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 Another Random Document on
Scribd Without Any Related Topics
 The Project Gutenberg eBook of The
Philippine Islands, 1493-1898: Volume
48, 1751-1765
 This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

Title: The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898: Volume 48, 1751-1765

Editor: Emma Helen Blair

Contributor: Edward Gaylord Bourne

Editor: James Alexander Robertson

Release date: May 17, 2017 [eBook #54740]

Most recently updated: October 23, 2024

Language: English

Credits: Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online

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Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net/ for Project
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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE PHILIPPINE

ISLANDS, 1493-1898: VOLUME 48, 1751-1765 ***
Map of the Philippine Islands; photographic facsimile from original
map in Murillo Velarde’s Historia de la provincia de Philipinas
(Manila, 1749)

[From copy in possession of Edward E. Ayer, Chicago]

The Philippine Islands,
1493–1898

Explorations by early navigators,

descriptions of the islands and

their peoples, their history and

records of the catholic missions,

as related in contemporaneous

books and manuscripts, showing

the political, economic,

 commercial and religious

conditions of those islands from

their earliest relations with

European nations to the close of

the nineteenth century,

Volume XLVIII, 1751–

1765

Edited and annotated by Emma

Helen Blair and James Alexander
Robertson with historical
introduction and additional notes by
Edward Gaylord Bourne.
The Arthur H. Clark Company
Cleveland, Ohio
MCMVII
CONTENTS OF VOLUME XLVIII
Preface 13
Documents of 1751–1762:

Usurpation of Indian lands by friars. Fernando VI; San Lorenzo,

November 7, 1751 27
Moro raids repulsed by Visayans. [Unsigned]; Manila, [1755]
37
Augustinian parishes and missions, 1760. Pedro Velasco,
O.S.A.; Tondo, April 16, 1760 52
Later Augustinian and Dominican missions. Antonio Mozo,
O.S.A.; Madrid, 1763. Bernardo Ustáriz, O.P.; Manila, 1745
59
Events in Filipinas, 1739–1762. [Compiled from Martinez de
Zúñiga and other writers.] 137

Memorial of 1765. Francisco Leandro de Viana; Manila, February

10, 1765 197
Bibliographical Data 339
ILLUSTRATIONS
Map of the Philippine Islands; photographic facsimile from
original map in Murillo Velarde’s Historia de la provincia de
Philipinas (Manila, 1749); from copy in possession of
Edward E. Ayer, Chicago Frontispiece
Map of Leyte, from original MS. of P. Pagteel, in collection
of Charts by Alexander Dalrymple ([London], 1788), ii, p.
76; photographic facsimile from copy in Library of
Congress 39
Plan of the new Alcaicería of San Fernando, 1756;
photographic facsimile from original manuscript in Archivo
general de Indias, Sevilla 181
View of Spanish city and fort of Gammalamma, Terrenate;
photographic facsimile from Recueil des voiages Comp.
Indes orientales (Amsterdam, 1725); iii, p. 348; from copy
in library of Wisconsin Historical Society 213
Plan of the citadel of Santiago at Manila; photographic
facsimile from original manuscript in Archivo general de
Indias, Sevilla 219
Map of Mindanao, 1757; by Nicolás Norton Nicols;
photographic facsimile from original manuscript in Archivo
general de Indias, Sevilla 281
PREFACE
The contents of the present volume (dated 1751–65) include accounts of the
missionary efforts of the Augustinian and Dominican orders, and events in
Filipinas from 1739 to the beginning of the English invasion; and the
survey of the condition and needs of the islands which is presented in the
memorial by the royal fiscal Viana. A valuable feature in the missionary
reports is the ethnological information furnished therein regarding the
savage tribes of Central Luzón; and the self-sacrifice and devotion of the
missionaries themselves appear in striking contrast with the unscrupulous
greed displayed, as one of the short documents shows, in the management
of the friar estates near Manila. The times are troublous for the colony:
several insurrections occur among the natives, the Acapulco galleon of 1743
is captured by the English, the Moro pirates ravage the archipelago with
enormous destruction of life and property, and the Spaniards are defeated
by them. Governor Arandia attempts to establish reforms, and thus incurs
much odium; he is engaged in numerous controversies, and finally dies.
Viana’s memorial presents a vivid picture of the distressed condition of the
Philippine colony after the English invasion, its urgent need of relief, and
the ways in which this may be accomplished.

