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Student solutions manual Algebra and trigonometry
fourth edition James Stewart Lothar Redlin Saleem
Watson Compressed Andy Bulman-Fleming Digital
Instant Download
Author(s): Andy Bulman-Fleming, James Stewart, Lothar Redlin, Saleem
Watson
ISBN(s): 9781305118157, 1305118154
Edition: 4
File Details: PDF, 23.12 MB
Year: 2016
Language: english
Algebra and Trigonometry

FOURTH EDITION

James Stewart
McMaster University and University of Toronto

The Pennsylvania State University

California State University, Long Beach

Prepared by

Andy Bulman-Fleming

eo » CENGAGE
** Learning’

Australia + Brazil * Mexico » Singapore * United Kingdom + United States

 CENGAGE
Learning

© 2016 Cengage Learning ISBN: 978-1-305-11815-7

WCN: 01-100-101
Cengage Learning
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ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the
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Print Number: 02 Print Year: 2015
ty. tt
 CONTENTS

m PROLOGUE:
Principles of Problem Solving 1

CHAPTER P_ PREREQUISITES 3
P.1 Modeling the Real World with Algebra 3
P.2 RealNumbers 3
P.3 Integer Exponents and Scientific Notation 6
P.4 Rational Exponents and Radicals 8
P.5 Algebraic Expressions 11
P.6 Factoring 13
P.7 Rational Expressions 16
P.8 Solving Basic Equations 19
P.9 Modeling with Equations 22
Chapter P Review 25
ChapterPTest 28
w FOCUS ON MODELING: Making the Best Decisions 29

CHAPTER 1 EQUATIONS
AND GRAPHS 33
1.1. TheCoordinate Plane 33
1.2 Graphs
of Equations in Two Variables; Circles 38
1.3 Lines 45
1.4 Solving Quadratic Equations 50
1.5 ComplexNumbers 55
1.6 Solving Other Types of Equations 56
1.7 Solving Inequalities 60
1.8 Solving Absolute Value Equations and Inequalities 70
1.9 Solving Equations and Inequalities Graphically 71
1.10 Modeling Variation 74
Chapter
1Review 77 -
Chapter
1Test 86

© 2016 Cengage Learning. AlJ Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a.publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
iv Contents

FOCUS ON MODELING: Fitting Lines to Data 89

CHAPTER 2 FUNCTIONS 91
2.1 Functions 91
2.2 Graphs of Functions 95
2.3 Getting Information from the Graph of aFunction 102
2.4 Average Rate of Change ofa Function 108
2.5 Linear Functions and Models = 111
2.6 Transformations of Functions 114
2.7 Combining Functions 121
2.8 One-to-One Functions and Their Inverses 125
Chapter2Review 130
Chapter 2 Test 137
FOCUS ON MODELING: Modeling with Functions 138

CHAPTER 3 POLYNOMIAL AND RATIONAL FUNCTIONS 143

3.1 Quadratic Functions and Models =143
3.2 Polynomial Functions and TheirGraphs 148
3.3 Dividing Polynomials 156
3.4 Real Zeros of Polynomials 160
3.5 Complex Zeros and the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra 176
3.6 Rational Functions 181
Chapter
3Review 198
Chapter 3 Test 208
FOCUS ON MODELING: Fitting Polynomial Curves toData 210

CHAPTER 4 EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS 213

4.1 Exponential Functions 213
4.2 The Natural Exponential Function 217
4.3 Logarithmic Functions 220
4.4 Laws of Logarithms 225
4.5 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations ©227

i]
© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or inpart.
 Contents v

4.6 Modeling with Exponential Functions 231

4.7 Logarithmic Scales 233
Chapter 4 Review 234
Chapter 4 Test 239
FOCUS ON MODELING: Fitting Exponential and Power Curves to Data 240

CHAPTER 5 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS: RIGHT TRIANGLE APPROACH 243

5.1 Angle Measure 243
5.2 Trigonometry of Right Triangles 245
5.3 Trigonometric Functions of Angles 247
5.4 Inverse Trigonometric Functions and Right Triangles 250
5.5 The Law of Sines 252
5.6 The Law of Cosines 254
Chapter5Review 257
Chapter 5 Test 259
FOCUS ON MODELING: Surveying 287

CHAPTER 6 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS: UNIT CIRCLE APPROACH 263

6.1 The Unit Circle 263
6.2 Trigonometric Functions of RealNumbers 265
6.3 Trigonometric Graphs 267
6.4 More Trigonometric Graphs 274
6.5 Inverse Trigonometric Functions‘and Their Graphs 277
6.6 Modeling Harmonic Motion 279
Chapter 6 Review 282
Chapter 6 Test 286
FOCUS ON MODELING: Fitting Sinusoidal Curves to Data 260

CHAPTER 7 ANALYTIC TRIGONOMETRY 291

7.1 Trigonometric Identities 291
7.2 Addition and Subtraction Formulas 295
7.3 Double-Angle, Half-Angle, and Product-Sum Formulas 298

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
vi Contents

7.4 Basic Trigonometric Equations 304

7.5 More Trigonometric Equations 306
Chapter 7 Review 309
Chapter 7 Test 312
FOCUS ON MODELING: Traveling and Standing Waves 313

CHAPTER 8 POLAR COORDINATES AND PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS 315

8.1 Polar Coordinates 315
8.2 Graphs of Polar Equations 317
8.3 Polar Form of Complex Numbers; De Moivre’s Theorem 321
8.4 Plane Curves and Parametric Equations 327
Chapter 8 Review 334
Chapter 8 Test 337
FOCUS ON MODELING: The Path ofaProjectile 338

CHAPTER 9 VECTORS IN TWO AND THREE DIMENSIONS 341

9.1 Vectors inTwo Dimensions 341
9.2 The Dot Product 344
9.3 Three-Dimensional Coordinate Geometry 346

98 Vectors in Three Dimensions 347

9.5 The Cross Product 349
9.6 Equations of Lines and Planes 350
Chapter9 Review 352
Chapter 9 Test 354
FOCUS ON MODELING: Vector Fields 355

CHAPTER 10 SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES 357 ;

10.1 Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables 357
10.2 Systems of Linear Equations in Several Variables 361
10.3 Partial Fractions 365
10.4 Systems of Nonlinear Equations 370
10.5 Systems of Inequalities 374

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved, May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in-part. <a
 Contents vii

Chapter 10 Review 380

Chapter 10 Test 384
FOCUS ON MODELING: Linear Programming 386

CHAPTER 11 MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS 391

11.1 Matrices and Systems of Linear Equations 391
11.2 The Algebra of Matrices 397 |
11.3 Inverses of Matrices and Matrix Equations 401
11.4 Determinants and Cramer's Rule 406
Chapter
11Review 413
Chapter
11Test 418
FOCUS ON MODELING: Computer Graphics 420

CHAPTER 12 CONIC SECTIONS 423

12.1 Parabolas 423
12.2 Ellipses 425
12.3 Hyperbolas 430
12.4 Shifted Conics 433
12.5 Rotation of Axes 439
12.6 Polar Equations of Conics 445
Chapter 12 Review 450
Chapter 12 Test 457
FOCUS ON MODELING: Conics in Architecture 458

CHAPTER 13 SEQUENCES AND SERIES 459

13.1 Sequences and Summation Notation 459
13.2 Arithmetic Sequences 461 -
13.3 Geometric Sequences 464
13.4 Mathematics of Finance 468
13.5 Mathematical Induction 470
13.6 The Binomial Theorem 475
Chapter 13 Review 477

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
viii Contents

Chapter 13 Test 481

m FOCUS ON MODELING: Modeling with Recursive Sequences 482

CHAPTER 14 COUNTING AND PROBABILITY 483

14.1 (Counting 483
14.2 Probability 486
14.3 Binomial Probability 490
14.4 ExpectedValue 493
Chapter 14 Review 494
Chapter 14 Test 497
m FOCUS ON MODELING: The Monte CarloMethod 497

APPENDIXES 499
A Geometry Review 499
Calculations and Significant Figures 499
C Graphing with a Graphing Calculator 500

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a-publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
PROLOGUE: Principles of Problem Solving

dista
. Letr be the rate of the descent. We use the formula time = = nee the ascent takes = h, the descent takes i h, and the
hg

total tripp should take Es

30 = =
5 h." Thus WwW vi a
we have Fei + -tue = 5
cm eS n:
Ti 0,, whichwhich isis impossible.
i ible. * SoSo the
th car cannot go

fast enough to average 30 mi/h for the 2-mile trip.

