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 The Oxford Handbook of

HISTORY AND
INTERNATIONAL
RELATIONS
 THE
OXFOR D
H A NDBOOK S
OF
INTERNATIONAL
REL ATIONS

General Editors
Christian Reus-​Smit of the University of Queensland and
Duncan Snidal of the University of Oxford

The Oxford Handbooks of International Relations is a multi-​volume set of reference books

offering authoritative and innovative engagements with the principal sub-​ fields of
International Relations.
The series as a whole is under the General Editorship of Christian Reus-​Smit and
Duncan Snidal, with each volume edited by a distinguished team of specialists in their re-
spective fields.
The series both surveys the broad terrain of International Relations scholarship and
reshapes it, pushing each sub-​field in challenging new directions. Following the example
of the original Reus-​Smit and Snidal The Oxford Handbook of International Relations, each
volume is organized around a strong central thematic by editors scholars drawn from alter-
native perspectives, reading its sub-​field in an entirely new way, and pushing scholarship in
challenging new directions.
 The Oxford Handbook of

HISTORY AND
INTERNATIONAL
RELATIONS
Edited by
M L A DA BU KOVA N SK Y
E DWA R D K E E N E
C H R I ST IA N R E U S -​SM I T
M AJA SPA N U
 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, ox2 6dp,
United Kingdom
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship,
and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of
Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries
© Oxford University Press 2023
The moral rights of the authors have been asserted
First Edition published in 2023
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the
prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted
by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics
rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the
above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the
address above
You must not circulate this work in any other form
and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer
Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Data available
Library of Congress Control Number: 2022950148
ISBN 978–​0–​19–​887345–​7
DOI: 10.1093/​oxfordhb/​9780198873457.001.0001
Printed and bound in the UK by
TJ Books Limited
Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and
for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials
contained in any third party website referenced in this work.
 Acknowledgements

This project has taken us on a long and winding road, and along the way we have incurred
many debts. The most fundamental is to the wonderful community of historians and
International Relations (IR) scholars who have grappled with the history of the inter-
national. Rather than see this as a community riven by an unbreachable disciplinary divide,
we have experienced it as a field of rich and challenging engagement. This engagement has
shaped our individual scholarship in profound ways, and it ultimately led us to this project.
Indeed, the project itself has become a site of such engagement, which we very much hoped it
would be. Our thanks go, therefore, to everyone who populates this wonderful field of schol-
arship, and more specifically, to the historians and IR scholars who contributed so much
to this finished volume. We also thank Dominic Byatt, Christian Reus-​Smit, and Duncan
Snidal for commissioning a volume that seeks to disrupt the well-​worn, highly ritualized
debates that have long divided historians and IR scholars. The final product would not have
been possible without the extraordinary efforts of Melinda Rankin and Jack Shield who did
the proofreading and copyediting needed to prepare the manuscript for submission. Many,
many thanks! Our last word goes to the generation of young scholars whose pioneering work
is now reshaping so fundamentally how we think about the relation between history and
international relations. This book is dedicated to you.
Mlada Bukovansky
Edward Keene
Christian Reus-​Smit
Maja Spanu
 Contents

List of Contributors  xi

PA RT I I N T RODU C T ION
1. Modernity and Granularity in History and International Relations 3
Mlada Bukovansky and Edward Keene

PA RT I I R E A DI N G S
2. Origins, Histories, and the Modern International 21
R. B. J. Walker
3. Historical Realism 35
Michael C. Williams
4. Liberal Progressivism and International History 49
Lucian M. Ashworth
5. Historical Sociology in International Relations 63
Maïa Pal
6. Global History and International Relations 79
George Lawson and Jeppe Mulich
7. International Relations and Intellectual History 94
Duncan Bell
8. Gender, History, and International Relations 111
Laura Sjoberg
9. Postcolonial Histories of International Relations 125
Zeynep Gulsah Capan
10. International Relations Theory and the Practice of
International History 137
Peter Jackson and Talbot Imlay
viii   Contents

