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In Situ Hybridization in Electron Microscopy Methods in
Visualization 1st Edition Gerard Morel (Author) Digital
Instant Download
Author(s): Gerard Morel (Author), Annie Cavalier (Author)
ISBN(s): 9780849300448, 0849300444
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 18.16 MB
Year: 2001
Language: english
in situ
HYBRIDIZATION
in ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY
Methods in Visualization
Series Editor: Gérard Morel

In Situ Hybridization in Light Microscopy

Gérard Morel and Annie Cavalier

Visualization of Receptors: In Situ Applications

of Radioligand Binding
Emmanuel Moyse and Slavica M. Krantic

Genome Visualization by Classic Methods

in Light Microscopy
Jean-Marie Exbrayat

Imaging of Nucleic Acids and Quantitation

in Photonic Microscopy
Xavier Ronot and Yves Usson

In Situ Hybridization in Electron Microscopy

Gérard Morel, Annie Cavalier,
and Lynda Williams
in situ
HYBRIDIZATION
in ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY
Gérard Morel, Ph.D., D.Sc.
Annie Cavalier, Eng.
Lynda Williams, Ph.D.

CRC Press
Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.
 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Morel, Gérard.
In situ hybridization in electron microscopy / Gérard Morel, Annie Cavalier, Lynda Williams.
p. cm. — (Methods in visualization)
ISBN 0-8493-0044-4
1. In situ hybridization. 2. Microscopy. I. Cavalier, Annie. II. Williams, Lynda. III.
Title. IV. Series.

QH452.8 M67 2000

572.8'4—dc21 00-050750

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with
permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish
reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials
or for the consequences of their use.

Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior
permission in writing from the publisher.

The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works,
or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for such copying.

Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431.

Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for
identification and explanation, without intent to infringe.

© 2001 by CRC Press LLC

No claim to original U.S. Government works

International Standard Book Number 0-8493-0044-4
Library of Congress Card Number 00-050750
Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
Printed on acid-free paper
SERIES PREFACE

Visualizing molecules inside organisms, tissues, or cells continues to be an exciting challenge for
cell biologists. With new discoveries in physics, chemistry, immunology, pharmacology, molecular
biology, analytical methods, etc., limits and possibilities are expanded, not only for older visualizing
methods (photonic and electronic microscopy), but also for more recent methods (confocal and
scanning tunneling microscopy). These visualization techniques have gained so much in specificity
and sensitivity that many researchers are considering expansion from in-tube to in situ experiments.
The application potentials are expanding not only in pathology applications but also in more
restricted applications such as tridimensional structural analysis or functional genomics.
This series addresses the need for information in this field by presenting theoretical and technical
information on a wide variety of related subjects: in situ techniques, visualization of structures,
localization and interaction of molecules, functional dynamism in vitro or in vivo.
The tasks involved in developing these methods often deter researchers and students from using
them. To overcome this, the techniques are presented with supporting materials such as governing
principles, sample preparation, data analysis, and carefully selected protocols. Additionally, at every
step we insert guidelines, comments, and pointers on ways to increase sensitivity and specificity,
as well as to reduce background noise. Consistent throughout this series is an original two-column
presentation with conceptual schematics, synthesizing tables, and useful comments that help the
user to quickly locate protocols and identify limits of specific protocols within the parameter being
investigated.
The titles in this series are written by experts who provide to both newcomers and seasoned
researchers a theoretical and practical approach to cellular biology and empower them with tools
to develop or optimize protocols and to visualize their results. The series is useful to the experienced
histologist as well as to the student confronting identification or analytical expression problems. It
provides technical clues that could only be available through long-time research experience.

Gérard Morel, Ph.D.

Series Editor

V
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors would particularly like to thank Doctors Judy Brangeon, Francine Puvion-Dutilleul,
Dominique Le Guellec, Jean-Guy Fournier, George Pelletier, Marc Thiry, and Alain Trembleau for
the illustrations used in this book. The authors also thank various colleagues, too numerous to
mention, who have helped with this project.
The work was carried out in the framework of the European “Leonardo da Vinci” project (Grant
F/96/2/0958/PI/II.I.1.c/FPC), in association with Claude Bernard-Lyon 1 University (http://
brise.ujf-grenoble.fr/LEONARDO).

VI
 THE AUTHORS

Gérard Morel, Ph.D., D.Sc., is a Research Director at the National Center of Scientific Research
(CNRS), at University Claude Bernard–Lyon 1, France. Gérard Morel obtained his M.S. and Ph.D.
degrees in 1973 and 1976, respectively, from the Department of Physiology of University Claude
Bernard–Lyon 1. He was appointed Histology Assistant at the same university in 1974 and became
Doctor of Science in 1980. He was appointed by CNRS in 1981 and became a Research Director
in 1989. He is a member of the American Endocrine Society, International Society of Neuroendo-
crinology, Society of Neuroscience, American Society of Cell Biology, Société Française des
Microscopies, Société de Biologie Cellulaire de France, and Société de Neuroendocrinologie
Expérimentale, and he has been the recipient of research grants from the European Community,
INSERM (National Institute of Health and Medical Research), La Ligue Contre le Cancer, l’ARC
(Association de Recherche contre le Cancer), University Claude Bernard, and private industry. Dr.
Morel’s current research interests include the internalization and trafficking of ligands and receptor
molecules, particularly peptide receptors, the regulation of gene expression, and paracrine interac-
tions. He is an expert in the submicroscopic detection of low levels of gene expression.

Annie Cavalier is a Biology Engineer at CNRS at the University of Rennes 1, France. She was
appointed a technical assistant in cytology in 1969. By continually improving her knowledge of
cell and molecular biology with regular participation in state-of-the-art training courses, she has
been appointed a CNRS Engineer (1993) and has graduated from University Claude Bernard–Lyon 1.
She is a member of the Société Française des Microscopies and was actively involved in the
organization of the 13th International Congress of Electron Microscopy (Paris, July 1994) and the
first Congress of the Société Française des Microscopies (Rennes, June 1996). Annie Cavalier has
participated in writing many scientific papers, chapters, and two books. Her current interests are
the structure and function of water channels (aquaporins) and glycerol facilitators. Due to her
unique technical skills, she collaborates with many scientific groups.

Lynda Williams, B.Sc., Ph.D., is a Principal Scientific Officer at the Rowett Research Institute
in Aberdeen where she has worked since 1985. She obtained her B.Sc. from Greenwich University
in 1977 and her Ph.D. from Queen Elizabeth College in 1982. She was a post-doctoral fellow at
the Centre de Recherches en Endocrinologie Moleculaire at Université Laval, Quebec, before
moving to Scotland. She is a member of the British Neuroendocrine Group and the Society for
Endocrinology and has been the recipient of grants from NATO, the British Heart Foundation, and
the European Community, among others. Her current research interests include energy balance
and appetite control, particularly the signaling and transport of leptin. Previous research interests
include localization of melatonin receptors. Her expertise is in autoradiography at both the light
and electron microscope.

