FULL STACK DEVELOPMENT – WEEK 1

What is an Enterprise?
An enterprise is a project undertaken or to be undertaken, especially one that is
important or difficult or that requires boldness or energy. Enterprise refers to a for-profit
business started and run by an entrepreneur. And we will often say that people running such
businesses are enterprising.

People who have entrepreneurial success are often referred to as “enterprising.”

Entrepreneurs usually start an enterprise – with the associated risks – to make a profit, and
for one of several reasons:
● Problem-solving. They see a particular issue that they feel they can solve.
● Exploit ideas. They have a new idea or product they believe will be successful.
● Filling a gap. They see a gap in the market they believe they can fill.
● Competitive pricing. They believe they can produce something on the market cheaper
and offer it at a lower price.
● Knowledge-based. Where they believe they can supply specialist knowledge that
customers will pay for.

There are two types of enterprise.

● Business enterprises are run to make a profit.
● Social enterprises provide services to individuals and groups in the community.

Business enterprises
Many enterprises in your community are small businesses. Sometimes one person
owns and runs the business. Sometimes it's a family business. Other businesses are owned
and run by partners who aren't related. To earn an income from a small business, the
enterprise has to run at a profit. That means some money should be left over for the business
owner once all the costs of making the product or delivering the service have been taken out.
Common small businesses include:
● businesses with a workplace or shopfront: eg restaurants, corner shops, hairdressing
salons, smash repairers and small factories
● trade-related services that deal directly with the customer: eg plumbers, electricians,
builders, cleaners and computer technicians
● self-employed people working from home: eg engineers, designers, caterers, writers,
musicians and dressmakers
● medical and health practitioners: eg doctors, dentists, optometrists, counsellors and
naturopaths.

JB PORTALS 1
 FULL STACK DEVELOPMENT – WEEK 1

Social enterprises
Social enterprises are organizations led by local communities. They are small
businesses set up for a social purpose. The success of social enterprises is measured in terms
of social rather than monetary benefits.

Some examples of social enterprises are:

● Community-based child care centers
● Health care centers
● Sports clubs
● Meals on Wheels
● Housing cooperatives
● Charities, Example milaap.
These enterprises must find a way to cover their expenses. Their funds come from
various sources. Sources may include government funding, fundraising and fees charged to
users of the service.

The Process of Organizing an Enterprise

Organizing an enterprise involves a series of steps that aim to structure the
company's resource.
1. Defining Goals and Objectives: The first step in organizing an enterprise is to define
its goals and objectives. This involves understanding the mission and vision of the
organization, identifying key strategic objectives, and setting measurable targets for growth
and success.

2. Determining Organizational Structure: Organizational structure refers to the way

in which an enterprise is arranged and divided into various departments, divisions, and
teams. Decisions about the structure are crucial as they define reporting lines, authority, and
communication channels within the organization. Common types of organizational
structures include functional, divisional, matrix, and flat structures.

3. Job Design and Role Definition: Job design involves creating and defining individual
job roles within the organization. This includes determining job responsibilities, required
skills and qualifications, reporting relationships, and the scope of authority for each position.

4. Establishing Reporting Hierarchy: Defining the reporting hierarchy is essential for

clarifying decision-making authority and communication flow. It involves determining who
reports to whom and establishing clear lines of authority from top-level management to
lower-level employees.

JB PORTALS 2
 FULL STACK DEVELOPMENT – WEEK 1

5. Delegation of Authority: Delegation of authority is the process of distributing

decision-making power and responsibilities throughout the organization. It ensures that
each level of management has the necessary authority to carry out their roles effectively.

6.Developing Policies and Procedures: Organizations need to establish standard

policies and procedures to guide employees in their day-to-day activities. These policies
cover areas such as employee conduct, performance expectations, HR guidelines, financial
management, and more.

7. Forming Teams and Departments: Based on the organizational structure, teams

and departments are formed to carry out specific functions within the organization. Each
team has a defined set of responsibilities and objectives aligned with the overall goals of the
enterprise.
8. Staffing and Recruitment: Once the roles and departments are defined, the
organization proceeds to hire and recruit employees. The recruitment process involves
sourcing, interviewing, and selecting the best candidates who fit the required skills and
qualifications.

9. Training and Development: To ensure that employees are equipped with the
necessary skills and knowledge, training and development programs are conducted. This
helps enhance their capabilities and productivity in their respective roles.

10. Establishing Communication Channels: Effective communication is essential for

the smooth functioning of an organization. Organizations need to establish clear and efficient
communication channels to facilitate the flow of information between employees,
departments, and management.

11. Implementing Technology and Systems: In the modern business landscape,

technology plays a crucial role in streamlining operations and improving efficiency.
Organizations need to implement relevant technologies and systems to support their
activities and processes.

12. Performance Management and Feedback: Regular performance evaluations and

feedback sessions help monitor employee progress and identify areas for improvement.
Constructive feedback motivates employees and promotes continuous growth. 13.
Continuous Evaluation and Improvement: Organizing an enterprise is an ongoing process.
Regular evaluation of the organizational structure, policies, and processes is necessary to
identify areas that need improvement and to adapt to changing market dynamics.

JB PORTALS 3
 FULL STACK DEVELOPMENT – WEEK 1

BUSINESS ACTIVITY
Business activity is any activity related to the purpose of making a profit. It is often
divided into operating activities, investing activities and financing activities. Of these,
operating activities tend to be considered the most important as they have the most direct
impact on a company’s performance.

Understanding operating activities

The terms “business activities” and “operating activities” are often used
interchangeably. This is because “operating activities” refers to all business activities that
directly or indirectly relate to the provision of goods and/or services. As such, they have a
direct impact on cash flows and hence, ultimately, on income. On an income statement,
operating activities are found under the headings Cost of Goods Sold/Cost of Sales and
Operating Expenses. Cost of Goods Sold/Cost of Sales reflects the direct cost of bringing
goods/services to market. For example, this would include parts and the labor of employees
directly involved in creating the goods/services.