11. Global Sources of International Thought 155

Chen Yudan

PA RT I I I P R AC T IC E S
12. State, Territoriality, and Sovereignty 173
Jordan Branch and Jan Stockbruegger
13. Diplomacy 188
Linda Frey and Marsha Frey
14. Empire 202
Martin J. Bayly
15. Barbarism and Civilization 218
Yongjin Zhang
16. Race and Racism 233
Nivi manchanda
17. Religion, History, and International Relations 249
Cecelia Lynch
18. Human Rights 262
Andrea Paras
19. The Diplomacy of Genocide 277
A. Dirk Moses
20. War and History in World Politics 292
Tarak Barkawi
21. Nationalism 306
James Mayall
22. Interpolity Law 320
Lauren Benton
23. Regulating Commerce 334
Eric Helleiner
24. Development 348
Corinna R. Unger
 Contents   ix

25. Governing Finance 363

Signe Predmore and Kevin L. Young
26. Revolution 379
Eric Selbin

PA RT I V L O C A L E S ( SPAC IA L ,
T E M P OR A L , C U LT U R A L )
27. The ‘Premodern’ World 395
Julia Costa Lopez
28. Modernity and Modernities in International Relations 410
Ayşe Zarakol
29. The ‘West’ in International Relations 424
Jacinta O’hagan
30. The Eighteenth Century 439
Daniel Gordon
31. The Long Nineteenth Century 454
Quentin Bruneau
32. The Pre-​Colonial African State System 469
John Anthony Pella, Jr
33. The ‘Americas’ in the History of International Relations 483
Michel Gobat
34. ‘Asia’ in the History of International Relations 499
David C. Kang
35. The ‘International’ and the ‘Global’ in International History 513
Or Rosenboim and Chika Tonooka

PA RT V M OM E N T S
36. The Fall of Constantinople 531
Jonathan Harris
37. The Peace of Westphalia 544
Andrew Phillips
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x   Contents

38. The Seven Years’ War 560

Karl Schweizer
39. The Haitian Revolution 573
Musab Younis
40. The Congress of Vienna 587
Jennifer Mitzen and Jeff Rogg
41. The Revolutions of 1848 602
Daniel M. Green
42. The Indian Uprising of 1857 617
Alexander E. Davis
43. The Berlin and Hague Conferences 631
Claire Vergerio
44. The First World War and Versailles 646
Duncan Kelly
45. Sykes–​Picot 660
Megan Donaldson
46. World War Two and San Francisco 675
Daniel Gorman
47. The Bandung Conference 690
Christopher J. Lee
48. Facing Nuclear War: Luck, Learning, and the Cuban Missile Crisis 705
Richard Ned Lebow and Benoît Pelopidas

PA RT V I C ON C LU SION
49. History and the International: Time, Space, Agency, and Language 723
Maja Spanu and Christian Reus-​Smit

Index 741
 List of Contributors

Lucian M. Ashworth is Professor of Political Science in the Department of Political Science

at the Memorial University of Newfoundland.
Tarak Barkawi is Professor of International Relations at the London School of Economics
and Political Science.
Martin J. Bayly is Assistant Professor in International Relations Theory in the International
Relations Department at the London School of Economics and Political Science.
Duncan Bell is Professor of Political Thought and International Relations at the University
of Cambridge.
Lauren Benton is Barton M. Biggs Professor of History and Professor of Law at Yale
University.
Jordan Branch is Associate Professor of Government at Claremont McKenna College.
Quentin Bruneau is Assistant Professor of Politics at the New School for Social Research.
Mlada Bukovansky is Professor of Government at Smith College, Northampton Massachusetts.
Zeynep Gulsah Capan is Senior Lecturer in International Relations at the University of
Erfurt.
Chen Yudan is Associate Professor in International Politics in the School of International
Relations and Public Affairs at Fudan University.
Julia Costa Lopez is Assistant Professor in History and Theory of International Relations at
the University of Groningen.
Alexander E. Davis is Lecturer in Political Science (International Relations) at the University
of Western Australia School of Social Sciences.
Megan Donaldson is Associate Professor of Public International Law at University College
London.
Linda Frey is Emeritus Professor of History at the University of Montana.
Marsha Frey is Emeritus Professor of History at Kansas State University.
Michel Gobat is Professor of History at the University of Pittsburgh.
Daniel Gordon is Professor of History at the University of Massachusetts Amherst.
xii   List of Contributors