VII
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 THE INAUGURATION OF A PRESIDENT.
BY A. MAURICE LOW.
nce in every four years Washington witnesses a sight the parallel of
which is only to be seen in the great court pageants of monarchical
Europe. The inauguration of a President is always made a great
ceremony; it is accompanied with such a display, the stage settings
for this performance are so gorgeous, and so unlike anything else we
are accustomed to in other cities, that one must go to Washington to
see a ceremonial so impressive in the lesson it conveys and so
interesting from the personages who are the central figures. There are
often seen larger parades than those which march down historic Pennsylvania Avenue on
the morning of the 4th of March, but none which so truly represents the greatness of the
Union and draws from every corner of the country. On the 4th of March the President and
the President-elect drive from the White House to the Capitol and back, and in the
evening there is a grand ball. This sounds simple enough, but for months before that day
hundreds of the leading citizens of Washington, and scores of men in other places, have
been working many hours a day to perfect the details, and on their labors depends
whether the great occasion shall be a success or spoiled by an awkward mishap. So soon
as the election is over, the chairman of the National Committee of the successful
candidate appoints a prominent citizen of Washington to be chairman of the inaugural
committee, and he in turn appoints the other members of the committee. These men are
the principal bankers, merchants, lawyers, newspaper men, and other public-spirited
citizens, without regard to party, as the inauguration is a national affair, and all men are
ready to show their respect to the President. Everything relating to the inauguration is
left to these committees. The first thing they have to do is to raise a guarantee fund for
the necessary expenses—the decoration of the ballroom, the music, and such other
things. This year the committee fixed the amount at $60,000, all of which has been
contributed by private persons. With the exception of providing the room in which the
ball is held and building a stand or two, the government defrays none of the expenses,
the entire cost being met by private contributions.
The committees have to decide what organizations and troops shall be in the parade and
the places they are to occupy; they superintend the decoration of Pennsylvania Avenue,
the main thoroughfare of Washington, leading from the White House to the Capitol; the
erection of stands from which the thousands of people who come to the city to take part
in the pageant may witness it; arranging for accommodations for the strangers, and the
selection of the grand-marshal of the procession. This last is a very important matter.
Necessarily the marshal must be a military man who has been used to the handling of
large bodies of men, as on that day he commands an army larger than that of the regular
force of the United States, and it requires great military skill and cool judgment to make
of the parade a success, instead of a failure, as it would be in the hands of an
incompetent man. General Horace Porter, who has a distinguished military record, will
lead the hosts this year.

THE CROWD LISTENING TO THE INAUGURAL ADDRESS.

It is the custom for the President-elect to arrive in Washington a few days before the
inauguration. Rooms are engaged for him at one of the hotels. Shortly after his arrival he
drives to the White House and pays his respects to the man whose successor he is so
soon to be. When Mr. Cleveland paid his first visit to the White House Mr. Arthur was
President. Mr. Cleveland was then a bachelor, and his late political rival escorted him over
the house, and recommended to him his sleeping-room as being the quietest and most
comfortable in the mansion. Later in the same day the President returns the call, the
visits in both cases being very short, and official rather than social. While the President-
elect is waiting to be sworn into office his time is generally very fully occupied in
receiving public men, many of whom he meets for the first time, and sometimes in
completing his cabinet. It has happened on more than one occasion that after the
President-elect reached Washington he finally made up his mind as to a particular
member of the cabinet.
At last comes the great day. The city is thronged with strangers. All Washington has been
hoping for months that the sky will be blue and the air balmy, which is often but not
always the case. There have been inaugurations when the weather was so warm
overcoats were superfluous; at other times rain has fallen in torrents, snow has been
piled up on the sidewalks, and men who escorted the President to the Capitol have had
their ears and fingers badly frost-bitten. But whether fine or gloomy, from an early hour
the capital of the nation takes on an air of unwonted activity. Orderlies and aides in gay
uniforms are seen dashing in all directions, bands march up one street and down another,
companies and regiments wend their way to their appointed positions, thousands of
sight-seers pack the sidewalks, fill the stands and the windows on the line of the
procession. Four years ago,
when Mr. Cleveland was
inaugurated for the second
time, the weather was so cold
that many of the men in the
parade were frost-bitten, and
several deaths resulted from
the exposure. The night
before it snowed heavily,
which early the following
morning turned into slush, and
later in the day froze. But
despite the forbidding weather
the usual numbers were on
the streets to see the new
President, and men and DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA TROOPS IN THE
women sat for hours on INAUGURAL PARADE.
exposed stands rather than
give up their places after having paid for them. Four years before that, when General
Harrison was inducted into office the rain fell with pitiless fury, and yet under a sea of
umbrellas people stood on the east front of the Capitol, and heard the new President
deliver his first official pronouncement to the country. Many paid for their curiosity with
their lives.
Whether the sun shines, or it rains in torrents, or the snow covers everything in its
poetical but moist mantle, the President and the President-elect must ride to the Capitol
in an open carriage. That is a penalty greatness has to pay to popular custom, and it has
often been wondered at that the drive has not been fatal to one or both of the men.
Nearly all the time during what is often a most unpleasant drive the new President has
his hat off, bowing his acknowledgments to the applause which is never silent for one
moment. It roars and rolls like a great salvo of artillery, in its intensity at times drowning
even the music of the bands, and there are scores of them, all playing at the same time.
Attended by a committee of Congress, regular infantry and artillery, thousands of militia
from various States, and an even greater number of civic organizations, the President
and President-elect drive in an open carriage, drawn by four horses, to the Capitol. Here
everybody prominent in official life awaits them. In the Senate-chamber are the Senators,
members of the House of Representatives, the Chief Justice and the associate justices of
the Supreme Court of the United States, the members of the diplomatic corps, and the
members of the cabinet.
The Vice-President precedes the President-elect to the Senate, and will have taken the
oath of office while Major McKinley is en route. As soon as Mr. Hobart has been sworn in,
he and the other personages who have been in the Senate-chamber proceed to the
platform erected on the east front of the Capitol, and to which the President-elect has
been escorted. Here, confronting an immense assemblage, the oath is administered by
the Chief Justice, and then, by this simple ceremony Major McKinley having become
President, and Mr. Cleveland being an "ex," the new President reads his inaugural
address. When that is finished, Major McKinley is once more escorted to his carriage and
driven to a reviewing-stand erected in front of the White House, where for several hours
he has to salute and be saluted by the thousands as they sweep past him. It is usually
late in the afternoon before the new President is able to leave the stand and enjoy a
short rest before once more taking part in one of the features of the inauguration day. It
is worthy of note how quickly the transformation is effected from the great power of the
President to the private life of the citizen. When the ex-President leaves the White House
in the morning to drive with his successor to the Capitol, it is seldom that he re-enters his
former residence. Some Presidents have been known to drive direct from the Capitol to
the railroad station and start on their journey home; while General Arthur remained in
Washington for some days after Mr. Cleveland's inauguration, but as the guest of ex-
Secretary of State Frelinghuysen, John Adams was so exasperated by the election of his
successor, that he refused to accompany him to the Capitol, and left Washington early on
the morning of the fourth. Curiously enough, his son was equally as discourteous, and so
was President Johnson. But with the administering of the oath to the new President, the
man who five minutes before was the Chief Magistrate of the nation has become merely
a private citizen. There is no courtesy shown to the man who has been. He drives to the
station or to his friend's house unattended, without escort, without any one anxious to
see him. When Mr. and Mrs. Cleveland leave Washington early in March it will be just as
any other persons do.
There has been little change in the general details of inaugurations from the time of
George Washington to the present. Jefferson, according to tradition, rode to the Capitol
on horseback, tied his steed to a paling, and took the oath in a very democratic fashion.
But if history is to be believed, Jefferson rode because the fine new coach he ordered for
the occasion was not finished in time, and had it been finished, six horses would have
drawn the chariot. When Jackson returned to the White House after the ceremony at the
Capitol, the doors were thrown wide open and punch served to every one. The scene
that followed is almost indescribable. Furniture was smashed, carpets destroyed, and the
dresses of women ruined in the mad rush to drink the President's punch, and that, I
believe, was the last time the attempt was made to keep open house on the 4th of
March. President Arthur was twice inaugurated. Immediately on receipt of a telegram
announcing the death of General Garfield, he sent for one of the New York judges and
took the oath, his son and only one other person being present. The scene was very
pathetic. Later he publicly took the oath in the Capitol, Chief-Justice Waite administering
it. At one time it was thought that only the Chief Justice of the United States could swear
in the President. But this is a mistake. The oath taken before a notary public or any other
person competent to administer it is legal. On the death of Mr. Lincoln, Andrew Johnson
took the oath privately in his room. After Mr. Lincoln's family left the White House, he
entered it without any ceremony.
It has been the custom for a ball to be held on the evening of the 4th of March. Of late
years this ball has taken place in the hall of the Pension Building, a great court 280 feet
long and 130 feet wide. From the floor to the roof-tree is 150 feet. This spacious room is
elaborately decorated, and two great stands are erected on which are placed bands, one
for dance music and the other for promenade. The floor is generally too crowded for
dancing. At the last ball it is estimated that 12,000 persons were in attendance, but in
 corners here and there some
of the younger people manage
to find space enough for a few
turns. The President is not
expected to dance. He makes
a circuit of the hall, and then
retires to a room set apart for
him, where he holds a
reception. It is usually
midnight before he leaves, and
his first day as President of
the United States comes to an
end. After the President
leaves, the room is less
crowded, and dancing is more
THE BALL IN THE PENSION BUILDING. generally indulged in. Any one
can attend the ball who cares
to buy a ticket, the money
derived from this source going to reimburse the subscribers to the guarantee fund.
 WASHINGTON'S BIRTHDAY.
BY MARGARET E. SANGSTER.
To be glad that some one we love was born,
And began his life on a certain day,
In the time of the sun and the tasselled corn,
In the time of the blossom, the time of May,
Or perhaps, when the feathery snow-flake
flies,
And the world lies white under winter skies.