Understanding investing activities

Investing activities refers to activities that are (intended to be) capitalized over more
than a year. This typically includes capital expenditures such as the purchase of long-
term assets and/or real estate. Modern businesses vary in their use of investing activities.
Some businesses still obtain value from investing in assets. These are generally established
businesses and/or businesses with more traditional business models.

Understanding financing activities

Financing activities refers to activities that fund the business, but aren’t directly
linked to revenues from goods or services. Common examples of funding activities are loans,
bonds and share issues. These include initial public offerings, secondary offerings, and debt
financing. The section also lists the amount of cash being paid out for dividends, share
repurchases, and interest.

What is a business process?

A business process is an activity or set of activities that accomplish a specific
organizational goal. Business processes should have purposeful goals, be as specific as
possible and produce consistent outcomes.
Business processes include fulfilling and invoicing a customer purchase order,
approving a loan application, completing data entry, onboarding a new employee, and
additional financial services, human resource tasks, and business operations.
JB PORTALS 4
 FULL STACK DEVELOPMENT – WEEK 1

Business process management (BPM) is a systematic approach to improving those

processes, which helps organizations achieve their business goals. If an organization is
unable to perform certain business processes internally due to cost or resource constraints,
the company might use business process outsourcing. Many organizations contract specific
business tasks -- such as payroll, human resources (HR) or accounting -- to a third-party
service provider.
Why are business processes important?
Defined business processes within the organization are critical to enterprise success
for the following reasons:
● They help organizations identify and understand the actual work required to keep the
lights on and to achieve organizational objectives.
● They break that work into organized, repeatable steps that workers can follow to achieve
consistent outcomes.
● Using repeatable steps to produce consistent outcomes helps organizations to more
accurately predict the resources they need, thereby lowering the risk of over or under
provisioning valuable resources.
● The consistent, repeatable nature of defined business outcomes helps lower the risk of
employees introducing workarounds or individualized steps that can cause disruptions,
slow work and increase error rates.
● Being able to better measure the efficiency and effectiveness of the individual steps
within the process enables teams to identify and mitigate inefficiencies and bottlenecks
to improve performance; this is the foundation of continuous improvement.

What is Business Process Automation (BPA)?

Business process automation refers to the use of technology to execute recurring

tasks or processes in an organization where manual effort can be replaced. It is done to
minimize costs, increase efficiency, and streamline processes. Business process automation
is not to be confused with business process management, which is a larger discipline
involving the management of complex organization-wide processes using different
methodologies.

Business process automation examples

1. Employee onboarding

Although hiring employees may seem like a fuss-free process, it involves multiple
tasks. Filling out employee information forms, setting up induction sessions, arranging
training sessions, setting up bank accounts, collecting relevant documents, and assigning
mentors are just a few of the activities involved.
JB PORTALS 5
 FULL STACK DEVELOPMENT – WEEK 1

Without automation, the entire process can become quite chaotic and result in:
● Endless paperwork
● Missing out on some tasks
● Employee dissatisfaction
● Low productivity

2. Purchase orders
Purchase order requests are recurring processes in most organizations. The
requesting team fills out a form and sends it to the purchasing team. The approving authority
then examines the request and rejects the request in case information is inadequate or if
there are budgetary constraints. It is then sent back to the requesting team. If approved, a
purchase order is created and copies are sent to the supplier as well as the inventory team.
Without automation, the following issues could crop up:
● Delayed PO approval
● Impacted productivity
● Incomplete records
● Errors in the PO
● Errors while taking delivery of the supplies

Why should you automate business processes?

Here are some compelling reasons to automate your business processes.

Stepping stone to digital transformation

Digital transformation can seem like a lofty overwhelming goal to organizations that
aren’t on that path. Business process automation can be a stepping-stone to adopting that
culture of continuous transformation. You can start with a few processes that are clearly in
need of course correction and gradually work your way up.

Get more clarity

Automation demands a certain amount of clarity about the process right at the
designing stage. If you don’t know the tasks involved and the people responsible for running
the process, you can’t design and automate the workflow effectively.

Streamline processes
One of the great outcomes of a process automation system is streamlined processes.
Clear accountability, customizable notifications, valuable insights, and faster turnaround
times make it easier to eliminate wasteful activities and focus on enhancing tasks that add
value.
JB PORTALS 6
 FULL STACK DEVELOPMENT – WEEK 1

Get compliance records

With business process automation, every detail of a particular process is recorded.
This information can be presented to demonstrate compliance during audits.

Standardize operations
When you automate a business process, you can expect a consistent standard of
outcomes every time. Standardization helps position your organization as reliable, which in
turn can help increase your customer base.

Increase customer satisfaction

Customer satisfaction is a key differentiator in any industry. Focusing on process and
operational excellence helps you exceed customer expectations with ease. When you
consistently meet promised standards, customers are more likely to develop a preference
for your company.

What business processes should you automate?

Business process automation is not restricted to a handful of functions. Some factors

that can indicate the need for automation include
1. High-volume of tasks
2. Multiple people required to execute tasks
3. Time-sensitive nature
4. Significant impact on other processes and systems
5. Need for compliance and audit trails

Some commonly automated processes in organizations.

● E-mail and push notifications
● Creating customer accounts
● Employee leave requests
● Helpdesk support or Call center processes
● Sales orders
● Time and attendance tracking
● Payroll
● Invoicing
● Product launches

JB PORTALS 7
 FULL STACK DEVELOPMENT – WEEK 1

Benefits of using business process automation tools

Once you have automated your business processes, you can expect to see multiple
benefits.
1. Boost in productivity brought about by enhanced access. Cloud-based business
process automation tools store your data in a central database. This helps you access
data from any location or device whenever you need it.
2. business processes will become much more transparent, easily trackable and monitor
processes while they are running, which can improve accountability and visibility.
3. The ability to monitor processes on the go will also helps to keep a lookout for errors,
fixing them as they occur. Performance reports will arm you with insights so you can
take preventive measures against recurring errors.
4. From a long-term perspective, begin to notice faster turnaround times and a
reduction in costs due to fewer manual interventions.

What is digital transformation?