. Let us start with a given price P. After a discount of 40%, the price decreases to 0.6P. After a discount of 20%, the price
decreases to 0.8P, and after another 20% discount, it becomes 0.8 (0.8P) = 0.64P. Since 0.6P < 0.64P, a 40% discount
is better. .

. We continue the pattern. Three parallel cuts produce 10 piecés. Thus, each new cut produces an additional 3 pieces. Since
the first cut produces 4 pieces, we get the formula f (n) = 4+ 3(n—1),n > 1. Since f (142) = 4 +3 (141) = 427, we
see that 142 parallel cuts produce 427 pieces.

. By placing two amoebas into the vessel, we skip the first simple division which took 3 minutes. Thus when we place two
amoebas into the vessel, it will take 60 — 3 = 57 minutes for the vessel to be full of amoebas.

. The statement is false. Here is one particular counterexample:

Player A Player B
First half 1 hit in 99 at-bats: average = a 0 hit in 1 at-bat: average =
Second half 1 hit in | at-bat: average = + 98 hits in 99 at-bats: average = 3
Entire season 2 hits in 100 at-bats: average = Fi 99 hits in 100 at-bats: average = =

. Method 1: After the exchanges, the volume of liquid in the pitcher and in the cup is the same as it was to begin with. Thus,
any coffee in the pitcher of cream must be replacing an equal amount of cream that has ended up in the coffee cup.
Method 2: Alternatively, look at the drawing of the spoonful of coffee and cream
mixture being returned to the pitcher of cream. Suppose it is possible to separate
the cream and the coffee, as shown. Then you can see that the coffee going into the
_ cream occupies the same volume as the cream that was left in the coffee.

Method 3 (an algebraic approach): Suppose the cup of coffee has y spoonfuls of coffee. When one spoonful of cream
creams coffee y
is added to the coffee cup, the resulting mixture has the following ratios: - = — and — = :
mixture y+1 mixture y+]
: fe : . 1
So, when we remove a spoonful of the mixture and put it into the pitcher of cream, we are really removing sy ofa
Mi
spoonful of cream and * i spoonful of coffee. Thus the amount of cream left in the mixture (cream in the coffee) is
y
- a8 Sef a spoonful. This is the same as the amount of coffee we added to the cream.
yt1 yl.

. Let r be the radius of the earth in feet. Then the circumference (length of the ribbon) is 277. When we increase the radius
by 1 foot, the new radius is r + 1, so the new circumference is 27 (r + 1). Thus you need 27 (r + 1) — 27r = 27 extra
feet of ribbon.

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Principles of Problem Solving
.

8. The north pole is such a point. And there are others: Consider a point a; near the south pole such that the parallel passing
through a; forms a circle C; with circumference exactly one mile. Any point P; exactly one mile north of the circle Cy
along a meridian is a point satisfying the conditions in the problem: starting at P; she walks one mile south to the point a;
on the circle C), then one mile east along C; returning to the point a,, then north for one mile to P;. That’s not all. Ifa
point a2 (or a3, a4, a5, ...) is chosen near the south pole so that the parallel passing through it forms a circle C2 (C3, C4,
Cs, ...) with a circumference of exactly 5 mile ( imi, ‘ mi, t mi, ...), then the point P (P3, P4, Ps, ....) one mile north
of az (a3, a4, a5, ...) along a meridian satisfies the conditions of the problem: she walks one mile south from P (P3, P4,
Ps, ...) arriving at a2 ( a3, a4, a5, ...) along the circle Cz (C3, C4, Cs, ...), walks east along the circle for one mile thus
traversing the circle twice (three times, four times, five times, .. .) returning to a2 (a3, a4, a5, ...), and then walks north one
BALAEdCOs ea) Rad Eire Oren be)

© 2016 Cengage Learning.°All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
P —_PREREQUISITES

P1 MODELING THE REAL WORLD WITH ALGEBRA

1. Using this model, we find that if S = 12, L = 4S = 4(12) = 48. Thus, 12 sheep have 48 legs.
3. If x = $120 and T = 0.06x, then T = 0.06 (120) = 7.2. The sales tax is $7.20. .
5. Ifo = 70, t = 3.5, and d = ot, thend = 70 - 3.5 = 245. The car has traveled 245 miles.
N 240
7. (a) M = — = —— = 30 miles/gallon 9. (a) V =9.5S =9.5 (4km?) = 38 km3
es 175 6 = 175 = 7 gallons (b) 19 km? = 9.55 & S =2 km?
G 25
11. (a) (b) We know that P = 30 and we want to find d, so we solve-the
equation 30 = 14.7 + 0.45d = 15.3 = 0.45d &
0.45 (0) + 14.7 = 14.7 jPeys!
s d = —— = 34.0. Thus, if the pressure is 30 Ib/in’, the depth
0.45 (10) + 14.7 ='19.2 0.45
0.45 (20) + 14.7 = 23.7 is 34 ft.
0.45 (30) + 14.7 = 28.2
0.45 (40) + 14.7 = 32.7
0.45 (50) + 14.7 = 37.2
0.45 (60) + 14.7 = 41.7
13. The number N of cents in g quarters is N = 25q.
15. The cost C of purchasing x gallons of gas at $3.50 a gallon is C = 3.5x.
17. The distance d in miles that a car travels in ¢ hours at 60 mi/h is d = 60¢.
19. (a) $12 +3 ($1) = $12 + $3 = $15
(b) The cost C, in dollars, of a pizza with n toppings is C = 12 +n.
(c) Using the model C = 12 +n with C = 16, we get 16 = 12 +n <n =4. So the pizza has four toppings.
21. (a) (ji) For an all-electric car, the energy cost of driving x miles is Ce = 0.04x.
(ii) For an average gasoline powered car, the energy cost of driving x miles is Cg = 0.12x.
(b) (i) The cost of driving 10,000 miles with an all-electric car is Ce = 0.04 (10,000) = $400.
(ii) The cost of driving 10,000 miles with a gasoline powered car is Cg = 0.12 (10,000) = $1200.
4at+3b4+2c+ld+0f 4a4+3b+4+2c+d
23. (a) The GPA is atbtctdt+f
at+b+ctdtf
(b) Using a= 2-3 = 6,b =4,c = 3-3 = 9, andd = f = 0 in the formula from part (a), we find the GPA to be
BeGteae art 2°99 6. 54> 7
wm
c44+9 19

P2 THEREAL NUMBERS
1. (a) The natural numbers are {1, 2,3, ...}.
(b) The numbers {..., —3, —2, —1, 0} are integers but not natural numbers.

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
4 CHAPTER P Prerequisites

(c) Any irreducible fraction z with g $ 1 is rational but is not an integer. Examples: 3, ->, 1729
q
23 ‘

(d) Any number which cannot be expressed

Pp as a ratio P
q of two integers is irrational. Examples
p are a2, xf3! a, and e.

. The set of numbers between but not including 2 and 7 can be written as (a) {x | 2 < x < 7} in interval notation, or (b) (2, 7)
in interval notation.
5. The distance between a and b on the real line is d (a, b) = |b — a]. So the distance between —5 and 2 is |2 — (—5)| = 7.
7. (a) No:a—b=—(b—a) #b —a in general.
(b) No; by the Distributive Property, —2(a — 5) = —2a + —2 (—5) = —2a + 10 4 —2a — 10.

. (a) Natural number: 100

(b) Integers: 0, 100, —8

(c) Rational numbers: —1.5, 0, 5, 2.71. 3.14, 100; —8

(d) Irrational numbers: /7, —7

11. Commutative Property of addition 13. Associative Property of addition

15. Distributive Property 17. Commutative Property of multiplication

19, x+3=3+x 21.4(4+ B) =44A+4B

23. 3@+y) =3x+3y 25.

