1 Chemical composition 54
3.1.2.2 Stability of feldspars 57
3.1.2.3 Occurrences of feldspars 58
3.1.2.4 Alteration of the feldspars 65
3.1.3 Feldspathoids 66
3.1.3.1 Chemical composition 66
3.1.3.2 Occurrences 67
3.2 Major ferro-magnesian minerals: micas, chlorites,
amphiboles, pyroxenes, olivines, serpentines 69

DEMANGE_Book.indb vi 4/19/2012 1:43:36 PM

 Contents vii

3.2.1 Micas and related minerals 69

3.2.1.1 Structure and chemical composition 69
3.2.1.2 Alterations of micas 72
3.2.1.3 Stability of micas 72
3.2.1.4 Occurrences of micas 73
3.2.1.5 Lithium-bearing micas 78
3.2.1.6 Paragonite 78
3.2.1.7 Brittle micas 78
3.2.1.8 Stilpnomelane 79
3.2.1.9 Talc 80
3.2.1.10 Zussmanite – Howieite – Deerite 80
3.2.2 Chlorites 81
3.2.2.1 Structure and chemical composition 81
3.2.2.2 Occurrences of chlorites 81
3.2.3 Amphiboles 84
3.2.3.1 Structure and chemical composition 84
3.2.3.2 Classification of the amphiboles
(Leake, 1978) 84
3.2.3.3 Stability of amphiboles 89
3.2.3.4 Occurrences of amphiboles 90
3.2.4 Pyroxenes 92
3.2.4.1 Structure and chemical composition 92
3.2.4.2 Stability of pyroxenes 97
3.2.4.3 Occurrences of the pyroxenes 98
3.2.5 Olivine group 102
3.2.5.1 Structure and chemical composition 102
3.2.5.2 Stability of olivines 103
3.2.5.3 Occurrences of olivines 103
3.2.5.4 Alterations of olivine 106
3.2.6 Serpentine and serpentinization 106
3.3 Aluminous minerals 108
3.3.1 Structure and chemical composition 108
3.3.1.1 Alumina silicates: andalusite,
sillimanite, kyanite 108
3.3.1.2 Aluminous garnets 109
3.3.1.3 Staurolite 110
3.3.1.4 Chloritoid 111
3.3.1.5 Cordierite 111
3.3.1.6 Magnesiocarpholite 112
3.3.1.7 Sapphirine 113
3.3.1.8 Topaz 113

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 viii Contents

3.3.1.9 Beryl 113

3.3.1.10 Corundum 113
3.3.1.11 Pyrophyllite 114
3.3.1.12 Diaspore (gibbsite and boehmite) 114
3.3.2 Occurrences 114
3.3.2.1 Metamorphic rocks 114
3.3.2.2 Igneous rocks 124
3.3.2.3 Metasomatic rocks 124
3.3.2.4 Sedimentary rocks and alterites 126
3.4 Calcic, magnesian and calc-magnesian minerals 126
3.4.1 Chemical composition and stability 126
3.4.1.1 Carbonates 126
3.4.1.2 Aluminous, anhydrous and hydrated,
calcic silicates 130
3.4.1.3 Non aluminous calcium silicates 134
3.4.1.4 Magnesian, non-aluminous silicates
(oxides and hydroxides) (anhydrous
and hydrated; saturated and
under-saturated in silica) 135
3.4.1.5 Ferro-magnesian calcic silicates 136
3.4.2 Occurrences 137
3.4.2.1 Sedimentary rocks 137
3.4.2.2 Metamorphic rocks 138
3.4.2.3 Igneous rocks 141
3.4.2.4 Hydrothermal veins 143
3.4.2.5 Alteration minerals 143
3.5 Accessory minerals 144
3.5.1 Spinel group 144
3.5.1.1 Chemical composition 144
3.5.1.2 Occurrences 146
3.5.2 Boron minerals 147
3.5.2.1 Tourmaline 147
3.5.2.2 Axinite 148
3.5.2.3 Datolite 148
3.5.3 Phosphates 149
3.5.3.1 Apatite 149
3.5.3.2 Monazite 150
3.5.3.3 Xenotime 150
3.5.4 Lithium bearing minerals 150
3.5.4.1 Amblygonite 150