Digital transformation is the integration of digital technology into all areas of a
business, fundamentally changing how to operate and deliver value to customers.Digital
transformation is imperative for all businesses, from the small to the enterprise. That
message comes through loud and clear from seemingly every keynote, panel discussion,
article, or study related to how businesses can remain competitive and relevant as the world
becomes increasingly digital.

What Is The Difference Between IT and OT?

In short, IT deals with information, while OT deals with machines. The former
manages the flow of digital information (read: data), while the latter manages the operation
of physical processes and the machinery used to carry them out. A good (though increasingly
inaccurate) shorthand to represent this distinction is the office (IT) vs. the factory floor (OT).
Another good (and perhaps even less accurate) juxtaposition would be that of software (IT)
vs. hardware (OT).

JB PORTALS 8
 FULL STACK DEVELOPMENT – WEEK 1

In a broader sense, IT is defined by its programmable capacity. That is, while certain
technologies are designed to perform a static set of functions (think: a piston), IT can be
adjusted, augmented, and re-programmed in countless ways to fit the evolving networks,
applications, and user needs. Moreover, IT encompasses hardware — computers, physical
servers, and network equipment, to name a few types — and software — applications,
operating systems, and virtualization capabilities among others.

At the most basic level, OT refers to technology that monitors and controls specific
devices and processes within industrial workflows.
Compared with IT, OT is unique in that related hardware and software is usually
(historically) designed to do specific things: control heat, monitor mechanical performance,
trigger emergency shut offs, etc. Typically, this is done through industrial control systems
(ICS) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA).

Digital Transformation Success Stories

Passport Seva, Government of India
Passport Seva is moving towards eGovernance or in other words, they are
aggressively adopting digital in the government departments.If they talk in measurable
terms, they were providing passport-related services to 20-25,000 people per day before
digitization. Today, they are able to serve 50,000 people per day. So, with digitization, they
are able to serve double the people in a day.Till 2011, they just had 37 passport offices as far
as reach is concerned. Today, they have 37 passport offices plus 100 Passport SevaKendra,
so the reach has increased significantly and they now cater to 23 states and 64 cities across
India.

These numbers would not have been possible without digitization. In addition, if they
wish to improve something within the department or do a trend analysis, all this information
is now available at a single click due to digitization.
JB PORTALS 9
 FULL STACK DEVELOPMENT – WEEK 1

McDonald’s
As one of the world’s best-known fast-food chains, the Italy division of McDonald’s
sought to optimize their procurement process and move to manage all of their supplier
relationships across the entire supply chain online from selecting their vendors to contract
negotiation through digital transformation in procurement.
They decided to use an online portal to facilitate collaboration and communication between
themselves and suppliers and to digitize all of their documentation. They’ve got about 400
suppliers registered through the portal to handle all of their food and promotional products
as well as construction and renovations of new restaurants.

Kotak Mahindra Bank

Our digital product Jifi, which seamlessly incorporates social networking platforms
like Twitter and Facebook with mainstream banking, has received an extremely encouraging
response from the customers. Features such as Hashtag banking, Personal Finance
Management solution called MoneyWatch, referral program, and free credit score have seen
good usage.
With Kotak rewards, they have built eCommerce and mCommerce shopping
experiences within banking. With these initiatives, over 90% of our savings account
customer transactions have moved outside the branch to various self-service channels
including mobile and net banking.

Walt Disney India

Few years back, everyone relied on tapes for recording, which were then given to
editors for editing. As this was a cumbersome and time-consuming process, we went ahead
and digitized these activities in 2013. Today, all our internal work processes, as well as
content coming from third parties into our facility are digitalized. We store them on our
server and then do all kind of work—editing, packaging, adding different languages, and
animations.

Coca-Cola

Arguably the most iconic brand in the world, the drinks giant implemented a
transformation strategy that aimed to address the numerous changes in shopper behavior
as the world has gone digital. Their goal was to update the Coke brand “for a generation that
doesn’t see a line between the online world and the offline, reality and augmented reality.”

JB PORTALS 10
 FULL STACK DEVELOPMENT – WEEK 1

CASE STUDY
ASIAN PAINTS: DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA
Asian Paints, India’s leading manufacturer of coatings, has digitally transformed its
business step by step. The firm has been able to maintain fast growth and globalize while
increasing efficiency and reducing its impact on the environment. In the early 2000s, as part
of an effort to reduce debt and increase internal efficiencies, the firm implemented an
enterprise-wide ERP and advanced Supply Chain Management system. This helped to create
an enterprise-wide platform that was the basis for further improvements in sales and
customer processes. The change also liberated working capital that helped fund acquisitions
in emerging markets. Asian Paints gained further efficiencies by linking subcontractors and
suppliers on a B2B portal.

In 2003, the firm invested in a CRM system. In 2010, Asian Paints centralized its order
taking process into a single corporate call center. This change helped the company further
improve operational efficiencies and sustain its growth. In customer-facing processes, the
move entailed much more than just creating the call center. Retailers were encouraged to
place orders through the call center, where they could receive a more consistent service level
than they could through the firm’s 100 local depots.

Centralized data also enabled delivery of products to large institutional customer job
sites, giving the company a capability that competitors could not provide. The biggest change
resulting from centralizing order taking was in the way salespeople interacted with retailers.
Liberated from routine order collection, the sales team could focus on building stronger
relationships. To enable a more meaningful dialogue between the sales team and each
retailer, the company provided salespeople with vital customer data in the field using mobile
devices.
A rollout of tablet devices, which is currently underway, will further mobile-enable
the sales staff. Asian Paints’ digital transformation also extended to internal production
processes. High growth in paint demand creates the need to set up new manufacturing plants
every three years. Given the scale and size of these plants, the firm has begun to focus on
creating highly automated plants.

Automation has led to greater scalability, better quality and stronger safety and
environmental protections. The new plants are fully integrated from an information
management perspective. Data from shop floor control systems and automated warehouses
are linked seamlessly to the ERP. This has helped to further sustain the firm’s operational
efficiencies.