4(2m) = (4-2)m = 8m

27. —3 (2x — 4y) = —3 (2x) + 3 Gy) = —Sx + 10y 29.) H+Bp=% 0 -+ Sleell wp

1 Tres 5 4.559
(b) 4+ 5 = 39 + 20 = 20
S16

(Bees 7
(c) 3.5= 4
35. (a) False 37. (a) True
(b) True _ (b) False
Sh} (a)x >0 (b)t <4 41. (a) AUB = (1,2,
3,4,5,6,7,8}
(c)la>n (d) -S <x <3 (b) ANB =(2,4,6}
(e) Ip—31 <5
43. (a) AUC =i 2535425,Ons5,o7 10; 454(a) BUC = {x |x <5}

(b) ANC ={7} (b) BNC = {x |-1 <x <4}

47. (—3;0) =x [—3 <x. <0) 49. (248) = {x [2 <x <8}

——S O—————— na
~4 0 z 8

nHls [2, 00) = {x | x = 2} 53.x < 14x €(—oo,1]

————————
>
2

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. —
 SECTION P.2 The Real Numbers 5

55. —2<x<1lexe(-2,1] : 57.x > —1 <x € (—1, 00)

$1 > Et
nT atl
=) 1 =

59. (a) [—3, 5] (b) (—3, 5] 61. (—2, 0) U (1, 1) = (-2, 1)

roy 1

Oe _oO———Oc——>
_0 6 —4 4

67. (a) |100| = 100 69. (a) ||—6| — |—4]| = |6 — 4] = |2| =2

(b) |-73]
=73 — ) Ey = b=
71. (a) |(—2)
-6]= |—12| = 12 73. |(—2)
— 3| = |-5| =5

(b) |(—3) (-15)| = 151 =5

75. (a) |17-2| =
(b) [21 — (—3)| = |21 + 3] = [24] = 24

Memmi
@|-#-¥|-|-8-8|-[-81-8
CH ee

set xO) Aijieee. SO LOX

PAL Ppt ies

757177 203 = OTTIES. . <> 9x =. SThus, > = 3.

(b) Let x= 0.2888 .... So 100x = 28.8888... <> 10x = 2.8888... <>90x= 26. Thus, x = 38 = 33.
Se eee—00)-515)
5) 6150 1007 57.5/5/ 5... > x = 0.9797... <> 99x = 57. Thus,x = a = R.

79. 7 > 3,so|7 —3| = 7-3. 81.a < b,sola—b| =-—(a—b)=b

83. (a) —a is negative because a is positive.
(b) bc is positive because the product of two negative numbers is positive.
(c) a — ba + (—b) is positive because it is the sum of two positive numbers.
(d) ab +ac is negative: each summand is the product of a positive number and a negative number, and the sum of two
negative numbers is negative.
85. Distributive Property
87. (a) When L = 60,x = 8, and y= 6, we have L + 2(x + y) = 60 +2 (8+6) = 60+28 = 88. Because 88 < 108 the
post office will accept this package.
When L = 48, x = 24, and y = 24, we have L+2(x + y)= ST Amara= 48 + 96 = 144, and since
144 < 108, the post office will not accept this package.
(b) Ifx = y = 9, then L +2(9+9) < 108 L +36 < 108 SL < 72. So the length can be as long as 72 in. = 6 ft.
89. 4 + ,/2 is irrational. If it were rational, then by Exercise 6(a), the sum (3+ V2) 4 (-2) = ./2 would be rational, but
this is not the case.
Similarly, $ - 2 is irrational.
(a) Following the hint, suppose that r + ¢ = q, a rational number. Then by Exercise 6(a), the sum of the two rational
numbers r + ¢ and —,r is rational. But (r + t) + (—r) = t, which we know to be irrational. This is a contradiction, and
hence our original premise—that r + ¢ is rational—was false.

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
6 CHAPTER P_ Prerequisites

) ; a ; ; pte
b) r is rational, sor = — for some integers a and b. Let us assume that rt =
b g : q g, a rational number. Then by definition,

c b ie :
Bia for some integers c and d. But thenrt =q © if= =iwhence ¢= = implying that¢ is rational. Once again
a
we have arrived at a contradiction, and we conclude that the product of a rational number and an irrational number is
irrational.
91. (a) Construct the number /2 on the number line by transferring
‘ Teas
the length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle with legs of v2 11 :
length | and 1. ec: ee :
== 0 1 Pe 2 3

(b) Construct a right triangle with legs of length 1 and 2. By the °

5
Pythagorean Theorem, the length of the hypotenuse is iden
1A
V1? ++22 = 4/5.
/5. Then
Then transfer
transfer the
the length
length of
of the
the hypot
hypotenuse = , ; 1!
ee coos
to the number line.

(c) Construct a right triangle with legs of length /2 and 2

[construct 2 as in part (a)]. By the Pythagorean Theorem,
2
the length of the hypotenuse is ,/ (v2) +22 = ./6. Then i
-l
transfer the length of the hypotenuse to the number line.
93. Answers will vary.

1. Using exponential notation we can write the product 5.5-5-5-5-5as 56.

3. In the expression 34, the number 3 is called the base and the number 4 is called the exponent.
5
5. When we divide two powers with the same base, we subtract the exponents. So goon 33,

1
UENE\ (a) One 2h=5 ()23fiers =ne=1 hiss
©) (5)
ee
.
ae @d)=—l =23 =8

9. (a) No, (G) = (5) =.

ee EN :
(b) Yes, (—5)4 = 625 and —54 = — (5 )= eo)
r 3

(a)
11. (a) —2°
= —64 (b) (—2)6= 64:
b) (—2)° (5)=)1\2 .(3;7 =12 (—3)3
car =— 5% asege=-2
She 1 Se? OT dy Le?
13.
(a) G) oy ee Ee
5 (b) 3
b) —- =
338
— = -
(c) (3)
=, aes
4° = 16
3
15, (a) 5995 542525 (b) 32 39 = 32 =9 (c) (27) = 76 64
10’ Bh ee
17. (a) 54-572
= 5? =25 b) —; = 10° = 1000 —S=—=-
©) gts SE BE Te
3
19. (a) x2x3 =x243 = ;5 (b) (—x) = (-1)3 x23 = —x6 (c) 17325 = 17345 = 72
PPC eee ce 1
ris w-2w~4w> = w72-445 = w-l = 1
x w
 SECTION P.3 Integer Exponents and Scientific Notation 7

23. (a) ——— = 9-2-1 = 96 (b) (aa) = (a2+4)" = (a°)’ =a°3 =ql8
(©) x)? (5x°) = 22x2 5x6 — 209x246 — 20x8
25. (a) (3:7) (2x3) = 3.2x2+3y — 6x5y

(2a*b-1) (3a-7b) = 2-3a?-25-14? = 6b

0 (4y) (xy) = dy2x42y2 — 4y8,2+2— 4,8,
Be) ) (oe) ese
| x 2 -1 7
)
i Ee
—, : y

roy .

(#3) (AY? ato AD aie I

Mey ® =e ay) ps
2,—2 3) = g2(-3) p-2(-3) g3(-2) = g—-6p6g-6= 2

Fs 2y-3
Tee 'bite 2(-2)y -(-2)(-2) -2°y
.93 -3(3)x 23) =x"Br y" aes Qoeee
- 8y" 7x” fied = 8x —4-6 y 4-9 Sa8
xy

a ae gt ae
© 22x32 ae

ryaSen cyee 1GD aC Nan 2s 3

aes) yy cy
a ¥?

Sreesey
3a
\ 5) é 5 ay is

2) Ba ae “Na |
ae Sieas ; mi Sree |
ot

437, (a) 3.19 x 108= 319,000

(b) 2.721 x 108 == 272,100,000
©. 2.670x10-8=0. 90000002670 ASAE
(@) 9999x 10-9 += 0.990900009999
: Ci ee & } - sa +
8 CHAPTER P Prerequisites

41. (7.2 x 10-) (1.806 x 10-12) = 7.2 x 1.806 x 1079 x 107!2 ~ 13.0 x 1072! = 1.3 x 10720
295643 x 10° 1.29564
gee OONO ore es EONS 941 Sieg azo 1019 1499 6 109
(3.610 x 10-!7) (2.511 x 10°) 3.610 x 2.511
oP (0.0000162) (0.01582) _ (1.62 x 107>) )((1.582 x 1072 ) _ 1.62 x 1.582 RS a TT
* (594621000) (0.0058) (5.94621 x 108) (5.8x 10-3) 5.94621 x 5.8
=7.4x 107/4
47. |10°° i 1019 <-10°°, whereas jot! a 19100| = 10!00 119 — 1] = 9 x 10! & 1959, go 10!9 is closer to 10° than
10! is to 10101,
49. Since one light year is 5.9 x 10!2 miles, Centauri is about 4.3 x 5.9 x 10!2 ~ 2.54 x 10!3 miles away or
25,400,000,000,000 miles away.

; 103 lit ;
51. Volume = (average depth) (area) = (3.7 x 103 m) (3.6 x 10/4 m?) (SS) = 1.33 x 102! liters
m
53. The number of molecules is equal to

liters molecules 3 6.02 x 103 7

(volume) - (=) (Sines) = (5-10-3): (10 )(SS ~ 4.03 x 10
22.4 liters

55.