All that is nothing, 'tis one we know,

One who is with us in our class,
School days and home days, to and fro,
We smile and chat, and we meet and pass;
But here is our chief! Our hero! One
Who lived and died, and was done with
earth
Long before our time! Washington,
And we keep with gladness his day of birth!

The cannons rock, and the banners wave,

The soldiers march, and the proud drums
roll,
For knightly and gallant, true and brave,
Fame wrote his name on her faceless scroll,
Never to wane, that stately fame
Forever dear to a grateful State,
From age to age that immortal name
Shall a joyful people celebrate.
 A WINTER'S MORNING IN THE YELLOW SEA.
AN INCIDENT OF THE CHINO-JAPANESE WAR.

BY AN AMERICAN NAVAL OFFICER.

here exists no more disagreeable place for a winter's anchorage than
the so-called harbor of Che-foo, China, just north of the Shan-tung
Promontory, in the Yellow Sea. During the winter of 1895-6 a powerful
fleet of some twenty war-vessels, representing the flags of seven
nationalities, was there gathered together. The Chino-Japanese war
was then in progress, and the active operations of the Japanese, in the
investment of Wei-hai-wei, had been going on for some time. From
Wei-hai-wei, Che-foo was distant about thirty-five miles, and this latter
port, having been one of those originally opened by treaty, had
acquired importance as a commercial centre for the north of China. In
the immediate vicinity of this place, and for miles in the interior, were
scattered hundreds of missionaries of different sects and nationalities,
the Americans forming a large majority.
To guard the interests of foreigners in general, and incidentally to take
advantage of such lessons as were to be learned from the war then in progress, the
several nations had assembled in the East as many vessels as should best serve the
interests involved.
Probably a combination of finer war-vessels, representing all types, has seldom been
seen than the international fleet of that winter. An agreement had been entered into by
the commanders-in-chief representing Great Britain, Russia, France, Germany, and the
United States, for the protection of citizens. The best of feeling existed among the
officers and men, and all hands were keenly alert for such service that might be required.
The trials of that winter were numerous; the weather was inclement, provisions were
scarce, and recreation!—there was none. Gale followed gale with great frequency. Storm-
tossed, the vessels rode at their moorings with steam up, rigging and decks covered with
snow, sides and pipes covered with ice. Communication with the shore, except by signal,
was shut off for days at a time, and with these conditions obtaining, the life on shipboard
was not all that could be desired. The ice made out from shore for nearly two miles, and
some attempts to land proved disastrous to the boats, with corresponding discomforts for
the crews.
Occasionally the monotony for those on the Charleston and Yorktown was varied by
being sent on hazardous trips to rescue missionaries, or to watch the operations of the
belligerents off Wei-hai-wei. For those on the flag-ship, however, there was no such good
fortune. We held the end of the cable, directing the movements of the vessels of the
squadron, informing the Department of the progress of events, and keeping a watchful
eye over the small body of troops that had been landed to prevent anticipated disorders
among the Chinese, being also prepared to throw ashore at any moment a large body of
re-enforcements.
Watching had become wearisome, and many were the longings for the end to come that
a temporary respite might be ours. The doom of Wei-hai-wei was sealed. Count Oyama
with his perfectly appointed army, manœuvred with a master's hand, had captured the
forts on the east and west sides; the sledge-hammer blows struck by the ships of Admiral
Ito had resulted in mortal wounds, so that all that remained of the once magnificent
stronghold of Wei-hai-wei were the islands of Leu-kung, behind which the remnant of the
once vaunted Chinese fleet had sought refuge, and Channel Island, with its still
powerfully offensive battery.
The Chinese battle-ships Ting-Yuen and Chen-Yuen remained sullenly defiant—a menace
to the Japanese. It was not, therefore, the policy of Admiral Ito to bring his lighter
vessels within too close quarters of solid fortifications and ironclads. The Chinese could
not escape; why, then, risk the lighter ships when a little patient waiting would produce
the desired result? The dashing torpedo-boat attacks of the Japanese on the nights of
February 4th and 5th had brought havoc and destruction to the Chinese fleet, sinking
four of their ships, and giving the much-overwrought nerves of the Celestials a bad
shaking up.
Information came to the American commander-in-chief that it was probably the intention
of Admiral Ito to finish the work on February 7th.
In that latitude at that season of the year day is late in breaking, but the date in question
proved to be an ideal winter's day. Not even a gentle breeze was blowing; the air was
clear, crisp, and cold, with the thermometer at 6° Fah., while the bay showed no
movement of the closely packed cakes of floating ice.
The harbor of Che-foo is such in name only; it consists of a small indentation in the
coast, with two small islands, on one of which is the light-house, about four miles from
shore; to the northward the anchorage is limited by a narrow neck of land that rises to a
bluff, the latter facing the sea. Beyond the bluff and outside the harbor limits is a half-
moon bay, which on this occasion was filled with ice extending out about two miles, and
closely packed by the recent gales.
Shortly after eight o'clock on the morning of February 7th, from the direction of Wei-hai-
wei came the reverberations of heavy cannonading, and the decks of the vessels at the
Che-foo anchorage were soon peopled with officers and men impatiently awaiting
developments.
Within an hour unusual activity was observed among the Chinese soldiers in the fort of
Che-foo, and it was noted that the heavy Krupp guns had been given extreme elevation.
Far to the southward appeared a speck on the water, and with glasses it was soon made
out to be a torpedo-boat under full steam coming toward the port of Che-foo. It was
seen that the boat was trimmed by the stern, all the crew being on deck aft, the better to
immerse the screw. From the stream of smoke that piled from the pipe it was evident
that the little craft was being urged to its utmost speed. Owing to the fact that the
torpedo-boats of both belligerents were painted a neutral color, it was not easy to decide
upon the nationality of the stranger, for naturally no flag was displayed. Following at a
distance of about half a mile came a second boat, but as no firing was going on, it was
concluded they were friends. The mystery was soon explained by the appearance, further
out at sea, of two Japanese cruisers—the Yoshino, the speediest and handsomest ship of
their navy, and the Tachachiho, the prototype of our Charleston. It could be seen that
they were in pursuit of the two torpedo-boats. Their sharp prows were cutting the water
like knives, and through the glass the officers and crew could be observed anxiously
watching the chase.
There is something in a race, be it great or small, that stirs the blood of every man, and
when the race is one for life and liberty the interest becomes more intense, particularly if
the observer's safety is not involved.
The scene was one never to be forgotten. The day was all that could be desired for
speeding a torpedo-boat; not a ripple to mar progress; outside the islands the sea was
clear of ice, while the cold crisp air was most favorable for the draught.
With the approach of the vessels grew the excitement of the observers; the cold was
forgotten, gloves and coats were thrown aside, and officers and men mounted the icy
rigging the better to view the chase. Those that were fortunate enough to possess
glasses reported incidents that could not be seen by the less fortunate. Admiral and staff,
officers and men, elbowed one another, forgetful of all but the excitement of the
moment. Each little gain or loss was carefully noted, and brought forth breathless
remarks from the interested spectators. Some of the crew, more sharp-sighted than the
others, reported the progress of the race, and as the cruisers closed more and more
upon the torpedo-boats the excitement grew intense. "Now the big ones gaining!" "No,
the little one's holding her own!" etc. Gruff observations of this sort were heard on every
side.
The little torpedo-boats were game, and fought on manfully, one might say, foot by foot.
From the pipes of pursuer and pursued poured forth columns of smoke that trailed
behind like dense black streamers, seemingly to portend the tragedy that was to follow;
while, as if by contrast, the water parted by the rapidly speeding vessels broke in waves
that glistened and scintillated in the sunlight in spectacular magnificence.
It was estimated that the Yoshino was making nineteen knots and over, and it was
evident that a heavy forced draught was being carried. The first torpedo-boat was
holding its own, or doing a trifle better, but the second and smaller of the two was slowly
but surely losing distance.
One was strangely reminded of the coursing of hares by large and powerful hounds, only
in this case the lives of human beings were involved, and the chances for the torpedo-
boats, if caught, were about equal to those of the hares under like conditions. Whatever
may have been the unofficial sympathies of the on-lookers in regard to the war then
going on, it seemed to be the universal wish that "the little fellows" might escape.
For a moment, off the harbor, the course of the leading boat deviated, as if to take
refuge behind the shipping. That moment was the signal for unusual activity for the
vessels at anchor; capstans were started and preparations made for a hurried departure,
for had the Chinese boats entered they would have been followed by the cruisers, and it
would have required lively work on the part of the neutrals to get out of range.