JB PORTALS 11
 FULL STACK DEVELOPMENT – WEEK 1

In India, Asian Paints has begun to sell services (such as a painted wall) instead of
products (a can of paint). The services strategy has benefits beyond new revenues. Selling
services helps to ensure that high-end products are applied properly, thereby improving
customer satisfaction. Services also help the firm to get closer to the end-consumer,
understand core consumer choices, and launch high end texture finishes. Additionally,
having a contractor in a client’s house yields information that marketing staff can use to
understand both customer preferences and potential demand.
The firm is in the first year of a new portfolio planning process. “We have enjoyed
great equity with the business because we have delivered solutions. But seeing so many
projects coming at us, we felt that now we need to establish processes to match expectations
and resources whilst taking on innovative projects,” says Mr. Manish Choksi, CIO and Chief
of Strategy. Asian Paints’ investment in strong IT capabilities, combined with organizational
and process changes intended to leverage those investments, will serve as a foundation upon
which the organization can continuously envision and implement new forms of digital
transformation.

What is Design Thinking

Design thinking is an iterative process in which you seek to understand your users,
challenge assumptions, redefine problems and create innovative solutions which you can
prototype and test. The overall goal is to identify alternative strategies and solutions that are
not instantly apparent with your initial level of understanding. Design thinking is more than
just a process; it opens up an entirely new way to think, and it offers a collection of hands-on
methods to help you apply this new mindset. In essence, design thinking:

Six Stages of Design Thinking

The six design thinking steps encourage creators to examine different
problems and assumptions from many untested angles. The design thinking
steps might spark new ideas or showcase new findings in the user journey. If
the framework is incorporated in the product development process, we will get
through six major steps:

JB PORTALS 12
 FULL STACK DEVELOPMENT – WEEK 1

Materialize

Implement Empathize

Understand

Test Define

Prototype Ideate

Explore
1. Empathize:
This stage involves gathering insights about users and trying to understand their
objectives, wishes and needs. Design thinking begins with empathy to gain an insight into
the problem that it sets out to resolve. However, more than understanding the problem, this
step is crucial to understand the requirements of the user, to deliver a more customized
solution. This step involves observing and engaging with the user to understand their
behavior patterns, inclinations, preferences, and likely reactions to situations.

For example, while designing an e-commerce website, it is essential to make a responsive

design that interacts with the user to understand his/her requirements. Similarly, for the
same e-commerce brand, mobile apps would work better than websites. The developer
needs to acknowledge these differences in his/her design.

2. Define:
The next step in the process is organizing all the information collected during the
previous phase. This phase is all about identifying the challenges. What difficulties do users
face? What is the biggest user problem? What users actually need?

JB PORTALS 13
 FULL STACK DEVELOPMENT – WEEK 1

3. Ideate:
This step, is dedicated to thinking about the way we can solve the problems those have
been identified, with the help of the product. The product team, designers and software
engineers, brainstorm and generate multiple ideas. This is probably the most crucial phase
of all and interestingly, allows a lot of room for creativity. This is when we think radically
and prepare for experimentation to champion the user experience. It's important to bring
fresh perspectives to the table at this stage and think of new ways of resolving the issue.

4. Prototype:
The fourth stage brings us to turning our ideas into reality. Prototyping involves curating
our best ideas and putting them into shape. This stage allows designers to test the
effectiveness of the solution internally in a small-scale environment before presenting it for
implementation. This could also mean executing all the probable solutions and checking for
their effectiveness.

An important part of this phase is eliminating all the failed/ less effective options and
moving forward with the best ones. Prototyping allows designers to understand how users
would typically behave or react to any particular solution, thereby helping them form a more
realistic solution that can be adopted on a larger scale.

5. Test:
The final stage of design thinking involves testing the best solutions of the previous stage.
Since this is an iterative methodology, the results of this stage are used to refine the end
solution further. More often than not, the solutions identified in the prototyping phase
undergo major changes or are even discarded to fit the real environment user needs.

The end result of this phase is then a tried and tested solution that will endure the
environmental hindrances and user expectations. We present the prototype to customers
and find out if it solves their problem and provides users with what they need.

Note that this is not the end of the journey and we cannot put a full stop here: we will get
feedback from users, adjust the product functionality and test it again. This is a continuous
process similar to the build-measure-learn approach.

6. Implement:
This is the phase where all the collected knowledge gets translated into a final product.

JB PORTALS 14
 FULL STACK DEVELOPMENT – WEEK 1

FULL STACK DEVELOPMENT

Full stack development refers to the end-to-end application software development,
including the front end and back end. The front end consists of the user interface, and the
back end takes care of the business logic and application workflows.

A full stack developer is functional in the following categories:

● Front end development (visible parts of a website or application)
● Back-end development (code, databases and infrastructure)
● Full stack development (inclusive of both). Full stack can apply to a web stack,
mobile stack, or a native application stack (software programs for specific devices)

Full Stack development is classified into two domains:

Front-end development:

Front-end development consists of the entire user-facing parts of software

development. It is the responsibility of the front-end developers to implement visual
elements, for example, how the software or an app will look, interact and operate with the
user.

Back-end development:

Back-end development is done to make a program function well. Developers who

work at the back-end spend a lot of time creating and working with databases.

A full stack developer is proficient in both the technical domains. Also, they know how
to work on front-end, back-end, database queries and various operating systems.

To become an expert in full stack development, a developer should have knowledge

of the following technical skills:

1. Programming languages
A skillful full-stack developer must be proficient in multiple programming languages
like JAVA, C#, Ruby and PHP. It is crucial to be a master in the language syntax and be familiar
with how to design, structure, test and implement the programming codes.
2. Development frameworks and third-party libraries
Programming languages are generally accompanied by a good development
framework like Node.Js, Express.JS, Hibernate, Python Django, Java Spring, MyBatis and PHP
Thinkphp. Therefore, it is essential for full stack developers to understand the development
frameworks and third-party libraries.

JB PORTALS 15
 FULL STACK DEVELOPMENT – WEEK 1

3. Front-end technology
Understanding of front-end technologies is essential for full stack development. The
full-stack developer should have some basic knowledge of front-end technologies such as
HTML5, CSS3 and JavaScript and should have good command over frameworks such as
JQuery, LESS, SASS, AngularJS, or REACT.

