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The Routledge Companion to the Qur an Routledge
Religion Companions 1st Edition George Archer (Editor)
Digital Instant Download
Author(s): George Archer (editor), Maria M. Dakake (editor), Daniel A.
Madigan (editor)
ISBN(s): 9780415709507, 0415709504
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 6.21 MB
Year: 2021
Language: english
THE ROUTLEDGE COMPANION
TO THE QUR’AN
The Routledge Companion to the Qur’an offers an impressive and comprehensive overview of the
formative scripture of Islam. Including a wide number of scholarly approaches to the Qur’an by both
established authorities and emergent voices, the 40 chapters in this volume represent the latest word
on the academic understanding of the Muslim scripture.
The Qur’an is spoken of in scholarship across disciplines; it is the beating heart of a living
community of believers; it is a work of beauty and a basis for art and culture; it is a profoundly
significant historical artifact; and it is a mysterious survivor from the Late Ancient Arabic-speaking
world. This Handbook accompanies the reader into the many worlds that the Qur’an lives in, from
its ancient settings, to its internal drama, and through the 1,400 years of discussion and debate about
its meaning.
Bringing diverse approaches to the Qur’an together in one volume The Routledge Companion to
the Qur’an represents the vibrancy of the field of Qur’anic Studies today. This Handbook is essential
reading for students and researchers in religious studies and Islamic studies. It will also be very useful
for those in related fields, such as area studies, sociology, anthropology, and history.
George Archer is Assistant Professor of Religious Studies at Iowa State University in Ames, Iowa.
Daniel A. Madigan is Associate Professor and Jeanette W. and Otto J. Ruesch Family Distinguished
Jesuit Scholar at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.
ROUTLEDGE RELIGION COMPANIONS
Conventionsix
Authorsxiii
Acknowledgmentsxx
Editors’ Introduction: The Qur’an’s Three Worlds xxi
George Archer, Maria M. Dakake, and Daniel A. Madigan
PART I
The World Before the Qur’an 1
PART II
The World of the Qur’an 43
v
Contents
6 Qur’anic Eschatology 69
Mohammed Rustom
vi
Contents
PART III
The World in Front of the Qur’an 209
22 Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī Seen Through His Great Commentary on the Qur’an235
Michel Lagarde
23 Tafsīr Ibn Kathīr: A Window Onto Medieval Islam and a Guide to the
Development of Modern Islamic Orthodoxy 245
Younus Y. Mirza
vii
Contents
33 Translation 364
Johanna Pink
Bibliography442
Index474
viii
CONVENTIONS
The editors of The Routledge Companion to the Qur’an would like this volume to be accessible to
any educated English reader, and not necessarily just a reader educated in the study of the Qur’an
or Islam. Yet simultaneously, the editors would like to reflect the diversity of styles and approaches
taken by the authors appearing herein. To that end, the editors have imposed some standards when
needed for a wider readership and have allowed for some diversity of approach as per the given
author’s wont.
ix
Conventions
Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. Modern Turkish will not follow this system but rather conventional
spellings.
ء ʾ (the glottal stop, unmarked in transliteration when the first letter of a term)
ب b
پ p
ت t
ث th (in Persian, transliterated as s)
ج j (in modern Egyptian Arabic, transliterated as g)
چ ch (in Ottoman Turkish, transliterated as ç)
ح h.
خ kh
د d
ذ dh (in Persian, Ottoman Turkish, and Urdu. transliterated as z)
ر r
ز z
ژ zh (in Ottoman Turkish, transliterated as j)
س s
ش sh (in Ottoman Turkish, transliterated as ş)
صs.
ضd. (in Persian, Ottoman Turkish, and Urdu, transliterated as z)
ط ․t
ظ z․
ع ʿ (the letter ʿayn; in Arabic, a sound from the base of the tongue with a slight vibra-
tion of the vocal cords)
غ gh (in Ottoman Turkish, transliterated as ğ)
ف f
ق q (in Ottoman Turkish, transliterated as k)
ك k
گ g
ل l
م m
ن n
ه h
و w or ū (in Persian or Ottoman Turkish, transliterated as v in consonantal usage)
ي y or ī
ة a (the feminine marker, which appears only as the last letter of a term)
ال al- (the definite marker; always transliterated thus regardless of pronunciation)
ى/ا
ٰ ā
ي ī
ٍ ِي ّ iyy (in the final form transliterated as ī)
ّ ُو uww (in the final form transliterated as ū; in Ottoman Turkish marked as uvv)
َو aw (in Ottoman Turkish, transliterated as ev)
َى ay (in Ottoman Turkish, transliterated as ey)
َ a (in Ottoman Turkish, transliterated as either a or e)
ُ u (in Ottoman Turkish, transliterated as either ü or ö)
ِ i (in Ottoman Turkish, transliterated as either i or ı)
x
Conventions
All Syriac alphabets will be simplified into the following transliteration (with voweling used at the
author’s discretion):
ܐ ʾ (the glottal stop; unmarked in transliteration when the first letter of a term)
ܒ b
ܓg
ܕ d
ܗ h
ܘ w or ū
ܙ z
ܚ h.
