Fundamentals of

Communication
and Voice
Dynamics

• Role and Purpose of Communication,

• Types & Flow of Communication,
• Barriers to Effective Communication,
• 7 C’s of Communication,
• Code and Content; Stimulus & Response,
• Vowel Sounds, Consonant Sounds,
• Tone: Rising and Falling Tone
What exactly do we mean when we Communicate?

The English word "communication" originates from the Latin word

"communicare," which can be translated as "to impart," "to
participate," "to share," or "to make common." It is a process that
involves the interchange of facts, ideas, and opinions, and it also
serves as a way through which individuals or organisations share
meaning and understanding with one another.
Some Famous Definitions:

According to Murphy et al “Simply

stated, communication is a two-way
process of exchanging ideas or
information”.

American Management Association

says, “Communication is any
behaviour that results in an
exchange of meaning”.

“Communication is the transmission

and interchange of facts, ideas,
feelings or course of action.”
Behind Brown
 The process of communication

Communication is a two-way
process that involves both
The receiver receives the
a sender and a receiver.
message and decodes it.
This means that
Last but not least, once
communication is an
the message has been
interactive activity. The
comprehended, the receiver
sender communicates the
will transmit the feedback
concept by encoding it and
to the sender.
transmitting it over a
channel (language).
 Elements of Communication
Process
1. Sender: The person who encrypts the message and
starts the process of communicating with the recipient.
The sender needs to have effective communication skills
(SWRL), a positive attitude, confidence, abundant use of
body language, a moderate tone and accent, solid
subject knowledge, and so on in order for the
communication to be successful.
2. The Message: The message is what the
communicator is trying to get over to the receiver.
It might be a thought, an idea, some facts, or even
a feeling. The message ought to be engaging,
original, reasonable, and so on.

3. Channel: The term "channel" in the field of

communication refers to language. It is essential that
the sender and the receiver share a shared
understanding of its contents.
4. Receiver: The receiver is the person who is responsible
for decoding the message. The receiver bears an equal
share of the responsibility for the successful completion
of the communication. It is important that he possesses a
nature that is attentive, aware, and optimistic.

5. Feedback: It is the signal of the receiver's response to

the speaker after decoding the message via verbal (by
words) or non-verbal (gesture, posture, eye-contact,
gestures, symbols, etc.)
Communication Process Cycle
This process can be easily understood
by the following diagram:
Encoding
Decoding
Sender Message Channel Receiver

Feedback
 Communication is essential
in an organization,
because it serves as a
Role and medium to share the
important information.
Purpose of People, working in a
Communicat company
mutual
should have
understanding
a
ion which can be attained by
sharing knowledge.

This communication turns

to be effective when
researches when this
process of sharing takes
place. Today
There are three basic
objectives of
communication
.
1. To inform
2. To instruct and
3. To inspire

Except these three, there

are other secondary
purposes of
communication. The
purpose may change
according to the mood
and intention of the
speaker.
 1. To Boost Morale of Employees:
Business Communication is made to
boost the morale of the employees.
It increases the productivity of
Purpose of the employees in his company.
2. To Achieve Goal: The goal of the
Communicati organization can be obtained
on through effective organizational
communication. Everybody tries
to acquire such goal and
therefore it requires effective
organizational communication.
3. To Maintain Co-operation: Communication encourages managerial
efficiency. Managerial functions like planning, control,
coordination, motivation cannot be discharged without communication.
As .management is an art of ensuring targets and targets are achieved
in collaboration with other people. Communication educates personnel
working. Management communicates goals, policies and targets by
issuing verbal and written instructions. The yardstick for measuring
managerial efficiency is of course communication that helps in it.

4. To Plan: Planning decides what is to be done in future.

All the information and data which are required to make a plan for
business can be obtained or gathered through communication.
5. To Facilitate Direction and Motivation: The boss
gives direction or order to his subordinate and
managers need to motivate their employees to
in crease the concentration and productivity.
Hence, communication helps to facilitate direction
and motivation.

6. To Achieve Efficiency: Communication can provide

information regarding past and present. It also helps
to anticipate about future. So, Communication
increases efficiency of the workers by providing
instant information.
.

7. To Improve Employer-Employee Relationship: To achieve the

Organizational objectives, there must be good relationship between
employee and employer. And to improve such relationship, there
must be effective communication.