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 Contents ix

3.5.4.2 Petalite 151

3.5.4.3 Pollucite 151
3.5.5 Titanium bearing minerals 151
3.5.5.1 Rutile 151
3.5.5.2 Ilmenite 152
3.5.5.3 Titanite 153
3.5.5.4 Perovskite 153
3.5.6 Zircon 153
3.5.7 Titano- and zircono-silicates and silicates
of the alkaline rocks 155
3.5.8 Oxides of niobium, tantale and zirconium
of alkaline rocks 157
3.6 Minerals of sedimentary rocks and alterites 157
3.6.1 Clay minerals 157
3.6.1.1 Structure and chemical composition 157
3.6.1.2 Occurrences 160
3.6.2 Evaporites minerals 162
3.7 Ore minerals 164
3.7.1 Barite 164
3.7.2 Fluorite 164
3.7.3 Sphalerite 164
3.7.4 Scheelite 166
3.7.5 Cassiterite 166

Appendix – Calculation of the structural formula of a mineral 169

A selection of books 175
References 179
Websites 183
Subject index 185

DEMANGE_Book.indb ix 4/19/2012 1:43:37 PM

 Author biography

Dr. Michel Demange has devoted his career to regional geology and tectonics
of metamorphic and magmatic terranes and to ore deposits. Graduated from
the École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris and holding a Docteur-
es-Sciences of the University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris VI, he has been
active in a rich variety of geological projects and investigations around the
world. In combination with his teaching and research activities at the École
des Mines in Paris, France, he headed various research studies. This book
benefits from the great experience in field studies, research and teaching and
the wealth of data and images accumulated during his career. It will be fol-
lowed by the companion volume “Rock Textures: Igneous, Metamorphic
rocks and Deformation Textures (CRC Press/Balkema). Both volumes are
available in French from the Presses de l’Ecole des Mines, Paris.

FM.indd xi 4/19/2012 2:00:33 PM

 Introduction

WHY THE MICROSCOPE? PURPOSE

OF THE BOOK

The purpose of petrology is to understand the conditions of the formation of

rocks. The first stage of this approach is to describe and classify the rocks; that
is the subject of petrography. Many characters can be used: density, hardness,
colour, structure (on the scale of the outcrop), texture (on the scale of the sample
or of the microscope), mineralogical composition, chemical composition, speed
of propagation of the waves, etc. Among all the characters, the mineralogical
composition is certainly the most important: it allows us to, more or less, accu-
rately foresee the other characters and it can be used to determine the very con-
ditions of the formation of rocks. Indeed, the nature and chemical composition
of the minerals in a rock obey stricter laws, since the formation temperature
was higher.
Two methods of determining the minerals are relatively simple, fast and
inexpensive: the X-ray diffraction and petrographic microscope.
The X-ray diffraction allows precise identification of minerals, but gen-
erally requires a separation. This method remains absolutely necessary in
the case of very fine grained rocks and minerals. However, its use can be
difficult when the rock contains numerous minerals. Minerals in a small
proportion may remain unnoticed. And above all, this method does not
allow us to observe and discuss the textures of the rock and the relations
between its various minerals.
The use of the petrographic microscope overcomes these difficulties – at
least in the case of rocks whose grain is large enough (typically greater than
the thickness of the thin section, that is to say 30 microns).
The study of a more or less important number of thin sections remains a
prerequisite for more complex and more expensive methods, such as chemical
analysis of individual minerals, either by wet chemistry or by microprobe.
However, the petrographic microscope requires some learning, and
some experience. There are books and tables, but it is rare that one comes
to determine a completely unknown mineral using only tables.

DEMANGE_Book.indb xiii 4/19/2012 1:43:38 PM

 xiv Introduction

The purpose of this work is to illustrate the most common rock forming
minerals as they appear under the petrographic microscope and facilitate
their learning. The selected mineral species have been chosen in reference
to the classical book by Deer, Howie and Zussman, An Introduction to the
Rock Forming Minerals (first edition 1966). This guide includes two parts,
a book and a CD.
The CD illustrates the microscopic appearance of the rock forming min-
erals and shows numerous thin sections in plane and cross polarized light.
Each mineral is shown by cards containing its name, its chemical composi-
tion, some sketches showing its forms, its various optical characters and
several photomicrographs illustrating these characters. There are generally
two photomicrographs taken in the same position, one in plane polarized
light, the other in cross polarized light. The colors on a computer screen,
without reaching the luminosity of the microscope, are certainly superior
to printed photographs. A CD has the advantage of showing in a reduced
format numerous illustrations so that a same mineral can be presented in
several cards showing its various habits and various occurrences.
The book is deliberately brief, and develops the issues for which the
illustrations on the CD are of less interest. The first part deals with the defini-
tion of a mineral species and the factors of its occurrence. Then the methods
of microscopic observation are quickly described. The bulk of the book is
a series of monographs on different minerals or mineral groups. This book
does not pretend to replace extensive treaties of mineralogy but insists on the
more important points for the characterization of a mineral:

• some data on the structure of the mineral, since it explains its chemical
formula.
• the chemical composition and the variations of composition that can
be expected in the same mineral or group of minerals as well in major
elements as in some minor elements.
• conditions of stability, chemical composition and stability conditions
lead to discussions of the various occurrences of the mineral: given that
mineral is not found in just any rock; the various paragenesis (min-
eral association at equilibrium) do not occur arbitrarily and changes in
chemical composition of a mineral report on various geological evolu-
tions. This concern for occurrences and geological evolution determines
the plan adopted in this guide, that is somewhat different from the clas-
sical mineralogical classification. The principles of the calculation of
structural formulas are given in Annex.
• the optical characters of the most important minerals are shown in the
book by deliberately concise summary tables.

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 Introduction xv

Use of the CD
A mineral may be more or less rare or common, as it is indicated on the
cards: VC = very common, C = common, RC = rather common, QR = quite
rare, R = rare.
It depends, of course, on the rocks or problems studied: wollastonite
is fairly common in metamorphic marbles, very rare in granites. Similarly,
some habits may be much rarer than the common habits of the same min-
eral: euhedral quartz is fairly infrequent, whereas quartz is a very common
mineral.

Browsing the CD
One can navigate backwards and forwards from one card to another by
using the mouse to click on the symbols or by using the left/right
arrow keys on the keyboard.

• Sign takes you back to the general index

• Sign takes you back to the index of each part
• Sign takes you back to the last card shown. Please double click on it.
• Click on the images to see the larger image in a pop-up window
• All dark blue text is clickable and will direct you to a particular card
• The sign adds additional linking to related texts

DEMANGE_Book.indb xv 4/19/2012 1:43:38 PM

 Chapter 1

Rocks and minerals

1.1 WHAT IS A MINERAL?

A mineral is a naturally occurring homogeneous solid characterized by a

highly ordered atomic structure and characteristic chemical composition.
The International Mineralogical Association gives the following defini-
tion: “a mineral is an element or chemical compound that is normally crys-
talline and that has been formed as a result of geological processes” (Nickel,
1995). This definition excludes synthetic “minerals”.

1.1.1 An ordered atomic structure

Minerals are solids made of atoms arranged in a periodic and symmetric lat-
tice. Frankenheimer (1842) then Bravais (1848) have shown that there are
14 (and only 14) basic crystal lattice arrangements of atoms in three dimen-
sion types, referred to as the “Bravais lattice”. These lattices derive from
seven basic reticular systems: triclinic, monoclinic, orthorhombic, tetrago-
nal, trigonal, hexagonal, cubic. These systems are characterized by elements
of symmetry: centers, plans, reverse plans (symmetry with respect to a plane
and rotation), axes (order 2, 3, 4 or 6), reverse axes (rotation and symmetry
about center) (Figure 1.1).
The unit cell is the smallest crystal volume which has all the geometric
properties (symmetry, size), physical and chemical properties of crystal. It is
defined by the lengths of three vectors a, b, c and three angles α, β, γ.
These three vectors form a basis, in which are identified in any plane or
any vector. In this basis, the equation of a plane is:
u x/y + v y/b + w z/c = 1
u, v and w are integers and are called Miller indices. The notation of a crys-
tal face or a plane is (h k l) (round brackets). By convention the notation
of a negative index (−u) is (ū). The vector normal to this plane has u, v, w
coordinates; so the notation of such direction is [uvw] (square brackets).
Hexagonal and trigonal systems use a set of coordinates and notations
slightly different: 3 axis at 120º (x y t) are used in the (x y) plane; the z axis is

DEMANGE_Book.indb 1 4/19/2012 1:43:38 PM

 Figure 1.1 The seven crystalline systems.

DEMANGE_Book.indb 2 4/19/2012 1:43:38 PM

 Rocks and minerals 3

Figure 1.2 The unit cell.

Figure 1.3 Set of coordinates in the hexagonal

and trigonal systems.

perpendicular to the plane (x y). The notation of a plane in these coordinates

will be (j h k l), j, h and k along the axes x y t and l along the z axis, with:

j+h+k=0
When the lattice and the crystal have the same symmetry, which is then
at maximum, it is called holohedry.