․ ܛt
ܝ y or ī
ܟk
ܠ l
ܡ m
ܢn
ܣ s
ܥ ʿ (the letter ʿē; a sound from the base of the tongue with a slight vibration of the
vocal cords)
ܦ p
ܨs.
ܩ q
ܪ r
ܫ sh
ܬ t
The Greek alphabet will be translated following the Society of Biblical Literature Handbook of Style.
α a
β b
γ g (or as n when accompanied by γ, κ, ξ, or χ)
δ d
ε e
ζ z
η ē
θ th
ι i
κ k
λ l
μ m
ν n
ξ x
ο o
π p
ρ r
ῥ rh
σ/ς s
xi
Conventions
τ t
υ y (or as u in diphthongs)
φ ph
χ ch
ψ ps
ω ō
‘ h (when preceding a vowel)
Other alphabets that appear less frequently in this volume will be transliterated at the given author’s
preference (e.g., Geʾez, Hebrew, Aramaic, Devanāgarī, and its variants). All transliteration systems
will be disregarded in the cases of words fully naturalized into English (e.g., caliph not khalīfa; muez
zin not muëzzin or muʾadhdhin). The text that is the subject matter of this volume shall always be
given in English as Qur’an.
The names of modern people with Muslim names will be transliterated as the individuals them-
selves write their own names in the English/Latin alphabet (e.g., Fatima Mernissi, not Fāt․ima
Mirnīsī).
Citations
The Routledge Companion to the Qur’an will use Chicago-style citation throughout, save in the cases
of classical literatures, which have no standard in The Chicago Manual of Style.
Authors will indicate which translations of the Qur’an are used in the respective notes or indicate
whether the translations are their own. The Qur’an will be cited as “Q sura number: āya(t) number”
(e.g., Q 65:1–3).
Tafsīrs will follow the style of Qur’anic citation with the addition of the name of the commenta-
tor (e.g., al-Rāzī on Q 2:36; Qummī on Q 9:1–5).
Although the hadiths’ numbers are not standardized, the editors would like to provide the reader
enough context to locate the source material regardless of which edition is being consulted. The
hadiths found in the canonical collections of both Sunnis and Shiʾis will be cited as “compiler,
kitāb/bāb: Arabic reference number” (e.g., Ibn Mājāh, al-T ․ ibb: 3562).
Dating
All dating in The Routledge Companion to the Qur’an will include at minimum the date according to
the Gregorian calendar (denoted as ce, the so-called Common Era, or more precisely, the Christian
Era). For authors who wish to provide dates according to the Islamic Hijri calendar, this date will be
noted first, followed by the Gregorian dating after a slash (e.g., H.asan al-Bas. rī d. circa 110/728; the
Delhi Sultanate was founded in 602/1206).
Standardization
The authors of The Routledge Companion to the Qur’an come from a wide variety backgrounds and
disciplines, and each author has her or his own norms of writing, style, and format. Although we,
the editors, have attempted to apply a single standard throughout, considerable leniency has been
granted to the individual authors to write in forms typical of their fields and cultures. All spelling is
provided in American English, save in quotations.
xii
AUTHORS
Gholamreza Aavani
Dr. Aavani is Shahid Beheshti University’s Professor Emeritus of Philosophy, as well as the Kenan
Rifai Distinguished Professor of Islamic Studies at Beijing University. He is the author of Rumi:
A Philosophical Study (Kazi, 2016), as well as the translator of Exiled in the West: The Mystical Narration
of Shihab al-Din Suhrawardi’s Recital of Occidental Exile (with Laleh Bakhtiar, Kazi, 2019) and Nasir-i
Khusraw: 40 Poems from the Divan (with Peter Lamborn Wilson, Shambala, 1998).
Rumee Ahmed
Dr. Ahmed is Professor of Islamic Law at the University of British Columbia. His research and
writing span religion, law, theology, social theory, philosophy, and hermeneutics. He is the author
of Sharia Compliant: A User’s Guide to Hacking Islamic Law (Stanford University Press, 2018) and Nar-
ratives of Islamic Legal Theory (Oxford University Press, 2012) and is co-editor of The Oxford Handbook
of Islamic Law (Oxford University Press, 2018) and The Objectives of Islamic Law (Lexington Books,
2018).
Khalil Andani
Dr. Andani is Assistant Professor of Religion at Augustana College in Rock Island, Illinois, and
specializes in Quranic Studies, Islamic Intellectual History, and Ismailism. He was awarded his PhD
from Harvard University’s Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, which won
Best PhD Dissertation of the Year from the Foundation for Iranian Studies for 2019–2020. His first
manuscript on different perspectives on revelation in Islam is forthcoming.