A letter by Fernando VI to the Manila Audiencia (November 7, 1751)

expresses his approval of the proceedings of Auditor Enriquez in pacifying
the insurgent Indians of certain villages near Manila and in Bulacan—a
revolt caused by the usurpation of Indian lands by the managers of the friar
estates, and the fraudulent proceedings of government officials who aided
such usurpation. Enriquez had pacified the natives, deprived the friars of
such lands as they held illegally, and distributed these among those natives
who were aggrieved; he also investigated the titles by which the orders held
their estates, and regulated the proper boundaries of their lands. The king
also commands the Manila government to exercise vigilant care for the
welfare of the Indians, and to notify them that in their difficulties they must
have recourse to the royal fiscal for redress or aid.
In a rare pamphlet published at Manila in 1755, apparently written by one
of the Jesuit missionaries in Leyte, are enumerated various instances when
the raids of Moro pirates against the Visayan villages in 1754 are repulsed
by the natives, under the direction of their spiritual guides; and one of these,
the defense of Palompong, is related at length. An official report (in MS.)
made by the Augustinian provincial (1760) shows the parishes and missions
then in charge of his order in the Philippines, with the population (classified
as to sex, age, etc.) of each one.

In the eighteenth century several important missions were conducted by the

Augustinians and Dominicans among the savage and untamed head-hunting
tribes of Central Luzón. Those of the former order are recorded by Fray
Antonio Mozo in his Noticia histórico natural (Madrid, 1763); he presents
much valuable information regarding those people, whose first contact with
European civilization was mainly found in their intercourse with those
missionaries. This begins, for the Italons (now called Ibilao) and Abacas in
1702, when the Augustinians attempt to christianize them—with fair
success, considering the wildness and ferocity of those people. They also
carry the gospel among the Isinay, a work which the Dominicans had been
compelled to abandon as hopeless; and within a quarter of a century the
entire tribe have been baptized and civilized by Fray Alejandro Cacho. In
1740 these Isinay missions are ceded to the Dominican order. Among all
these wild peoples, the missionaries have introduced not only the gospel,
but instruction in farming and irrigation, and supplies of cattle and plows;
and, wherever possible, they have formed “reductions” or settlements of
their converts, usually in localities best adapted to the cultivation of the soil.

The Augustinians carry on their missions among the Ilocans, the Tinguians,
the Igorots, the Zambals, and the Negritos—this last having stations
throughout the islands; also in Cebú and Panay, and in China. Mozo
narrates the progress of these missions, but devotes much of his space to
accounts of the wild tribes and their peculiar customs and beliefs; this is
especially fortunate for our purpose in regard to the Negritos, about whom
less has been known than about the other Philippine peoples, Mozo’s
residence of three years among them rendering his observations extremely
valuable. He also gave particular attention to the practices and medicines
used by the natives in sickness, and to the plants which are useful therein.
Among these missions the most arduous, according to our writer, was that
to the “apostates” and infidels who had taken refuge in a certain
mountainous and densely-wooded district; these renegades and heathen
dwelt together, each making the other worse. Among these people were
preserved many of the ancient pagan customs which the missionaries had in
most places been able to extirpate; and these are described by Mozo. Even
in this hard field, “multitudes of infidels were baptized and hundreds of
apostates reclaimed.” The Augustinians also conduct missions in the interior
of Cebú and Panay, where not only are the mountains rugged and the forests
dense, but there are wizards among the natives who “by conversing with the
demon do things which cause terror;” some account of their practices is
given, as also of the converts gained by missionaries among those people.
He then describes some of the medicines that are used by the natives.
Among these are the gall and fat of the python; a stone which, when applied
to a woman’s thigh, would facilitate childbirth; and a plant which
intoxicates and infuriates those who go into battle. Another plant
temporarily paralyzes the muscular system. Mozo concludes with an
account of the Augustinian missions in China, which does not concern our
work.