8. To Solve Problem: Communication can remove the gap between

employees and employer. Fruitful communication ensures a network
in an Organization to solve problems. Conflict arises and
exists in an Organization. Fruitful communication ensures a
network to solve conflict. It also removes the gap between
employee and employer.
.

9. To Manage Human Resources: To recruit, train-up & motivate

human resource properly, there must be effective communication.
Skilled manpower are professional and work for achievement and
development.

10. To Attract Customer: To knock the door of potential

customers with new product and service of an enterprise, there
should exist an efficient communication. So better communication
will cause more customers and more customers will cause more
profit.
 .

12. To Educate
11. To Future Plan: In
Workers: Communication helps
today's modern competitive
the Organization to train-up
world, there is requirement
the employees/workers
of changing the plan
through organized programs.
according to environment and
For example, Orientation,
communication environment.
workshops, film
This involves awareness
show, internship etc.
through proper
communication.
Technical Communication
“Technical Communication is that kind of communication which is used in
technical subjects”.

According to Professor J. Raleigh Nelson, “Technical Communication is

specialized form of exposition – a form of discourse distinguished from
other forms in certain essential features.”

Joseph Racker writes, “Technical Communication involves material

of a specialized nature, meant for a specific reading group.”

Precisely, Technical Communication is that branch of communication

in which knowledge of a subject in particular is required along
with a set kind of technical and scientific style.
 Cont…
Salient Features of Technical Communication

COS + BUT

Wherein:
C – stands for Clarity
O – Stands for Objectivity
S – stands for Simplicity
B – stands for Brevity
U – stands for Utility
T – stands for Technical Presentation
1.Clarity:
The first significant and cardinal feature of
scientific and Technical Communication is clarity.
It mitigates and minimizes ambiguity and
diffuseness. It crystallizes and shapes ideas,
sentence and a paragraph. For maintaining clarity,
it is absolutely prudent to have a clear – cut idea
and comprehension of what we want to write or tell.
Clarity of thought is interlinked with the Clarity
of expression. For example:
• He is a scientist as amongst others who has listened to
deep humming sound of the sudden upward flight of an
aircraft.
• He is one of those scientists who have listened to the
zooming of an aircraft.
• Will you be kind enough to help me?
 2. Objectivity:

The second salient feature of Technical Communication is objectivity.

The element of “I”, which is a common note in a subjective
communication, remains absent in Technical communication. We have to
concentrate on facts and their general impact instead of subjective or
individual findings.

I believe as others also believe that through a particular side of

scientific researches, I can study the ways and manners of all human
beings growing ripe, old and grey – and also their decaying processes.
It is believed that gerontology studies the processes of growing old
amongst (or in) human beings.
 3. Simplicity:
In Technical Communication, simplicity is equally
important. As a matter of fact, simplicity makes the style
interesting and effective. For this, a writer has to work
hard to write simple sentences. One has, therefore, be
quite cautious about the choice of words. Compound and
complex sentences should be avoided so far as possible.
• If you put a solid on heat, its temperature increases
and at a certain temperature increase and at a
certain temperature melts to a liquid, and on further
constant temperature into the gaseous state also
increase.
When a solid is heated constantly on a certain
temperature, the vibrations of the molecules increase.
4. Brevity:
• Another quality of Technical Communication is
brevity. By brevity we mean briefness and
shortness. A Professional does not use diffuse
and round – about sentences and expressions. He
has to avoid circumlocution as well as verbosity.
He has to be brief, to the point, cogent and
relevant. He cannot use lengthy, racy or
superfluous sentences. He has to be as brief and
to the point as possible.
• The scientist was inspecting a large tank in
which gas was stored
• The scientist was inspecting the gasoline.
• We are enclosing herewith the monthly statement
5.Utility:
Utility is another salient feature of Technical Communication. Utility means
“the quality or state of being useful” . Without being irrelevant, a technocrat
has to presents facts in a useful manner. A Technical concern or a research
institute cannot afford a lot of labor and time to waste on irrelevant
information. A presenter, therefore, must be straightforward and technical in
presenting his views. Only useful information must be communicated.
6. Technical Presentation
Another important quality of Technical
Communication is its Presentation. In other words,
it must be technically different from General
Communication. It must be clear, clean and
attractive. The presenter must use figures, charts,
data, table to represent his message effectively.
Except it, in writing, he must know several formats
of writing letters, applications, memos, circulars,
articles, paragraphs. In speaking, a presenter must
use CAI (Computer Aided Instruments) like OHP,
Features of General Communication