George Archer
Dr. Archer is Assistant Professor of religious studies at Iowa State University in the United States. He
is the author of A Place Between Two Places: The Qurʾanic Barzakh (Gorgias, 2017), which won the
World Award for Book of the Year of the Islamic Republic of Iran in 2019. Besides Quranic Stud-
ies and early Islamic eschatology, Dr. Archer is a specialist in orality and oral cultures, which is the
subject of his second monograph, A Quranic Mind. Dr. Archer is also an associate editor for Brill’s
The Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān Online.
xiii
Authors
Halla Attallah
Halla Attallah is a doctoral candidate at Georgetown University’s Department of Theology and
Religious Studies. After advanced study in Middle Eastern and Islamic Cultures at the American
University of Paris, she turned to the study of narrative in the Qur’an and the Hebrew Bible. She
is also the author of “Dabru Emet and the Politics of Shared Texts in Interfaith Dialogue” (American
Religion, 2021).
Gary R. Bunt
Professor Gary R. Bunt is a specialist in Islam’s relationship to the Internet at the University of Wales
Trinity Saint David. He is the author of Virtually Islamic: Computer-mediated Communication and Cyber-
Islamic Environments (University of Wales Press, 2000), Islam in the Digital Age: E-Jihad, Online Fatwas
and Cyber-Islamic Environments (Pluto Books, 2003), iMuslims: Rewiring the House of Islam (University
of North Carolina Press, 2009), and Hashtag Islam: How Cyber-Islamic Environments Are Transforming
Religious Authority (University of North Carolina Press, 2018). Website: virtuallyislamic.com
S.R. Burge
Dr. Burge is a Senior Research Associate at the Institute of Ismaili Studies, London. He has published
two monographs, Angels in Islam (Routledge, 2012) and The Prophet Muhammad (I.B. Tauris, 2020),
and two edited volumes, The Meaning of the Word: Lexicology and Qur’an Exegesis (Oxford, 2015) and,
with Asma Hilali, The Making of Religious Texts in Islam (Gerlach, 2019), as well as a number of articles
on tafsīr, h.adīth studies, comparative religion, and angels in Islam. He is also Islam editor on the Ency-
clopaedia of the Bible and Its Reception and the Biblical Reception Series of SBL Press.
Massimo Campanini
Dr. Campanini was Professor of Islamic Studies at the Universities of Urbino, Naples, and Trento.
He was the author of many books, including Al-Ghazali and the Divine (Routledge, 2018), The
Qur’an: Modern Muslim Interpretations (Routledge, 2011), The Qur’an: Modern Muslim Interpretations
(Routledge, 2010), and Maometto: L’inviato di Dio (Salerno Editrice, 2020). Dr. Campanini passed
away October 9, 2020.
William C. Chittick
Dr. Chittck is the Distinguished Professor in the Department of Asian and Asian American Stud-
ies at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York. He is the author of more than 30 books
on Islam, Sufism, and Persian literature, including Divine Love: Islamic Literature and the Path to God
(Yale University Press, 2013), In Search of the Lost Heart: Explorations in Islamic Thought (SUNY Press,
2012), Science of the Cosmos, Science of the Soul (Oneworld, 2007), Me & Rumi: The Autobiography of
Shams-i Tabrizi (FonsVitae, 2004), and The Self-Disclosure of God: Principles of Ibn al-’Arabî’s Cosmology
(SUNY Press, 1998).
Caner Dagli
Dr. Dagli is Associate Professor of Religious Studies at the College of the Holy Cross in Massa-
chusetts. He specializes in the study of the Qur’an and was one of the editors for The Study Quran
(HarperCollins, 2015).
Maria M. Dakake
Dr. Dakake is Associate Professor of Religious Studies at George Mason University in Fairfax, Vir-
ginia. She researches and teaches in the areas of Islamic intellectual history, Qur’anic Studies, and
Shiʾi and Sufi traditions, and women’s religious experiences. She is associate editor and coauthor
xiv
Authors
of The Study Quran (2015) and author of The Charismatic Community: Shiʾite Identity in Early Islam
(SUNY Press, 2008).
Emran El-Badawi
Dr. El-Badawi is Associate Professor of Middle Eastern Studies, and Chair of the Department of
Modern and Classical Languages at the University of Houston, Texas. He is co-founder of the Inter-
national Qur’anic Studies Association (IQSA). His publications include The Qur’an and the Aramaic
Gospel Traditions (Routledge, 2013), “Intellectual freedom and the study of the Qur’an,” Oasis: Chris-
tians and Muslims in the Global World 26 (2018), and Communities of the Qur’an: Dialogue, Debate and
Diversity in the 21st Century (co-edited with Paula Sanders, OneWorld, 2019). His current project is
on female power in late antique Arabia.
Sidney H. Griffith
Dr. Griffith is Emeritus Professor in the Department of Semitic and Egyptian Languages and Lit-
eratures at the Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C. A specialist in Arab and Syriac
Christianity, as well as interreligious dialogue, Dr. Griffith is the author of many works. These
include The Church in the Shadow of the Mosque: Christians and Muslims in the World of Islam (Princeton
University Press, 2010) and The Bible in Arabic: The Scriptures of the “People of the Book” in the Language
of Islam (Princeton University Press, 2015).