THE RACE WAS OVER.

The Chinese Lieutenant who commanded the torpedo-boat evidently concluded not to be
a disturbing element to the fleet at anchor; the course was renewed, and, rounding the
bluff, an attempt was made to reach the shore by ramming the ice. The floe was found to
be too heavy for the light craft, so, skirting the edge of the ice, the boat stranded in
shoal water; the occupants made a hurried exit and took to the woods. The second boat
likewise tried the ice, but finding that no impression could be made thereon, sought to
escape, as its principal had done, by skirting the pack until shoal water could be reached.
But there was no time; the Yoshino was too close, and that powerful vessel ploughed
through the ice at a tremendous rate of speed. When the nearest point to the runaway
was reached, we heard the ugly quick bark of the Yoshino's three-pounders, and the race
was over. With a mighty roar the safety-valves of the big cruiser were lifted, and for
security the vessel headed seaward. There was no time to lower boats; the water was
intensely cold, and it was never learned that any of the crew of the riddled boat escaped.
The guns of the Yoshino sang the only requiem over the watery graves of those that
went down with their ship.
The stranded boat was hauled off the next day by boats from the Tachachiho, and was
taken to the Japanese navy-yard at Yekesuka. Several months later this trophy of the war
was shown to the writer by a Japanese naval officer, the latter little suspecting that his
visitor had witnessed the interesting episode of its capture on that eventful winter's
morning in the Yellow Sea.

The great development of various kinds of athletics within recent years has been to the
detriment of certain kinds of sport that men and boys ten years ago or more used to
devote more time to. Nowadays there are so many who wish to go into athletics that the
popular games are those in which the greatest number of contestants may take part. It is
probably for this reason that we see so much attention given to track athletics, even as a
winter in-door sport, to the subordination of almost all other games.
Before these events became popular
American men and boys, as English men
and boys had done for years before them,
especially those who lived in the country,
used to devote more of their time to the
simpler branches of sport, one of which is
wrestling. But as only two men may take
part in one wrestling bout, while the rest
must stand around and look on, this sport
has more or less fallen from popularity.
Nevertheless, like boxing, it is one of the
best kinds of exercises, and will do more
toward building up a strong constitution
and developing a deep chest, broad
shoulders, and strong arms, than any
FIG. 1.—TRYING FOR A HOLD. other kind of exercise.
Wrestling is one of the oldest sports of
the world, and doubtless came into being as early as foot-racing. It is probably because
of its age, simplicity of equipment, and natural use of strength that it has failed to receive
the consideration given to other and more elaborate games of skill. Fortunately, however,
there has always been a number of enthusiasts the world over who have kept awake the
interest in wrestling, and by their enthusiasm have steadily advanced its standard of skill.
It is very probable that if wrestling had required intricate machinery for its expansion and
a broad outlay of paraphernalia it would long since have become as generally popular as
those games which hold places of favor to-day. In America there are three distinctive
styles of wrestling—Catch-as-catch-can, Græco-Roman, and Collar-and-elbow. There
seems to be no doubt that catch-as-catch-can is the style that has to-day reached the
highest development. It certainly is second to none as a means of exercise, and is
superior to most as a means of defence.
In the first place, it is the most natural style of wrestling and of using one's strength,
because it allows of any hold, and the contestants are at liberty to exercise all means at
their power, as the name indicates, to bring down the opponent—methods that a man
must adopt when the struggle is in earnest. Abroad, I believe, no hold lower than the
waist is permitted, but here in amateur contests one may catch wherever he can, the
only restrictions being what are technically known as the full nelson and the strangle
hold. To the average man who has taken up the sport of wrestling, the idea of developing
his body has been the first, the idea of using his skill for personal defence is naturally
secondary. But, as a matter of fact, wrestling is one of the best of the defensive arts, and
has proved serviceable in a number of critical occasions.
In cases of emergency,
speaking now of self-defence,
a number of holds which
would not be considered
proper in sport may very well
be used to protect one against
an attack. And especially if a
knowledge of wrestling is
added to a slight familiarity
with boxing, the combination
of the two arts makes a man a
very formidable opponent. It FIG. 2.—ON HANDS AND KNEES.—A SAFE
should always be remembered POSITION.
by those who go into the
development of these athletic arts that whenever it becomes necessary to use them in
self-defence the style will be found to be very different on the highway from what it is in
the gymnasium.
No matter how good a boxer a man may be, if it ever becomes necessary for him to
defend himself with his fists, the boxing will soon degenerate into a rough-and-tumble
fight; and here is where the science of wrestling becomes most important. But all this is
merely incidental to the benefits of exercise to be derived from the sport, and I have only
mentioned these possibilities to show that there is an advantage to be gained beyond the
mere increase of muscle and agility.
As an exercise, as a tissue-making, blood-stirring sport, there is nothing in-doors to equal
wrestling. It stretches every muscle, it expands the chest, strengthens the legs and arms,
and gives coolness, determination, and quickness. The qualities necessary in football,
those qualities which make the game such an excellent developer of the human body, are
the same essentials to the successful wrestler. Furthermore, there is no game of skill to
which the adage that "practice makes perfect" may more justly be applied than to
wrestling.
Any one who has not had practical experience in the matter can have no idea of the
immense advantage that trained skill has over mere brute strength. Of course one cannot
 expect any man or boy, be he
ever so skilful, to put on his
back an opponent weighing a
hundred pounds more than
himself, yet it is surprising to
see what weight and strength
may be defeated by skill and
quickness. To become an
expert, one ought to begin to
learn the elements of
wrestling at an early age, say
at sixteen or seventeen, and it
is important to have a well-
FIG. 3.—TRYING FOR FARTHER ARM AND NEAR trained, careful instructor.
LEG.
Wrestling is by no means an
easy game, and a great deal
of harm may be done to growing boys if their work is not supervised by a teacher who
combines with his technical instruction an intelligent appreciation of his pupil's physique.
On the other hand, no exercise, when carefully conducted, is better calculated to build up
and fill out a frail physical structure. It is not well, after one has learned the rudiments of
this sport, to wrestle always with the same man, for this will surely limit the novice's
range of action.
Two men, too, who wrestle continually with each other become so familiar with their
capabilities that they derive little advantage from the practice, since the secret of success
in wrestling is to keep the opponent busy wondering what you are going to do next, and
to deceive him as to your own intentions as much as possible. This of course is
impossible when every move of your opponent's body has become familiar to you by
months of practice with him. Many advise beginners to drop on all-fours at the earliest
possible opportunity in a wrestling-match, but I do not believe that this is the best
principle for young men, whose muscles are not yet trained to sustain such severe work.
It is well to learn to do as much wrestling
as possible standing on the two feet, and
never to go down unless some decided
advantage is to be gained by so doing.
The advantages of doing the work on the
feet are twofold. In the first place, it is a
wonderful developer of strength, and
gives great steadiness to the body; in the
second place, it is of the most practical
benefit. For instance, if you are called
upon to put your knowledge of wrestling FIG. 4.—TRYING FOR HALF-NELSON.
into service against an attack, you would
find the ability to stand upon your feet of inestimable value; whereas, if you have trained
yourself to do your best work by lying down, the chances in a rough-and-tumble
scramble would doubtless be against you. It is true, nevertheless, that the majority of the
wrestlers of the present day, as soon as time is called by the umpire, begin to dance
about as if the floor burned their feet, and then attempt to secure a wrist hold, following
this immediately by falling to the floor.
The man who wishes to do his wrestling on his feet should try to get a head hold (Fig. 1),
and then make an effort to back-heel his man, which is done by jerking him forward, and
as he steps in with his right leg, to put your left leg behind it on the outside and bend
him over backwards. If you are strong enough, or have the slightest skill at this, your
opponent is bound to go over. A still better hold perhaps for this back-heeling, but a more
difficult one to secure, is an under-body hold, and then if you are successful and active
you are certain to throw your man.
Two other very valuable, probably the most valuable, holds to be secured in wrestling on
your feet are the buttock and the cross-buttock. They are both hard to get on a good
man, and require the utmost skill in execution, for they are not to be bungled. For the
cross-buttock hold, turning your left side to your opponent, get your hip partially
underneath and in front of him, and then, with your arms held tightly around his neck
and shoulder, quickly cross both his legs by your left, and lift him and bring him down;
you will also go, but you will go down on top.
The buttock hold is a more difficult
matter, but probably the most serviceable
one for self-defence in an unsought
contest. It is begun very much like the
cross-buttock, except that you get your
hip further under your opponent, and
then bending over, with a powerful jerk
on your arm about his neck, you shoot
him into the air and over your back. It
requires quickness and some strength.
There are of course a number of
emergencies in which it is best to drop to
the floor, and in this case the first
principle that should always be observed
is to keep your arms spread well apart
(Fig. 2), in order to prevent your FIG. 5.—HALF-NELSON—NO HELP FOR
opponent from getting a farther arm and HIM.
leg hold (Fig. 3). The next thing to do—or
really it should be the first—is to keep the
opponent from securing the half-nelson and back-hammer, as the top man is shown to be
doing in Fig. 4. A hold of this kind means a certain fall.
Another important principle to observe is to keep the head well back, so that in case you
are called on to spin out of a quarter or a half-nelson you will be able to bridge. One of
the most eagerly sought-for holds among wrestlers is the half-nelson (Fig. 5); when this
is secured, the lucky man rises to his feet, and stepping forward, falls on his prostrate
opponent to keep him from forming a bridge.
The principal thing to keep in mind in wrestling is always to watch for an opening.
Practice will soon teach you to guess your opponent's intentions by his movements.
Always seek an opportunity to get away, for you are at a disadvantage when underneath.
These are but a few suggestions toward this most interesting and valuable sport, for any
amount of description might be written about the many holds and tricks of the game.
The real knowledge of them is only to be obtained from practice, and the man who
wishes to become a skilful wrestler must work daily and conscientiously in the
gymnasium, and he will be surprised to see how very soon he will obtain a certain skill,
quickness, and proficiency of which he had never even dreamed himself capable.