Daniel Gorman is Professor of History at the University of Waterloo and a faculty member
at the Balsillie School of International Affairs.
Daniel M. Green is Associate Professor of International Relations in the Department of
Political Science at the University of Delaware.
Jonathan Harris is Professor of the History of Byzantium at Royal Holloway, University of
London.
Eric Helleiner is Professor and University Research Chair in the Department of Political
Science at the University of Waterloo.
Talbot Imlay is Professor of History at the Université Laval in Quebec.
Peter Jackson holds the Chair in Global Security (History) in the School of Humanities at
the University of Glasgow.
David C. Kang is Maria Crutcher Professor of International Relations at the University of
Southern California.
Edward Keene is Associate Professor of International Relations at the University of Oxford
and Official Student of Politics at Christ Church.
Duncan Kelly is Professor of Political Thought and Intellectual History in the Department
of Politics and International Studies, University of Cambridge and a Fellow of Jesus College.
George Lawson is Professor of International Relations in the Coral Bell School at the
Australian National University.
Richard Ned Lebow is Professor of International Political Theory in the War Studies Department
of King’s College London and Bye-​Fellow of Pembroke College, University of Cambridge.
Christopher J. Lee is Professor of African History, World History, and African Literature at
The Africa Institute, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
Cecelia Lynch is Professor of Political Science at the University of California.
Nivi Manchanda is Senior Lecturer in international politics at Queen Mary University of
London.
James Mayall is Emeritus Sir Patrick Sheehy Professor of International Relations at the
University of Cambridge and a fellow of Sidney Sussex College.
Jennifer Mitzen is Professor in the Department of Political Science at Ohio State University.
A. Dirk Moses is the Anne and Bernard Spitzer Chair of International Relations at the City
College of New York.
Jeppe Mulich is Lecturer in Modern History in the Department of International Politics at
City, University of London.
Jacinta O’Hagan is Associate Professor in International Relations in the School of Political
Science and International Studies at the University of Queensland.
Maïa Pal is Senior Lecturer in International Relations at Oxford Brookes University.
 List of Contributors    xiii

Andrea Paras is Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science at the University
of Guelph.
John Anthony Pella, Jr is a Research Fellow in the School of International Affairs at Fudan
University.
Benoît Pelopidas is Associate Professor of International Relations at Sciences Po (CERI).
Andrew Phillips is Associate Professor of International Relations and Strategy in the School
of Political Science and International Studies at the University of Queensland.
Signe Predmore is a PhD Candidate in Political Science and Women, Gender & Sexuality
Studies at University of Massachusetts Amherst.
Christian Reus-​Smit is Professor of International Relations at the University of Queensland
and a Fellow of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia.
Jeff Rogg is Assistant Professor in the Department of Intelligence and Security Studies at The
Citadel.
Or Rosenboim is Director of the Centre for Modern History and Senior Lecturer at the
Department of International Politics at City, University of London.
Karl Schweizer is Professor in the Federated Department of History at NJIT/​Rutgers
University.
Eric Selbin is Professor and Chair of Political Science & Holder of the Lucy King Brown
Chair at Southwestern University.
Laura Sjoberg is British Academy Global Professor of Politics and International Relations
and Director of the Gender Institute at Royal Holloway, University of London.
Maja Spanu is Affiliated Lecturer at University of Cambridge and Head of Research and
International Affairs, Fondation de France.
Jan Stockbruegger is a Postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of Political Science at
Copenhagen University.
Chika Tonooka is a Research Fellow in History at Pembroke College, University of
Cambridge.
Corinna R. Unger is Professor of Global and Colonial History (19th and 20th centuries) at
the Department of History, European University Institute.
Claire Vergerio is Assistant Professor of International Relations at Leiden University’s
Institute of Political Science.
R. B. J. Walker is Professor Emeritus of Political Science, University of Victoria and Professor
Colaborador do IRI, PUC-​Rio de Janeiro.
Michael C. Williams is University Research Professor of International Politics in the
Graduate School of Public and International Affairs at the University of Ottawa.
Kevin L. Young is Associate Professor in the Department of Economics at the University of
Massachusetts, Amherst.
xiv   List of Contributors

Musab Younis is Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at Queen Mary University
of London.
Ayşe Zarakol is Professor of International Relations at the University of Cambridge and a
Politics Fellow at Emmanuel College.
Yongjin Zhang is Professor of International Politics in the School of Sociology, Politics and
International Studies at the University of Bristol.
 PA RT I