$152.08
308.79
470.26
636.64
808.08

@ 185
57. (a) —
is\>
5 =(—])
-=(5) =25 =32

(b) 20° - (0.5)° = (20 - 0.5)® = 10° = 1,000,000

—n bhn
59. (a) We wish to prove that (2) = —. By definition, and using the result from Exercise 58(b),
a

1]
qt
b™ pe a pi qn et aie vg
(b) We wish to prove that me i = aa =
By definition, ——
h-m

P4 RATIONAL EXPONENTS AND RADICALS

1. Using exponential notation we can write </5 as 51/3,
1/2 : 2 2
3. No. V5? = (5?) = 202) = 5'end (V5) "= (#172) estes
5. Because the denominator is of the form Ja, we multiply numerator and denominator by ,/a: F —"" F : 3 re en

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or inpat. — =.
‘
ae *,
a ”
 SECTION P-4 Rational Exponents and Radicals

7. No. Ifa is negative, then V4a? = —2a.

1
95 = 31/2 11,423
= Sq — 3/16
V3
13. </53 = 53/5 15.a2/5 = /q2
17. V/y4
= y4/3 19. (a) /16 = V42 =4
(b) 16 = 24 =2
laa DY at
© tie 4(G) 2
21. (a) 32/16 = 32-23
= 63/2 23.(a) «(15/28 = 7 284/190 = 14
NE eT ae 2 ee y es
Be ae Riis aa 4, Oe V16=4

* oe Pee wel i hs = 1/1296

=6
Dede Ne 22 i 2s
25. (a) 2 Ey a re 27. Vx4 = |x|

29. /32y6= V/25y6 = 21/6 = 2y Hy 31. V16x8 = Y24x8 = 2x?

33. V/x3y = (x3)'? yu AY 35. ¥36r214= y (6rt2)? = 6 |r| t?

37. JJoan’ = (8|x3{)!° = 2 1x1 }

39. /32+ 18 = J162+ V2 =V4? .24 V32.2= 4/2432 =7V2
41. /125 — /45 = J25-5—/9-5 = V52.-5 — V32.5 = 5/5 — 3.5 =
43. /9a3 — Ja = V32a? -a — Ja =3aJa — Ja = (3a —1) Ja
45. x4 + Y8x = Vx3x+ Bx =x YE 429% = (x +2) YR
47. /81x? +81 = ,/81 (x2 +1) = V81Vx2 +1 =9Vx2 +1
1 1
49. (a) 16'/4WS Rhee
=2 (b) pad —125
osbe 5 (95eel 9172ee= 3
2 . 4\-1/2- pW g\ 1/2 3 16\3/4 72\3 8
Bi. (a) 327/°2/5—
— (325)
(3971/5) =
— 22
2? — =4 =
(b)(5) aaa 5
(3) ee ; () Be
(5) SGT (5)
fd SaoF

53. (a) 52/3. 51/3 = 52/3+1/3 _ 51 — 5 b) Bae

5ie 8/S 2/5:=" 573
5 (c) (v4)
374\3 Bi) my |

55. When
x = 3, y= arn niwctan P= PT = J/9+16 = J/25 =5.
57. When
x = 3, y = 4, z = —1 we have
(9x)2/3 vfQyy2/3 4 22/3 =(9. 3)2/3 + (2 . 4)2/3 uh (4127/3 = (33)2/3
/ + (23)2/3
/ + (11/3

. = 37 42741=94441=14.

59. (a) x3/4x5/4 = x3/44+5/4 = x? (b) 2/8 yA 2/34/38. y2-

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
10 CHAPTER P Prerequisites

4 4 3
61. (a)’ ———
pi
= w4/342/3-1/3 = 5/3 (by) —\__*—
ai/4
= 23g(5/2)+3/4)3-1/4 — gq13/4

63. (a) (sa%p3/2)” — g2/346(2/3) p(3/2)(2/3) — ag4h (by (4ab8)3/2 = 43/2q6/2)58G/2) — ga95!2
ue. S073 3(0/ ays pele| -1/3 _ ,A(-1/3) )6(—1/3). — 1
65. (a) (sy3 ) g-2/35 Fe (b) (u4,6p ) u p a
-2/3 =2\1/6
67. @ (2-2
yz
\(2=) 0 = -28+C-90/8,-12-C3)0/6 = 1:
J\ 53
1/22 4 aed \ 1/2 = x(1/2)(4) 204) 9-104) y(—1/4)(4) 41/2
i) (57) (4) —2(1/2) 4(1/2) y~2(1/2)
y 'y-
4
= x2y8g-4y—“19y-1y-2y-1 = 2-441 ,2-1,,8-1-2-1 —

69. Vx3 = x3/? 11. Vx5 = x5/9

TE (7°) (¥57) = y5/6, y2/3 = y5/6+2/3 — 3/2 75. (53/x) (24x) = 5 -2x1/3+1/4 = 107/12

Tih
Ses:
4 -—— Nigel ae oh.
16u3v5 =
| 16u2 4 =
4
a
x3 uv D D

81. VxY Ha tana ae ee 3 141/2\!/3 _ 3/2)00/3) — 41/2

SEGRE a as =a ee 83.JF =(y'4?) =y ae
ayrulscall v6 v6 ajo aul St ter Om
85.
S/618 3/6 596 6 ; J5x «5x 5x aX

5 Me
2 AID» fal2 402,
» EV fF B_
SF Wa Saks
9 a Neri
ae = aid sya = 92 ML FiiMiae
ia ioena/sie
oiaiee dork
wee

89. @ ==>
1
UX! itr, =
] J x2
gies
Sx2
%
ji de ee a ee
Vx5 x5 x a
i 1 Wetted
OWSz x
WTF
x x
91. (a) Since5> 4,2!/2 > 21/3.

(b) (He = 27!/2 and eae = 271/3, Since -. cm -}, we have (Ke < Gye
1 mile
93; First convert 1135 feet to miles, This gives 1135 ft = 1135- = 0.215 mi. Thus the distance you can see is given
5280 feet
by D = V2rh + h2 = \/2 (3960) (0.215) + (0.215)? /1702.8©41.3 miles.
oS: (a) Substituting, we get 0.30 (60)+0.38 (3400)!/2—3 (650)!/3 ~ 1840.38 (58.31)—3 (8.66) © 18+22.16—25.98 ~ 14.18.
Since this value is less than 16, the sailboat qualifies for the race.
(b) Solve for A when L = 65and V = 600. Substituting, we get 0.30 (65) + 0.384!/2 — 3 (600)!/3 < 16
19.5 + 0.38A!/2 — 25.30 < 16 = 0.38A!/2 — 5.80 < 16 <9 0.38A!/2 < 21.80 41/2 < 5738 4 < 3292.0.
Thus, the largest possible sail is 3292 ft2.