"TRACK ATHLETICS IN DETAIL."—Illustrated.—8vo, Cloth, Ornamental, $1.25.

The
Graduate.

THE KEY TO AN ASTRONOMICAL PUZZLE.

The "Man in the Moon." A certain fair Virgin (sixth sign of zodiac). Asked her Mar's
permission. The bridemaids, Berenice (Berenice's Hair, Northern constellation) and
Andromeda (Northern constellation). For groomsmen, Castor and Pollux (third sign of
zodiac). The bride sat in Cassiopeia's chair (Northern constellation). On the menu, deviled
Crab (fourth sign of zodiac), Fishes (Pisces, twelfth sign of zodiac). Water-carrier,
Aquarius (eleventh sign of zodiac). Had a game of Fox and Geese (Northern
constellation). The bride played Lyra (the harp, Northern constellation). Harnessed
Pegasus to Charles's Wain (in Ursa Major), and set off on the route known as the "Milky
Way," in search of the lost Pleiad. Drink from the little and the big Dipper. Barked at by
the great Dog (Canis Major, Southern constellation). Butted by a vicious Ram (first sign of
zodiac). Chased by a Bull (Taurus, second sign of zodiac). Met by a roaring Lion (Leo,
fifth sign of zodiac). Being a fine Archer (Sagittarius), slew him with an Arrow (Sagitta,
Northern constellation). Encountered a great grizzly Bear (Ursa Major) and a little one
(Ursa Minor). The tip of his tail, the north star. Reached the north pole. Bears the
dancers. The trail of the Serpent (Northern constellation). Eccentric as a comet. Flying off
in a tangent. Borrowed Light (Old Sol). Weighed in Balance (seventh sign of zodiac). The
most beautiful of the planets, Venus. Totally Eclipsed. Morning and evening Star. Labors
of Hercules (Northern constellation). Overdose of Mercury. Scorpion (eighth sign of
zodiac). Fate of Egyptian queen Cleopatra.

WELLINGTON'S REASONING.
A good story is told of the Duke of Wellington while out fox-hunting. It seems the hounds
had reached the bank of a small river, and the master galloped up saying,
"The dogs can't pick up the scent, your Grace."
"The fox has crossed to the other side," cried the Duke.
"Not very likely, my Lord. A fox hates water."
"Aye, aye, but he's crossed over some bridge."
"I don't believe there is a bridge," answered the master.
"Well," continued the Duke, "though I was never here before, I am sure you will find one
within a mile."
Followed by the hunt they pushed on, and less than a mile off came upon a rudely
constructed bridge. The dogs crossed it, again took up the scent, and killed the fox.
Asked for his reason for asserting that there was a bridge near, the Duke said: "I saw
three or four cottages clustered together on each bank of the river, and I thought the
people living in them would be tempted by their social feelings to contrive a means of
visiting each other. That same inference of mine gained me one of my battles."

A GRATEFUL TENANT.
Mr. Ford has some houses in Brooklyn, one of which he rented to Mr. Stone, a mason. For
three months Mr. Ford failed to collect the rent, and at last resolved to send Mr. Stone
adrift.
"But if I am put out, Mr. Ford," said Stone, "I can't move my duds. I have no money."
Mr. Ford, being tender-hearted, gave him two dollars, and Stone moved out. Shortly
afterward Mr. Ford appointed an agent to attend to his rents. Everything went right until
one day Mr. Ford found that the rent of a certain house remain unpaid.
"The tenant's all right, sir," said the agent. "He's a good man of the name of Stone, a
mason, and he'll pay in a day or two."
The owner called upon the backward tenant, and found that he was the same Stone
whom he had evicted some months before.
"How is it you're back here again?"' said Mr. Ford.
"Really," said Stone, "I couldn't think of patronizing another landlord, Mr. Ford. You had
been kind to me and I felt grateful."