DEMANGE_Book.indb 3 4/19/2012 1:43:39 PM

 4 Mineralogy for Petrologists

When the symmetry of the crystal is lower than the one of the lattice,
one talks of merohedrism (hemihedrism if it contains only half of the faces
of the corresponding, tetartohedrism with a quarter of the faces, etc.). The
most common merohedrism are:

• antihemihedrism: absence of center (and of the associated planes); an

example of antihémihedrism is the (cubic or tetragonal) tetrahedron
that derives from the octahedron; another example is the tourmaline
prisms which have two extremities that are not symmetrical; such min-
erals have piezoelectric properties;
• parahemihedrism: the center of symmetry is present, but the binary axes
are absent; for instance, the pentagonal dodecahedron (a common form
of pyrite, or pyritohedron) derives from an hexatetrahedron;
• holoaxial hemihedrism: no center, no binary axes; trigonal quartz and
scheelite belong to this class.

Any lattice plane can form a face of a crystal. But growth is more or less
rapid according to the directions. The fast growing faces are rapidly elimi-
nated and slow growing faces become dominant. These are the faces that
determine the crystalline forms of the mineral. The crystalline forms reflect
the structure of the lattice and the symmetry system to which it belongs.
When a mineral has its own crystal forms it is said to be euhedral, otherwise
we talk of an anhedral mineral. In rocks, minerals such as tourmaline, kyanite
and garnet are frequently euhedral, others, such as quartz, more rarely.
A cleavage is a perfect and repetitive separation plane. The cleavage
planes reflect, at the macroscopic scale, one or more zones of weakness:
cleavage typically occurs preferentially parallel to higher density planes. The
cleavages show the same symmetry as the crystal. Some minerals have no
cleavage (quartz, for example), others have one or more.

Figure 1.4 An example of antihemihedral form.

DEMANGE_Book.indb 4 4/19/2012 1:43:40 PM

 Rocks and minerals 5

Figure 1.5 An example of parahemihedral form.

Figure 1.6 An example of holoaxial hemihedry.

A fracture is a more or less irregular surface, not repeated or repeated a few

times. The appearance of some fractures may be characteristic of a given min-
eral. An example is the tourmaline with fractures transversal on the prism.
A twin is an intergrowth of two or several crystals of the same mineral
species, joined by a determined symmetry law. There are two types of twins:

1 Contact twins: the two individuals are symmetric to a plane, the twin-
ning plane; the surface of accolement is then a plane (example: twinning
of albite in plagioclases);
2 Penetration twins: the two individuals are symmetric to an axis, the
twinning axis, the accolement surface is then any (example: Carlsbad
twinning in feldspars).

DEMANGE_Book.indb 5 4/19/2012 1:43:40 PM

 6 Mineralogy for Petrologists

Twins may by simple or repeated. Among the repeated twins there are:
• Polysynthetic twins: the joined individual crystals form parallel
lamellae (examples: twins in cordiérite; albite and pericline twins in
the plagioclases, grunerite).
• Cyclic twins: individual crystals form a more or less circular asso-
ciation (example: twins of leucite, cordierite).
The unit cell of the twinned system has a higher symmetry than the unit
cell of the individual crystals.

1.1.2 A given chemical composition

A given chemical composition is not sufficient to define a mineral. Indeed
polymorphs are minerals with the same chemical composition but a differ-
ent structure: diamond (cubic) and graphite (hexagonal), calcite (trigonal)
and aragonite (orthorhombic) are well known examples. Other examples
are given by the various polymorphs of silica or feldspar.
The chemical composition varies within certain limits depending on:

• the presence of trace elements included in the lattice;

• substitutions between elements:
• such substitutions can be made of atom to atom, for example, the
substitution Mg Fe2+;
• or by laws of substitution involving several elements. An example is
the widespread substitution in silicates

SiIV MgVI AlIV AlVI

(where AlIV is aluminum in 4-folds coordination, in tetrahedral site, sur-

rounded by 4 atoms of oxygen and AlVI aluminum in 6-fold coordination,
and octahedral site, surrounded by 6 atoms of oxygen).
Micas and amphibole groups are minerals where the laws of substitu-
tion are particularly diverse.
The substitutions in minerals are governed by strict laws (rules of
Goldschmidt):