The features of General Communication can be

summarized by ASP+DPF

• 1. Ambiguity: This term implies something that

has more than one meaning. Unlike technical
communication, General Communication is
ambiguous. It is used in forms of General
communication such as: poems, journalism,
philosophy etc.
Features of General Communication
2. Subjectivity
•Subjectivity is one of the most important
features of general communication. A general
communicator is free to use his emotions,
feelings and personal ideas in general
communication. Novel, Drama, poetry etc. are the
examples of general communication. In general
communication personal emotions, feelings and
3. Pomposity (Exaggeration)

Pomposity means exaggerated or decorated

expressions in language. Unlike a Technical
Communicator, a general communicator uses highly
decorated and pompous language to say a simple
statement. Except it, many literary styles like
circumlocution, euphemism, bombastic
expressions, and complex idioms and phrases are
4. Diffuseness
Diffuseness simply means wordy or garrulous
sentences. A general communicator uses wordy and
garrulous language. He says a lot but the meaning
is less. It is unlike technical communication who
is straightforward and brief.

5. Pleasurability
Pleasurablity means entertainment or pleasure.
Broadly speaking general communication is meant
for pleasure or entertainment.
For example the sole purpose of all literary
6. Free Form
• Free Form means without any form or format.
General communication requires no specific
format or writing/ speaking as it is simply the
expression of personal feelings or emotions. In
fact emotions and feelings know no form to
expose them.
Therefore, a general communicator is bound
not to follow any form to convey his ideas.
 Flows
of
.Communication

• .
 Various
Dimensions of
Communication
Communication is situational
and it is used accordingly.
Somewhere, informal
communication is better than
formal, sometimes written
communication is more
important than oral
communication. Likewise,
verbal, nonverbal, vertical,
horizontal communication is
used according to the
suitability of the message
and situation. According to
the nature of communication
there are four types of
communication:
Dimensions of
Communication
a) Channel: According to
the channel,
Communication may be
divided into two types:
1. Formal
Communication: It is the
communication following
formal channels. It flows
from senior to junior,
junior to senior,
within the organization and
outside the
organization.
2. Informal
Communication: Informal
communication takes place
between the people having
b) Method:

According to the method it is of two types:

1. Oral Communication: It is the

communication through the spoken words.
It may be in form of Face to Face
Communication, telephonic communication
etc., It is speedy way of exchanging
information.

2. Written Communication: Written

Communication is a communication in form
of applications, letters, memos,
circulars, bulletins, etc. It is the
most authentic way of communication
 C) Expression:
According to the expression it is again of
two types:
1. Verbal Communication: Verbal
Communication means communication through
words. When we use words in
communication, we call it Verbal
Communication. The information in Verbal
Communication can be either oral or
written.

2. Non-verbal Communication: It is
communication without words like body
language, hepatics, gestures, postures,
appearance etc,.
 • D) Direction:
.
• According to direction
Communication may be divided into
three types:
• 1. Vertical Communication: It is
of two types: i). Upward
Communication: In this the message
flows from bottom to top. ii).
Downward Communication: In this
the message flows from top to
bottom.

• 2. Horizontal or Lateral
Communication: It is communication
in peer group.

• 3. Diagonal Communication: It is
a cross-wise communication.
The management transmits messages to
subordinates, and subordinates, in turn, are
expected to reply with their feedback. For
example: when a Director General sends
information to the employees, it passes through
different communication networks like:

General Manage
--Assistant Managers
--Departmental Heads
--
Supervisors...........

.........Employees
There are three flows of
Organizational Communication,
namely:
1. Vertical Communication
2. Horizontal or Lateral
Communication
3. Diagonal Communication
1. Vertical Communication
Vertical Communication has two types
of communication flows that are:

i) Upward Communication: In upward

communication, the information flows
form Juniors to seniors. Its’ main
purpose is to provide information to
the seniors form juniors. This
communication enables juniors to
convey their opinions, suggestions,
complaints etc. to their superiors.
The lower-level employees initiate
up-ward communication and the message
ultimately reaches to the upper-level
management.
Vertical Communication
Upward communication is helpful in conveying the following types of information inside
the organization:
1. Work Progress report.

2. Employees’ performance reports.

3. Problem or hindrance in performance.

4. suggestions for improving efficiency or productivity.