Paul L. Heck
Dr. Heck, Department of Theology and Religious Studies, Georgetown University, pursues research
on the history of religious ideas with focus on the mystical, the skeptical, and the political. Publica-
tions worth mentioning include “Jihad Revisited,” Journal of Religious Ethics (2004), “Signs of Skepti-
cism in Early Abbasid Literature,” Journal of Abbasid Studies (2015), and “Mawardi and Augustine on
Governance: How to Restrain the Restrainer?” Studies in Christian Ethics (2016).
Michel Lagarde
Dr. Lagarde was Professor of Arabic and Islam at the Pontifical Institute of Arabic and Islamic Studies,
Rome. He works broadly in Muslim/Christian relations and Qur’anic exegesis. His works include
Index Du Grand Commentaire de Fahr al-Din al-Razi (Brill, 1997) and Le Parfait Manuel des Sciences
Coraniques al-Itqān fī ʿUlūm al-Qurʾān de Ğalāl ad-Dīn as-Suyūt․ī (849/1445–911/1505) (Brill, 2017).
Todd Lawson
Dr. Lawson is Emeritus Associate Professor of Islamic Thought in the Department of Near and
Middle Eastern Civilizations at the University of Toronto, St. George. He is the author of many
articles on Islamic, Babi, and Baha’i religions, most recently Being Human: Baha’i Perspectives on Islam,
Modernity, and Peace (Kalimat Press, 2021). Dr. Lawson received his PhD from McGill University.
Joseph E.B. Lumbard
Dr. Lumbard is Associate Professor of Qur’anic Studies in the College of Islamic Studies at Hamad
Bin Khalifa University, Doha. He is specialized in the study of the Qur’an, Sufism, and interreligious
dialogue. He is also one of the general editors of The Study Quran (HarperOne, 2015). His other
works include Ah.mad al-Ghazālī, Remembrance, and the Metaphysics of Love (SUNY Press, 2016) and
Submission, Faith & Beauty: The Religion of Islam (Fons Vitae, 2009).
Daniel A. Madigan
Dr. Madigan is Associate Professor and Jeanette W. and Otto J. Ruesch Family Distinguished Jesuit
Scholar at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., where he is also Senior Fellow of The Al-Waleed
xv
Authors
Center for Muslim–Christian Understanding, a Faculty Fellow of the Berkley Center for Religion,
Peace and World Affairs, and an Honorary Professorial Fellow of the Australian Catholic University.
He is the author of many works on the Qur’an, Islam, and Christian/Muslim dialogue, including The
Qur’ân’s Self-Image: Writing and Authority in Islam’s Scripture (Princeton University Press, 2001).
N.A. Mansour
N. A. Mansour is a historian and a PhD candidate at Princeton University’s Department of Near
Eastern Studies, where she is writing a dissertation on the transition between manuscript and print
in Arabic-language contexts. She produces podcasts for different venues, coedits Hazine.info, and
works for different museums and archives. She also writes for the general public on culture, Islam,
and history.
Younus Y. Mirza
Dr. Mirza is Director of the Barzinji Project at Shenandoah University in Virginia and a Visiting
Researcher at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. His work focuses on the Ibn Kathīr,
marriage and sexuality in Islam, and the relationships between the depictions of the prophets in bib-
lical and Qur’anic sources. On this last matter, Dr. Mirza is the author of The Bible and the Qur’an:
Biblical Figures in the Islamic Tradition (with John Kaltner, Bloomsbury, 2018).
Hadia Mubarak
Dr. Mubarak is an Assistant Professor of Religion at Queens University of Charlotte, where she
teaches courses on Islam, women and gender in Islam, the history of Islam in America, and com-
parative scriptures, among other courses. Prior to joining Queens, she served as Assistant Professor
of Religious Studies at Guilford College (2018–2020). During the 2017–2018 academic year, she
was a Research Fellow at New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD)’s Institute in the Humani-
ties, where she wrote her monograph, Rebellious Wives, Neglectful Husbands: Controversies in Modern
Quranic Commentaries (OUP, forthcoming). Mubarak completed her PhD in Islamic Studies from
Georgetown University.
Gordon D. Newby
Dr. Newby is Professor Emeritus of Middle Eastern and South Asian Studies at Emory University.
Dr. Newby works in comparative studies, and focuses especially on the relationship of the early Mus-
lims to Jews and Christians. He is also the author of A History of the Jews of Arabia: From Ancient Times
to Their Eclipse Under Islam (University of South Carolina Press, 2009), The Making of the Last Prophet:
A Reconstruction of the Earliest Biography of Muhammad (University of South Carolina Press, 1989).
Ali A. Olomi
Dr. Olomi is Assistant Professor of History at Penn State Abington. He received his PhD in History
at the University of California Irvine. The author of many articles on Islam and gender, sexuality,
and the rise of Islamism and nationalism, Dr. Olomi has most recently been researching Islamic
esoctericism and folklore, specifically with regard to jinn.