A GOOD REASON.
"I am glad Willie," said the teacher, with a severe glance at Charlie, who is slangy, "that
you never use that horrid word nit."
"I guess not," said Willie, scornfully. "I leave nitting to the girls."
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 QUESTIONS FOR YOUNG MEN.
ON COURTESY TO WOMEN AND GIRLS.
Continuing our discussion on women and girls, there is still more to be said than can
even be suggested here in this short space. It is not by any means the intention of this
Department to be prudish and priggish. Nor is it the intention to lay down herein laws
that cannot be easily followed in every-day life. The idea is merely to point out familiar
ideas, which often lose their efficacy because of the carelessness of the individual. In
fact, many a boy would deny that he ever broke one of these simple and well-known laws
of courtesy, and yet he probably does break many of them day after day.
These are the days when girls and women not only ride bicycles, not only take care of
themselves in pleasure and amusement, but go regularly to their work in almost as large
numbers as men. Many a girl goes about town or city night and day to and from her
work; many a girl enters different branches of athletics hitherto only supposed to be
open to men; and, indeed, men are constantly finding themselves in woman's society in
business as well as in pleasure.
Some boys, and unfortunately a great many men, feel that, far from forcing them to
behave towards women at all times as they have been in the habit of doing when they
were in evening dress, this gradual change, this habit of seeing women more frequently
and under all sorts of conditions, is taking off the restraint they have felt in their
presence, and bringing them down to their level. If the boys would only think of the
matter more or less seriously, they would soon find that as one boy treats another, so he
will be judged by the general audience. How much more is this true in a boy's treatment
of girls, whether they be known to him or not! Certain laws in this world are very binding,
and it is useless to try to break them. You cannot put two stones in exactly the same
place. No one ever ate his cake and had it too. And no boy who has not a distinct
appreciation of the courtesy due from every man to every woman can have a thorough
respect for himself. One is just as impossible as are the others.
If you have any ambition to bear yourself well, to succeed in life in all ways as well as in
the financial way, which is commonly understood when "success" is mentioned, you must
become aware of the fact that you cannot live any kind of life you may like for years and
still have the highest character. It is the little incidents from day to day which make a
man's character, and perhaps the strongest of all these little incidents are those which
concern the treatment of women and girls by men and boys. The habit of being
constantly with women sometimes cultivates the habit of paying little attention to them,
of not recollecting that they are to be treated with never-failing courtesy. This is but a
step in the direction leading to such incidents as one sees in Europe, where young
brothers sit about the house in their uniforms paid for by their sisters' sewing or
teaching, and let these same sisters bring their shoes, or coats, or glasses of water, and
what not. When we go to Germany and see this sort of thing, we acquire a contempt for
the men of that race. They do not begin to equal the vigor, the manliness, the civilization,
of our American men. And yet we must not behold the mote in our brother's eye unless
we consider the beam in our own. We must not criticise others unless we can at least say
that our own men have a clear idea of their proper course in such a matter.
Furthermore, when you are dealing with the other sex it is wise to bear in mind that as
you treat them, so are you building up character in yourself. If you do not bear in mind
the courtesies of all kinds which are woman's due, you cannot retain for any length of
time a pride in yourself, a satisfaction with your behavior, which is commonly called self-
respect; and without self-respect you will have a hard time of it in the world.
In other words, the higher the pedestal on which you place all women, both of your
acquaintance and not of your acquaintance, the higher you are putting yourself, the
better your standards will be, and the better man you will make yourself.

AN UNFAIR DIVISION.
Many old residents of New York will remember Hank Miller, sometimes called the
"Omnibus King." Quiet, good-natured, and full of fun, he enjoyed a patronage which
eventually netted him a neat income. One evening Hank was making his rounds of the
stable, as was his wont, when he overheard the chink of money and a subdued
muttering. Glancing over a stall, he discovered one of his drivers counting his fares as
follows:
"That's two shillun' for Hank, and two for me," laying the shillings in two piles. He kept
on dividing his fares, until he came to the last piece of money, an odd shilling.
"There," said he, "that's too bad to come out uneven, 'cause I wants to be square and go
halves with Hank. Let me see, shall I throw this in his pile? No, I'll toss it up; heads for
me and tails for Hank," and he spun it up in the air. "Tails it is!" he cried as it fell. "Well,
that's Hank's, I suppose," but he hesitated. "No, I guess I'll toss again." This time it fell
down heads. "Ah, I knew that first toss wasn't fair!" and having divided the money to his
satisfaction, he slipped away without knowing that Hank had been watching him.
Hank gained his office before the thieving driver arrived to leave his fares. "Good-
evening, Jack," said he, as the man entered. "Luck good to-day?"
"Rather poor, Mr. Miller," and he laid the money on the desk.
"Well, Jack, I guess we can dispense with your services from now on."
"Eh! How's that? What have I done?" cried the astonished Jack.
Hank gave a quiet smile, and then, looking the man in the eye, said: "You see, Jack, you
didn't treat me fair. By rights, I should have had another chance at that odd shilling."
 NOT IN THE DICTIONARY.
Teacher. "What word are you looking for, Brown?"
Thad Brown. "Why, teacher, you wanted to know what a woman would be called who
performed a brave act. Now, a man who acts bravely is a hero, but I can't find the word
for a brave woman."
Teacher. "What is the word?"
Thad. "Shero; but it's not in this dictionary."

NEW YORK'S GREAT PARK.

An Englishman was showing his friend, an American, through the houses of Parliament,
in London, the meanwhile commenting in a somewhat arrogant manner upon what he
was pleased to term the superiority of the English public buildings and parks.
"There," he exclaimed, "is our magnificent Thames Embankment, a delightful spot! Why,
you have nothing in your country to compare with it, especially in that great New York
city; then again, every gentleman owns an estate, and, let me assure you, sir, such
estates are no small bits of property."
This went on for a considerable time, until the American, growing tired, said, "But, Lord
de T., you have travelled in our country, have you not?"
"Oh, yes, my dear sir; right across it."
"Well, then, you should have a fair idea of its size."
"Very big place, sir, very big."
"And you know New-York city quite well, eh?"
"Oh, yes—yes indeed."
"Well, then, you see, we didn't want anything in the line of parks in New York, with, of
course, the exception of a few squares; but outside of the city we wanted a park, and so
we decided to use the United States as a park for New York city."
"Dear me, how extravagant."
"Not at all, sir; why, we even contemplated floating the British Isles over and anchoring
them a short distance outside the city's harbor as a sort of breakwater, you know."
 This Department is conducted in the interest of stamp and coin collectors, and the
Editor will be pleased to answer any question on these subjects so far as possible.
Correspondents should address Editor Stamp Department.

How many stamps make a good collection? I am frequently asked this question by
readers of the Round Table, and find it a very hard one to answer. For instance, on one
day I saw a collection of over 2000 stamps, and had to say it was a very poor collection.
There were a few scarce stamps, but every common stamp, every "Seebeck" stamp, and
all the cut-square envelopes and post-cards went to make up the quantity. On the other
hand, it was my good fortune to see a little book about 6 by 4 inches in size, with some
30 or 40 leaves. This was a selection made up from one of our great collectors' albums
for exhibition in the coming London stamp show. This little book, which could be slipped
into any pocket, contained 200 stamps, the catalogue value of which was $15,000. Every
stamp was in perfect condition—Hawaiian "missionary"; Cape of Good Hope wood block,
in blocks of two and four; Canada 12d.; first series of British Guiana; first of Moldavia;
shilling, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, etc., in various shades; Brattleboro,
Baltimore, and other rare U.S. locals. In fact, to enumerate the stamps would be to give a
list of the great rarities. Such a collection is hardly ever seen, and after exhibition the
stamps will be restored to their proper places in the regular albums.
The government does not seem to make much progress in the prosecution of the parties
who had in their possession fifty sets of the Periodical stamps (from 1c. to $60), the face
value of which was about $10,000. These were hawked about in New York at $80 per set
as genuine stamps. The claim is now made in court that they were not originals, but
proofs. The leading dealers in New York declined to have anything to do with the stamps
when they were first offered, and their caution has been amply justified.

