Q: What is variable?
A: A variable is a named memory location used to store data. Its value can change during program
execution.
Q: What is recursion?
A: Recursion is a method where a function calls itself to solve a smaller part of a problem until a
base condition is met.
Q: What is destructor?
A: A destructor is a special class function called automatically when an object is destroyed, used to
free resources.
Q: What is this pointer?
A: `this` pointer refers to the current object of a class and is used to access its members.
Q: What is friend function?
A: A friend function can access private and protected members of a class, even though it is not a
member of that class.
Q: What is overriding?
A: Overriding means redefining a base class function in a derived class using the same signature.
Q: What is iostreams?
A: `iostream` is a C++ library used for input/output operations, mainly through `cin`, `cout`, `cerr`,
etc.
Q: What is iterators?
A: Iterators are objects used to access and traverse elements in containers like arrays, lists, and
vectors.
Q: What is class and object?
A: A class is a blueprint for creating objects. An object is an instance of a class containing data and
functions.
Q: List data type in C++.
A: Common data types: int, float, char, double, bool, and void.
Q: Define pointer.
A: A pointer is a variable that stores the memory address of another variable.
Q: What is object copying?
A: It refers to creating a new object with the same values as an existing object, usually using a copy
constructor.
Q: Discuss static functions.
A: Static functions belong to the class, not instances. They are called using the class name and do
not access instance members.
Q: Explain namespace.
A: A namespace groups identifiers like classes and functions to avoid naming conflicts.
Q: Describe derived class with an example.
A: A derived class inherits from a base class.
Example:
class A { };
class B : public A { };
Q: What is private inheritance?
A: In private inheritance, public and protected members of the base class become private in the
derived class.
Q: What is friend function?
A: It can access all members of a class, even private ones, despite not being a class member.
Q: What is virtual function?
A: A virtual function is defined in the base class and overridden in derived classes for runtime
polymorphism.
Q: What is namespace in C++?
A: Namespaces are used to organize code and prevent name conflicts in large projects.
Q: Difference between procedural language and object-oriented approach.
A: Procedural languages focus on functions; OOP focuses on objects. OOP supports inheritance
and encapsulation.
Q: What is object copying?
A: Copying an object creates a new one with the same values, often via a copy constructor.
Q: What is abstract class?
A: An abstract class has at least one pure virtual function and cannot be instantiated.
Q: What is polymorphism?
A: Polymorphism allows functions or objects to behave differently based on the context or data
types.
Q: What is iterators?
A: Iterators provide a way to access elements in a container sequentially without exposing
underlying details.
Q: Discuss static functions and its uses in C++.
A: Static functions can be called without objects. They're useful when the function doesn't need
object data.
Q: Describe two major applications of abstraction.
A: Abstraction hides internal details. Applications: ATM interface, vehicle controls.
Q: Explain new with an example in C++.
A: `new` dynamically allocates memory.
Example: int* p = new int;
Q: Discuss derived class in C++.
A: A derived class extends the base class by inheriting its properties and adding new ones.
Q: Describe iostreams in C++ in few lines.
A: `iostream` handles standard input and output through objects like `cin`, `cout`, and `cerr`.
Q: Differentiate between private and protected in C++.
A: Private members are accessible only in the class. Protected members are also accessible in
derived classes.
Q: Write the use and advantage of recursion in C++
A: Recursion simplifies complex problems like tree traversal and reduces code size.
Q: Explain user defined type in C++.
A: User-defined types like class, struct, enum allow defining custom data structures.
Q: What is data type in C++?
A: A data type defines what type of value a variable holds, such as int, char, float.
Q: What is flow control?
A: Flow control manages the order of execution using conditions and loops like if, while, and for.
Q: What is iterators?
A: Iterators are tools to navigate containers like vectors and lists in C++.
Q: What is object copying?
A: It creates a duplicate object with the same state as another.
Q: Explain derived class and base class.
A: A base class provides members; a derived class inherits and extends them.
Q: What is abstract class?
A: A class with at least one pure virtual function, used as a base class.
Q: What is polymorphism?
A: Allows the same function to act differently for different classes or data.
Q: What is namespace in C++?
A: A feature to group related code and avoid name clashes.