Lauren E. Osborne
Dr. Osborne is Associate Professor of Religion and South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies at
Whitman College in Walla Walla, Washington. Her main area of specialization is the recitation of
the Qur’an, a subject on which she has published several articles and book chapters, and has a mono-
graph in progress, called Recite! Aesthetics and Experience of the Recited Qur’an. She is also writing a
textbook on Islam and sound. She has written as well on affect theory in relation to the Qur’an, and
Sayyid Qutb’s works on the Qur’an.
xvi
Authors
Johanna Pink
Dr. Pink is Professor of Islamic Studies at the Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Germany.
She completed her doctoral degree at the University of Bonn and has taught at Freie Universität
Berlin and the University of Tuebingen. Her main fields of interest are the transregional history of
tafsīr, especially in the modern period, and Qur’an translations with a particular focus on Indonesia.
Her publications include a monograph on Sunni tafsīr in the modern Islamic world, a guest-edited
volume of the Journal of Qur’anic Studies on translations of the Qur’an in Muslim majority contexts,
and a volume on tafsīr and Islamic intellectual history, coedited with Andreas Görke. Her latest
monograph is entitled Muslim Qur’anic Interpretation Today (Equinox, 2019).
Michael Pregill
Dr. Pregill is a scholar of comparative religion, focusing on the scriptural cultures of Late Antiquity
and the Middle Ages. His main areas of academic specialization are the Qur’an and its interpretation,
the origins of Islam in the Late Antique milieu, and Muslim relations with non-Muslims. Much of
his research focuses on the reception of biblical, Jewish, and Christian traditions in the Qur’an and
Islam. He is the author of The Golden Calf Between Bible and Qur’an: Scripture, Polemic, and Exegesis
from Late Antiquity to Islam (Oxford University Press, 2020). He is currently a lecturer at Chapman
University in Orange, California.
Ahmed Ragab
Dr. Ragab is Associate Professor of the History of Medicine at Johns Hopkins University. He is the
author of several works on Islamic Medicine, including The Medieval Islamic Hospital: Medicine, Religion
and Charity (Cambridge, 2015), Piety and Patienthood in Medieval Islam (Routledge, 2018), and Medicine
and Religion in the Life of an Ottoman Sheikh (Routledge, 2018). He is also authoring two new books:
Communities of Knowledge: Science in Medieval Europe and Islamdom (coauthored with Dr. Katharine Park,
Princeton) and Around the Clock: Time in Medieval Islamic Clinical Culture ( Johns Hopkins).
Nevin Reda
Dr. Reda is Associate Professor of Muslim Studies at Emmanuel College of Victoria University in
the University of Toronto. She is the author of The al-Baqara Crescendo: Understanding the Qur’an’s
Style, Narrative Structure, and Running Themes (McGill–Queen’s UP, 2017) on the scripture’s organi-
zation, poetics, and interpretation and co-editor of Islamic Interpretive Tradition and Gender Justice:
Processes of Canonization, Subversion, and Change (McGill–Queen’s UP, 2020).
Mohammed Rustom
Mohammed Rustom is Professor of Islamic Thought at Carleton University. He is author of The
Triumph of Mercy: Philosophy and Scripture in Mullā S.adrā (SUNY Press, 2012), co-editor of The Study
Quran: A New Translation and Commentary (HarperOne, 2015), translator of ʿAyn al-Qud.āt, The
Essence of Reality: A Defense of Philosophical Sufism (Library of Arabic Literature; NYU Press, 2022),
and author of Inrushes of the Heart: The Sufi Philosophy of ʿAyn al-Qud. āt (SUNY Press, 2022).
Abdulaziz Sachedina
Dr. Sachedina is Professor of Islamic Studies at George Mason University in Fairfax, Virginia. He
works most especially in Islamic ethics, politics, and jurisprudence. Among his published works are
Islam and the Challenge of Human Rights (Oxford University Press, 2009), Islamic Biomedical Ethics:
Principles and Application (Oxford University Press, 2011), The Islamic Roots of Democratic Pluralism
(Oxford University Press, 2007), and The Just Ruler in Shiʿite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the
Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence (Oxford University Press, 1998).
xvii
Authors
Feryal Salem
Dr. Salem is Associate Professor of Arabic and Islamic Studies at the American Islamic College
where she is also the Director of the Masters in Divinity in the Islamic Studies and Muslim Chap-
laincy programs. She received her PhD in Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations from the Uni-
versity of Chicago. Dr. Salem is also the author of The Emergence of Early Sufi Piety and Sunnī
Scholasticism:ʿAbdallāh b. al-Mubārak and the Formation of Sunni Identity in the Second Islamic Century
(Brill, 2016) and translator of the forthcoming The Isogoge: al-Abharī’s Introduction to Logic (University
of Chicago Press).