A. Lamareux.—The so-called 25c. and 50c. gold pieces were never made by the
government. The bulk of them were manufactured by jewellers, and, as a rule, they
do not contain more than 25 per cent. of their nominal value in gold. The
manufacture of these so-called coins is now illegal.
R. Bulkley.—The difference between the 10c. U.S. brown of 1872, unused, worth $1,
and the one worth $10 is altogether in the paper. In the one case the mesh is quite
apparent when held up to the light; in the other, the paper is harder and more
compact. I assume you are an expert, and know the differences in the papers used
by the different bank-note companies.
 W. F. Webb.—The U.S. 24c. of 1857, unused, is worth $5; the 12c., same issue,
unused, $1.25. If used, about half as much. The $1 mortgage, unperforated, worth
$1.
R. F. Anderson.—Packets of very common stamps (30 or 40 varieties) can be had at
25c. per 1000. Cheap-priced packets will of course contain cheap stamps only.
"Correos y telegs" is Spanish, indicating that the stamp can be used in payment of
postage or for telegrams. "Comunicaciones" is Spanish also.
C. W. W. and A. G. D.—The 1870 stamps were grilled. In 1872 the same plates were
used in the manufacture of the ungrilled stamps. The grilled is worth 100 times as
much as the ungrilled.
E. B. Mayo.—I am not a dealer. Apply to some regular dealer for your wants.
J. Waxer.—The 2c. and 3c. U.S. coins are very common.

Philatus.

Reject all compounds which dispense

With honest work and common sense;
With Ivory Soap the wash is good
And takes no longer than it should.
Copyright 1896, by The Procter & Gamble Co., Cin'ti
 For Young Americans

GEORGE WASHINGTON
By Woodrow Wilson, Ph.D., LL.D. Illustrated by Howard Pyle, Harry Fenn, and Others.
Crown 8vo, Cloth, Deckel Edges and Gilt Top, $3.00.

NAVAL ACTIONS OF THE WAR OF 1812

By James Barnes. With 21 Full-page Illustrations by Carlton T. Chapman, printed in color, and
12 Reproductions of Medals. 8vo, Cloth, Ornamental, Deckel Edges and Gilt Top, $4.50.

FOR KING OR COUNTRY

A Story of the American Revolution. By James Barnes. Illustrated. Post 8vo, Cloth,
Ornamental, $1.50.
 By Charles Carleton Coffin
THE BOYS OF '76. A History of the Battles of the Revolution. Profusely Illustrated.
Square 8vo, Cloth, $2.00.
OLD TIMES IN THE COLONIES. Profusely Illustrated. Square 8vo, Cloth, $2.00.
BUILDING THE NATION. Events in the History of the United States from the
Revolution to the Civil War. Profusely Illustrated. Square 8vo, Cloth, $2.00.
THE DRUM-BEAT OF THE NATION. The First Period of the War of the Rebellion, from
its Outbreak to the Close of 1862. Profusely Illustrated. Square 8vo, Cloth, $2.00.
ABRAHAM LINCOLN. Profusely Illustrated. Square 8vo, Cloth, $2.00.
MARCHING TO VICTORY. The Second Period of the War of the Rebellion, including the
Year 1863. Profusely Illustrated. Square 8vo, Cloth, $3.00.
REDEEMING THE REPUBLIC. The Third Period of the War of the Rebellion, to
September, 1864. Profusely Illustrated. Square 8vo, Cloth, $2.00.
FREEDOM TRIUMPHANT. The Fourth Period of the War of the Rebellion, from
September, 1864, to its Close. Profusely Illustrated. Square 8vo, Cloth, $2.00.
 By Kirk Munroe
RICK DALE. A Story of the Northwest Coast. Illustrated by W. A. Rogers. Post 8vo, Cloth,
Ornamental, $1.25.

SNOW-SHOES AND SLEDGES. A Sequel to "The Fur-Seal's Tooth."—THE FUR-

SEAL'S TOOTH.—RAFTMATES.—CANOEMATES.—CAMPMATES.—DORYMATES. Post
8vo, Cloth, Ornamental, $1.25 each. The Four "Mates" Volumes in a Box, $5.00.
WAKULLA.—FLAMINGO FEATHER.—DERRICK STERLING.—CHRYSTAL, JACK
& CO., and DELTA BIXBY. Illustrated. Square 16mo, Cloth, Ornamental, $1.00
each.

HARPER & BROTHERS, Publishers, New York

A Good Entertainment Programme.

An admirable up-to-date entertainment may be arranged under the title "The Ideals
of the Twentieth Century," where short, breezy dissertations, orations, and essays on
the ideal "Church," "Stage," "Public School," "International Peace," and for a
humorous selection "The Ideal Parent," may be rendered. And "What Science may
accomplish in the Twentieth Century" should by all means be included in the list. By
way of recitation, Lowell's exquisite "To the Future," and Saxe's travesty "Pyramus
and Thisbe," are well adapted. The latter might be called "An Incident of Twenty
Centuries Ago." With two or three musical selections your programme is complete.

Vincent V. M.
Beede.

Selling Stamping Designs.

May I ask your aid and advice in regard to some doily patterns which I have
designed? I enclose four designs. I would like to sell them, and would like to have
you tell me in what way designs are prepared for sale. I mean especially for
stamping outfit companies. Am I right in thinking they are to be made on Bristol-
 board in India-ink? Do such designs have to be made the same size that the
stamping pattern is to be when finished? Will you not give me some idea of the
prices paid for designs? When designs are sold, does the designer set the price, or is
it left to the purchaser? Which of the designs should you call the best? I have never
taken a lesson in drawing, or had any instructions of any sort, and have not even a
pair of compasses to help me.

Alice L.
Brown, R.T.L.
Putney.
Designs for stamping should be drawn in India-ink on Bristol-board or good drawing-
paper. They must be made full working size. It is impossible to give prices—they can best
be ascertained from the dealers themselves. Naturally the purchaser sets the price,
unless the designer is one of established reputation who can fix her own. The design
marked No. 1. is considered best by the Art Department—next in order the one marked
No. 2. The Society of Decorative Art, 14 East Thirty-fourth Street, New York city, receive
and pay for designs. Bently and Jones, 204 Greene Street, are wholesale manufacturers
of stamped embroidery designs.

A Good Description of Mardi-gras.