I N T RODU C T ION
 Chapter 1

Modernit y a nd
Gr anul arit y i n H i story
and Internat i ona l
Rel ati ons
Mlada Bukovansky and Edward Keene

The idea for this Handbook on History and International Relations originated from two
propositions. One is that we cannot make sense of how international relations work
without understanding the history of how different forms of global political orders have
developed; the other is that the history of the world as a whole cannot be written without
taking account of the existence of an international system (or systems) on a global scale. To
capture the various dimensions of this interdependence between the academic disciplines
of International Relations (IR) and History, the Handbook is organized around ‘Readings’,
‘Practices’, ‘Locales’, and ‘Moments’. The first section, ‘Readings’, examines the contexts
within which the encounter between historians and IR scholars takes place, with writers
from both fields reflecting on different ways in which their inquiries intersect. Thereafter we
look outward to see how current research is re-​shaping our understanding of how the world
we live in today developed. Rather than work towards a single grand overarching narrative
here—​the story of historical IR—​our goal is to show how different perspectives inform our
sense of the international and global dimensions of historical becoming in a rich variety
of ways.
To establish coherence and points of comparison across this diversity, we have asked all
our authors to focus on two key themes that give them a number of ‘hooks’ on which they
can pin their analyses. We will explain these in more detail next, but it may be helpful to give
a brief summary of these fundamental elements of our project here at the very beginning
of this introductory chapter, to explain how they inform the arrangement of the Handbook
across its various sections, so that readers can approach the many chapters presented here
with a clearer understanding of how the volume is organized, and why we have chosen to
arrange it that way.
The first set of questions we posed for our authors is about the chronological develop-
ment of different ways of ordering the international, and how to navigate between structural
4    Mlada Bukovansky and Edward Keene

change and continuity. To do this, we chose to adopt a focus on modernity as an organizing

concept, or possibly critical foil. We recognize that there are potential dangers in putting this
idea at the centre of our reflections on history and IR, and that some would see a fixation
with modernity as a significant source of problems within mainstream IR scholarship. For
example, the chapter by Ayse Zarakol on ‘Modernity and Modernities in IR’ (Chapter 28)
offers the most direct engagement with this theme, and illustrates the reflective and critical
manner in which we hope to handle the concept throughout the Handbook. Zarakol mounts
a forceful argument that the academic discipline of IR has been powerfully influenced by a
specific version of modernization theory that generates a number of dubious propositions,
provocatively labelled as three distinct ‘Wrong Answers’ to the questions of what mod-
ernity is, who made it, and how it interacted with other ways of organizing social, economic
and political life as it spread around the world. Zarakol contends that all of these ‘Wrong
Answers’ spring from an over-​commitment to ‘the idea that “modernity” is a unique set of
developments that was experienced first or only by the West’ and radically underestimates
the agency of non-​Western actors.
One important consequence of this is a tendency for IR theory to coalesce around
a particular conception of state sovereignty, and it is clear that this risks importing a spe-
cific Western perspective into any treatment of historical IR and international history.
We have therefore actively encouraged authors to imagine multiple modernities, alter-
native meta-​narratives, and different pathways of change that, in Zarakol’s words, will re-
veal ‘a more open-​minded survey of global history’. To take another example of the kind
of work that this involves, consider the account of global legal history offered by Lauren
Benton (Chapter 22), which rejects the narrow focus on Western sovereignty contained in
Zarakol’s ‘Wrong Answers’, and highlights instead the importance of ‘interpolity zones, or
regions marked by interpenetrating power and weak or uneven claims to territorial sover-
eignty’. We believe that thinking about the relationship between IR and History requires us
to understand both traditional state-​centric answers to the question of how the distinctively
modern international system came into being and developed, and the critical responses
from scholars such as Benton (2010) that contest these formulations today and embrace a
much wider range of forms of global political ordering. By establishing ‘modernity’ as one
of the organizing themes for the Handbook, we hope both to acknowledge its central signifi-
cance in the development of historical IR, and to expose it to radical scrutiny as a limiting
factor on our ability to comprehend the complexity of how the international has developed
within a global context.
The second theme tries to unlock the potential for generating fresh insights by adopting
different framings in geographical space, historical time, and levels of both agency and struc-
ture, which we articulate through the idea of granularity. The sections on ‘Practices’, ‘Locales’,
and ‘Moments’ are all intended to offer opportunities either to step back to contemplate the
very broadest kind of analysis, or to zoom in on the personal and micro-​political aspects of
the day-​to-​day. An example of the former is Linda and Marsha Frey’s chapter on the practice
of diplomacy (Chapter 13), which gives a sweeping survey that runs from the earliest periods
of recorded history up to the twentieth century in what one might call the ‘grand manner’
of diplomatic history; whereas for the latter, one could look at Christopher Lee’s analysis of
the Bandung Conference (Chapter 47) which homes in on the specific details of a particular
moment, and uses them as a way to think about the wider significance of this precise event,
and the persistent myths that flowed from it. These two chapters offer almost polar opposites
 Modernity and Granularity in History    5