Devin J. Stewart
Dr. Stewart is a Professor of Arabic and Islamic Studies at Emory University. Dr. Stewart has a PhD
from the University of Pennsylvania in Arabic and Islamic Studies. Teaching and writing on a wide
variety of topics within those fields – from early modern Shiʿism, to Islamic legal theory, to modern
Arabic dialects – Dr. Stewart has shown particular interest in the poetic and prosaic language of the
Qur’an.
Lahouari R. Taleb
Lahourari R. Taleb specializes in Sufi theology and Qur’anic exegesis. His dissertation on the Sufi
Qur’anic exegesis and Theology of ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Jazāʾirī (d. 1883), the Algerian freedom fighter
and Sufi mystical theologian.
David Thomas
David Thomas FBA is Emeritus Professor of Christianity and Islam at the University of Birming-
ham. His areas of interest include early Islamic theological thought and the history of Muslim/
Christian relations. He is editor of The Routledge Handbook on Christian-Muslim Relations (Routledge,
2019) and lead editor of Christian–Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History (Brill, 2009–present, 18
volumes completed so far).
Sarra Tlili
Dr. Tlili is Associate Professor of Arabic and Islamic Studies in the Department of Languages, Litera-
tures, and Cultures at the University of Florida. Her areas of specialization are animals, the environ-
ment, and sustainability in the Islamic tradition and the Qur’an most especially. She received both
her PhD and MA in Arabic and Islamic Studies from the University of Pennsylvania.
Roberto Tottoli
Dr. Tottoli is Full Professor of Islamic Studies at the Università di Napoli L'Orientale. His areas of
expertise include Qur’an exegesis, hadith, and modern Islam. He is the author of Biblical Prophets
in the Qur’an and Muslim Literature (Routledge, 2013), Islam: An Advanced Introduction (Routledge,
2020), and the editor of The Routledge Handbook of Islam in the West (Routledge, 2014).
Elaine van Dalen
Dr. van Dalen is assistant professor of Classical Islamic Studies at Columbia University’s Depart-
ment of Middle Eastern, South Asian, and African Studies. She works primarily on the history
of medicine in the classical Islamic world. Her forthcoming manuscript will treat the reception of
Hippocratic and Galenic works by Arabic physicians. She is also the author of “Pediatrics in Classi-
cal Islamic Theoria” ( Journal of the American Oriental Society, 2019) and “Subjectivity in Translation:
H.unayn Ibn Ish.āq’s 9th-century Interpretation of Galen’s ‘Ego’ in his Commentary on the Hippo-
cratic Aphorisms” (Oriens, 2017).
xviii
Authors
Tim Winter
Dr. Winter is the Shaykh Zayed Lecturer in Islamic Studies at the University of Cambridge, Cam-
bridge, UK. He researches widely in Islamic theology, Sufism, and interreligious dialogue. He is the
translator of The Remembrance of Death and the Afterlife (Islamic Texts Society, 1989) and Al-Ghazali
on Disciplining the Soul and on Breaking the Two Desires (Islamic Texts Society, 1995), and is editor of
the Cambridge Companion to Classical Islamic Theology (Cambridge, 2009).
Travis Zadeh
Dr. Zadeh is Associate Professor of Religious Studies at Yale University, New Haven, CT. Besides
Qur’anic Studies, he works on Islamic cosmography, mythology, and eschatology. He is the author
of Mapping Frontiers Across Medieval Islam: Geography, Translation and the ‘Abbasid Empire (I. B. Tau-
ris, 2011) and The Vernacular Qur’an: Translation and the Rise of Persian Exegesis (Oxford University
Press, 2012). He has also finished a forthcoming monograph on wonder and astonishment in Islamic
philosophy, science, and literature.
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respect que l'on a habituellement pour les eaux courantes ; mais
peut-être était-ce une offrande à la rivière. Le jeune homme ou la
jeune fille en âge d'être 1. Michelet. Origiîies du droit français, p.
268. 2. Le P. Le Brun, 1. c. p. 502, 528, 576 (voir tes détails de ce
procès, in Rev. dis Trad. pop., t. XVI, p. 497-501). 3. V. B. Henry.
Mémoires historiques sur la ville de Seigneley, Avallon, 1833, t. I, p.
218; Ducourneau et Montel. La Bourgogne, p. 298. 4. B. Souche.
Croyances, présagns, etc., p. 24. 5. Bérenger-Féraud. Superstitions
et survivances, t. V, p. 180.