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole orinpart. =
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 TABLE OF CONTENTS. XV Ethelfrid, king of the
Northumbrians — Augustine preaches the faith to the English, 107
Chapter XXXI. — Saint Columba's prophecy about the sons of
Aydanus — His death — Saint Drostanus and his parentage, . 108
Chaptek XXXII. — Accession of Eugenius, son of Aydanus — Saint
Gillenius and Saint Columbanus, . . . .109 Chapter XXXIII. —
Cadwallo, king of the Britons, takes to flight, and comes to Scotland
for assistance — Arrival of Saint Oswald, and his brothers baptized
there — Burial of the right hand and sword of King Eugenius in the
stony moor, . .110 Chapter XXXIV. — Accession of King Ferchardus,
and his brother Donaldus blessed, while yet a boy, by Saint Columba
— Return of Saint Oswald to his fatherland, . . . .112 Chapter XXXV.
— Saint Oswald — Saint Aydan chosen to convert the Saxons, . . . . .
. . .113 Chapter XXXVI. — Preaching of Saint Aydan — Death of the
holy King Oswald, . . . . . . . .114: Chapter XXXVII. — Accession of
King Ferchardus — Saint Finanus, Saint Furseus, Saint Foilanus and
Saint Ultanus, . 115 Chapter XXXVIII. — Saint Colman — He
preaches for three years — His return to Scotland, . . . . .116
Chapter XXXIX. — Number of kings of the Angles whom the Scots
baptized — Bishops by whom they were baptized, . .117 Chapter XL.
— Accession of King Maldwynus — Bishop Tuda succeeds Colman, . .
. . . . . .118 Chapter XLI. — Flight of Cadwaladr, last king of the
Britons, from Britain — Causes why God cast them out of the
kingdom, 119 Chapter XLII. — These causes continued — Future
return of the Britons prophesied by an angel — Some of Merlin's
prophecies on this event, . . . . . . . .121 Chapter XLIII. — Accession
of the kings Eugenius IV. and Eugenius V. — Saint Cuthbert — Saint
Adamnan, . . .122 Chapter XLIV. — Accession of King Amrikelleth —
His death — Saint Chillian, the Scot, and his disciples, . . . .123
 XVI TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE Chapter XLV. — Accession
of the kings Eugenius VI. and Murdacus — State of things in Britain
at that time, . . .124 Chapter XL VI. — Accession of the three kings,
Ethfyn, Eugenius or Nectanius, and Fergus — Death of the latter by
the hand of the Queen, 125 Chapter XLVII. — Accession of
Selwalchius — King Charles the Great, 126 Chapter XL VIII. —
Accession of King Achay, who first entered into an alliance with the
Franks : Cause thereof — The distinguished soldier Gilmerius the
Scot, . . . . .127 Chapter XLIX. — Ambassadors of the Scots sent to
Charles, to confirm this alliance, . . . . . . .128 Chapter L. — Heinous
treachery of the Northumbrians towards their kings, so that none
durst rule them, . . . .129 Chapter LI. — Rise of the Paris schools. By
whom established, 130 Chapter LIII. — Accession of the kings
Convallus and Dungallus, who revived the long slumbering war
against the Picts, 132 BOOK IV. Chapter T. — Rule of succession of
foregoing and subsequent kings of the Scots, down to the time of
Malcolm, the son of Kenneth, 134 Chapter II. — Accession of King
Alpin — His defeat by the Picts — His death — Example of hastiness,
135 Chapter III. — Accession of King Kenneth, son of Alpin — His
strange trick against the Picts, . . . . . .139 Chapter IV. — His
victories against the Picts — He wins their kingdom, ......... 137
Chapter VIII. — King Kenneth's final victory over the Picts — His
death, 139 Chapter IX. — Preliminary remarks to the Catalogue of
Pictish kings, . . . . . . . . . .140 Chapter X. — Catalogue of Pictish
kings — Arrival of the blessed Abbot Columba, 141
 TABLE OF CONTENTS. XVll PAGE Chapter XI. — Catalogue
continued — Conversion of Brude, king of the Picts, by the blessed
Columba — Prince of the Orkneys then a captive, ......... 142 Chapter
XII. — Catalogue continued — The king with whom the Pictish
kingdojn came to an end, . . . . . .143 Chapter XIII. — Hungus, king
of the Picts, and Athelwlf, king of the Angles, were contemporaries
— Athelstan, the son of the latter, 144 Chapter XIV. — Victory of
Hungus, king of the Picts, over Athelstan ; whose head he directed
to be fixed on a stake, . 146 Chapter XV. — Accession of the kings
Donald, son of Alpin, and Constantine, son of Kenneth — Death of
Donald, . . .147 Chapter XVI. — Constantine slain by Danes and
Norwegians — Accession of King Heth, the Wing-footed, . . . .148
Chapter XVII. — Accession of King Gregory, who brings under his
yoke the whole of Ireland, and nearly the whole of England, 149
Chapter XVIII. — Gregory — His death — Martyrdom of the blessed
King Edmund — Nearly the whole of England at that time subject to
the Scots and Danes, 151 Chapter XIX. — John Scotus, the
Philosopher — The Emperor Arnulph, who was eaten up by lice, 152
Chapter XX. — Accession of King Donald, son of Constantine — His
death, 153 Chapter XXI. — Accession of King Constantine, son of
Heth, the Wing-footed — He gives the lordship of Cumbria to
Donald's son, Eugenius, his expected next heir, . . .154 Chapter XXII.
— Constantine — Woeful and cruel battle of Brounyngfeld, . . . . . . .
.156 Chapter XXIII. — Loss inflicted upon the Scots by this battle —
^Death of Constantine in the monastic garb, . . .157 Chapter XXIV.;
— Accession of King Malcolm, son of Donald — The English King
Edmund restores Cumbria to him, . .158 Chapter XXV. — ^Death of
Malcolm — Accession ofKinglndulf — He is slain by the Danes, 159
VOL. II. &
 XVIU TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAQK Chapter XXVI. —
Accession of King Duff — After his death, his body is hidden under a
bridge ; and not a ray of sunlight shines on the kingdom until it is
found, . . . . .160 Chapter XXVII. — Accession of King Culen — His
death — Fable given in the English Chronicles, . . . .161 Chapter
XXVIII. — Accession of Kenneth, son of Malcolm — Divers disputes
— Unsteadiness in the rule of succession of the emperors as well as
of kings, . . . . • .163 Chapter XXIX, — Kenneth — Novel change in
the rule of succession of the emperors and of the kings of Scotland,
. .164 Chapter XXXII. — Strange instrument of treason to deceive
King Kenneth — A wily woman's flattery, . . . .165 Chapter XXXIII. —
Kenneth's death by treachery — His son Malcolm promoted to the
lordship of Cumbria, . . .167 Chapter XXXIV. — ^Accession of the
kings Canstantine the Bald and Gry me, son of Kenneth, . . . . . .168
Chapter XXXV. — The above-mentioned Prince of Cumbria, Malcolm,
son of Kenneth, will not, on behalf of the Cumbrians, pay tribute to
the Danes, as the rest of the inhabitants of England do, 169 Chapter
XXXVI. — Condition of the English as set forth in the Polychronicon
— A certain prophecy, . . . . .170 Chapter XXXVII. — Source of the
calamities brought upon the English by the Danes, who, according to
William, repeatedly lay England waste in all directions, . . . . .171
Chapter XXXVIII. — King Gryme slain by the above-mentioned
Malcolm, son of Kenneth, . . . . , .172 Chapter XXXIX. — Accession
of this King Malcolm — His daughter Beatrice marries Crynyne,
Abthane of Dul, . .173 Chapter XL. — Malcolm — Foundation of a
bishopric at Marthillach, now transferred to Aberdeen, . . . .175
Chapter XLL— Struggle of King Malcolm for Cumbria with Cnuto the
Dane, then king of England — His death, . .176 Chapter XLIII. —
King Malcolm's liberality, or, rather, prodi 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS. XlX PAQB gality ; for he retained for
himself no part of the kingdom but the Moothill of Scone, 177
Chapter XLIV. — Accession of King Duncan, grandson of the above-
mentioned Malcolm — His death — »He was too longsuffering or
easy-going, . . . . . . .179 Chapter XLV. — Accession of King
Machabeus — King Duncan's sons driven out of the kingdom into
England, * . .180 Chapter XLVI. — Outlawry of the Thane of Fife,
Macduff by name, on account of the friendship he bore towards
Duncan's sons, Malcolm, called Canmore, and Donald, . . .181
Chapter XL VII. — First arrival of Malcolm Canmore at the Court of
Edward King of England — Marianus Scotus, . . .183 BOOK V.
Chapter I. — Macduff urges Malcolm Canmore to return to the
kingdom — The latter, to try whether he was in good faith or was
deceiving him, falsely asserts that he is sensual, . .184 Chapter IT. —
Malcolm adduces various instances of kings having lost their
kingdoms through sensuality, • . . . .185 Chapter III. — Macduff, in
answer, adduces the instance of the Emperor Octavian, who was
sensual, yet most happy, . .186 Chapter IV. — Malcolm tries him a
second time, by asserting himself to be a thief — Macduff answers
by laying down the remedy for this vice, . . . . . . . 187 Chapter V. —
Malcolm tries him a third time, by confessing that he is most false
