CEE461
Transportation Engineering - II (3.0 Credits)
Ananya Soheli Chowdhury
Lecturer
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet
Course Content
1. Accident and Traffic Congestion
2. Transportation Modeling
3. Transportation System Management
Learning Outcomes
✓ Identify the driving causes of road accidents and to propose appropriate strategies for
accident prevention.
✓ Develop a four-step transport demand model for transport planning purposes.
✓ Explore the suitable technique for transportation system management for minimizing
specific transport related problems.
Lecture 1
Accident and Traffic Congestion
Road Safety
▪ Road safety means no accident on the road.
▪ In other terms, road traffic safety means to safely drive on road to ensure that there is no
harm or the driver of vehicle do not cause any harm to any other vehicle moving near by
it.
▪ In other words, we can say that road traffic safety means to reduce accident causes on
road for proper driving. It involves traffic laws, vehicle standards, road design, and public
awareness campaigns to minimize risks on the road.
6
Road Accident
▪ An accident which occurs often to public traffic resulting in either injury or loss of life or
damage to property, in which at least one moving vehicle was involved.
▪ It can occur due to factors such as speeding, reckless driving, poor road conditions, or
adverse weather.
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Definitions
▪ Standard road death: A person died within 30 days of the road accident is considering as
standard road death.
▪ Spot death: A person died on the spot or during accident is called spot death.
▪ Casualty: It describes how dangerous a particular accident is, often classified as slight,
serious, or fatal.
▪ Severity: It measures how many times a dangerous accident occurred.
▪ Fatal accident: An accident in which one or more person was killed is called fatal
accident. In other terms, it means an accident which causes death instantly, or at some
time in the future.
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Different Types of Road Accidents
▪ Head on collision
▪ Rear end collision
▪ Right turn collision
▪ Right angle collision
▪ Brush side swipe
▪ Overturning
▪ Hit object on road
▪ Hit object off road
▪ Pedestrian accident/ Hit pedestrian
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Head on collision: A head-on collision is an accident where two vehicles traveling in opposite
directions collide front-to-front, resulting in high impact forces that often cause severe damage and
injuries because the combined speeds amplify the energy of the crash.
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Rear end collision: A rear-end collision is an accident where a moving vehicle collides with the back
of a vehicle ahead, typically occurring due to sudden braking, insufficient following distance, or driver
inattention. It can range from minor fender-benders to more serious incidents depending on the
speed and impact force involved.
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Right turn collision: A right turn collision is an accident that occurs when a vehicle making a right
turn at an intersection or driveway, strikes another vehicle, pedestrian, or cyclist, often due to failure
to yield, misjudgment of distance, or limited visibility, resulting in injuries or property damage.
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Right angle collision: A right angle collision, often referred to as a T-bone collision, occurs when
one vehicle strikes another at a near 90-degree angle, frequently at intersections or junctions. This
type of impact commonly results from one driver failing to yield, leading to the side of a vehicle being
hit, which often causes significant damage and serious injuries due to the relative vulnerability of the
vehicle's side structure.
13
Brush side swipe: A brush side swipe accident occurs when the side of one vehicle lightly scrapes
or collides with the side of another vehicle, often during lane changes, merging, or when vehicles
travel parallel to each other. These incidents typically result from driver inattention, blind spot
misjudgment, or failure to provide signal, and while they may cause minor cosmetic damage, they can
escalate into more severe collisions if vehicles lose control or react unpredictably.
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Overturning: Overturning, also known as a vehicle rollover, occurs when a vehicle tips onto its side
or roof due to loss of stability, often caused by sharp turns, excessive speed, collisions, or uneven
terrain. Rollovers can be classified as tripped, where an external force like a curb or another vehicle
initiates the overturn, or untripped, where the vehicle's own momentum and steering dynamics lead
to instability. These accidents tend to have a high fatality rate due to the risk of roof collapse and
occupant ejection.
15
Hit object on road: A hit object on road accident occurs when a vehicle collides with a stationary
object such as a pole, barrier, tree, or debris, often due to driver distraction, poor visibility, or sudden
maneuvers to avoid other hazards. These incidents can range from minor scrapes to severe crashes,
depending on speed and impact force.
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Hit object off road: A hit object off road accident occurs when a vehicle leaves the roadway and
collides with a fixed object such as a tree, utility pole, or barrier, often due to loss of control,
excessive speed, or evasive maneuvers to avoid another hazard. These incidents, also known as
roadway departure crashes, can result in severe injuries or fatalities, especially if the impact is
broadside or leads to a rollover.
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Pedestrian accident/ Hit pedestrian: A pedestrian accident, also known as a hit pedestrian
incident, occurs when a vehicle collides with a person walking, jogging, or crossing the road, often
due to driver negligence, poor visibility, or pedestrian inattention. These accidents can result in severe
injuries or fatalities, as pedestrians lack protective barriers, making them highly vulnerable to impact
forces.
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Casualty Classification of Accidents
▪ Fatal accident
▪ Injured with hospital admission
▪ Injured with medical treatment
▪ Injured with no medical treatment
▪ Property damage
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Contribution of Components to Accidents
▪ Human factors alone: 65%
▪ Human + Road: 25%
▪ Human + Vehicle: 5%
▪ Road factors alone: 2%
▪ Vehicle factors alone: 2%
▪ Human + Road + Vehicle: 1%
Interaction Diagram of Transportation System
Component
Source: Traffic Engineering and Management, Purbanchal University 20
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