• electrical equilibrium must be respected: for instance in the above exam-

ple the valency of silicon is 4, the one of the magnesium is 2: 4 + 2 = 6,
the valency of aluminum is 3: 3 +3 = 6;
• only elements that have ionic radii difference of less than 15% can
replace each other; the difference may be bigger but the substitution
is then only partial. Iron replaces magnesium in common silicates and
carbonates, but the replacement of magnesium by calcium is impossible
(or at least very limited) in carbonates due to the difference in ionic

DEMANGE_Book.indb 6 4/19/2012 1:43:40 PM

 Rocks and minerals 7

radii of these elements. When two elements have the same charge, the
one that has the smallest ionic radius is preferentially incorporated: so,
in an isomorphous series, the magnesium-bearing members are stable at
higher temperatures than the iron-bearing members;
• in the lattice, a site may remain all or partially empty; for instance,
the substitution 2 AlVI 3 (Fe, Mg)VI, (where the sign represents
a vacant site), is (limited) substitution occurring between dioctahedral
micas and trioctalhedral micas.

The composition of minerals is even more constrained as the tempera-

ture is higher. Knowledge of the precise compositions of minerals and their
variations is very important to reconstruct the conditions of the formation
of rocks.

Figure 1.7 Valency, ionique radius (data by Shannon and Prewitt, 1969 and
Shannon, 1976).