4. Database and cache

Every software product needs a database to store the data. A full stack development
expert should understand the concepts of the databases and know how to interact with it
seamlessly. MongoDB, MySQL, Redis, Oracle are some popular databases that are being used
by the developers to develop the backend for dynamic applications.

5. Basic design ability

When it comes to basic design utility, it is crucial for full stack developers to
understand the basic principles and skills of prototype design, UX and UI design.

User stories with examples and a template

A user story is an informal, general explanation of a software feature written from the
perspective of the end user. Its purpose is to articulate how a software feature will provide
value to the customer. User stories are a few sentences in simple language that outline the
desired outcome. They don't go into detail. Requirements are added later, once agreed upon
by the team.

User stories serve a number of key benefits:

● Stories keep the focus on the user. A to-do list keeps the team focused on tasks that
need to be checked off, but a collection of stories keeps the team focused on solving
problems for real users.
● Stories enable collaboration. With the end goal defined, the team can work together
to decide how best to serve the user and meet that goal.
● Stories drive creative solutions. Stories encourage the team to think critically and
creatively about how to best solve for an end goal.
● Stories create momentum. With each passing story, the development team enjoys a
small challenge and a small win, driving momentum.

JB PORTALS 16
 FULL STACK DEVELOPMENT – WEEK 1

How to write user stories

Consider the following when writing user stories:

● Definition of “done” — The story is generally “done” when the user can complete the
outlined task, but make sure to define what that is.

● Outline subtasks or tasks — Decide which specific steps need to be completed and
who is responsible for each of them.

● User personas — For whom? If there are multiple end users, consider making
multiple stories.

● Ordered Steps — Write a story for each step in a larger process.

● Listen to feedback — Talk to your users and capture the problem or need in their
words. No need to guess at stories when you can source them from your customers.

● Time — Time is a touchy subject. Many development teams avoid discussions of

time altogether, relying instead on their estimation frameworks.

What is a project plan?

A project plan, also known as the project management plan, is the document that
describes how the project will be executed, monitored, and controlled, and closed. This
outlines the objectives and scope of the project and serves as an official point of reference
for the project team, larger company, and stakeholders.

Why is project planning important?

Project planning is a crucial stage that comes right after initiation in project
management phases. Through proper planning, you streamline the entire project into a
series of steps and ensure the availability of all the resources on time.

How to create a project plan

Follow these nine project management steps, how to plan a project online but to
execute your project successfully.

JB PORTALS 17
 FULL STACK DEVELOPMENT – WEEK 1

Step 1: Identify all stakeholders

The project has several stakeholders, and not all of them will be involved in every
detail of the project. Project stakeholders include
● your customer,
● the end-users of the product,
● the company and its leaders,
● and the team working directly on the project.

Step 2: Define roles and responsibilities

Once the stakeholders are identified, then the organization needs to determine the
core project management skills and competencies required for the project.
Remember that a role is not the same as a person.
● In some cases, one person can fill multiple roles, such as having a designated
emergency contact, a role that adds few additional work hours to a person’s
schedule.
● In other cases, multiple people may hold identical roles, as when your project
requires multiple software engineers.

Step 3: Hold a kickoff meeting

The kickoff meeting is a
● chance to bring all stakeholders together,
● cast a vision for the project that everyone can get behind,
● and an opportunity to make introductions and establish good working relationships.

JB PORTALS 18
 FULL STACK DEVELOPMENT – WEEK 1

At this stage, the specific details of the project haven’t been determined, so you should
include a discussion on the project scope, budget, timeline, and goals in your meeting agenda.
This is also when roles are announced and a communication plan is explained. The kickoff
meeting sets the tone for the working relationship among stakeholders for the duration of
the project.

Step 4: Define project scope, budget, and timeline

After the official kickoff, it’s time to define three important concepts:
● the project scope,
● budget,
● timeline of your project.

Each of these items is worthy of its own in-depth explanation, so we’ll just define them briefly
here.
a. Scope: Project scope tells you what are we going to do (and not do)? Given the requests of
the customer and the vision discussed by the team, what are the objectives of this project?

b. Budget: Taking into account the scope and the resources required to meet the project
objectives, what is the expected financial cost of the project?

c. Timeline: The project timeline itemizes the phases of your project and the length of time
you can reasonably expect them to be completed.

Step 5: Set and prioritize goals

Once your team understands the objectives of the project and you’ve identified the
phases to meeting those objectives,
● break down the big picture objectives of your project into individual goals and tasks,
● prioritize tasks according to importance and dependencies,
● and put a system in place to ensure corrective actions when goals aren’t met on
time.
You may need to adjust your timeline in light of your goals.

Step 6: Define deliverables

A deliverable, as defined by the Project Management Institute, is “any unique and
verifiable product, result, or capability to perform a service that is produced to complete a
process, phase, or project”. In other words, a deliverable could be,
● a product,
● result,
● or capability.
JB PORTALS 19
 FULL STACK DEVELOPMENT – WEEK 1

Project deliverables are determined by the project objectives and are an essential
part of the project plan. If the customer’s objective is for end-users to manage their own
content, for example, the deliverables might be a piece of software that enables users to
manage content as well as training materials for employees and end-users on how to use the
newly created software.

Step 7: Create a project schedule

A project schedule is a document that details
● the project timeline,
● the organizational resources required to complete each task,
● and any other information critical to the team management.

Needless to say, it must be comprehensive and easy to understand.

● further, divide the phases of your project into individual tasks and activities,
● determine dependencies,
● sequence the activities,
● and estimate the required resources and duration of each task.

Step 8: Do a risk assessment

A risk is a problem that may or may not arise over the course of your project. It’s
important to identify risks in project management and mitigate them at the project planning
phase rather than be caught off guard later. Hold a meeting or ask for insight from all team
members about the risks you should consider.
Areas of risk include:
● Project Scope
● Resources (personnel, financial, and physical)
● Project delays
● and Failures of Technology or Communication
There’s no way to control for all potential risks, but thinking through them ahead of time can
save you from project failure.