384 LES RIVIÈRES mariés qui vont cracher dans la rivière
d'Ouche, à un endroit consacré par la tradition, sont sûrs de trouver
dans l'année la femme ou le mari qui leur convient'. Des
observances que l'on constate aussi, mais bien plus rarement sur le
bord de la mer, sont encore pratiquées sur les eaux des rivières ;
Lorsqu'on suppose que quelqu'un s'est noyé, sans en être
absolument certain, pour savoir s'il a réellement péri, ou plus
souvent encore pour retrouver le cadavre, on se sert de plusieurs
procédés traditionnels : ils consistent à faire flotter sur l'eau certains
objets qui, suivant une idée probablement ancienne, indiquent
l'endroit où est le défunt. Le pain et le cierge figurent parmi les
éléments nécessaires à cette épreuve. La forme la plus simple était
usitée, du côté de Guingamp, vers 1195 : quand on ne pouvait
retrouver le corps d'un noyé, on mettait un cierge allumé sur un pain
qu'on abandonnait au cours de l'eau ; à l'endroit où il s'arrêtait on
trouvait le cadavre -. Ce procédé est encore en usage dans plusieurs
contrées. A Stavelot, dans la province de Liège, l'on fait flotter un
morceau de pain bénit sur l'eau ; quand il passe audessus du
cadavre, celui-ci le saisit avec le bras ^ Sur les rives de la Garonne,
on confie au courant un pain double dans lequel est fixé un cierge
allumé, le tout béni préalablement par le prêtre ; la barque des
sauveteurs le suit d'assez loin, au fil de l'eau^ sans faire usage de
rame ni d'aviron *. Plus fréquemment le pain et le cierge sont posés
sur un objet qui flotte aisément comme une sorte de bateau et qui
est destiné à les empêcher d'être trop vite submergés. C'est ainsi
que l'on procédait à Paris, au commencement du XVUP siècle. Une
femme ayant perdu son fils qui s'était noyé, on lui dit qu'elle
trouverait son corps en mettant dans une sébile de bois un cierge
allumé et un pain de saint Nicolas de Tolentin pain bénit sous
l'invocation de ce saint). Elle le fit, mais l'esquif mit le feu à un
bateau de foin% et c'est à cette circonstance que nous devons de
connaître cette superstition. Dans la partie de la Loire qui coule
entre l'Anjou et la Bretagne, on plante au milieu d'un sabot de travail
un cierge béni qu'on allume; le sabot est déposé à la place même où
l'on présume que la personne s'est noyée, et on le suit dans une
barque jusqu'à ce qu'il s'arrête ; quelquefois il hésite, il tournoie, il
s'enfonce comme le bouchon d'une 1. I^. Morel-Retz, in Revue des
Trad. pop., t. VI, p. 563. 2. Cambry. Voyage dans le Finistère, p. 401.
Sur la côte, le petit cierge béait à Sainte-Anne d'Auray, à N.-D. de
Folgoat ou dans tout autre sanctuaire, est mis sur du pain et lancé à
la mer; on le retrouve au soir échoué près du cadavre. (Du Laurens
de la Barre, yiouveau.v fantômes bretons, p. 223-225). 3. E.
Monseur. Le Folklore wallon, p. 27. 4. Abbé C. Dau.\. Croyances du
Montalbanais. p. 10. 5. Journal de Baj'bier, nnnée ITiS.
LA DÉCOUVERTE DES NOYÉS 385 ligne quand le poisson
mord; on dirait que quelque chose l'attire, puis il repart et fait
souvent une lieue tout d'une traite. Enfin, il ne bouge plus, le cierge
a fini de briller, c'est là'. Dans le département de l'Oise, on se sert
d'une sébile ou d'un sabot, en Picardie d'une tinette'-. En 1886, un
sorcier se rendit au bord de l'Indre, muni d'une assiette et de pain
bénit du jour de Noël ; après avoir allumé sa bougie, bénite bien
entendu, il lança son assiette en prononçant quelques paroles
cabalistiques qui devaient conduire cette barque d'un nouveau
genres Le pain n'est pas associé aux pratiques suivantes : aux
environs de Jumièges, le cierge est fixé sur une planche ou sur un
morceau de liège*. En Basse-Brelagne, on prend une botte de paille
ou une plauche, on y assujétit une écuelle de bois qu'on remplit de
son, et dans le son on plante une chandelle bénite allumée •'. Ni le
pain ni le cierge ne figuraient dans une coutume observée jadis en
Picardie. A Saint-Germain d'Amiens, i\ Doullens et ailleurs, on
empruntait la roue de la statue de sainte Catherine pour découvrir
les noyés : on la jetait dans un cours d'eau et l'on supposait qu'elle
s'arrêtait juste au-dessus du cadavre". A Florenville, dans le
Luxembourg belge, où existe aussi cette croyance, on lance une
couronne à l'endroit oîi l'accident s'est produit'. En Franche-Comté^
il y a une quarantaine d'années, on mit une rose de Jéricho dans un
verre qui fut promené sur la rivière; au moment où elle fut ouverte,
elle s'arrêta, et à l'endroit même on repêcha le noyé ". § 5. LES
RIVIÈRES ET LES CONTES J'ai eu, dans les diverses parties de ce
chapitre, l'occasion de rapprocher certains épisodes de contes
populaires, de croyances et de superstitions encore existantes, ou
d'anciennes légendes. Il en est d'autres qu'il est assez malaisé de
rattacher aux idées actuelles, et qui, pour la plupart, ne peuvent être
considérées que comme des épisodes d'aventures merveilleuses.