5. Problem solving.

6. Expression of attitudes, grievances and disputes that influence performance.

For effective upward communication a good environment is required in which subordinates

are free to communicate.
 information is sent from seniors to
juniors through different channels. The
seniors send information or message
containing orders, instructions,
decisions etc. to the employees,
subordinates, workers etc. It may be in
2. Downward written form such as letter, office
Communicati order, notice, circulars, reports,
on manuals, etc. or in form of oral
communication like face-to-face
communication, meetings, speeches etc.
it is important for the organization in
many ways. Except its’ usefulness it
has certain limitations too. It is time
In communication, there are many modes of upward
communication. The popular written media of upward
communication are discussed below:

Suggestion Questionnair Memo

Report
System: e (memorandum)

Direct Grievance Open-door-

Meeting
letters procedure policy
Like upward communication, there
are some modes of Downward
Communication:

Handbooks Posters & House SMS/ e- Annual Special

& Bulletins Journals mails Reports Meetings
Pamphlets

Seminars/
Conference
s
2. Horizontal or Lateral Communication:
It is a communication among people at the parallel or same
designation, level and position in the organization. Horizontal
communication is the communication that flows laterally within the
organization. It involves persons at the same level of the
organization. Horizontal communication normally involves coordinating
information and allows people with the same or similar rank in an
organization to cooperate or collaborate. Some definitions of
horizontal communication are as follows: According to Ricky W.
Fraffin, “Horizontal communication involves colleagues and peers at
the same level of the organization. “
3. Diagonal Communication
It is a Cross-functional communication between
employees at different levels of the
organizational hierarchy. Diagonal communication
is much common in larger organizations with matrix
or project- based structures.

It is helpful in overcoming some of the barriers to

communication within a business. It reduces the
chances of distortion or misinterpretation of
message. Diagonal communication also reduces a
manager’s communication workload because he
3. Diagonal
Communicati
on
Barriers to Communication
(Noise)

Anything that distorts

the message sent or
received may be called
Barrier to
Communication. There are
several barriers that
often distort
communication process.
For better understanding
these may be divided
into four categories.
 Four
Categories
of
Communicati
on Barriers
1. Semantic or Language
Barriers

Unclear Faulty Specialists Unclarified

message: translation: language: assumption:
• If the • Sometimes • Specialists • Sometimes
message is Grammatical Language is unclarified
not clear, mistakes can also a assumptions
it may cause cause wrong barrier to leads to
barriers to expressions, communicatio barriers to
communicatio that results n communicatio
n. into n.
barriers to
communicatio
n.
2. Psychological
Barriers
Difference in perception: If there is a
difference in perception of the communicator
and the receiver then there will also be
misunderstanding between them. Difference in
Perception therefore leads to faulty
communication.

Closed minds: Closed Mind is another having

biased , wayward or whimsical opinion about
something.

Inattention: The third factor in psychological

barrier is in attention which too leads to
faulty communication.

Emotion: Emotion is another psychological

barrier which disturbs complete communication.
 • Attitude of Superiors:
3. • Lack of confidence
Personal • Insistence of proper channel
• Ignoring Communication
Barriers • Filtering of Information
• Lack of Time
• Message Overload
4. Organizational Barriers
Status
One-way
Relations
Flow
hip

Rules and
Distance
Regulatio
Barriers
n

Mechanica
Physical
l
Barriers
Barriers
 7 Cs of Effective
Business
Communication
The message is said to be effective when the receiver
understands the same meaning that the sender intended
to convey.

For any communication in business, in order to be

effective, it must have seven qualities. These seven
attributes are called Seven C’s of Effective Business
Communication.

(All these attribute starts with the alphabet ‘C’ so

are called 7 C’s)
7 Cs

Correctness

Clarity

Conciseness

Completeness

Consideration

Concreteness

Courtesy
1. Correctness
• At the time of encoding, if the encoder has comprehensive
knowledge about the decoder of message, it makes the
communication an ease. The encoder should know the
status, knowledge and educational background of the
decoder. Correctness means:
• Use the right level of language
• Correct use of grammar, spelling and punctuation
• Accuracy in stating facts and figures

Result: Correctness in message helps in

building confidence.
2. Clarity
• Clarity demands the use of simple language and easy
sentence structure in composing the message. When
there is clarity in presenting ideas, it’s easy for
the receiver/decoder to grasp the meaning being
conveyed by the sender/encoder.

Result: Clarity makes comprehension easier.