Step 9: Communicate the project plan

Once you’ve compiled your project plan, make sure to communicate it clearly to the
team and all other stakeholders. You may have created a project communication plan when
you put together your project schedule. If not, do it now!
Establishing solid communications channels and expectations for project communication is
crucial. As a project manager, be sure to model the kind of communication you expect from
all stakeholders.

JB PORTALS 20
 FULL STACK DEVELOPMENT – WEEK 1

What is a product backlog?

The Product Backlog is a list of all the updates and requirements required to develop
the product. It acts as a single source of requirements for all the changes that have to be made
to the product. A Scrum professional called the Product Owner is responsible for handling
the Product Backlog, which includes the content, availability, and ordering of the Product
Backlog items. A Product Backlog is always unfinished and is never complete as the new
Product Backlog items are regularly added to it. Initially, it contains the basic requirements
necessary for the product to function and release it in the market during product
development.

A product backlog is a prioritized list of work for the development team that is
derived from the roadmap and its requirements. The most important items are shown at the
top of the product backlog so the team knows what to deliver first. The development team
doesn't work through the backlog at the product owner's pace and the product owner isn't
pushing work to the development team. Instead, the development team pulls work from the
product backlog as there is capacity for it, either continually (kanban) or by iteration
(scrum).

What’s in the product backlog?

The Scrum Guide is fairly prescriptive about what can be in the product backlog,
which is helpful for keeping unnecessary items out. The product backlog contains:
● Features
● Functions
● Requirements
● Enhancements
● Fixes
It’s not just a simple to-do list, though. Each item in the product backlog:
● Adds value for the customer
● Is prioritized
● Is estimated
There should be no low-level tasks in your backlog (like sending emails), and the
backlog itself should be a living document that’s regularly rearranged.

JB PORTALS 21
 FULL STACK DEVELOPMENT – WEEK 1

How to create a product backlog

It’s common for product backlogs to be presented in the form of a spreadsheet, but
there’s a big problem with that: Spreadsheets aren’t meant to have their rows constantly
moved. Plus, you’ll find yourself dealing with formatting issues and the ensuing migraine.
While creating the product backlog, consider using a more flexible software solution such as
Jira Software or Lucidchart. Lucidchart’s product backlog template is the easiest way to start
building your scrum product backlog—it’s a living document that’s easy to share with
stakeholders and rearrange however you’d like.
Whatever solution you use, follow these steps to start your scrum product backlog.

1. Add ideas to the backlog

Stakeholders will typically be approaching you with ideas for product improvements

2. Get clarification
Once you’re approached by a stakeholder with a product addition or fix, make sure you
understand:
● The reason behind the addition or fix
● The amount of value it contributes to the product as a whole
● The specifications of the item

3. Prioritize
The backlog should have clearly defined, high-priority items at the top and vague
items that are not a priority at the bottom. If an item has no value, it should not be added to
the backlog.

4. Update the backlog regularly

The backlog is a living document; make sure you’re constantly prioritizing, refining,
and keeping the backlog up to date. There might be hundreds of items in backlog as ideas for
product improvements are suggested. Some of these items may be discarded, but many of
them will begin making their way up the backlog for further refinement and, ultimately,
development.

JB PORTALS 22
 FULL STACK DEVELOPMENT – WEEK 1

EXTRA QUESTIONS FROM PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION PAPERS

1. Explain how Digital transformation can bring revolution in banking
process. (10 Marks)
Digital transformation has the potential to revolutionize the banking process in
numerous ways, leading to enhanced efficiency, improved customer experience, and
increased innovation. Some key areas where digital transformation can bring about a
revolution in the banking industry:

1. Digital Banking Services: Digital transformation enables banks to offer a wide

range of digital banking services, including online banking, mobile banking apps, and virtual
wallets. Customers can access their accounts, make transactions, pay bills, and manage
finances conveniently from their devices, reducing the need for physical visits to the bank.

2. Personalized Customer Experience: With data analytics and artificial

intelligence, banks can analyze customer behavior and preferences to offer personalized
services and product recommendations. Digital channels allow for targeted marketing and
tailored experiences, making customers feel valued and engaged.

3. Seamless On boarding and KYC: Digital transformation streamlines customer

onboarding and Know Your Customer (KYC) processes. Customers can open accounts online
with minimal paperwork, reducing the time and effort required for account setup and
verification.

4. Enhanced Security: Digital transformation can strengthen security measures

through biometric authentication, two-factor authentication, and robust encryption. This
provides customers with a secure banking experience, protecting their financial data from
cyber threats.

5. Automated Processes and Al-powered Chat bots: Banks can automate various
processes, such as loan approvals and account verifications, using artificial intelligence. Al-
powered chatbots provide 24/7 customer support, resolving queries and offering assistance
in real-time.

6. Faster Transactions and Real-time Payments: Digital transformation enables

real-time payments and faster transactions through technologies like Immediate Payment
Service (IMPS), Unified Payments Interface (UPI), and block chain. This enhances the overall
efficiency of the payment system.

JB PORTALS 23
 FULL STACK DEVELOPMENT – WEEK 1

7. Data-driven Insights: Digital transformation allows banks to leverage big data

and analytics to gain insights into customer behavior, market trends, and risk management.
These insights help banks make data-driven decisions and offer tailored financial products.

8. Open banking initiatives and APIs (Application Programming Interfaces):

facilitate collaboration between banks and third-party fintech companies. This fosters
innovation and the development of new financial services and products.

9. Remote Banking and Virtual Branches: Digital transformation enables remote

banking services, reducing the need for physical branches. Virtual branches and remote
customer support ensure seamless banking experiences for customers, regardless of their
location.

10. Innovation and Agility: Digital transformation promotes a culture of innovation

and agility thin banks. Embracing emerging technologies and adapting to market changes
quickly allows banks to stay competitive and meet evolving customer demands.

11. Cost Optimization: By automating processes and reducing the reliance on

physical infrastructure, hanks can achieve cost optimization and operational efficiency.