Plusieurs contes qui appartiennent au cycle si répandu cl si curieux,
où le rôle principal est joué par une moitié d'oiseau, assimilent une
rivière, qui parfois est nommée, à une sorte de personnage
susceptible d'entendre, de répondre et d'agir. Dans une version
recueillie en Haute-Bretagne, Moitié de Coq embarrassé pour 1. Léon
Séché, fiose Epoudnj, roman. Paris, 1889, p. 82. 2. Mélusine, t. Il,
col. 25-2; Abhé C. Daux. Croyances du Monlalhanais, p. 10. .3. La
Lanterne, 13 février 1886, in Mélusine, t. III, col. 141. 4. Amélie
Bosquet. La Normandie romanesque, p. 306. 5. A. Le Braz. La
Léf/ende delà Mort, t. Il, p. 5. G. Abbé Corblel. Haqioqrapliie du
diocèse d'Amiens, t. IV, p. 199, in Mélusine^ t III, col. 215. 1.
Comm. de M. Alfred Harou. 8. Roussey. Glossaire de Bouniois, p.
394.
386 LES RIVIÈRE? traverser la Seine, s'approche du lleuve
et lui dit : — Commère la Seine, es-lu allée à Paris? — Oui. — As-lu
jamais vu le palais du roi? — Non. — Hé ! bien, si tu veux, je te le
ferai voir ; fourre-toi sous mon aile ». La Seine se replie, et se place
sous Taile de Moitic-de-Co(f, qui franchit alors la rivière à pied sec.
Lorsque le roi fait allumer le bûcher sur lequel il veut griller Moitié-
de-Coq, celui-ci dit à Commère la Seine, de sortir de sous son aile ;
elle éteint le feu et y rentre ; en revenant chez lui, Moitié-de-Coq la
remet dans son lit. Une donnée analogue figure dans le conte
poitevin de la Petite Moitié de Geau, où la rivière s'appelle la Vienne
; dans le conte patois de Moitié-de-Quene (cane), dans le récit
champenois de Bout-de-Ganard, dans des versions de Troyes, du
Berry, de la Lorraine, de la Picardie, de la Haute-Marne, du pays de
Montbéliard'. Dans un conte de marins qui met en scène les vents
personnifiés, Norouâ, l'un d'eux, fait présent à un bonhomme d'une
boite qui contient une rivière, à laquelle il suffit de commander, pour
qu'elle en sorte et noie tous les gens qui sont auprès excepté ceux
que son maître lui aura ordonné d'épargner -. Des rivières, qui n'ont
au reste qu'une existence temporaire, sont produites par une
puissance magique : parfois la personne qui la possède se
métamorphose elle-même en eau courante, comme la biche blanche
poursuivie par une méchante fée, ou la fille de l'ogre d'un conte
lorrain -^ ,• dans des récils de la Haute-Bretagne, la fille d'un
magicien ordonne à son cheval de se changer en rivière^. La Perle,
poursuivi par un géant, commande à sa baguette de faire couler une
rivière si profonde que l'ogre ne puisse la traverser^ ; la fille du
diable jette à terre une boite magique ou son peigne, en souhaitant
qu'une grande rivière se forme et qu'elle soit pour son père
impossible à franchir '^ ; le diable ordonne à^un garçon venu à son
château de faire une rivière portant bateau ''. i. Paul Sébillot. Contes
de la Haute-Bretagne, t. II, p. 3i9 et suiv.; Léon Pineau, Contes du
Poitou, p. 171 et suiv. ; (dans certains contes, c'est la mer qui se
forme dans le derrière du coq ou du poulet. Gabrielle Sébillot, in
Revue des Trad.pop., t. XVII, p. 51U, Bigorre) ; Clémentine iPoey-
D'Avanl, in Revue des provinces de l'Ouest, Nantes, 1858 ; Charles
Marelle. Contes et chants populaires français. Braunschweig, 1876,
in-8, p. 18: L. Morin, in Rev. des Trad. pop., t. VI, p. 481 ; Nérée
Quépat, in Mélusine, t. 1, col. 181 ; Heuri Carnoy. Littérature orale
de la Picardie, p. 214; Morel-Retz, vn Rev. des Trad. pop., t. X, p.
362; Jean AMacé, Contes du petit château, in-18, p. 114. 2. Paul
Sébillot, ibid., t. III, p. 233. 3. Henry Carnoy. Contes français, p. 240;
E. Gosquin. Contes de Lorraine, t. 1, p. 103. 4. Paul Sébillot. Contes
de la Haute-Rretar/ne, t. I, p. 205 ; in Rev. des Trad. pop., t. IX, p.
169. 5. Paul Sébillot. Contes, t. I, p. 137. 6. W. Webster. Basque
Leqends, p. 127. 7. J.-B. An irews. Contes Usures, p. 40; Paul
Sébillot, in Rev. des Trad. pop., t. IX, p. 169.
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