In the winter, just before Lent, occurs the event that draws more people here than
anything else. That event is Mardi-gras. Then the city puts on a festive air, the
merchants decorate their stores with the royal colors—purple, green, and yellow—
and every one prepares to receive his Majesty Rex, who reigns supreme for the short
time he is here. A large fleet goes down the river to meet the royal yacht, and when
the King and his suite land at the foot of Canal Street they are met by the Mayor, the
city officials, the city, State, and visiting militia, and are escorted to the City Hall,
where the keys of the city are delivered to him. Numerous secret societies made up
of society men give balls and processions at this time. Prominent among them are
the Krewe of Comus, Krewe of Proteus, and others.
Rex arrives Monday, and Tuesday is Mardi-gras day. Then the fun commences. All the
small boys and girls in town, and some large ones, dress up in fantastic costumes
and masks, and the streets are filled with the "Mardi-gras's," as they call them. Last
year and the year before there was a band of Indians—about fifty; the costumes
were splendid, and when they came whooping up the street they seemed quite like
the real article. At about eleven o'clock Rex's parade makes its appearance, and
passes along the principal streets. Such crowds you seldom see; the street is a solid
mass of people as far as the eye can reach. Every one, young and old, big and small,
white and black, turns out to see his august Majesty Rex. The mounted police force
a way through the people for the parade to pass. In front of the Boston Club the
parade stops, and the King presents the young lady who is to be Queen with a
 beautiful bunch of flowers, and drinks her health, and that of her maids of honor.
While the procession is passing, the maskers on the different floats throw handful
after handful of candy to the people that line the windows and galleries on each side
of the street. The parade is past at last, and everybody begins to think about getting
home, and ready for the one in the evening and the two balls.
The evening parade of Krewe of Proteus is always beautiful, and so is the ball that
follows. Rex has his ball also in the evening. The first three dances at the ball are
reserved for the maskers, who have for their partners young ladies out of the
audience. These are informed by note beforehand, so they are always prepared.
They never know who they dance with, unless it be a case of husband and wife.
After three dances the dancing becomes general, and the maskers slip out, and
come back in regulation evening dress, that you do not notice the change. These
balls are beautiful sights—the maskers in their rich costumes, and the ladies in
handsome evening dresses.
The balls are held in the French Opera-House, an immense building, which is always
packed to its utmost capacity. Each king (and there is one for every ball) chooses his
queen from the society girls, and she has three maids of honor. They are always
dressed gorgeously. The next morning it is all over until the next year, and society
settles down in sackcloth and ashes until Easter. Thousands of dollars are spent
every year on this event, but New Orleans wouldn't be New Orleans without its
Mardi-gras. Rex is always a prominent man.

Sophie
Eleanor Clark.

Amateur Journalism.
The following-named, interested to some extent in play-journalism, desire to receive
sample copies of papers from publishers of the same:
Walter C Garges, 102 Van Buren Street, Zanesville, Ohio, and Florence Jennings, Box 67,
Southport, Connecticut.

A Queer Tale.
S. K. Brown, Jun., living in a small Pennsylvania village, where there is a famous Friend's
school, sends to the Round Table a quotation from a Philadelphia newspaper, and says he
desires more information. The quotation, in his words, is under the title of "The Floating
Stone of Corea," and runs:
"The stone is of great bulk, and shaped like an irregular cube. It appears to be resting on
the ground; but is free from support on any side. If two men, standing on opposite sides
of it, hold each the opposite ends of a cord, they will be able to pass it under the stone
without encountering any obstacles."
We also should like more information. Can any one give it? There must be an
explanation, else we must for the first time doubt that the law of gravitation is universal.

Good and Funny as a Game.

I have seen many games described in the Round Table, and I thought I would write
out one which is played here. It is called "Key." The boys and girls are placed in two
rows, and between them is seated the one who holds the key. The latter selects
some one to take the key and give it to the one who has the longest hair, prettiest
teeth, nicest dress, or anything he or she chooses. If the one who has to choose is a
boy, he must choose a girl; if a girl, she must choose a boy. The one selected then
goes around, and so on. The ones who have gone around then tell for what they
chose the others. This game is very good when played right—and funny.

Nellie
Thompson.
Golconda.

Questions and Answers.

One of our questioners asks for an explanation of the treaty just signed between this
nation and Great Britain, and why Mr. Gladstone, Mr. Cleveland, and so many others
rejoice over it. We are exceedingly pleased to reply to a questioner so keen and
intelligent. Disputes are likely at all times to arise between nations, as they are between
individuals. We have long since provided for the latter, not by urging each disputant to
fall to pummelling the other, but by judges and jurors, who hear testimony and make
decisions on them. The world is just now entering upon that stage of progress when
nations as well as individuals no longer fall into wicked war, but have judges to hear and
determine for them. The treaty which you ask about provides that when, during the next
five years, any differences arise between the United States and Great Britain, such
disputes, with all the testimony on both sides, shall be referred to six arbitrators, three to
be named by each side. If these six men fail to agree in their decision, they are to select
a seventh arbitrator. The latter may be any competent person. If the seven fail to agree,
the dispute is to be left to the wisdom of the King of Sweden, whose decision shall be
final. The treaty has been signed by our Secretary of State and the British Minister. It is
signed in duplicate, one copy being for us, and the other to be sent to London. It is not
yet law, and may never become law. It is awaiting confirmation by our Senate. If it is not
confirmed, it is laid away in our State Department along with many other unconfirmed
treaties. The reason so many rejoice over the event is because, as Mr. Gladstone says, "it
is a step of real progress." You live in a fortunate age, that sees a step so important in
the uplift of mankind.
E. A. W. asks, "Does the Department of Agriculture at Washington issue a pamphlet for
free distribution relating to the following things: Weather reports and records, latitude of
our different cities, and rules for foretelling the weather?"
We think it does. Write the Department requesting a copy. You will get in reply either the
pamphlet or information where it can be had. "What are the names of some of our
largest war-ships?" The Iowa, Massachusetts, and Indiana are names of three battle-
ships. Of large cruisers there are the Columbia, New York, and Minneapolis. "What are
the requisites of pen-drawing for an amateur? What pens are used?" Bristol-board;
drawing-ink, to be had in twenty-five-cent bottles at almost any bookseller's; and
common fine-pointed steel pens.
J. G. B.: The annual wheat crop of the United States varies greatly. Last year it was
500,000,000 bushels. It is much smaller than our corn crop, which often reaches
1,600,000,000 bushels.—George E. Purdy, 66 Broadway, New York, asks if Carlos J.
Neona, of Chicago, will send his correct address to him.—Ernest Routlege questions the
authority which makes a Virginia plover to fly 225 miles an hour. Lord Bishop Stanley, an
excellent authority, says that the highest speed attained by any bird is 180 miles an hour.
This is the swift. The plover is a fast flier, and he gives its speed at 160 miles. He also
says that the measuring of bird flight is quite difficult, and points out several erroneous
calculations on their speed made by people who sought to test it. Possibly our
correspondent, a lad, fell into one of these errors. The partridge flies, according to Bishop
Stanley, about sixty miles per hour, and the eagle 140 miles. In Ireland, some years ago,
a carrier-pigeon was known to make 125 miles per hour. These are special records, so to
say, for the average speed of these birds is much slower. Stanley says that, in proportion
to size, the bee is a faster flier than a plover, and points out how often we see bees and
large flies fly along outside the window of a rapid railway car, going zigzag, but keep up
without difficulty, and finally, perhaps, fly on ahead, only to return after a while for a
second sojourn by your window. He gives a rule for measuring the speed of a bird's
flight. If you see a bird rise from the ground, time it or count seconds until you see it
pass over a fence or hedge. Then pace the distance from rising point to fence. Then you
have a simple problem to find its speed per hour at that particular time. Will some one
give us a morsel on this subject? It is very interesting.—Vincent V. M. Beede asks: "Can
some one tell me the present whereabouts of Greuze's painting, 'The Little Dauphin,' and
where a copy, in whatever form, can be obtained?"
 Any questions in regard to photograph matters will be willingly
answered by the Editor of this column, and we should be glad
to hear from any of our club who can make helpful suggestions.

A SCRAP-BOOK FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC

FORMULAS.
Every box of sensitive plates and every package of sensitive paper
contains a circular giving formulas for working, and besides the
formulas, there are hints on the causes of failures, and directions
how to avoid or amend them. The manufacturers of photographic
goods issue little pamphlets and booklets which may be had for the
asking, and in newspapers and magazines one is constantly coming
across some new or easier way of working in photography. If this
material was collected as it came to hand and placed in a scrap-
book, one would soon have a valuable book of information about the
art of photography which would be very helpful.
The editor of this column has a way of making scrap-books which
she is going to give for the benefit of the members of her Camera
Club. Take large sheets of Manila wrapping-paper and fold in book
form to a booklet about 8 by 10 in size. Use enough sheets of paper
to make from sixteen to thirty-two leaves. Sew it with stout thread,
and put a loop of cord or narrow ribbon at the top by which to hang
it up. On the outside print in large letters "Photo Formulas," then
whenever you come across anything which will be of help in
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