DEMANGE_Book.indb 7 4/19/2012 1:43:41 PM

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charlatan. As such, a definition can be as profound as 'magick is the
science and art of causing change to occur in conformity with will15'
(and thinking about that for a second implies a lot more than just a
description of a magical ritual), or as downright shallow as a 'set of
tools'. The definition I offer is an attempt at accounting for all the
various aspects of magick described in the previous chapters of this
book, which are all informed by actual experience (and if you have
been doing the exercises, hopefully you will find this definition
satisfactory). Here it is: Magick is the art, science and culture of
experiencing truth. 15. See Aleister Crowley^s Magick in Theory and
Practice. 151
 152 Advanced Magick For Beginners This definition
recognises that: Magick is the art of experiencing truth. In other
words, you can choose any experience (say, dancing around in your
underpants), decide what that experience will mean ('it will rain'),
undergo the experience (perform the dance), thus rendering the
given meaning true (it will rain, because I have experienced the fact
'it will rain'. Experience is the truth). See chapter 3 for more on this.
What can be experienced using magick is limited only by your
imagination (the subjective), but how that experience manifests is
limited by the available means of manifestation (the objective).
Magick is the science of experiencing truth. The truth isn't simply an
idea, nor is it found in the relative or arbitrary nature of ideas; truth
is experiential, and the practice of magick will lead you to an
understanding of existence based on direct experience, not
speculation. By its very nature, life is revelatory and so more
incredible than any word or idea we can ascribe to it. You need only
perform the experiment and corroborate this for yourself! Magick is
the culture of experiencing truth. Magick necessarily includes
sociological and ethical implications, whether they are consciously
addressed or not. These range from whatever magical tradition,
aesthetic, teaching or approach you ascribe to, to how you tackle
the endless ethical dilemmas you will face on an ongoing basis as a
magician. See chapter 1 for more on this. Magick is not simply a
method of manifesting material results, nor is meditation simply
mysti 
 But Someone Would Have Told Me! 1 53 cism. There is no
distinction between Western and Eastern methods of experiencing
the truth; there is, and always has been, only one movement, one
school, and one aim; in the West, we know it as magick. Simplicity It
is the simplicity of magick that prevents every man, woman and
child on this planet from realising that they have the ability to
fashion their reality as they see fit. What follows below is not an
attempt at providing an explanation for why or how magick works,
but an illustration of the fact that experience is the truth: If I decide
that an experience means T will meet an alien', and I undergo that
experience, I will have had an experience that means 'I will meet an
alien'; that experience is true, and so as it is in a future tense, I
must necessarily have the experience of meeting an alien in the
future. If I decide that an experience means 'I am happy', and I
undergo that experience, that experience is true, and so I will have
had the experience of being happy. If 1 decide that an experience
means 'I found some money'’, and I undergo that experience, that
experience is true; and as it is in the past tense, I must necessarily
have an experience that corroborates the occurrence of finding that
money in the past.
 154 Advanced Magick For Beginners Any intentional act is
an act of magick, because an act is the rendering of an intention,
belief or decision into an experience. Closed For Refurbishment
Magick means you can change as much or as little of yourself as you
like. You can remake your history, take control of your immediate
environment and dictate your own future. Remember: if you didn't
make one of the decisions that make you up, some one else did. You
must ask yourself: did whoever it was that made those decisions for
me have my best interests at heart, or even know what they were
doing? More importantly: did they have any taste?
 1 7. Row Your Boat Or: 'A Prophecy' Humanity loves
catastrophe. This is best expressed in the thousands of apocalypses
we've survived. Again and again, from fundamentalist crack-pots to
learned academics, we have been warned that the end is nigh and
given precise dates and times for the destruction of the human race
by earthquake, plague, famine, meteorite, aliens, God, cosmic rays,
climate change ad nauseam. What can I say? We're pretty robust.
Yet our fervor for such delights isn't abating; on the contrary, it's
reaching boiling point. To name but a few imminent catastrophes,
we can expect doom any day now courtesy of Hopi, Mayan and Inca
prophesies, sun spot escalation, the consequences of global
warming, the peak oil crisis, and a Terminator-esque technological
singularity. I'm pretty sure that suffering, pain, misery and death
features low on most people's 'things to do today7 lists, so why this
fascination with the extinction of the species? 155
 156 Advanced Magic k For Beginners Gibberish Although
the apocalypse is usually regarded as the end of the world (i.e. it will
cease to exist), as depicted in The Book of Revelation, occult
eschatology is concerned with not just the end of the world, but also
the birth of a new one. In other words, the eschaton is the end of a
world, not the end of the world. The study of the various models
used to delineate the numerous possible worlds, and their transition
points, is known as Aeonics. Imagine if you will, that existence is
holographic— what is true of the part is true of the whole. Now
consider the fact that we are initiates, going through a process
epitomised by the future magical self. Would the same not also be
true of the planet? Or the universe? Therefore can it be that not only
is the world itself undergoing a process of initiation, but there is in
fact a future magical world'6? Aeonics is for the world what magical
developmental models or maps are for the individual. However, short
of an advanced initiated alien race providing us with a
developmental map of the process their world has been through,
how can we know what to expect in the next step of our worldly
evolution? 16. By this I don't mean a world where everyone is a
practicing magician. What applies to the idea of a future magical self
applies to a future magical world; it is a token representation of
revelation, or initiatory development, but on a global scale.
 Row Your Boat 157 There are three options: we make an
educated guess, we use magick and make a prophecy, or we receive
a teaching from a non-human intelligence. An example of a model
based on guesswork would be the psychohistory model outlined in
Liber Kaos by Peter Carroll, and although no specific dates are given
we are thought to be in the Pandemon (good, isn't it?). The Hopi
model, where 2013 marks the beginning of the Fifth World, of which
there are seven, is an example of Aeonics based on prophecy. Are
We There Yet? In 1904, Mr. Aleister Crowley, after receiving a little
book known as Liber AL vel Legis from a non-human intelligence,
was pretty convinced he had ended the old world (the Aeon of
Osiris) and had ushered in the next, known as the Aeon of Horns.
Although this immediately preceded a period in history so bloody
and horrific we had never seen its like (which appears to have been
prophesied within the text), a general confusion has reigned ever
since as to the Aeon's actual manifestation. Did it actually begin in
1904? Has it ended yet, or are we still in it? How the hell can we
tell? Since Crowley, we have also had the advent of the Aeon of
Ma'at (with another new book), the Aeon of Set (with yet another
new book), and I do believe we are somewhere near (or in?) the
Chaoist's Fifth Aeon (they don't need a book, apparently).
 158 Advanced Macick For Beginners Which one is right? Are
they all true? Why won't someone tell me what's going on here?
Peace, Man During the 60s, the New Age movement hoped to usher
in a new world known as the Age of Aquarius. Unlike magicians,
New Agers know exactly what to expect. After the little nightmare
we've known as history, the Age of Aquarius will be rather nice:
there'll be free love for everyone, a species wide conversion to
Buddhism, dolphins will communicate with us telepathically, and
everyone will live happily ever after. Thank the gods that hasn't
happened yet. I'm So Excited Based on a striking number of
prophecies, the counter culture's current favourite date for the
occurrence of the Eschaton, or the advent of the new world, is 21st
December 2012. On this date, the Fifth Great Cycle (of a 25,800
year precession of the equinoxes) of the Mayan Long Count Calendar
will come to an end. This date has been lent more credence as the
end of the world by the work of counter-culturemushroom-maniac
Terence McKenna. Using the I Ching and a whole bunch of
entheogens, Terence constructed a graph that demonstrates the
influx of novelty into history, predicting an infinite occurrence of
novelty on 21st December 2012.
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