3. Conciseness

A concise message saves time of both the sender and

the receiver. Conciseness, in a business message,
can be achieved by avoiding wordy expressions and
repetition. Using brief and to the point sentences,
including relevant material makes the message
concise. Achieving conciseness does not mean to
loose completeness of message.
Result: Conciseness saves time.
4. Completeness

• By completeness means the message must bear

all the necessary information to bring the
response you desire. The sender should answer
all the questions and with facts and figures.
and when desirable, go for extra details.

Result: Completeness brings the desired

5. Consideration

Consideration demands to put oneself in the

place of receiver while composing a message. It
refers to the use of You attitude, emphases
positive pleasant facts, visualizing reader’s
problems, desires, emotions and his response.

Result: Consideration creates understanding of

6. Concreteness

Being definite, vivid and specific rather than

vague, obscure and general leads to concreteness
of the message. Facts and figures being presented
in the message should be specific.

Result: Concreteness reinforces confidence.

7. Courtesy

In business, almost everything starts and ends in

courtesy. Courtesy means not only thinking about
receiver but also valuing his feelings. Much can be
achieved by using polite words and gestures, being
appreciative, thoughtful, tactful, and showing
respect to the receiver. Courtesy builds goodwill.

Result: Courtesy strengthen relations.

 Code & .

Content
 Code and Content in
communication skills

• Any human communication system involves the

production of a message by someone, and the
receipt of that message by someone else.

• To encode a message, one must possess the

necessary encoding skills.
1. Languages are codes :

i. A code may be defined as any group of symbols

that can be structured in a way that is
meaningful to another person.

ii. The English language, like any other

language, is a code which contains elements that
are arranged in a meaningful order.

iii. A code has a group of elements (vocabulary)

and a set of procedures for combining these
elements meaningfully (syntax).
 2. Content :

i. The message content, i.e., the message that is selected by

the source to express its purpose.

ii. Content, like codes, has both element and structure. When
more than one piece of information is to be presented, they
should have some order or structure.

iii. An individual may sometimes be identified by his

characteristic way of structuring messages. This is because the
individual communicates in a way that is distinctive to him.

iv. An individual uses a distinctive way or method, which has

become

his habit by constant use.

 Stimulus and Response in communication skills

A stimulus is a thing that a person can receive through one of his senses. In fact,
it is a thing that can produce a sensation

2. A response is a thing that an individual does as a reaction to the stimulus.

3. Stimulus and response are the two terms that are frequently used in

any discussion on the communication process.

4. Stimulus and response are ultimately connected with the whole learning
process.

5. The communication objective of the source is to bring about a change in the

behaviour of the receiver.
Process of technical communication
consists of five stages :

1. Ideation :

1. It begins with ideation which refers to the formation of idea or

selection of message. It consists of the ‘what’ of communication and
is concerned with the content of the specific message to be
presented.

2. The scope of ideation is generally determined by the sender’s :

a. Knowledge
b. Experience
c. Abilities
d. Purpose of communication
e. Context of the communicative situation
 2. Encoding :
i. It is the process of changing the information into some form of
logical and coded message. It involves :
a. Selecting a language : It is essential for effective coding, verbal
messages need a common language code, which can be easily decoded by
the receiver.

b. Selecting an appropriate communication form : It form largely depends on

the sender-receiver relationship, need and purpose of the
communication.

c. Selecting a medium of communication : It involves making the right choice

out of many available options. There are three
 3. Transmission :

i. It refers to the flow of message over the chosen channel.

ii. It involves choosing the :

a. Proper time (When to communicate)
b. Proper place (Where to communicate)
c. Proper way (How to communicate)
 4. Decoding :

i. Decoding is the process of converting a message into

thoughts.

ii. The process of decoding involves interpretation and analysis

of a message.

iii. Decoding involves reading and understanding of the written

communication, listening and understanding of the oral
communication.
5. Feedback / Response :

i. Response is the last stage in the communication

process.

ii. It is the action or reaction of the receiver to the

message.

iii. Response is the key to communication. It helps

the sender to know that the message was received
and understood.
 Stimulus and Response
of Communication Skills

Stimulus and response are the two terms that

are frequently used in any discussion on the
communication process. A ‘stimulus’ is
anything that a person can receive through
one of his senses.
In fact, it is anything that can produce a
sensation. And a ‘response’ is anything that
an individual does as a reaction to the
These two terms, stimulus and response,
are ultimately connected with the whole
learning process. The communication
objective of the source is to bring about
a change in the behavior of the receiver.
The whole communication process consists
of the following:

1. The sender— 2. The

the source of encoding 3. The channel
the message process

5. The
4. The receiver—the
decoding person who 6. Feedback
process receives the
message
 Communication Process Cycle
Encoding Decoding
Process Process
.
Sende Messag Channe Receiv
r e l er

Feedba
ck
Pronunciation Etiquettes

A. Vowel sounds
B. Consonant sounds
C. Syllables & Tone
D. Intonation: Rising
tone; Falling Tone
 1. Vowels: The vowel is a sound in the
production of which the air stream does not
meet an obstruction and there is no noise
component. In British English, there are 20
vowel sounds divided into 5 long vowels, 7
VOWEL & short vowels and 8 diphthongs (gliding
vowel sounds, which are a composed of a
CONSONAN combination of two short vowel sounds).
T SOUNDS
2. Consonants: Consonants are defined
phonetically as sounds made by a closure
or narrowing in the vocal tract so that the
airflow is either completely blocked or
restricted with an audible friction. There are
24 consonant sounds.
IPA
CHART
The International
Phonetic
Alphabet (IPA) is an
alphabetic system of
phonetic notation:
 A unit of pronunciation having one vowel sound, with or without
surrounding consonants, forming the whole word or a part of a word id
called syllable.

For example:

Cat has one syllable (words of one syllable

SYLLABLE are monosyllabic)

Water has two syllables ((wa / ter) this word is Disyllabic)

Computer has three syllables ((com / pu / ter) this word is

Polysyllabic)

Category has four syllables (cat / e / gor / y) so on.

SYLLABLE
A syllable is the sound of a vowel (A, E, I, O, U) that is created when pronouncing
the letters A, E, I, O, U, or Y. The letter "Y" is a vowel only if it creates an A, E, I, O,
or U sound. For example: fry, try, cry, & dry.
The number of times, you hear a vowel is the number of syllables in a word. When
two (or more) Vowel are next to each other, the number of syllables depends on
the number of vowels. For example: free (1 syllable), eat (1 syllable),
& bio (2 syllables)
In case of the words end with "le" or "les“, this is a syllable if the letter before the
"le" is a consonant.
If a vowel is silent, it is not counted as a syllable for example: fire (1 syllable)
 TONE
Tone is the overall behavior of pitch and pitch is frequency of vibration of
vocal cords. Tone is the attitude or how somebody sounds
whereas intonation is the rise and fall of voice, sound or tone of certain
words within a sentence.

Intonation is about how we say things, rather than what we say. Without
intonation, its impossible to understand the expressions and thoughts
that go with words. Listen to somebody speaking without paying
attention to the words: the melody you hear is the intonation.
Intonation is a term used to refer to the distinctive use of different
patterns of pitch that carry meaningful information.
 INTONATIO
N

According to Philip Carr, ‘The kinds of pitch modulation which are

found in whole utterances.

It (intonation) can highlight intended elements in an utterance, to

bundle words together into information chunks, & to convey speaker’s
attitude to what he/she is saying.’
 RISING & FALLING INTONATION

In many descriptions of English, the following intonation patterns are

distinguished: Rising Intonation means the pitch of the voice rises over
time. Falling Intonation means that the pitch falls with time. Dipping or Fall-
rise, where Intonation falls and then rises.
• A rising intonation pattern would simply be a rise in the human voice; it
would be a change in pitch; a glide in the pitch of our voice upwards.
when we’re asking questions or listing , for instance: ‘would you like a cup
of tea?’ and ‘I’d like some eggs, some milk, some cheese and some bread.’
etc.
• A falling intonation or downward intonation pattern, would simply mean
that the pitch of the voice drops down. So I would say, for instance, if I’m
making a statement, command or exclamation: ‘that’s wonderful’, 'put
that down!‘, 'go over there‘ and 'stand against the wall’ etc.
 1. Learn to listen and focus on the pronunciation
of other people.

2. Pay attention to your tongue & notice how your

Pronuncia mouth and lips move.

tion 3. Learn Syllable & break words down into sounds.

Etiquette 4. Add proper stress to sounds and words.

s 5. Ask yourself which dialect of English you want

to learn.

6. Write out difficult words by their sounds.

7. Write down what you hear.

8. Practice pronunciation with tongue twisters.

9. Record yourself to find your problems.

10. Practice with someone (in fact anyone).

 Keep
Learning on
…
Thanks