and cunning — Macduff can find no remedy for this fault, and retires
in sorrow, . . . . .189 Chapter VI. — Malcolm, now assured of his
good faith, promises to return to the kingdom with him, . . . . .190
Chapter VII. — Malcolm's return to Scotland — Machabeus falls in
battle, 191 Chapter VIII. — The author makes allowance for the
people
 XX TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE of any kingdom deserting
an unlawful king in battle — Lulath is raised to the throne — His
death, . . . . .193 Chapter IX. — Accession of King Malcolm to the
kingdom — He fights with a traitor, . . . . . . .194 Chapter X. — T^ie
fight — The trait;or is worsted, . . .195 Chapter XI. — Death of
Edward, king of the English — The nobles would have made the
blessed Margaret's brother, Edward, king, had the clergy consented
— Vision of Saint Edward, . 196 Chapter XII. — How William the
Bastard's coming to England was brought about — Saint Patemus
the Scot, . . .198 Chapter XIII. — ^Wretched and treacherous lives
led by the English before William's arrival, . . . . .199 Chapter XIV. —
Happily for the Scots, Edgar Atheling and his sister Margaret,
afterwards Queen of the Scots, land in Scotland, 200 Chapter XV. —
King Malcolm weds Saint Margaret — He gladly welcomes all English
fugitives, . . . , . .202 Chapter XVI. — The sons and daughters he
begat of Margaret — Ravages he commits in England, . , . . 203
Chapter XVII. — The Northumbrians give hostages to King Malcolm,
and cleave to him — He routs William's brother Odo, 204 Chapter
XVIII. — Virtuous and charitable works of King Malcolm and the
Queen, ....... 205 Chapter XIX. — Death of William the Bastard — He
could not go to his grave without challenge — Good understanding
come to between William Rufus, the son of William, and Malcolm —
Virtues of Malcolm and his Queen, ..... 206 Chapter XX. —
Foundation of the Church of Durham by Malcolm— Siege of the
Castle of Murealden by the same — He and his son slain there, ........
208 Chapter XXI. — Death of Saint Margaret — Siege of the Castle
of Maidens by Donald the king's brother, who invades the kingdom—
Flight of the king's sons out of the kingdom, . . 209 Chapter XXII. —
An Englishman, Orgar by name, challenges
 TABLE OF CONTENTS. XXI PAGE Edgar Atheling to single
comliat for treason against King William II, 210 Chaptek XXIII Duel
— The challenger is slain by Godwin of Winton, . . .211 Chaptek
XXIV. — Duncan, Malcolm's illegitimate son, wrests the kingdom
from his uncle Donald — His death — Donald recovers the kingdom
— The King of Norway takes possession of our isles, 213 Chapter
XXV. — Return of Malcolm's sons from England — Flight of Donald
from battle, 214 Chapter XXVI. — Accession of King Edgar, Malcolm's
son, to the throne — Donations made to Saint Cuthbert, . . .215 C
hapter XXVII. — Marriage of Edgar's sisters, Matilda to Henry, King
of England, and Mary to Eustace, Count of Boulogne — Their sons
and daughters — Edgar's death, . . . .216 Chapter XXVIII. —
Accession of his brother Alexander, surnamed Fers — His character, .
. . . . .217 Chapter XXIX. — Death of his sisters, namely. Queen
Matilda and the Countess Mary — Their holy acts — Their burial, .
218 Chapter XXX. — Praise of the virtues of that Queen Matilda ; of
one good work especially, told by her brother, King David, to the
Abbot Baldred, 220 Chapter XXXI. — Accession of the blessed King
David — Praise of him and his brothers — He weds Matilda,
daughter and heiress of Waldeof, Earl of Huntingdon, . . . .221
Chapter XXXII. — War waged by King David against Stephen, King
of England — Conquest of Northumbria and Cumbria by a battle
fought at Allerton, 222 Chapter XXXIII. — David's son, Henry, weds
Ada, daughter of WiUiam, Earl of Warenne — Their sons and
daughters, and to whom the latter were wedded — Henry's death, .
. .223 Chapter XXXIV. — King David bids his grandson Malcolm,
Henry's son, be taken about through the kingdom, and proclaimed
as the future King — David's death to be bewailed, not on his own
account, but for the Scots, . . . .225
 XXU TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE Chapter XXXV. — Preface
to tlie Abbot Baldred's Lament on King David's death — Praise of
Henry, King of England, forasmuch as King David sprang from his
family, and was knighted by him, ......... 226 Chapter XXXVI. —
Beginning of the Lament, for all his people had reason to bewail him,
. . . . . .227 Chapter XXXVII. — Lament continued — He was beloved
by God and man, and undertook the sovereignty, rather because of
others' need than through lust of power, . . . .228 Chapter XXXVIII.
— Lament continued — Bishoprics and Monasteries founded and
endowed by him, 230 Chapter XXXIX. — La.ment continued — He
was the comforter of the sorrowing and the father of the fatherless,
. . .231 Chapter XL. — Lament, continued — He was always anxious
to bring back to peace and concord those at variance, especially
wrangling, clergy, . . . . . . . .232 Chapter XLI. — Lament continued
— He would have resigned the throne, and betaken himself to the
spot where our Lord suffered, had he not been turned back by the
advice of churchmen, the tears of the poor, the groans of the widow,
the desolation of the people, and the crying and wailing of the whole
country, ........ 233 Chapter XLII. — Lament continued — God
scourged him in his son's death — His God and Lord found him
watching, . . 235 Chapter XLIII. — Lament continued — His time
was all taken up with prayer, alms, or some seemly task, . . .236
Chapter XLIV. — Lament continued — The trials of the English
taught the Scots to be faithful to their kings, and preserve mutual
harmony among themselves, . . . . .237 Chapter XLV. — Lament
continued — On Wednesday, the 20th of May, he perceived that his
dissolution was at hand ; and having taken the Sacrament of the
Lord's body, he bade them bring forward the Lord's cross, 238
Chapter XLVI. — Lament continued — His extreme unction — He
 TABLE OF CONTENTS. XXIU PAGK threw himself off the bed
upon the ground and took that Sacrament with great devoutness, . .
. . . .239 Chapter XL VII. — Lament continued — In his very
sickness, when his life was at stake, he remembered the poor, and
asked the cleric, his secretary, whether he had dispensed the usual
alms that day, . . . . . . . .241 Chapter XL VIII. — Lament continued
— He went on praying while singing psalms, . . . . . . .242 Chapter
XLIX. — Lament continued — On Sunday, the 24th of May, when the
sun had dispelled the darkness, the King, taking leave of the
darkness of the body, passed into the joys of the true light, 243
Chapter L. — His pedigree traced on the father's side up to Japhet,
son of Noah, . . . . . . .244 Chapter LI. — Prologue to his pedigree on
his mother's side, . 247 Chapter LII. — His pedigree on the mother's
side traced, according to Baldred, as far as Shem, son of Koah ; and
from him to Seth, son of Adam, who is the father of all, . . .247
ANNALS. I. Coronation of King Malcolm the younger. Prince Henry's
son, called " the Maiden," . . .249 VII. Coronation of King William, . .
. . .254 XI. King William taken, 258 XX. King William released from
fealty to England, . .267 XXIX. Coronation of King Alexander ii. at
Scone, . .275 XLVL Death of this King Alexander il, . . . .288 XL VIII.
Coronation of King Alexander iii. at Scone, . .289 LXVII. Betrothal of
Yolande, daughter of the Count of Dreux, in France, to Alexander iii..
King of Scots — This King's death, 304 LXVIII. Beginning of the
government of the Guardians after King Alexander's death, . . , ,
.305
 XXIV TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE LXX. Discussion of the
rights of Robert of Bruce and John of Balliol, 306 LXXIII. Account, or
Pedigree of the Kings of Scotland, . 309 LXXV. King William's brother
David, Earl of Huntingdon, 310 LXXVI. Earl David's daughter
Isabella, who wedded Robert of Bruce, . . . . . . .311 LXXVII. Issue of
King Robert Bruce by his first wife, . 311 LXXVIII. That King's issue
by his second wife, . . .312 LXXIX. Death of John of BaUiol, 312
LXXX. Daughters of King Malcolm and Saint Margaret ; and the
degree of kinship between David and Edward, the Kings of Scotland
and of England, 312 LXXXI. Guardians of the kingdom chosen after
the death of King Alexander in., . . . . .313 LXXXII. Slaughter of
Duncan, Earl of Fife, . . .313 LXXXIII. Marriage to be contracted
between the son of the King of England and Margaret, daughter of
the King of Norway, . . . . , .314 LXXXIV. Dispute which arose
between Robert Bruce and John of Balliol, 314 LXXXV. John of Balliol
created King of Scotland, . .315 LXXXVI. Steps which led to the
deprivation of the same, . 316 LXXXVII. The King of England has the
King of Scotland cited to the Marches, etc., . . . .316 LXXXVIII. The