2. Explain how design thinking has brought revolution in scanner

experience that Children Loved. (10 MARKS)
Design thinking has brought a revolution in the scanner experience for children by
putting their needs. preferences, and emotions at the center of the product design process.
It has led to the creation of scanners that are not just functional but also engaging, enjoyable,
and loved by children. This is how design thinking has influenced the scanner experience for
children:

1. Empathizing with Children's Needs: Design thinking starts with empathizing

with the end-users, in this case, children. Designers and developers spend time observing
and talking to children to understand their preferences, interests, and pain points. By
understanding children's unique perspective, design teams can identify specific features and
elements that would appeal to them.

2. Child-Centric Design: Design thinking encourages child-centric design, where

every aspect of the scanner is tailored to suit the cognitive abilities and emotional needs of
children. The user interface is simplified, and the design incorporates vibrant colors, playful
graphics, and interactive elements that resonate with children.

JB PORTALS 24
 FULL STACK DEVELOPMENT – WEEK 1

3. Gamification and Playfulness: Design thinking introduces elements of

gamification and playfulness into the scanner experience. Scanning becomes an enjoyable
activity through gamified feedback, visual rewards, and engaging animations. The goal is to
make scamming an exciting and rewarding experience, akin to playing a game.

4. Storytelling and Imagination: Design thinking harnesses the power of

storytelling and imagination Scanners may incorporate characters or themes from children's
favorite stories or media. By making the scanner experience immersive and storytelling-
driven, children become more invested in the process.

5. Intuitive and Easy-to-Use: A key principle of design thinking is to create products

that are intuitive and easy-to-use. For children, this means reducing complexity and making
the scanning process straightforward and accessible. Large buttons, clear instructions, and
minimal steps ensure children can interact with the scanner effortlessly.

6. Iterative Prototyping and Testing: Design thinking involves iterative

prototyping and testing with real users, including children. This ensures that the scanner
experience is continually refined based on direct feedback from the target audience. User
testing helps identify any usability issues and allows designers to make improvements
accordingly.

7. Inclusive Design: Design thinking promotes inclusive design, ensuring that the
scanner experience is accessible to children with diverse abilities. For instance, designers
may consider adding voice guidance for visually impaired children or making the scanner
adaptable for children with motor skill challenges.

8. Emotional Connection: Design thinking emphasizes creating an emotional

connection between the product and the user. Scanners that elicit positive emotions and joy
during the scanning process foster a sense of attachment and fondness among children.

3. Digital transformation is creating new or modifying existing processes.

Explain how digital transformation can bring revolution in teaching
learning process. (10 MARKS)

Digital transformation is the process of revolutionizing any processes through the

adoption of digital technologies. Digital transformation in teaching is a philosophical and
physical change created to meet the campus, faculty, and students' ever-increasing demands
to create a learning environment where everything connects.

JB PORTALS 25
 FULL STACK DEVELOPMENT – WEEK 1

1. Improved accessibility and access:

The most inspiring digital transformation is visible in education is the improved
accessibility to school, lessons and even degree programs for students of all ages. Students
who may have impairments that hinder their ability can access certain types of information
through the available technology. Online learning opportunities, which allow students to
access schools and degree programs through online help students secure the best possible
education for their given situation.

2. Personalized learning approaches:

In Personalized learning approaches students are allowed to learn in a way that fits
their own learning approaches best, it helps them absorb and retain critical information;
personalization empowers them to move forward in their education.
When students feel this engaged with the material at hand, it also helps to keep them
on track with their program. Schools/Colleges that can genuinely meet the needs of their
students and keep them moving forward with the coursework will also improve their
retention rates.

3. Virtual reality:
In the world of education, virtual reality can provide students with the chance to
'experience' the material they learn before they actually move into real-world applications.

Example: In the hospitality industry, students can see firsthand the different potential work
environments, feel as though they are in a situation where they need to serve customers, and
receive training that gives them hands-on experience without even leaving their classroom.
This can help students feel more comfortable and better prepared for their future careers
and the completion of their education.

4. Cloud-based learning opportunities:

The cloud offers students and teachers the chance to connect from virtually
anywhere. They can use these types of applications while sitting in a lecture hall in person,
from home, or even half-way around the world.

Teachers enable the streaming of lectures, thus making online classes possible and
interactive. Students can also use many applications to submit their assignments, track their
syllabus, and even connect and engage with others in their class. The platforms can be used
to break out into smaller groups so that students can collaborate together on projects and
assignments.

JB PORTALS 26
 FULL STACK DEVELOPMENT – WEEK 1

5. Incorporating the Internet of Things into the College environment:

loT can benefit education campuses by helping colleges improve security and comfort
features while controlling costs. Smart devices that allow college officials to understand
traffic patterns will inform them where lights and security features will have the most value.

IoT can also help colleges remain connected with students. Time-stamps help track
assignments so that students can better monitor their degree progress and verify their work
has been received. Student tracking also helps teachers and professors take attendance and
know when someone is missing.

6. Security across digital devices:

Security has become another necessary trend in the digital education revolution.
Colleges collecting a wealth of information on students, from their personal data to grades,
and that information should be protected and secured.
Security protocols that allow Colleges to record, store and transmit sensitive student
data will be critical throughout the digital transformation. Colleges will also want to make
sure that they have a means of securely allowing students to digitally submit assignments
and verify user authenticity.

7. Teaching digital citizenship:

Digital transformation will impact students in order to know how to interact politely
and civillyonline. i.e..students learning how to be professional in an office or hospital setting.

When educating students on being a good digital citizen, Colleges empower students
to embrace the full capacity of technology. Institutions should aim to make digital citizenship
as a part of the culture for the students and teachers. These principles guide people to behave
more collaboratively online, which can help students succeed in their classes and in a
professional environment.

8. Big Data:
Colleges have long collected a wealth of information about their students, including
their demographics grades and classes. Big data provides them with the opportunity to take
this information much further and use it to better understand student trends and successes.
Big data refers to the growing technological capabilities to track large amounts of data
and interpret it with the assistance of algorithms to find patterns and helpful information.
Big data can track greater trends in student populations, including student performance and
professional outcomes, how well students respond to different types of information delivery
and class styles. The information collected will empower Colleges to better serve their
students.