of the different scale on which the encounter between IR and History might be envisaged. In
between, our authors adopt a host of different perspectives. Several chapters—​Eric Selbin’s
on ‘Revolution’ (Chapter 26), for example—​aim to show how understandings of specific
phenomena can shuttle back and forth between micro-​and macro-​perspectives.
It is fair to say that ‘Practices’ invites the longue durée, whereas the examination of
‘Moments’ inevitably brings one up close to the personal and the immediate. However,
several of our authors break up this expectation. To take just one example, Musab Younis’s
fascinating study of the Haitian Revolution (Chapter 39) not only dives into the details of
what this moment represents as a specific event within the historical development of the
international politics of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, but also uses it
as a stimulus to expose ‘the limitations of the very categories we use to measure significance
and meaning when we study the international’, and concludes by suggesting how an intellec-
tual history of the Haitian revolutionaries’ own self-​understandings could be the basis for
an alternative perspective on the international grounded in ‘anticolonial and postcolonial
cultural nationalism.’ At the same time, somewhat more cautiously, Megan Donaldson’s
analysis of the Sykes–​Picot agreement of 1916 (Chapter 45) warns about how the question
of scale opened up by this granularity theme raises the possibility that something may be
lost as we move from one perspective to another, how we can see very different things from
different vantage points, and how indeed some of these may be illusory.
The section on ‘Locales’ stands, as it were, in between the opposite ends of the spectrum of
granularity, and each chapter here gives its author an opportunity to examine the categories
that we frequently, and often unthinkingly, use to organize discrete subject areas for thinking
about historical IR. We think two of these are particularly significant: periodization and re-
gionalization. Historians and IR scholars tend to break their subject matter up either into
delimited chunks of time (e.g. the ‘early modern’ period, the ‘long nineteenth century’), or
into distinct geographical spaces (e.g. the idea of regional international systems in Asia or
Africa). There is a sense in which these categorizations would not exist, or be so popular, if
they did not capture something important and valuable, and so our purpose is not simply to
criticize or dismiss these as organizing devices for scholarship. Many of the chapters here,
such as Quentin Bruneau’s study of the ‘long nineteenth century’ (Chapter 31), broadly
work within this periodization, presenting current scholarship on how it is conceived in
History and IR, and sometimes (as in Bruneau’s case) offering novel interpretive insights
into how we should understand it and its place within the wider set of stories of historical
IR. Nevertheless, several chapters, such as Zarakol’s chapter on modernity discussed above,
or Julia Costa Lopez’s account of the ‘pre-​modern’ world (Chapter 27), seek to unsettle
these conventional ways of carving up the huge expanse of historical time and geographic
space that we are operating within. As Costa Lopez warns, for example, ‘approaching the
premodern with periodization-​derived preconceptions about its significance prevents us
from doing anything but confirming our own prejudices—​whatever those may be’.
Our choice of specific ‘Locales’, ‘Practices’, and ‘Moments’ to include in the volume has
been guided by our desire both to inform the reader of conventional wisdoms about his-
torical IR, and to challenge these or open up new vistas. For example, among our ‘Locales’
we have a chapter not on the geographical space of Europe as such but on the imaginary
of the ‘West’, which (as Jacinta O’Hagan shows in Chapter 29) is the subject of multiple
narratives that depict it as variously ‘civilizational’, ‘liberal’, and ‘fragmenting’. This highlights
the way that we do not simply take regional classifications as starting points for analysis,
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