King of England beguiles the first Robert of Bruce with smooth
words, . . . .316 LXXXIX. The nobles of Fife sent to guard the town
of Berwick— Their death, 317 XC. Taking of the town of Berwick by
Edward i., King of England, 317 XCI. Expulsion of the English from
the kingdom of Scotland, . . ... . . .318 XCII. Battle of Dunbar, 318
XCIII. Abettors of John of Balliol and Robert Bruce, . 319
 p TABLE OF CONTENTS. XXV XCIV. Answers given by the
King of England to the first Eobert Bruce, ....... 319 XCV. John of
Balliol and his son Edward taken, . 320 XCVI. The Estates of
Scotland do homage to the King of England, 320 XCVII. The
Magnates of Scotland meet together to guard the kingdom, .......
321 XCVIII. Rise and first start of WiUiam Wallace, . . .321 XCIX.
Battle of Stirling Bridge, 322 C. William Wallace winters in England, .
. .322 CI. Battle of Falkbk, 323 CII. WiUiam Wallace resigns the
office of Guardian, . .324 cm. John Comyn becomes Guardian of
Scotland, . .324 CIV. Truce granted at the instance of the King of
France, to the Estates of the kingdom of Scotland, . .324 GV. John
de Soulis, 325 CVI. The King of England sunomoned to the Court of
Rome, 325 CVII. Conflict of Roslyn, 325 CIX. The King of England
scours the plains and hills, and brings the kingdom of Scotland
under peaceful subjection to himself, . . . . . .328 ex. The Estates of
Scotland make their submission to the King of England, 329 CXI.
Stirling Castle besieged by the King of England, .329 CXII. Rise of
Robert of Bruce, King of Scotland, . . 330 CXIII. League of King
Robert with John Comyn, . .330 CXIV. King Robert accused before
the King of England, by John Comyn, ....... 331 CXV. Death of John
Comyn's messenger, . . .332 CXVI. Death of William Wallace, 332
CXVII. John Comyn's death, . . . . . .332 CXVIII. Coronation of King
Robert Bruce, 333 CXIX. Battle of Methven, 334
 XXVI TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE CXX. Conflict at Dairy, in
the borders of Argyll, . .334 CXXI. Sundry troubles which fell upon
King Kobert, . 335 CXXII. Rout at Slenach (Slaines), 336 CXXIII.
Death of King Edward L, King of England, . .336 CXXIV. Rout at
Inverury, 337 CXXV. Victory over the Gallwegians, at the river Dee, .
337 CXXVI. Conflict of King Robert with the men of Argyll, .338
CXXIX. The town of Perth taken by King Robert, . .338 CXXX.
Roxburgh Castle taken by James of Douglas, . 339 CXXXI. Conflict at
Bannockburn, 339 CXXXII. Edward crosses into Ireland, . . . .340
CXXXIII. The town of Berwick taken, . . . .340 CXXXIV. Berwick
besieged by the King of England, . . 340 CXXXV. Treachery of John of
Soulis and his adherents, . 341 CXXXVII. The King of Scotland
crosses into England, and the King of England into Scotland, . . .341
CXXXVIII. Ambassadors sent by the King of Scotland to the Pope
and the King of France, . . . .343 CXXXIX. The Queen of England
brings hired soldiers into England, 343 CXL. Messengers sent to the
King of Scotland by the English, 344 CXLII. Espousal of King David
— Death of William of Lamberton. Bishop of St. Andrews, . . .345
CXLIII. Death of King Robert of Biiice, . . .345 CXLIV. Death of James
of Douglas, . . . .345 CXLV. Coronation of King David, . . . .346
CXLVI. Battle of Dupplin, 346 CXLVII. Edward of Balliol made King at
Scone, . . 347 CXLVIII. The town of Perth taken— Battle of Annan, .
. 347 CXLIX. Conflict at Halidon, 348 CL. Dispute between Edward of
Balliol and Henry of Beaumont, and David, Earl of Athole, . .349 CLL
Messengers of the King of France, . . .350
 TABLE OF CONTENTS. XXVll PAGE CLII. The King of
England comes to Perth with Edward ofBalliol, 350 CLIII. John Eaii of
Moray taken, . . . .350 CLIV. Death of the Earl of Athol at Kilblen, . .
.351 CLV. The King of England and Edward of Balliol arrive at Perth,
352 CLVI. Andrew of Moray, 353 CLVII. Andrew of Moray besieges
Strivelyn (Stirling) Castle, 354 CLVIII. Death of Andrew of Moray, . . .
.354 CLIX. The town of Perth besieged and taken, . . .355 CLXI.
Roxburgh Castle taken by Alexander Ramsay, . 356 CLXII. Death of
this Alexander, 357 CLXV. Battle of Durham fought, 358 CLXVI.
Robert Stewart, Guardian of Scotland, . .358 CLXVII. Pestilence
among men, . . . . .359 CLXVIII. Death of the Lord David of Berclay,
. . .359 CLXIX. Matilda of Bruce and her offspring, . . . 3G0 CLXX.
Death of the Lord William of Douglas, . .360 CLXXI. Messengers sent
by the King of France to the Nobles of Scotland, . . . . . .360 CLXXIL
Conflict at Nesbit, 361 CLXXIIT. Thomas Stewart, Earl of Angus,
makes an attempt upon the town of Berwick, , . . . 362 CLXXIV. The
town of Berwick is surrendered to the King of England, 362 CLXXV.
Edward of Balliol comes to meet the King of England at Roxburgh, . .
. . .363 CLXXVL The King of England comes to Scotland, . .363
CLXXVII. Conflict which took place at Poitiers, in France, . 365
CLXXVIII. Release of our Lord King David, King of Scotland, 366
CLXXIX Great flood of waters, 367 CLXXX. King David begs a tenth
from the Sovereign Pontiff, 367 CLXXXI. The King of England crosses
into France, . .368 CLXXXIL The King of France in England is
released, . .368
 ^:f^'- i XXVm TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE CLXXXIII.
Second pestilence, 369 CLXXXIV. Plot against King David, 369
CLXXXV. Second espousals of King David, . . . .370 NOTES AND
ILLUSTEATIONS. List of Authorities referred to by name by Fordun, .
.375 Notes to Book i., 379 Notes to Book n., 385 Notes to Book iii.,
393 Table of Dalriadic Kings, 503-850, . . . .403 Notes to Book iv.,
404 Tableof Scottish Kings, 850-1034, . . . .421 Notes to Book v., 422
Notes to Annals, ....... 427 Table of Descendants of Malcolm
Canmore and Saint Margaret, 439 APPENDIX. Tribe Communities in
Scotland, 441 INDEX, 461 MAP OF SCOTLAND prior to 1034 to face
Historical Introduction.
 NOTICE TO SUBSCRIBERS. In order not to delay the
circulation of this Volume, the Index of Fordun will he contained in
the 7text Volume of the Series, but Subscribers who wish to have it
separately will please co7mmmicate with the Publishers, when it will
be sent as soon as it is ready.
 r HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION. Amid so mucli that is
mythic, uncertain, or matter of controversy, in the early history of
Scotland, it may be held as unquestionable that the Scots, from
whom the country took its name, had their original seat in Ireland,
from whence they migrated to Scotland ; and that a line of kings of
Scottish race ruled in this country from the middle of the ninth to the
early part of the eleventh centuries. The era of the establishment of
this Scottish dynasty was the year 850, and it t^-^minated, by the
death of the last king of Scottish race, ^a the year 1034. It is under
this line of Scottish kings that we can trace the rise and gradual
formation of the Scottish monarchy, and that we find the first
appearance of those ancient chronicles professing to give the
succession, and chronology, of the earlier kings, supposed to have
reigned in Scotland prior to the establishment of this dynasty. The
direct rule of this line of kings of Scottish descent, and the main seat
of their government, was confined to the districts extending from the
Firth of Forth to the river Spey. Beyond the river Spey, on the north,
lay the extensive district termed Moravia, comprehending the
modern counties of Elgin, Nairn, Inverness, and
 XXX HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION. the eastern part of
Eoss-shire. On the west, and separated from these districts by the
great chain of Drumalban or the backbone of Scotland, was Ergadia,
Ea7'ragaidhel or Argyle, extending from the Firth of Clyde and Loch
Long in the south to the point of Coigeach and Loch Enard in the
north-west corner of Eoss-shire, and forming the western seaboard
of Scotland. Over these districts, the kings of this race may have had
a nominal sway, but they do not seem to have been incorporated
with their proper kingdom. The districts lying to the south of this
kingdom consisted, on the west, of the kingdom of Cumbria or
Strathclyde, extending from the Firth of Clyde to the river Derwent in
Cumberland, and on the east, of the northern parts of Northumbria,
which, from the Firth of Forth to the river Tweed, bore the name of
Lodoneia or Lothian. The first four kings of this race,^ viz., Kenneth
mac Alpin, the founder of the dynasty, his brother, and his two sons,
though of Scottish descent, are termed in the Irish Annals *Eeges
Pictorum,' and, in the oldest chronicle, the districts under their direct
rule are termed 'Pictavia.' There is then a break in the line, when
Eocha, the son of Eun, king of the Britons of Strathclyde, and
grandson of Kenneth by a daughter, reigns jointly along with Grig,
whose descent is unknown. The male line is again established in the