JB PORTALS 27
 FULL STACK DEVELOPMENT – WEEK 1

4. Digital payments are transactions like Gpay, Phonepe etc. that take
place via digital or online modes, with no physical exchange of money
involved. Explain how design thinking has brought revolution in digital
payments. (10 MARKS )

Design thinking is a creative problem-solving approach that focuses on the needs of

the customer. In banking, design thinking can be used to create products, services, and
experiences that are more user-friendly and effective.
Digital payment is a way of payment which is made through digital modes. In digital
payments, payer and payee both use digital modes to send and receive money. It is also called
electronic payment. No hard cash (currency notes) is involved in the digital payments. All
the transactions in digital payments are completed through online.

Design thinking in banking used to architect digital financial products in 5 steps: Empathize,
Define, Ideate, Prototype, Test.
Currently available digital payment systems include Banking cards, Digital wallets,
Unified Payment Interface (UPI), Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSD),
Immediate Payment Service (IMPS), Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS), National Electronic
Fund Transfer (NEFT), Aadhar Enabled Payment System (AEPS) and Mobile banking.

Open banking
1. Payment Cards- The most common types of payment cards are credit cards and debit
cards. A payment card is electronically linked to an account or accounts belonging to the
cardholder. These accounts may be deposit accounts or loan or credit accounts, and the card
is a means of authenticating the cardholder. The information required for using payment
cards are Card Verification Value (CVV Number) and Expiry date of the payment card. The
Payment cards are

Credit card: Central Bank of India was the first public bank to introduce Credit card. The
issuer of a credit card creates a line of credit for the cardholder on which the cardholder can
borrow. The cardholder can choose either to repay the full outstanding balance by the
payment due date or to repay a smaller amount, not less than the "minimum amount", by
that date.

Debit card: Debit card was introduced by Citi Bank With a debit card, when a cardholder
makes a purchase, funds are withdrawn directly from the cardholder's bank account.
Smartcard: Banks are adding chips to their current magnetic stripe cards to enhance security
and offer new service, called Smart Cards. Smart Cards allow thousands of times of
information storable on magnetic stripe cards.
JB PORTALS 28
 FULL STACK DEVELOPMENT – WEEK 1

Charge card: With charge cards, the cardholder is required to pay the full balance shown on
the statement, which is usually issued monthly, by the payment due date. It is a form of short-
term loan to cover the cardholder's purchases.

Fleet card: A fleet card is used as a payment card, most commonly for gasoline, diesel and
other fuels at gas stations.

Gift card: A gift card also known as gift voucher or gift token is a prepaid stored-value
moneycard usually issued by a retailer or bank to be used as an alternative to cash for
purchases within a particular store or related businesses. Store card: It is a credit card that
is given out by a store and that can be used to buy goods at that store.

2. Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSD) USSD is sometimes referred to as

"Quick Codes" or "Feature codes", USSD is generally associated with real-time or instant
messaging services. The user sends a request to the network via USSD, and the network
replies with an acknowledgement of receipt The Information required for USSD transaction
is MPIN/ IFSC/Aadhar number/Account number. Mobile Banking Personal Identification
Number (MPIN) works as a password when we perform any transaction using Mobile.

3. Aadhaar Enabled Payment Service (AEPS)- The AEPS system leverages Aadhaar online
authentication and enables Aadhaar Enabled Bank Accounts (AEBA) to be operated
inanytime-anywhere banking mode through Micro ATMs. This system is controlled by the
National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI). For AEPS transaction information needed
are.
1. Aadhaar Number
2. Bank Issuer Identification Number (IIN) or Name
3. Finger Print

4. Unified Payments Interface (UPI)- Unified Payment Interface (UPI) is a new payment
interface introduced by National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI). Unified Payments
Interface (UPI) is a system that powers multiple bank accounts to use several banking
services like fund transfer, and merchant payments in a single mobile application. A user can
simply add all the bank accounts in a single UPI payment app without remembering or even
typing banking user ID/Passwords.
Each Bank provides its own UPI App for Android, Windows and iOS mobile
platform(s). The information required for UPI based transaction are Virtual Payment
Address (VPA) of recipient and Mobile banking Personal Identification Number (MPIN).

JB PORTALS 29
 FULL STACK DEVELOPMENT – WEEK 1

5. Digital Wallets- A Digital wallet is a way to carry cash in digital format. Credit card or
debit card information should be linked to digital wallet application or money can be
transferred in online to mobile wallet.

The Services offered by Digital Wallets are Balance Enquiry, Passbook/ Transaction
history. Add money. Accept Money, Pay money etc. Digital wallets are composed of both
digital wallet devices and digital wallet systems.

Ex: Paytm, Freecharge, Mobikwik. Oxigen, mRuppee. Airtel Money, Jio Money, SBI Buddy, itz
Cash, Citrus Pay, Vodafone M-Pesa, Axis Bank Lime, ICICI Pockets, SpeedPay etc.

6. Mobile Banking- Mobile banking is a service provided by a bank or other financial

institution that allows its customers to conduct different types of financial transactions
remotely using a mobile device such as a mobile phone or tablet.

It uses software, usually called an app, provided by the banks or financial institution
for the purpose. Each Bank provides its own mobile banking App for Android, Windows and
iOS mobile platform(s). Ex: iMobile for ICICI bank, Kotak Bank App for Kotak Mahindra bank.
SBI freedom app for State bank of India

7. Internet Banking- Internet banking, also known as online banking, e-banking or virtual
banking. is an electronic payment system that enables customers of a bank or other financial
institution to conduct a range of financial transactions through the financial institution's
website. Online banking was first introduced in the early 1980s in New York, United States.

Following are the services provided by Internet banking

• Bill payment service Shopping
• Railway pass
• Recharging the prepaid phone
• Shopping
• Fund transfer through NEFT, IMPS, RTGS or ECS

JB PORTALS 30