Some account of the Dominican missions in Central Luzón is given by

Bernardo Ustáriz (Manila, 1745) and Manuel del Río (Mexico? ca. 1740).
In Paniqui the missionaries have formed within six years seven native
churches, with nearly a thousand converts; they are erecting substantial
wooden buildings for religious purposes, and have opened new roads and
repaired old ones in order to facilitate intercourse between the provinces. A
neighboring tribe of head-hunters have harassed the Christian districts, but a
government expedition is sent against them and checks their insolence; this
success greatly increases that of the missions, to which hundreds of natives
flock for instruction and baptism. Río gives a more detailed account of the
Paniqui mission, and of its early beginnings. Some of the first missionaries
were poisoned by heathen savages. The most interesting feature of the
Dominicans’ labor in this region is their opening a high-road from Asingan,
Pangasinan, to Buhay in Ituy.
A brief résumé of events during the period 1739–62 is compiled from the
histories of the time; we have used for most of it Zúñiga’s narrative,
copiously annotated from Concepción’s and others. The royal fiscal Arroyo
is imprisoned by Governor Torre, in accordance with an order issued by his
predecessor; finally, the king orders restitution of the fiscal’s office, salary,
and confiscated goods, but this finds the unfortunate prisoner dead (1743).
In the same year the English commander Anson captures the Acapulco
galleon “Covadonga,” which causes heavy loss to Manila. Two years later,
Governor Torre dies, after a troublous administration in which he incurs
general odium. A revolt of the natives in Balayan and Taal is promptly
quelled. Torre is succeeded by the bishop of Nueva Caceres, Juan de
Arrechedera, a Dominican; his administration is vigorous, and he does
much for the defense of Manila against possible enemies. In 1747 the new
archbishop of Manila arrives in the islands, but Arrechedera retains the
office of governor. An insurrection of the natives in Bohol is easily quelled.
The king of Spain writes conciliatory letters to the sultans of Mindanao and
Joló, who profess friendship, but prove to be scheming and unreliable; they
permit Jesuit missionaries to enter their countries, but these are soon
obliged to take refuge in Zamboanga. A rebellion in Joló obliges its ruler to
flee to Manila. In 1750 a new governor arrives there, Francisco de Ovando;
he finds much to do in making the little navy of the islands effective and in
equipping a squadron against the Moros. He sends Alimudin back to his
kingdom; but at Zamboanga the sultan’s actions are so indicative of
treachery that he and all his household are arrested and sent to Manila. War
is then declared against the Joloans, and another expedition is sent to attack
them, but the Spaniards are obliged to fall back on Zamboanga. This is
followed by piratical ravages throughout Filipinas, causing enormous losses
of property, and of persons taken captive by the Moros. Ovando sends the
captive Alimudin with a fleet to restore him to the throne of Joló; but at
Zamboanga he is suspected of disloyalty and treachery, and is sent back to
Manila as a prisoner. The Spaniards attack the town of Joló, but are
repulsed; this encourages the pirates to renew their raids, and the Visayan
Islands (and even Luzón) are cruelly harried. Ovando is succeeded (1754)
by Arandia as governor; he institutes reforms in all directions, thus drawing
upon himself much animosity, in both secular and ecclesiastical quarters;
and he makes treaties with the Joloans. The Dominican missions are
reestablished in the Batanes Islands; and that order takes charge of the
Isinay missions in Luzón, which are conferred on it by the Augustinians.
Zúñiga records his opinions regarding the character of the Filipino natives
and the proper methods of conducting missions among them. In 1757
certain ecclesiastical controversies in Tungquin are ended by decrees issued
at Rome. Arandia expels the heathen Chinese from the islands, and builds
for their trade the market of San Fernando. He becomes involved in
numerous controversies with the religious orders, and draws upon himself
much popular hatred—largely due to the acts of his favorite Orendain. He
makes the utmost exertions for the service of his king and the islands, and
finally, worn out by these fatigues, dies (May 31, 1759), an event probably
hastened by poison. The government is assumed by Bishop Espeleta, who
even usurps it from Archbishop Rojo for a time; but the latter becomes
governor (1761) by royal decree. He releases Orendain, who had been
imprisoned for his official acts, and provides comfortable quarters for the
captive sultan of Joló. In the following year occurs the siege and capture of
Manila, which will be related in VOL. XLIX.