person of Donald, a grandson of Kenneth by his eldest son, and the
remaining kings of this dynasty are termed in the Irish Annals * Ei
Albain,' the Irish equivalent of * Eeges Albanise/ while, in the same
chro^ A table of the kings of this Scottish dynasty will be found in
the Notes, p. 421.
 HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION. XXXI nicle, the name of
Albania is now applied to their kingdom. Under Constantine, the
second of the kings termed ' Ki Alban/ his brother was elected king
of Cumbria, which placed the Scottish race on the throne of that
British kingdom ; and upon Malcolm, his successor, the kingdom of
Cumbria or Strathclyde was bestowed in 946, by Edmund, king of
Wessex, who had conquered it in that year. His successor, Indulph,
added the district extending from Stirling to Edinburgh. Kenneth, the
son of Malcolm, who reigned from 971 to 995, is said by some of the
English historians to have acquired Lothian, but the statement is of
doubtful authority. In his reign, however, was compiled the oldest of
the Chronicles we now possess, viz., that usually termed the Pictish
Chronicle. His son Malcolm was the last king of this race. He reigned
from 1004 to 1034, and he certainly acquired from Eadulf Cudel, Earl
of Northumbria, as the result of a battle fought in 1018, the northern
districts of that Earldom, comprehended under the names of
Lodoneia and Tevethdale, or Lothian and Teviotdale. In his reign,
between the years 1014 and 1023, was compiled the Synchronisms
of Flann Mainistrech or Flann the Ferleighin of the monastery called
Mainister Boice, who died in 1056. This work contains a list of the
kings of Ireland, synchronized with tie provincial kings, and with
those of foreign countries, and among them are the kings who ruled
in Scotland. In the same reign was born, in the year 1028, the
chronicler Marianus Scotus, who was thus almost a contemporary
writer, and he
 XXXU HISTOKICAL INTEODUCTION. terms Malcolm ^rex
Scotiae.'^ He was thus the first king to whom this title was applied ;
and the districts which formed his kingdom proper, and which had
previously been termed, first, Pictavia, and afterwards Albania, now
usually appear under the designation of ' Albania, quae modo Scotia
vocatur/ They are however still distinguished from Moravia, on the
north, Ergadia or Argyle on the west, and Lothian and Cumbria, or
Strathclyde, on the south. Malcolm was thus the first king who bears
the title of ' rex Scotise/ Prior to his reign, the name of Scotia had
not been applied to the whole, or to any part, of the kingdom of
Scotland, but was held to belong exclusively to Ireland. Fordun is
probably reporting a genuine tradition when he states that, towards
the end of this dynasty, an alteration had been made in the law of
succession. The succession to the throne had hitherto been
regulated by the Irish law of tanistry, which limited it strictly to
males, and preferred even an illegitimate male to a female. By this
law, the senior male capable of ruling was chosen in preference to
the direct descendant, a rule which placed brothers on the throne
before sons, and it appears to have assumed a form not unusual in
Ireland, where the succession was vested in two families, and
passed alternately from the one to the other. These families were
descended from the two sons of Kenneth mac Alpin, the founder of
the dynasty, as we]] as its first king. An attempt seems to have been
^ A.D. 1034, Moelcoluim Rex ScotisD obiit 7 kal. Decembr. — Chron.
Picts and Scots, p. 65.
 HISTORICAL IXTRODUCTION. XXXIU made, after the death
of the second of his two sons, to introduce the son of a sister, even
though of a different race (Eocha son of Eun, king of the Britons of
Strathclyde by the daughter of Kenneth), according to the Pictish law
of succession, which preferred the sons of sisters in preference to
the brothers' sons ; but after his reign the male line was firmly
established by the accession of Donald, followed by Constantin, the
grandsons of Kenneth by his two sons. Fordun states that this old
law of succession lasted till the time of Malcolm, the last king of the
race, " when, for fear of the dismemberment of the kingdom, which
might perhaps result therefrom, that king, by a general ordinance,
decreed, as a law for ever, that thenceforth each king, after his
death, should be succeeded in the government of the kingdom by
whoever was, at the time being, the next descendant, that is, a son
or a daughter, a nephew or a niece, the nearest then living. Failing
these, however, the next heir begotten of the royal or collateral stock
should possess the right of inheritance."^ If such an alteration ever
were formally made, it was in fact a substitution of the Teutonic for
the Celtic law of succession, and the increasing influence of Saxon
institutions, or the anticipation of a failure of the dynasty in the male
line, may have led to its introduction. Malcolm was the last king of
this line, and appears to have been the last legitimate male
descendant of Kenneth mac Alpin, the founder of the dynasty ; and
the recent acquisition of Lothian with its Saxon population may have
rendered such an alteration necessary, as the only means ^ B. iv.
cap. 1. VOL. n. e
 XXxiv HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION. of maintaining the
integrity of the kingdom. He had two daughters, one married to
Crinan, the lay abbot of Dunkeld, by whom she had a son, Duncan ;
the other to Sigurd, the Norwegian Earl of Orkney, by whom she had
a son Thorfinn, afterwards Earl of Orkney. On his death, Malcolm
was succeeded by his grandson Duncan; but a war immediately
arose between him and Thorfinn, who probably claimed half the
kingdom in right of his mother. This war ended in the establishment
of the power 'of Thorfinn over the northern provinces, which he
maintained for thirty years, and in the death of Duncan, who was
slain in 1040 by Macbeth, who succeeded him on the throne of
Scotland, and reigned seventeen years. Marianus Scotus, a
contemporary writer, calls Macbeth the commander of Duncan s
troops {pcciditur a duce suo Macbethad)j but it appears, from the
Irish Annals, that he was of the race of the Celtic Mormaers of
Moray, one of the provinces subjected by Thorfinn. It is probable,
therefore, that he had committed this act of treachery in Thorfinn's
interest, and was placed by him on the throne of the southern half
of the kingdom. Cumbria and Lothian with their British and Anglic
populations no doubt adhered to the fortunes of the family of
Duncan, and an invasion of Scotland by Siward the Earl of
Northumbria in 1054 prepared the way for the accession of Malcolm,
the eldest son of Duncan, who, four years afterwards, drove out and
slew Macbeth, and his successor Lulach, a member of the same
family. Malcolm, surnamed Canmore, reigned thirty-five years, from
1058 to 1093. His kingdom was nearly CO -extensive with the
modern kingdom of Scotland, and he seems, during his reign, to
have maintained his power
 HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION. XXXV over all the different
races which formed its population. This probably resulted from the
peculiar advantages which he possessed, and from the union in his
person of qualities, which commended to each his claim to the
throne. His pedigree in the male line cannot be pushed further back
than his grandfather Crinan, but there are indications that Crinan
was of Cumbrian descent, while his position as abbot of Dunkeld
must have secured for his descendants the powerful support of the
Church. Through his grandmother, Malcolm represented the Scottish
line of kings. Through his mother, who was a sister of Siward Earl of
Northumberland, he was connected with those powerful Earls, and
soon after his accession he married Ingibiorg, widow of Thorfinn Earl
of Orkney, which must have conciliated the Norwegian population of
the north, while his second wife was Margaret, the sister of Edgar
^theling, the last scion of the Saxon royal family. There is little
indication, therefore, of discontent on the part of any of the different
races under his rule. His reign adds some further documents
throwing light on the earlier history of Scotland. In the early paii: of
his reign, in the year 1072, died Gillacaemhan, who translated the
Latin work of Nennius into Irish, and made considerable additions to
it, taken from both Irish and Pictish sources. He is also, in all
probability, the author of the historical poem usually termed the
Albanic Duan, which bears to have been compiled while Malcolm was
king.^ Towards ^ Maolcoluim is now the king, Son of Bonnchad, the
florid, of lively visage, His duration knoweth no man But the wise
one, the most wise. Chron. Picts and Scots, p. G3.
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