Nearly half of this volume is occupied by the valuable memorial written in

1765 by Francisco Leandro de Viana, then royal fiscal at Manila,
“Demonstration of the deplorably wretched state of the Philipinas Islands.”
We are told that the Council of Indias refused to print this document, a fact
which indicates both the apathy and the corruption existing in the Spanish
court. Viana was a man of keen and logical mind, clear and far vision, and
great enthusiasm and energy; and he evidently felt a deep sense of official
responsibility and ardent zeal as a Spanish patriot. In this memorial he
describes the weakness, danger, and almost destitution of the Philippine
colony, and shows the necessity of either abandoning it entirely or
providing for it suitable means of support; demonstrates that the latter
course should be adopted, and that it can be pursued if the natural resources
of the islands are developed. Viana sets forth the advantageous location of
the islands from both the commercial and strategic points of view, and
asserts that the English covet the islands as a vantage-point for themselves,
especially as a basis for their explorations on the western coast of North
America—of which, and of certain Spanish explorations made in 1640, he
gives some account—and for attacks on the Spanish possessions in
America. If Spain keeps the Philippines, they must be put into a condition
of defense, for which Viana makes various suggestions, some as less costly
alternatives for others. The military forces of the islands should be enlarged,
and the pay of both officers and men increased, so that they may have the
means to support themselves decently. After this is accomplished, “the
reduction of all the Indian villages ought to be resolutely undertaken, as a
matter that is absolutely essential.” This would result in a great increase of
the tribute-money, and in many benefits to both the government and the
Indian natives. Viana proposes an increase in the rate of the tribute exacted
from the natives, and various economies in the administration of the
islands; and urges that the Moros be thoroughly punished. He devotes a
long chapter to “arguments which justify the increase of tributes.” The
expenses of administration in the islands have steadily increased since their
conquest, as also have the needs of the Spanish crown; yet the Indians have
not been further taxed to meet these demands, as have the people of Spain;
they should now pay their share of the burden, and, moreover, they are
taxed very moderately. They are idle, improvident, and extravagant; they
might be rich, if they would labor even moderately; and an increase in their
tributes would require but little additional work from them, which would
also help to correct their slothfulness. This vice, however, is also the bane
of their Spanish masters, whom Viana bitterly rebukes; but he urges that the
Indians be compelled to do a certain amount of work, especially in
agricultural production. The various rebellions of the natives of Filipinas
constitute another valid reason for increasing their tributes. Viana declares
that, in proposing this measure, he must at the same time protest against the
misuse or theft of its proceeds; and he rebukes, in scathing terms, the
recklessness, extravagance, and dishonesty of the Spanish officials, and the
unpunished corruption and misgovernment that prevail in Spain’s colonial
administration. The increase of tributes can be secured only by maintaining
in the islands a military force sufficient to punish and prevent the Moro
raids, and to keep the Indians in wholesome awe; and the alcaldes-mayor of
the provinces should be more carefully chosen and better paid. All military
supplies should be kept at Cavite instead of (as now) Manila. As an
alternative for increasing the tributes, Viana suggests the establishment of
church tithes, by which the royal treasury would be relieved of the heavy
burden of supporting the ecclesiastical estate; or the imposition on the
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